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TheEffectofLandInheritance
onYouth
Employm
ent
andMigrationDecisions:
Evidence
from
RuralEthiopia
Presentationby:
HosaenaGhebru
(Ph.D
)Co-authors:
KatrinaKosec,Brian
Holtem
eyer,Valerie
Mueller,andEmily
Schmidt
InternationalFoodPolicy
ResearchInstitute
(IFPRI)
ESSP/IFPRI-EDRIResearchSem
inar
AddisAbab
a,Ethiopia
November
3,2016
ResearchSem
inar
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
1/26
Introduction
ResearchQuestion
How
doestheamountoflandyo
uth
exp
ect
toinheritaffect
their
migrationandemploym
entdecisions?
Whatis
thedifferentialim
pact
ofexp
ectedinhertance
onyo
uth:
withvariou
sageandgender
grou
ps?
withversuswithou
taccess
tofunctioninglandrentalmarkets?
vspace0.05in
based
ontheirresidential
proxim
ityto
major
urban
centers?
Ove
rall,yo
uth
(aged15–34)arelikely
tomake
decisionsbasedon
inheritance
exp
ectations,
butweknow
little
abouthow
inheritance
impactsdecisions
Kosecet
al.
(2016)
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
2/26
Introduction
Focus:
RuralEthiopia
InEthiopia,landisform
ally
owned
bythego
vernment,withform
allandmarkets
(sales)ou
tlaw
edandmajor
landaccess
via
administrativeredistribution
Dueto
it’sadversetenure
security
effect,redistribution
has
longbeen
abandon
ed
Thecountrynow
facingacute
prob
lemsof
landscarcity
-especially
inthehighlands
Hou
seholdfarm
sizesaredwindling;
In20
11–1
2,morethan
halfof
ruralhou
seholdscultivated
less
than
onehectare
ofland
You
threly
onperiodic
landredistribution
s,inheritance,and/or
small
rentalmarkets
toaccess
land
Kosecet
al.
(2016)
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
3/26
Introduction
Preview
oftheResults
Approach:
Use
panel
datafrom
from
2010
and20
14from
1,74
8hou
seholdsin
27
woredas
(districts)of
ruralAmharaandOromia
region
sof
Ethiopia
Focuson
youth
aged
15–3
4;estimateahou
seholdfixedeff
ects
model
Exploitexog
enou
svariationin
thetimingof
landredistributionsto
overcomeendog
enou
shou
seholddecisionsab
outinheritance
size
Findings:
Largerexpectedlandinheritances:
Low
erthelikelihoodoflong-distance
andrural-to-urban
permanent
migrationduring20
10–1
4Increase
thelikelihoodof
employm
entin
agriculture
in20
14Reduce
thelikelihoodof
employm
entin
thenon
-agriculturalsector
Donot
affectthedecisionto
study
Resultsappearto
bedrivenby
males
andolder
youth
Inheritance
plays
amorepron
ouncedrole
inareaswithless-vibrant
landmarkets
andin
moreremoteareas
Kosecet
al.
(2016)
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
4/26
Background
Accessto
Landin
Ethiopia
Landform
ally
owned
bygo
vernment,withform
allandmarkets
(sales)
outlaw
ed
Individual
landusers
havethelegalrigh
tto
transfer
theirlanduse
righ
tsto
theirchildrenor
other
family
mem
bers
Individualscanalso
renttheirlanduse
righ
tsto
anyperson
Several
landredistribution
shaveoccurred
since
1991
,usuallybased
on
hou
seholdsize
atthetime(w
ithextraweigh
tplacedon
adultmales)
Som
etim
esinvolved
landpreviouslyutilized
bystatefarm
s
Inou
rstudyregion
sofAmharaandOromia,20
ofou
r27
sample
woredas
experiencedsuch
alandredistribution
,thou
ghthereis
substantial
variationin
thetimingof
theredistribution
s
Kosecet
al.
(2016)
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
5/26
Background
YearofMost
RecentLandRedistribution
Year
Shareof
observations(N
=1,98
9)
1992
3.4
1993
9.5
1997
21.8
2003
6.5
2004
4.4
2005
9.5
2006
9.2
2010
4.0
2012
1.7
2013
3.6
non
e26
.6
Notes:
Anobservationsis
anindividual.
Med
ianyear
is2003.
Source:Authors’calculationsbasedonIFPRI’sWatershed
Survey
of2014.
Kosecet
al.
(2016)
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
6/26
Background
Norm
sofInheritance
Landinheritancesin
Ethiopia
arenot
uniform
across
descendants
of
thehead—
bothdueto
culturalfactorslikenormsassociated
with
gender
andbirth
order
andrestrictionson
landfragmentation
Custom
arynormsfavormen
(Fafcham
psandQuisumbing,
2005):
Son
s(especially
firstborn)traditionally
care
forparents
inoldage
(Kumar
andQuisumbing,
201
2)Custom
arybeliefs
limitthetypeof
agriculturallabor
inwhichfemales
canengage,
necessitatingmalelabor
participationon
anyplot
Siblings
(co-descendants)matteras
well:
Agroom
’snumber
ofbrothers(butnot
sisters)
negativelyaff
ects
land
inheritance
(Fafcham
psandQuisumbing200
5)Havingmoreolder
brothersdim
inishes
agriculturalproductivity(inherit
less
productiveland)(G
ibsonandGurm
u20
11)
You
nger
siblings
also
affectyouth
decisionsto
workou
tsideof
agriculture
(GibsonandGurm
u20
12)
Kosecet
al.
(2016)
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
7/26
Background
MigrationandEmploym
entin
RuralEthiopia
Migrants
arepredom
inantly‘pushed’from
theirhom
esrather
than
attractedby
anurban
‘pull’
ofhigher
returnson
human
capital
investments
(World
Bank,
2010
;Zelekeet
al.,20
08;Doroshet
al.,
2012
;deBrauw
,20
14;Lee
andMueller,20
16)
Bothem
ploym
entdiversification
(via
non
-agriculturalem
ploym
ent
and/ormigration
)andthepursuitof
education
alop
portunities
representpotential
strategies
ofrisk
diversification
Avarietyof
factorsmay
lead
youth
topursuethesestrategies:
Lackof
sufficientmeansof
subsistence
(poverty)
Agriculturalshocks(e.g.,drough
tsor
floods)
Decliningagriculturalproductivity
Shortage
ofland/siblingcompetitionforinheritable
assets
like
agriculturalplots
Shortage
ofem
ploym
entop
portunitiesin
ruralareas
Kosecet
al.
(2016)
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
8/26
EmpiricalStrategyandData
Data
Panel
survey
conducted
in20
10(rou
nd1)
and20
14(rou
nd2)
Sam
ple
includes
27kebeles
in9woredas
in2region
s,with
approxim
ately20
0hou
seholdsper
woreda
1,81
0hou
seholdsin
round1and1,74
8in
round2(3.4
percent
hou
seholdattritionover
4years)
Weconstruct
across-sectionaldataset
consistingof
allround1
hou
seholdmem
bersaged
15–3
4;wethen
observetheirspatial
location
andem
ploym
entdecisionsin
2014
Rou
nd2im
portantlycollectsthisinform
ationnot
only
forhousehold
mem
bers,butalldirectdescendants
oftheheador
theirspouse
Permitsusto
analyzeexpectedinheritancesas
wellas
migrationand
employm
entdecisionsmadebetween20
10and20
14of
alldescendants
Kosecet
al.
(2016)
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
9/26
EmpiricalStrategyandData
VariableMeasurement:
Outcomes
You
ths’expectedlandinheritance
=am
ountheadreports
that
the
youth
alreadyreceived
(from
family)+
amou
ntheadreports
planning
togive
inthefuture
Threeindicator
variablesformigration
:
Permanentmigrant:
Anyyouth
whowas
ahou
seholdmem
ber
in20
10butnot
2014
Lon
gdistance
permanentmigrant:
Permanentmigrantwhoby
2014
lives
outsideof
theworeda(district)
inwhichthey
resided
in20
10Rural-to-urban
permanentmigrant:
Permanentmigrantwhoby
2014
lives
inan
urban
area
Employm
entou
tcom
es(con
sidersindividual’sprim
aryoccupation):
Agriculture
Non-agriculturalsector
Studying
Kosecet
al.
(2016)
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
10/26
EmpiricalStrategyandData
Descriptive
Statistics
Mean
S.D
.Dummy-permanen
tmigrant
0.45
0.5
Dummy-permanen
tmigrantoutofworeda
0.21
0.41
Dummy-permanen
tmigrantto
urbanarea
0.28
0.45
Primaryoccupationis
in:
Agricu
lture
0.37
0.48
Non-agricu
lture
0.16
0.36
Studen
t0.29
0.45
Domestic
0.13
0.34
Unem
ployed
0.04
0.19
Landinheritance
(hectares)
0.48
2.54
Loglandinheritance
-1.36
0.92
Dummy-male
0.67
0.47
Age
19.9
4.09
Dummy-ch
ildofhead
0.98
0.13
Dummy-married
0.05
0.23
Dummy-co
mpletedcycle1ofprimaryschool(grade4)
0.68
0.47
Dummy->
1male
descendantim
med
iately
followsin
birth
order
0.25
0.43
Shareofmales18+
attimeoflandredistribution
0.17
0.30
Source:Authors’calculationsbasedonIFPRI’sWatershed
Surveysof2010and2014.
Notes:
N=1,170.
Kosecet
al.
(2016)
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
11/26
EmpiricalStrategyandData
EconometricSpecification
Weestimatethefollowinglinearprob
ability
model:
Ei=
β0+
β1Li+
γX
i+
αj+
ǫ i
where iindexes
individuals
Eiaremigration
(during201
0–14
)andem
ploym
ent(in20
14)ou
tcom
esLiislogg
edexpectedlandinheritance
Xiisavector
ofindividual-level
control
variables(gender,oldestmale
indicator,age,
marital
status,child
ofheadindicator,prim
aryschool
completionindicator,over
age18
attimeof
mostrecentland
redistribution
indicator,fixedeff
ects
forexactpermutation
ofolder
co-descendants,andindicator
forhavingmorethan
onemale
co-descendantim
mediately
below
one’sselfin
thebirth
order)
αjarehouseholdfixedeff
ects
Standarderrors
areclustered
atthekebelelevel,theadministrativeunitin
whichlandredistribution
policiesareexecuted
Kosecet
al.
(2016)
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
12/26
EmpiricalStrategyandData
IdentificationStrategy
Exp
ectedlandinheritance
islikelyto
beendog
enou
sto
migration,
employm
ent,andeducation
decisions:
Ahou
sehold’slandendow
ment,wealth,andincomelevelscould
influence
bothmigration
andem
ploym
entdecisionsandexpected
inheritance
Within
ahou
sehold,parents
may
select
descendants
withparticular
unob
served
characteristicsthat
also
influence
migration
and
employm
ent—
such
asaphysical
aptitudeforagriculture—
forlarger
inheritances
Weaddress
thefirstconcern
byincludinghou
seholdfixedeff
ects
Weaddress
thesecondconcern
usingindividual
controlsand
employingan
instrumentalvariables(IV)strategy
Kosecet
al.
(2016)
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
13/26
EmpiricalStrategyandData
IVStrategy
Leverageauniquefeature
ofEthiopia:givenpublic
ownership
ofland,
landaccess
isinfluencedby
governmenteff
orts
toredistribute
land
Interviewswithkebeleoffi
cialssugg
estthat
males
over
age18
received
priority
inredistribution
sIn
ourdata,
medianmalelandinheritance
(interm
sof
landarea)is
60percentgreaterthan
that
ofmedianfemale
Sugg
ests
that
HHswithagreatershareof
maledescendants
overage
18at
thetimeof
theredistribution
shou
ldhavemorelandto
allocate
across
descendants
Hou
seholdfixedeff
ects
capture
averageim
pacts
ofredistribution
Within
ahou
sehold,weexpectindividualsat
highrisk
ofreceivinga
smallinheritance
tobenefitmostfrom
havingagreatershareofmale
co-descendants
beover
age18
atthetimeof
redistribution
Datareveal
onesuch
“highrisk”group:thosewith>
1male
descendantim
mediately
below
them
inthebirth
order
Kosecet
al.
(2016)
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
14/26
EmpiricalStrategyandData
ExcludedInstrument
Weuse
asingleinteractionterm
asan
instrumentforexpectedland
inheritance:
Theshareof
maledescendants
inthehou
seholdwhowereoverage
18at
thetimeof
themostrecentlandredistribution
(callthisr i)
interacted
withadummyforhavingmorethan
onemaledescendant
immediately
follow
theindividual
inbirth
order
(callthism
i)
Thefirststageequationis:
Li=
δ 0+
δ 1r i×
mi+δ 2m
i+θX
i+πj+
ηi
where: πjarehou
seholdfixedeff
ects
r idoes
not
appearin
itslevelform
asitiscollinearwithhou
sehold
FE
ResearchSem
inar
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
15/26
EmpiricalStrategyandData
IdentifyingAssumption
Thedifferencein
theeff
ectof
havingalarger
shareof
male
descendants
beover
age18
atthetimeof
landredistribution
onthose
withversuswithou
t>
1maledescendantim
mediately
below
them
inbirth
order
only
affects
migration
andem
ploym
entdecisionsthrough
itseff
ecton
expectedlandinheritance
Theindividual
components
oftheexcluded
instrument,m
iandr i,are
included
inou
rmainspecification
andweexplicitly
allow
them
both
todirectlyim
pactou
rmigration
andem
ploym
entou
tcom
es
Thus,weneedon
lybelieve
that
theirinteractionisavalid
instrument—
not
that
either
ofthetwovariablesalon
eis
ResearchSem
inar
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
16/26
EmpiricalStrategyandData
IVFirst
Stage:Im
pactof
Excluded
Instrumenton
Log
LandInheritence
(1)
(2)
Excluded
instrumen
t:Shareofmale
descendants
18+
attimeofland
redistribution×
Dummyfor>
1male
descendantim
med
iately
followingin
birth
order
2.501***
2.478***
(0.460)
(0.480)
Dummy–>
1male
descendantim
med
iately
followsin
birth
order
-0.082
-0.079
(0.061)
(0.065)
Observations
1,170
1,170
R-squared
0.902
0.902
Number
ofhouseholds
625
625
First
stageFstat
29.59
26.63
Fullsetofindividual-levelco
ntrols?
No
Yes
Source:
Authors’calculationsbased
on
IFPRI’sWatershed
Surveysof
2010and2014.
Notes:
Standard
errors
arein
paren
theses
and
clustered
atthekebele
level.
∗∗∗indicatessignificance
atthe0.01level.
ResearchSem
inar
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
17/26
Results
Impacts
onPermanentMigration:OLSEstim
ates
Anyw
here
Outofworeda
Tourbanarea
Loglandinheritance
0.025
-0.165**
-0.085**
-0.252**
-0.128***
-0.283***
(0.051)
(0.076)
(0.037)
(0.094)
(0.043)
(0.081)
Additionalco
ntrols
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Observations
1,170
1,170
1,167
1,167
1,167
1,167
R-squared
0.001
0.783
0.011
0.788
0.024
0.800
Number
ofhouseholds
625
625
624
624
624
624
Source:Authors’calculationsbasedonIFPRI’sWatershed
Surveysof2010and2014.
Notes:Standard
errors
arein
paren
theses
and
clustered
atthekebelelevel.
∗∗∗,∗∗,and
∗
indicate
significance
atthe0.01,0.05,and0.10levels,respectively.
ResearchSem
inar
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
18/26
Results
Impacts
onSectorof
PrimaryEmploym
ent:
OLSEstim
ates
Agricu
lture
Non-agricu
lture
Study
Loglandinheritance
0.309***
0.262**
-0.059
-0.180
-0.142***
-0.050
(0.044)
(0.109)
(0.042)
(0.126)
(0.042)
(0.201)
Additionalco
ntrols
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Observations
1,167
1,167
1,167
1,167
1,167
1,167
R-squared
0.095
0.815
0.006
0.753
0.021
0.778
Number
ofhouseholds
625
625
625
625
625
625
Source:Authors’calculationsbasedonIFPRI’sWatershed
Surveysof2010and2014.
Notes:Standard
errors
arein
paren
theses
and
clustered
atthekebelelevel.
∗∗∗,∗∗,and
∗
indicate
significance
atthe0.01,0.05,and0.10levels,respectively.
ResearchSem
inar
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
19/26
Results
Impacts
onPermanentMigration:IV
Estim
ates
OLS
IV
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Dummy-migrated...
Anyw
here
Outof
Tourban
Anyw
here
Outof
Tourban
woreda
area
woreda
area
Lnlandinheritance
-0.165**
-0.252**
-0.283***
-0.198
-0.855***
-0.508***
(0.076)
(0.094)
(0.081)
(0.199)
(0.173)
(0.173)
Observations
1,170
1,167
1,167
1,170
1,167
1,167
R-squared
0.783
0.788
0.800
0.783
0.727
0.791
#ofhouseholds
625
624
624
625
624
624
First
StageF-Stat
21.73
21.73
21.73
Source:Authors’calculationsbasedonIFPRI’sWatershed
Surveysof2010and2014.
Notes:Standard
errors
arein
paren
theses
and
clustered
atthekebelelevel.
∗∗∗,∗∗,and
∗
indicate
significance
atthe0.01,0.05,and0.10levels,respectively.
ResearchSem
inar
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
20/26
Results
Impacts
onSectorof
PrimaryEmploym
ent:
IVEstim
ates
OLS
IV
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Dummy-primarilyem
ployedin
...
Agricu
lture
Non-
Study
Agricu
lture
Non-
Study
agric.
agric.
Lnlandinheritance
0.262**
-0.180
-0.050
0.655***
-0.427***
-0.171
(0.109)
(0.126)
(0.201)
(0.168)
(0.095)
(0.140)
Observations
1,167
1,167
1,167
1,167
1,167
1,167
R-squared
0.815
0.753
0.778
0.799
0.742
0.776
#ofhouseholds
625
625
625
625
625
625
First
StageF-Stat
22.61
22.61
22.61
Source:Authors’calculationsbasedonIFPRI’sWatershed
Surveysof2010and2014.
Notes:Standard
errors
arein
paren
theses
and
clustered
atthekebelelevel.
∗∗∗,∗∗,and
∗
indicate
significance
atthe0.01,0.05,and0.10levels,respectively.
ResearchSem
inar
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
21/26
Results
Resultsby
Gender
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Dummy-migrated...
Dummy-em
ployedin
...
Any-
Outof
Urban
Agric.
Non-
Study
where
woreda
area
agric.
Lninheritance
(women
)0.097
0.024
-0.022
0.154***
-0.078
-0.082
(0.073)
(0.044)
(0.053)
(0.047)
(0.047)
(0.065)
Lninheritance
(men
)-0.003
-0.155***
-0.188***
0.226***
-0.163***
-0.058
(0.062)
(0.047)
(0.051)
(0.047)
(0.042)
(0.061)
Observations
1,170
1,167
1,167
1,167
1,167
1,167
R-squared
0.418
0.449
0.415
0.563
0.436
0.525
#ofhouseholds
625
624
624
625
625
625
P-valueofdifferen
ce0.11
0.002
0.004
0.093
0.022
0.614
Source:Authors’calculationsbasedonIFPRI’sWatershed
Surveysof2010and2014.
Notes:Standard
errors
arein
paren
theses
and
clustered
atthekebelelevel.
∗∗∗,∗∗,and
∗
indicate
significance
atthe0.01,0.05,and0.10levels,respectively.
ResearchSem
inar
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
22/26
Results
Resultsby
Age
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Dummy-migrated...
Dummy-em
ployedin
...
Any-
Outof
Urban
Agric.
Non-
Study
where
woreda
area
agric.
Lninheritance
(20-34)
-0.010
-0.104*
-0.149**
0.220***
-0.139***
-0.011
(0.068)
(0.055)
(0.058)
(0.053)
(0.040)
(0.058)
Lninheritance
(15-19)
-0.024
-0.028
-0.107
0.221***
-0.061
-0.082
(0.09)
(0.056)
(0.066)
(0.046)
(0.048)
(0.077)
Observations
1,170
1,167
1,167
1,167
1,167
1,167
R-squared
0.407
0.425
0.393
0.542
0.424
0.501
#ofhouseholds
625
624
624
625
625
625
P-valueofdifferen
ce0.799
0.096
0.317
0.984
0.069
0.181
Source:Authors’calculationsbasedonIFPRI’sWatershed
Surveysof2010and2014.
Notes:Standard
errors
arein
paren
theses
and
clustered
atthekebelelevel.
∗∗∗,∗∗,and
∗
indicate
significance
atthe0.01,0.05,and0.10levels,respectively.
ResearchSem
inar
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
23/26
Results
Resultsby
LandRentalMarketActivity(Low
vs.High)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Dummy-migrated...
Dummy-em
ployedin
...
Any-
Outof
Urban
Agric.
Non-
Study
where
woreda
area
agric.
Lninheritance
(low)
-0.337***
-0.181*
-0.514***
0.410***
-0.661***
0.418**
(0.108)
(0.094)
(0.080)
(0.099)
(0.120)
(0.196)
Lninheritance
(high)
-0.179
-0.378**
-0.267***
0.443***
0.006
-0.361**
(0.119)
(0.151)
(0.077)
(0.143)
(0.143)
(0.155)
Observations
1,170
1,167
1,167
1,167
1,167
1,167
R-squared
0.830
0.848
0.850
0.869
0.826
0.850
#ofhouseholds
625
624
624
625
625
625
P-valueofdifferen
ce0.335
0.280
0.035
0.853
0.001
0.004
Source:Authors’calculationsbasedonIFPRI’sWatershed
Surveysof2010and2014.
Notes:Standard
errors
arein
paren
theses
and
clustered
atthekebelelevel.
∗∗∗,∗∗,and
∗
indicate
significance
atthe0.01,0.05,and0.10levels,respectively.
ResearchSem
inar
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
24/26
Lninheritance
(low)
-0.337***
-0.181*
-0.514***
0.410***
-0.661***
0.418**
(0.108)
(0.094)
(0.080)
(0.099)
(0.120)
(0.196)
Lninheritance
(low)
-0.337***
-0.181*
-0.514***
0.410***
-0.661***
0.418**
(0.108)
(0.094)
(0.080)
(0.099)
(0.120)
(0.196)
Lninheritance
(high)
-0.179
-0.378**
-0.267***
0.443***
0.006
-0.361**
(0.119)
(0.151)
(0.077)
(0.143)
(0.143)
(0.155)
Lninheritance
(high)
-0.179
-0.378**
-0.267***
0.443***
0.006
-0.361**
(0.119)
(0.151)
(0.077)
(0.143)
(0.143)
(0.155)
Results
Resultsby
Proximityto
Urban
Center(C
lose
vs.Far)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Dummy-migrated...
Dummy-em
ployedin
...
Any-
Outof
Urban
Agric.
Non-
Study
where
woreda
area
agric.
Lninheritance
(close)
0.430***
0.173
-0.071
0.473**
0.090
-0.610***
(0.079)
(0.131)
(0.064)
(0.204)
(0.121)
(0.104)
Lninheritance
(far)
-0.126
-0.330**
-0.317***
0.234*
-0.319**
0.116
(0.100)
(0.158)
(0.073)
(0.125)
(0.148)
(0.289)
Observations
1,170
1,167
1,167
1,167
1,167
1,167
R-squared
0.841
0.849
0.871
0.892
0.828
0.849
#ofhouseholds
625
624
624
625
625
625
P-valueofdifferen
ce0.000
0.021
0.018
0.327
0.042
0.026
Source:Authors’calculationsbasedonIFPRI’sWatershed
Surveysof2010and2014.
Notes:Standard
errors
arein
paren
theses
and
clustered
atthekebelelevel.
∗∗∗,∗∗,and
∗
indicate
significance
atthe0.01,0.05,and0.10levels,respectively.
ResearchSem
inar
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
25/26
Lninheritance
(close)
0.430***
0.173
-0.071
0.473**
0.090
-0.610***
Lninheritance
(close)
0.430***
0.173
-0.071
0.473**
0.090
-0.610***
Lninheritance
(close)
0.430***
0.173
-0.071
0.473**
0.090
-0.610***
(0.079)
(0.131)
(0.064)
(0.204)
(0.121)
(0.104)
(0.079)
(0.131)
(0.064)
(0.204)
(0.121)
(0.104)
(0.079)
(0.131)
(0.064)
(0.204)
(0.121)
(0.104)
Lninheritance
(far)
-0.126
-0.330**
-0.317***
0.234*
-0.319**
0.116
(0.100)
(0.158)
(0.073)
(0.125)
(0.148)
(0.289)
Lninheritance
(far)
-0.126
-0.330**
-0.317***
0.234*
-0.319**
0.116
(0.100)
(0.158)
(0.073)
(0.125)
(0.148)
(0.289)
Lninheritance
(far)
-0.126
-0.330**
-0.317***
0.234*
-0.319**
0.116
(0.100)
(0.158)
(0.073)
(0.125)
(0.148)
(0.289)
Conclusion
Conclusion
Approach:
Use
panel
datafrom
from
2010
and20
14from
1,74
8hou
seholdsin
27
woredas
(districts)of
ruralAmharaandOromia
region
sof
Ethiopia
Focuson
youth
aged
15–3
4;estimateahou
seholdfixedeff
ects
model
Exploitexog
enou
svariationin
thetimingof
landredistributionsto
overcomeendog
enou
shou
seholddecisionsab
outinheritance
size
Findings:
Largerexpectedlandinheritances:
Low
erthelikelihoodoflong-distance
andrural-to-urban
permanent
migrationduring20
10–1
4Increase
thelikelihoodof
employm
entin
agriculture
in20
14Reduce
thelikelihoodof
employm
entin
thenon
-agriculturalsector
Donot
affectthedecisionto
study
Resultsappearto
bedrivenby
males
andolder
youth
Inheritance
plays
amorepron
ouncedrole
inareaswithless-vibrant
landmarkets
andin
moreremoteareas
ResearchSem
inar
(IFPRI)
November
3,2016
26/26