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INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL2014 – 2015 ACADEMIC YEAR

CHITTAGONG SENIOR SECTIONCYCLES IN NATURE & PYRAMIDS

CLASS 09 and 10Name : ………………….................. Date : ......................SYLLABUS CONTENTSection 4: Ecology and the environmentc) Cycles within ecosystemsStudents will be assessed on their ability to:4.8 describe the stages in the water cycle, including evaporation, transpiration,condensation and precipitation.4.9 describe the stages in the carbon cycle, including respiration, photosynthesis,decomposition and combustion4.10 describe the stages in the nitrogen cycle, including the roles of nitrogen fixingbacteria, decomposers, nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria (specific namesof bacteria are not required).

b) Feeding relationships4.5 understand the concepts of food chains, food webs, pyramids of number, pyramids ofbiomass and pyramids of energy transfer

HUMAN BIOLOGY14. Environmenth) Understand the scientific principles used in the purification, distribution and storageof water.e) Describe the transfer of substances and of energy along a food chain.

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The Water Cycle

The heat of the sun vaporizes water from land and sea. Water vapor is given off also in theTranspiration of plants and in the breathing of human beings and animals. Under certain conditions thewater vapor in the atmosphere condenses and forms clouds. In clouds rain, snow, hail, or sleet sometimesform and, by the force of gravity, fall to earth.Part of the water that falls on land flows along or near the surface of the ground to rivers, which carryit to the sea. This water, called run-off, is the chief cause of floods and erosion. Another part of thewater is absorbed by the soil. Part of this water is evaporated by the sun, part is used by plants, andpart seeps down to become groundwater.

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THE CARBON CYCLE

Carbon Cycle, the series of natural processes by which carbon in the air is made available to living things,is used by them, and is then returned to the air. Such food-making organisms as plants and algae needcarbon to form carbohydrates, which are essential for growth. They absorb carbon dioxide from the air;through photosynthesis, the carbon dioxide is combined with water to form carbohydrates. Other livingthings, such as animals, need carbohydrates for energy, but, unlike plants, cannot manufacture their own.Herbivores obtain carbohydrates by eating green plants and metabolize (chemically break down) thecarbohydrates into useful substances. Carnivores, in turn, obtain these useful substances by eatingherbivores. Carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere when the animals breathe(RESPIRATION). Small amounts of carbon dioxide are released into the air by the decomposition ofdead organisms by the action of certain bacteria and fungi. The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, alsoreleases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

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THE NITROGEN CYCLE

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