Internet Woking

8/9/2019 Internet Woking

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Internetworking technology

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Routeris an electronic device used to forward

data between computer networks.

a router is a networking device whosesoftware and hardware are usually tailored to

the tasks ofrouting and forwarding

information

Routers connect two or more logical subnets

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In packet-switched networks such as the Internet, arouter is a device or, in some cases, software in acomputer, that determines the next network point towhich a packet should be forwarded toward its

destination. The router is connected to at least twonetworks and decides which way to send eachinformation packet based on its current understandingof the state of the networks it is connected to. A routeris located at any gateway (where one network meets

another), including each point-of-presence on theInternet. A router is often included as part of a networkswitch.

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LAN

A local area network (LAN) is a computer

network covering a small physical area, like a

home, office, or small group of buildings, such

as a school, or an airport.

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MAN

Metropolitan Area Network - a network

spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but

smaller than a WAN, such as a city. A MAN is

typically owned an operated by a single entity

such as a government body or large

corporation.

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Ametropolitan area network (MAN) is a large

computer network that usually spans a city or

a large campus. A MAN usually interconnects

a number oflocal area networks (LANs) using

a high-capacity backbone technology, such as

fiber-optical links, and provides up-link

services to wide area networks and theInternet.

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WAN

WAN -Wide Area Network

As the term implies, aWAN spans a largephysical distance. The Internet is the largestWAN, spanning the Earth. A WAN is ageographically-dispersed collection ofLANs. Anetwork device called a router connects LANsto a WAN. In IP networking, the routermaintains both a LAN address and a WANaddress.

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LAN Vs MAN

A WAN differs from a LAN in several important

ways. Most WANs (like the Internet) are not

owned by any one organization but rather

exist under collective or distributed ownership

and management. WANs tend to use

technology like ATM, Frame Relay and X.25 for

connectivity over the longer distances.

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INTROUDUCTIN TOROUTER

A router is a networking tool/device with the aim of selecting

the appropriate path for to transfer data packages between

different networks. This procedure is identified as routing

A router is a device that establishes the appropriate passagewayfor information package to pass from one network to another

network

Routers join networks collectively for example a LAN to a WAN, a

LAN to LAN and so on, in order to access or see the Internet.

Routers utilize routing tables and headers to settle the finestpassageway for the package to follow. Routing protocols might

be utilized by routers to communicate with each other and make

the most excellent path between any two nodes or hosts on a

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WHAT IS HUB

We can define a hub as it is a point which is used toconnect all the devices in a network. A hub consistsof multiple ports

Three types of hubs are mentioned below.

a passive hub simply broadcast a packet to every port.

Intelligent Hub: Intelligent hub consists of someadditional features.. By using these features anadministrator monitors the traffic and configures portsin the hub

Switching hub: Function of switching hub is to read thedestination address of each packet and then forwardthe packet to correct port

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ROUTER Vs HUB

routers serve as intermediate destinations fornetwork traffic. These routers receive TCP/IPpackets, look inside each packet to identify thesource and target IP addresses, then forwardthese packets as needed to ensure the datareaches its final destination

A router is a more sophisticated network devicethan either a switch or a hub. Like hubs and

switches, network routers are typically small, box-like pieces of equipment that multiple computerscan connect to

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CISCO IOS

Cisco IOS (originally Internetwork Operating

System) is the software used on the vast

majority ofCisco Systems routers and current

Cisco network switches. (Earlier switches ran

CatOS). IOS is a package of routing, switching,

internetworking and telecommunications

functions tightly integrated with amultitasking operating system. The first IOS

was written by William Yeager.

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Routing protocols

Routing protocols

A routing protocol provides a mechanism forrouters to share routing information. These

protocols allow routers to pass informationbetween themselves, and update their routingtables. Example of routing protocols are RoutingInformation Protocol (RIP), Interior Gateway

Routing Protocol (IGRP), Enhanced InteriorGatewayRouting Protocol (EIGRP) and OpenShortest Path First (OSPF).

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Static and dynamic routing

A route can either use static or dynamic

routing.

STATICROUTING DYNAMICROUTING

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STATICROUTING

In static routing, a system administrator sets

up a manual route when there is only one

route to get to a network. This type of

configuring reduces the overhead of dynamic

routing. Static routing also allows the

internetwork administration to specify the

information that is advertised parts of anetwork.

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DYNAMICROUTING

In Dynamic routing, the routers monitor the

network, and can change their routing tables

based on the current network conditions. The

network thus adapts to changing conditions.

Unfortunately, this method tends to reveal

everything known about an internetwork to

the rest of the network. This may beinappropriate for security reasons.

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Distance vector routing protocols

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Interior routing protocols

Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) exchange routinginformation within a single routing domain. A givenautonomous system [5] can contain multiple routingdomains, or a set of routing domains can be

coordinated without being an Internet-participatingautonomous system. Common examples include:fh

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System)

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exterior protocol

A protocol concerned with routing between

Autonomous Systems (ASs), which are groups

of routers within the same administrative

domain. Exterior protocols include the

Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) and the

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

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Routing table

A routing table is an electronic document thatstores the routes to the various nodes in acomputer network. The nodes may be any kind of

electronic device connected to the network. TheRouting Table is usually stored in a router ornetworked computer in the form of a database orfile. When data needs to be sent from one node

to another on the network, the routing table isreferred to in order to find the best possibleroute for the transfer of information.

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Routing method

Hop-by-hop Routing is a common routingmethod used in networks wherein for each nodein the network, the address of the next node

leading to the destination is listed. So when adata packet arrives at a particular node, it thenrefers to the routing table to find the address ofthe next hop destination. Once it reaches that

node, it again refers to the routing table for theaddress of the next hop and so on, until itreaches the final destination.

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Static Vs. dynamic routing table

Routing tables can generally be maintained manuallywhen the network is small and static. The routingtables for all static network devices never changeunless and until the administrator of the network

changes them manually. In dynamic routing, thedevices themselves automatically build and maintaintheir own routing tables. They do this by exchanginginformation regarding the network topology usingrouting protocols. This enables the devices in the

network to automatically adapt to the changes in thenetwork like device failures and network congestion asand when they occur.

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TCP/IP Protocols

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Access control list

With respect to a computer file system, anaccess control list (ACL) is a list ofpermissionsattached to an object. An ACL specifies which

usersor system processesare grantedaccess to objects, as well as what operationsare allowed to be performed on given objects.In a typical ACL, each entry in the list specifies

a subject and an operation. For example, theentry (Alice, delete) on the ACL for file WXYgives Alice permission to delete file WXY.

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Internet Woking