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INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM
“Mobility in Research on the Black Sea Region
(PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0054 and PN-II-ID-PCE-
2012-4-0490 to H2020)”
Organized in the context of the research projects:
External Relations of the Pontic Greek Cities
in Hellenistic and Roman Times:
a Multidisciplinary Approach
The „Other” in Action. The Barbarization of Rome
and the Romanization of the World
Amici Populi Romani
In collaboration with German Cultural Centre Iaşi
Iaşi, July 5-10, 2015
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International Symposium supported by the Romanian
National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS –
UEFISCDI, project numbers PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0054
and PN-II-ID-PCE-2012-4-0490
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PROGRAMME
Sunday, July 5
Arrival of the participants from outside Iaşi.
Check-in at the hotel “Astoria City Center”, 1
Lăpuşneanu Street (From 12:00 on).
Monday, July 6
900 – 930 Registration of the participants (Academy of
Science Iaşi, Bd. Carol I, nr. 8)
930 – 1000 Opening words
1000 – 1700 Plenary Panel 1: Results and Perspectives of
the Research Projects
*Papers should be no longer than 30 minutes
followed by up to 10 minutes for questions and
discussion
Chair: Prof. univ. dr. ing. Mihail Voicu, m.c.,
President of the Iaşi Branch of the Romanian
Academy
1000 – 1040 Dr. Victor Cojocaru (Archäologisches Institut,
Iaşi), PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0054: Ergebnisse und
Perspektiven
1040 – 1120 Dr. Alexander Rubel (Archäologisches Institut,
Iaşi), Überlegungen zum Barbarenbegriff der Römer
1120 – 1140 Coffee Break
http://www.booking.com/hotel/ro/astoria.de.html?aid=318615;label=New_German_DE_5226378265-UrofJEcug9JFPaf71fyvzQS46932862705%3Apl%3Ata%3Ap1%3Ap2%3Aac%3Aap1t1%3Aneg;sid=a77007354379137aee78f1a1e687e438;dcid=1;ucfs=1;srfid=e430f6bc9c84cdd5e5342c35968ede2f6d8f8c6eX1;map=1http://www.booking.com/hotel/ro/astoria.de.html?aid=318615;label=New_German_DE_5226378265-UrofJEcug9JFPaf71fyvzQS46932862705%3Apl%3Ata%3Ap1%3Ap2%3Aac%3Aap1t1%3Aneg;sid=a77007354379137aee78f1a1e687e438;dcid=1;ucfs=1;srfid=e430f6bc9c84cdd5e5342c35968ede2f6d8f8c6eX1;map=1
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Chairs: Mădălina Dana, Johannes Nollé
1140 – 1220 Dr. Florina Panait Bîrzescu & Dr. Iulian
Bîrzescu
(Archäologisches Institut „Vasile Pârvan”,
Bukarest), Umdeutungen griechischer Kultbilder in
den antiken Städten des Schwarzmeergebietes
1220 – 1300 Dr. Sever-Petru Boţan & Dr. Costel Chiriac
(Institute of Archaeology, Iaşi), State of the Art
and Prospective Research Directions on Hellenistic
and Roman Glass from the Pontus Euxinus
1300 – 1340 Dr. Livia Buzoianu (Musée d’Histoire Nationale
et d’Archéologie, Constanţa), Les relations écono-
miques de Callatis à l’époque hellénistique basées sur
les découvertes de timbres amphoriques
1400 – 1500 Lunch Break
Chairs: Johannes Nollé, Mădălina Dana
1500 – 1540 Dr. Ligia Ruscu (Babeş-Bolyai University of
Cluj),
Greeks, Romans and Natives in Poleis of Thrace and
Pontus
1540 – 1620 Dr. Florian Matei-Popescu (Vasile Pârvan
Institute
of Archaeology, Bucharest), The Thracian strate-
giae in Scythia Minor
1620 – 1700 Dr. Lucian Munteanu (Institute of Archaeology,
Iaşi), Numismatic and Sphragistic Research in the
Western Pontic Area
1700 – 1900 Visit of the city.
1930 Networking dinner at the restaurant “Panoramic”
(Hotel Unirea, Str. Piața Unirii Nr. 5).
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Tuesday, July 7
900 – 1330 Plenary Panel 2: Research Projects on the Black
Sea Area and Propontis Region in Greek Time
Chairs: Claire Barat, Tassilo Schmitt
900 – 940 Dr. Mădălina Dana (Université Paris 1 Panthéon-
Sorbonne), Écriture, échanges et contacts dans les
sociétés grecques anciennes: la correspondance privée
sur plomb et sur tesson, du VIe au IIIe s. av. J.-C.
940 – 1020 Dr. Alexey V. Belousov (Lomonosov Moscow
State University), Greek Magic in the Northern
Black Sea Region: A Survey of Olbian and Bosporan
defixionum tabellae
1020 – 1100 Prof. Dr. Johannes Nollé (DAI Munich) & Dr.
Marta Oller Guzmán (Universitat Autònoma de
Barcelona), Foreigners and the Foreign in Black Sea
Area Epigrams. Towards a Corpus of the Epigrams
of the Black Sea Region
1100 – 1130 Coffee Break
Chairs: Askold Ivantchik, Alexandru Avram
1130 – 1210 Dr. Igor Makarov (Centre for Comparative Stu-
dies on Ancient Civilizations, Russian Academy
of Sciences, Moscow), Some Aspects of Northern
Black Sea Epigraphy: The Greek Inscriptions from
"Neapolis Scythica"
1210 – 1250 Prof. Dr. Mustafa H. Sayar (Universität
Istanbul),
Die Beziehungen der griechischen Poleis des Propontis-
Gebiets zu den westpontischen griechischen Städten
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1250 – 1330 Thibaut Castelli, Doctorant en Histoire Ancienne
(Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense),
La navigation commerciale dans l'Ouest de la mer
Noire aux époques classique et hellénistique
1330 – 1500 Lunch Break
1500 – 1930 Plenary Panel 3: Research Projects on the Black
Sea Area and Propontis Region in Roman Time
Chairs: Michael A. Speidel, Florian Matei-Popescu
1500 – 1540 Prof. Dr. Altay Coşkun (University of Waterloo
ON), Heinz Heinen und die Bosporanischen Könige
– Eine Projektbeschreibung (Heinz Heinen and the
Bosporan Kings – a Project Outline)
1540 – 1620 Prof. Dr. Lucreţiu Mihailescu-Bîrliba (Alexandru
Ioan Cuza University, Iaşi), The Dynamics of
Colonization in the Civilian and Military Milieu of
the Roman Province Moesia Inferior. A Contrastive
Approach
1620 – 1700 Dr. Lavinia Grumeza & Dr. Vitalie Bârcă
(Insti-
tute of Archaeology and History of Art of Cluj),
Orbis Romanus and Barbaricum – The Sarmatians
around the Province of Dacia and Their Relations
with the Roman Empire
1700 – 1730 Coffee Break
Chairs: Livia Buzoianu, Ligia Ruscu
1730 – 1810 Prof. Dr. Askold Ivantchik (Institute of World
History, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow /
Institute Ausonius, CNRS, Bordeaux), A New
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Dedication from Olbia and the Problem of the City’s
Reconstruction after the Raid by Burebista
1810 – 1850 Dr. Maria Alexandrescu-Vianu (L’Institut
d’arché-
ologie «Vasile Pârvan», Bucarest), Les principes
qui gouvernent le programme iconographique du
Mausolée de Tropaeum Traiani
1850 – 1930 Prof. Dr. Michael A. Speidel (Universities of
Zürich and Bern), Maximinus and the Thracians
2000 Reception hosted by the German Cultural Center
Iaşi (Str. Lascăr Catargi Nr. 38).
Wednesday, July 8
930 – 1900 Workshop „H2020”: In Search of the Pontic
Community/Identity in Greek, Roman and
Byzantine Times
*Papers should be no longer than 20 minutes
followed by up to 10 minutes for questions and
discussion
930 – 1100 I.1. Conceptualization of Community/Identity
by the Greeks, Romans and ‘Barbarians’
Chairs: Iulian Bîrzescu, Alexander Rubel
930 – 1000 Dr. Alexander Baumgarten (L’Université «Babeş-
Bolyai» de Cluj), Le concept de σχολή et l’unité du
thème dans la Politique d’Aristote
1000 – 1030 Dr. Anna Ginestí Rosell (Katholische Univer-
sität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt), Fremde Klänge, fremde
Bilder? Selbstdarstellung in den Grabmälern der
Ausländer in Athen
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1030 – 1100 Prof. Dr. Adrian Poruciuc (Institute of Archae-
ology, Iaşi), Bastarnae and Other ‘Bastards’ – Visions
of ‘Others’ as Reflected in Nicknames and Loans
1100 – 1130 Coffee Break
1130 – 1300 I.2. In Search of the Pontic Community/Identity
in Greek and Roman Times
Chairs: Mustafa H. Sayar, Adrian Poruciuc
1130 – 1200 Dr. Johanna Leithoff (Universität Erfurt), Der
Schwarzmeerraum in der Raumwahrnehmung der
Griechen
1200 – 1230 Prof. Dr. Tassilo Schmitt (Universität Bremen),
(Nicht nur philologische) Leckerbissen. Über den
Fasan und seine kulturgeschichtliche Bedeutung für
das Verständnis der Kolchis
1230 – 1300 Dr. Claire Barat (University of Valenciennes and
Hainaut-Cambresis), The Inhabitants of Sinope
between Greek Identity and Roman Power
1330 – 1500 Lunch Break
1500 – 1630 I.3. In Search of the Pontic Community/Identity
in Roman and Byzantine Times
Chairs: Bogdan Maleon, Gabriel Custurea
1500 – 1530 Prof. Dr. Octavian Bounegru (L’Université
«Alexandru Ioan Cuza» de Iași), La basilique
épiscopale d’Histria. Répartition de l’espace sacré
1530 – 1600 Dr. Dan Ruscu (Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj),
The Black Sea in Early Christian Literature
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1600 – 1630 Dr. Sergei Bocharov (Kazan Federal University),
Byzantium and the Northern Black Sea Region during
the 13th Century
1630 – 1700 Coffee Break
1700 – 1900 I.4. Institutional Perspectives on the Project
”In Search of the Pontic Community”
Chairs: Constantin Chera, Flavius Solomon
1700 – 1740 Dr. Diana Stah (Tiraspol State University,
Chişi-
nău), Social Sciences and Humanities in Horizon 2020
1740 – 1750 Romanian Academy, Iaşi Branch (Dr. Victor
Cojocaru, Dr. Diana Stah, Dr. George Bilavschi).
1750 – 1810 Museum of National History and Archaeology
Constanţa (Dr. Gabriel Custurea, Dr. Irina
Nastasi, Dr. Gabriel Talmaţchi)
1810 – 1830 University of Istanbul & TU Istanbul (Prof.
Dr.
Mustafa H. Sayar, Prof. Dr. Yegan Kahya-Sayar)
1830 – 1850 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Dr. Marta
Oller Guzmán).
1850 – 1900 Some final remarks.
1930 Networking dinner at the restaurant “Oscar”
(Str. Lascăr Catargi Nr.12).
Thursday, 9 July: Trip to Bucovina
830 Departure from the Hotel
Friday, 10 July: Departure
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Organizing Committee:
Victor Cojocaru (Institute of Archaeology Iaşi of the
Romanian
Academy; mobile [004] 0741 360324)
Alexander Rubel (Institute of Archaeology Iaşi of the
Romanian
Academy)
Altay Coşkun (University of Waterloo ON)
Mădălina Dana (University Paris 1-Panthéon Sorbonne)
Costel Chiriac (Institute of Archaeology Iaşi of the
Romanian
Academy)
George Bilavschi (Institute of Archaeology Iaşi of the
Romanian
Academy; mobile [004] 0756021689)
Diana Stah (Tiraspol State University, Chişinău)
Meda Gâlea (Romanian Academy, Iaşi Branch)
Conference Secretarial Office
Sever-Petru Boţan (Institute of Archaeology Iaşi of the
Romanian
Academy; mobile [004] 0742 084677)
Roxana-Gabriela Curcă (Institute of Archaeology Iaşi of the
Romanian Academy; mobile [004] 0726636518)
Iulia Dumitrache (Institute of Archaeology Iaşi of the
Romanian
Academy)
Lucian Munteanu (Institute of Archaeology Iaşi of the
Romanian
Academy); mobile [004] 0745464128
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A B S T R A C T S
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PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0054:
Ergebnisse und Perspektiven
Victor Cojocaru
(Archäologisches Institut, Iaşi)
Im Juni 2011 sprach der Autor in der Aula Magna der Akademie
in Iaşi über die Außenbeziehungen pontischer Städte in
helle-
nistischer und römischer Zeit als Vorentwurf eines
Forschungs-
projekts (www.ponticgreekcities.ro). Während er damals seine
Ideen fast ausschließlich als Perspektiven formulierte, wird
er
nun in der Lage sein, Ergebnisse zu präsentieren. Als Leiter
dieses Projektes war er besonders daran interessiert, ein
Netz-
werk rumänischer Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler
zu bilden und die Kontakte zu internationalen Kooperations-
partnern zu intensivieren. Unter den bisher erzielten
Ergebnissen
seien hier nur die wichtigsten erwähnt: 1) Die Begründung
einer neuen Reihe „Pontica et Mediterranea”, deren erste
vier
Bände inzwischen erschienen sind; 2) Die Organisation von je
zwei nationalen und internationalen Netzwerktagungen, in
Iaşi, Bukarest und Constanţa, zum Thema „Poleis im Schwarz-
meerraum“ (Außenbeziehungen, Interconnectivity, Mobility
in Research u.a.); 3) Die Veröffentlichung des Sammelbandes
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„Die Außenbeziehungen pontischer und kleinasiatischer Städte
in hellenistischer und römischer Zeit”. Was die weiteren
Per-
spektiven angeht, stellt der Autor bei dieser Gelegenheit
Überlegungen an, inwieweit Forschungen zum Schwarzmeer-
raum der Antike noch in die nationale und europäische
Forschungslandschaft passen. Mit anderen Worten: Brauchen
Rumänien und die Europäische Union noch die klassischen
Altertumswissenschaften (Alte Geschichte, Epigraphik, Numis-
matik, klassische Archäologie usw.), oder ist die derzeitige
Konsumgesellschaft nur noch an „Schamanen“ interessiert?
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Überlegungen zum Barbarenbegriff der Römer
Alexander Rubel
(Archäologisches Institut, Iaşi)
„Barbarus hic ego sum, quia non intelligor illis“ bemerkt
der
verbitterte Ovid in seinem Exil in Tomis (Constanza im
heutigen
Rumänien). Diese ironische Selbstzuweisung des Dichters in
der Fremde – „lost in translation“ – verweist indirekt auf
ein
grundlegendes Problem, das die Römer mit dem eigentlich
griechischen Konzept „Barbar“ hatten: Sie waren immer
unsicher, ob sie nicht selbst eigentlich zu den Barbaren
zählen.
Darüber hinaus passt auch ihr Bürgerrechtsbegriff und die
verbreitete Freilassungspolitik nicht zu dem
exklusivistischen
„wir – ihr“ Konzept des ursprünglichen Barbarenbegriffs.
Deshalb ist die römische Übernahme des Barbarenbegriffs
(sowie
der diese oft verkennende leichtfertige moderne Gebrauch) in
höchstem Maße ambivalent und bedarf einer genaueren
Klärung und einer Abgrenzung vom aus römischer Sicht
eigentlich treffenderen (und häufigeren) Konzept „gens“,
zumal der Barbarenbegriff im Verlauf der römischen Reichs-
geschichte (auch durch die erst späte auftauchende
territoriale
Definition „Barbaricum“) Wandlungen mitmacht. Diese grund-
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sätzlichen Überlegungen sind auch Gegenstand und Konse-
quenz des Forschungsprojekts „‚The Other’ in Action. The
Barbarization of Rome and the Romanization of the World“
(PN-II-ID-PCE-2012-4-0490). Im Vordergrund des Vortrags
sollen neben allgemeinen und grundsätzlichen Überlegungen
zum Barbarenbegriff die Daker, Geten und Thraker in der
Wahr-
nehmung der Römer als Fallbeispiel stehen. In den einschlä-
gigen Untersuchungen über die Wahrnehmung des Fremden
durch die Römer sind die „gentes“ an der unteren Donau
unter-
repräsentiert und eine bewertende Verortung im Koordinaten-
system römischer Fremdwahrnehmung steht noch aus.
http://arheo.ro/romanization/
Research project: „‚The Other’ in Action. The Barbarization
of
Rome and the Romanization of the World“, PN-II-ID-PCE-
2012-4-0490 no.: 40/02.09.2013. Financed by Executive Unit
for
Financing Higher Education, Research, Development and
Innovation (UEFISCDI)
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Umdeutungen griechischer Kultbilder
in den antiken Städten des Schwarzmeergebietes
Florina Panait Bîrzescu, Iulian Bîrzescu
(Archäologisches Institut „Vasile Pârvan”, Bukarest)
Die Übertragung der Kulte von den Metropolen in die
Kolonien-
städte des Schwarzmeergebietes wurde von zahlreichen
Objekten und Bildern begleitet. Von Letzteren werden im
vorliegenden Vortrag die Kultbilder betrachtet, deren
Deutung
oder Form verändert wurden. Diese Umdeutungen erklären
sich einerseits durch die Entwicklung und Eigenarten der
Kulte in diesem Gebiet, anderseits durch die Abhängigkeit
von ikonographischen Modellen aus weiteren Zentren, vor
allem aus der Ägäis. In der Diskussion werden vor allem
Funde aus den pontischen Heiligtümern, aber auch litera-
rische Quellen vorgestellt, die diese Vorgänge belegen.
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State of the Art and Prospective Research Directions
on Hellenistic and Roman Glass from the Pontus Euxinus
Sever-Petru Boţan, Costel Chiriac
(Institute of Archaeology, Iaşi)
Glassware is an important indicator of economic activities
in
Antiquity. Through the Greek cities, the Black Sea was inte-
grated very early in the Mediterranean world trade, so that
various types of glass objects were imported here. After a
period of relative typological uniformity (as to the
sand-core
vessels), in the Hellenistic but especially in the Roman
period,
one can observe a differentiation between the North Pontic
area (with more numerous discoveries) and the Western Black
Sea, where the capacity of absorption and distribution of
luxury tableware turns out to be lower. The situation of
glass
imports in the barbarian world north of the Danube appears
to
be of particular interest and complexity: before its conquest
by
Rome, at the beginning of the 2nd century AD, the panorama
of
glass typology and distribution had some similar features
with
the North Pontic world, which may prove the existence of
trade directly or through the Sarmatian land. In order to
obtain
a more accurate picture, future research directions should
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focus more on quantitative analysis, typology, function and
circulation of glass vessels in lesser known areas, such as
the
southern and eastern coasts of the Black Sea.
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Les relations économiques de Callatis à l’époque
hellénistique basées sur les découvertes
de timbres amphoriques
Livia Buzoianu
(Musée d’Histoire Nationale et d’Archéologie, Constanţa)
Notre étude concerne les relations des fondations grecques
du
Pont-Euxin avec le monde grec. Appliquée à une seule caté-
gorie de matériaux – celle des timbres amphoriques – l’étude
est en mesure d’établir la diversité des importations ampho-
riques, aussi bien que leur dynamique, avec des périodes de
hausse et de baisse, en fonction des facteurs économiques
généraux ou de nature locale. Dans ce sens, la comparaison
avec les colonies pontiques voisines (Histria et Tomis) ou
les
habitats du territoire (Albești) est significative. Nous
remarquons
la présence stable sur le marché de Callatis des centres
pontiques (Héraclée, Sinope) et égéens (Thassos, Rhodes),
ainsi que la présence isolée de quelques produits provenant
de
l’espace égéen (Kos, Paros, Ikos, Kyme) et méditerranéen
(Crète, Cyrène). Les produits les plus fréquents, dont la
pré-
sence est pourtant limitée à certaines séquences
temporelles,
proviennent de Chersonèse, Akanthos, et Cnide. Comme
données générales pour l’économie de Callatis, en termes
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d’importations amphoriques, nous retenons: la période de la
circulation de ces produits, entre le milieu du IVe siècle av.
J.-
C. et le début du Ier siècle av. J.-C.; les périodes de
dévelop-
pement, à savoir la deuxième moitié du IVe siècle et le
deuxième quart du IIIe siècle av. J.-C. On remarque deux
périodes de crise: l’une, de courte durée, vers la fin du
IVe
siècle ‒ début du IIIe siècle av. J.-C., et une autre, plus
prononcée, vers le milieu du IIIe siècle av. J.-C.
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Greeks, Romans and Natives in Poleis of Thrace and Pontus
Ligia Ruscu
(Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj)
The paper examines the grants of Roman citizenship in Greek
cities founded by Pompeius Magnus in Pontus and by the em-
peror Trajan in Thrace (and Moesia Inferior). What these two
groups of cities have in common is that they came into being
by imperatorial fiat in areas where there had previously
been
few Greek cities in existence (none beyond the sea shores).
As
such, they fulfilled similar functions in the different social
and
cultural environments in which they were embedded. An
important aspect of this prospect is the franchise, one of
the
most widely used tools of imperial government. The study of
the new Roman citizens in these cities starting with Pompey/
Trajan and up to the 3rd century AD can lead to an
assessment
of the impact that the coming of Rome had on these areas and
of the ways in which the subjects were integrated into the
Roman commonwealth. Also, the comparison between the two
areas can reveal differences and similarities concerning the
evolution of Roman policies towards them and of the
attitudes
of the locals towards Rome.
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The Thracian strategiae in Scythia Minor
Florian Matei-Popescu
(Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest)
The Thracian client kingdom was divided into strategiae, led
by strategoi appointed directly by the king. As to mainland
Thrace and the coastal areas of the Black Sea, such strategoi
are
attested by the literary and epigraphic sources; however,
for
the north-eastern part of the kingdom, namely Scythia Minor
(part of the ripa Thraciae), such an institution was not
attested
until recently. Some information could nevertheless be found
in Ovid, regarding the Thracian garrisons of Troesmis and
Aegyssus, who were facing the raids of the North-Danubian
Getic people, but no direct proof was available. The proof
now
comes from an inscription discovered in the city of Dionyso-
polis, a decree passed by the assembly and the people for a
strategos of king Rhoemetalces (highly probably the first
one,
king between 12 BC–12 AD). The strategos Mokapor, the son of
Auluporis, was praised for his military achievements as the
strategos of Apsioupolis and Daotike. The former is
obviously
Axiopolis, while the latter still needs to be located. My
paper
will therefore argue that probably all the settlements
attested
in Scythia Minor after its inclusion in the Roman Empire –
forts or small towns – were somehow related with the centres
of the former Thracian strategies.
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Numismatic and Sphragistic Research
in the Western Pontic Area
Lucian Munteanu
(Institute of Archaeology, Iaşi)
Our research within the Project concentrated on numismatics
and sphragistics. With regard to the former, we have
followed
certain aspects of the relations between the Western Pontic
Greek poleis (Histria, Callatis, Tomis) and the “Barbarian”
world
(Getian, Thracian, Scythian) in the Hellenistic Period in
the
light of monetary finds. Based on ancient sources,
especially
inscriptions, one can identify a pattern of non-commercial
ways
by which Greek coins fell into the hands of “Barbarians”,
such
as tribute, military payments to mercenaries, ransom for
prisoners, plundering raids, diplomatic gifts and more
general
ways of the mobility of persons. We will try to demonstrate
to
which extent such Greek-“Barbarian” interactions can be
iden-
tified in different areas of the Black Sea region (especially
in
the north and Propontic region). Research on the civic and
pro-
vincial lead seals from western Asia Minor (Smyrna, Ephesos,
Hypaipa, Koloe, etc.) that were found in Dobruja has been
conducted together with Dr. C. Chiriac. We believe that
these
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specific artefacts attest to the import of goods from Asia
Minor
to supply the Roman army stationed along the Danube during
the Gothic war under the emperor Valens. Our future research
will focus on various aspects of these seals, such as their
spread-
ing into other parts of the Roman world, their chronology,
and
their manufacturing procedure. Our methods will include ex-
periments and metallographical analysis.
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Écriture, échanges et contacts dans les sociétés grecques
anciennes: la correspondance privée sur plomb
et sur tesson, du VIe au IIIe s. av. J.-C.
Mădălina Dana
(Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne)
Je me propose de présenter un projet en cours, qui vise
d’abord la réalisation d’un corpus de lettres grecques sur
plomb et sur tesson, en provenance notamment des marges du
monde grec, mais aussi de Chalcidique et d’Athènes. Le
corpus est constitué d’une soixantaine de lettres, traduites
et
commentées: certaines sont brèves, parfois de simples
billets,
mais elles restent néanmoins des messages avec le but de
transmettre une information, demander un service ou
annoncer l’envoi d’une lettre plus détaillée. Après une
présentation des principes qui ont guidé la réalisation du
corpus, seront énoncées les principales directions du
travail
qui seront développées dans la synthèse historique. Cette
dernière représente l’aboutissement de la recherche, qui
sera
une base pour une réflexion plus approfondie sur les savoirs
de
l’écriture, les pratiques de la correspondance dans les
sociétés
anciennes et les réseaux territoriaux et humains qu’on
aperçoit
à travers la circulation des lettres.
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Greek Magic in the Northern Black Sea Region:
A Survey of Olbian and Bosporan defixionum tabellae
Alexey V. Belousov
(Lomonosov Moscow State University)
Currently, about fifty Greek curses have been found on the
sites of ancient Olbia and the territories of the Bosporan
Kingdom. The publications of these inscriptions are
scattered
between a great number of editions, some of which are now
rare or even unavailable. The abundance of Greek magic
inscriptions from the North Black Sea region as well as the
diversity of their contents requires a broad but also
critical
approach. The author will set out his plan to produce a
corpus
of all Northern Pontic magic inscriptions, which will be
accompanied by detailed commentaries.
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28
Foreigners and the Foreign in Black Sea Area Epigrams.
Towards a Corpus of the Epigrams of the Black Sea Region
Johannes Nollé
(DAI Munich)
Marta Oller Guzmán
(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona)
The late Professor Reinhold Merkelbach, who collected the
epigrams of Asia Minor and published them in 5 volumes,
suggested that we should follow his example by bringing
together the epigrams of other parts of the Greek world. In
the
spirit of this explicit wish, insistently expressed some
days
before his death, we have decided, in the first place to
collect
the epigrams of the Black Sea Region. Therefore we have
started by drawing up an inventory of the poetic texts
already
known and published. We will try to present each of them in
a
critical edition and add photographs where possible. Some of
these texts have to do with foreigners who came as political
exiles, pilgrims, craftsmen, travellers and especially traders.
It
is very interesting to see how these people expressed their
experience of being a foreigner or an outsider in a poetic
language. Some of these texts show the pride of people in
their
home country which they have left, some of them praise their
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29
new home. In many cases it is very interesting to note what
kind of images and which poetic phrases they used to intro-
duce their home city and the foreign country. Another ques-
tion which to be examined is whether we can detect
linguistic
differences in the epigrams connected with foreigners.
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30
Some Aspects of Northern Black Sea Epigraphy:
The Greek Inscriptions from "Neapolis Scythica"
Igor Makarov
(Centre for Comparative Studies on Ancient Civilizations,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow)
The core of the small collection of Greek inscriptions from
“Neapolis Scythica” (the settlement of Kermenchik on the
out-
skirts of modern Simferopol) consists of the lapidary monu-
ments dating to the period between the early 120s and the
last
decade of the 2nd century BC. The most important among
them are the following: 1) A pedestal with a badly damaged
inscription mentioning King Skilouros: although its text and
content cannot be restored with certainty, it proves,
combined
with archaeological data, the status of the fortress of
Kerment-
chik (regardless of its contested identification as Scythian
Neapolis) as a residence of the Late Scythian kings and a
centre of the official cult; 2) Four dedications to Rhodian
deities and Achilles Pontarches made by Posideos, son of
Posideos (the last one published in 1960): in spite of the
long-
lasting discussion concerning his citizenship and activity
the
analysis of the inscriptions bear a clear witness to the
opinion
that his native city was Pontic Olbia which was at that time
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31
under Scythian control; 3) A metrical epitaph on the
funerary
monument of Argotas, first published in 2003: it is often
argued that he seems to have been Skiluros’ predecessor as
king of the Skythians. However, the text of the inscription
does
not provide any evidence in support of this view. Argotas is
rather represented as a successful commander of the Scythian
king. An interesting detail of that epitaph is that the
friend-
liness of the “ruler of the Scythian land” towards the
Hellenes
is mentioned. It confirms the hypothesis that close dynastic
links were maintained between the royal families of the Late
Scythians and Bosporos in the 2nd century BC.
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32
Die Beziehungen der griechischen Poleis des Propontis-
Gebiets zu den westpontischen griechischen Städten
Mustafa H. Sayar
(Universität Istanbul)
Seit der zweiten Hälfte des 7. Jhs. v. Chr. gründeten
westklein-
asiatische Poleis an der Westküste des Schwarzen Meeres acht
Stadtsiedlungen. Es handelt sich um die Koloniegründen
Histria, Tomis (Constanţa), Kallatis (Mangalia),
Dionysopolis
(Balčik), Odessos (Varna), Mesambria (Nesebâr), Anchialos
(Pomorie), Apollonia (Sozopol). Polybios (25,2,12)
berichtet,
dass im Friedensvertrag des Jahres 179 v. Chr. zwischen
Pharnakes und Chersonesos auch Kyzikos gemeinsam mit
Herakleia und Mesambria erwähnt wurde. Kyzikos wurde
wahrscheinlich wegen der engen Beziehungen zum pergame-
nischen Herrscherhaus in diesem Vertrag als Partner berück-
sichtigt. Ferner hatten mehrere Bürger aus den propontischen
Städten etwa aus Byzantion, Perinthos und Kyzikos private
Kontakte mit den westpontischen Poleis wie Kallatis, Tomis
und Histria, wie zahlreiche Inschriften bezeugen.
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33
La navigation commerciale dans l'Ouest de la mer Noire
aux époques classique et hellénistique
Thibaut Castelli
(Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense)
Les époques classique et hellénistique voient se développer
des relations économiques intenses entre la partie ouest de
la
mer Noire et le reste du monde grec. L'étude des conditions
de
navigation en mer Noire se fait par la confrontation des
sources anciennes et des informations fournies par la
météorologie et l'océanographie modernes sur les courants et
les vents marins de la région. En comparant les résultats de
cette synthèse avec les descriptions du littoral pontique par
les
géographes grecs et romains, nous nous proposons
d’identifier
des routes maritimes, ainsi que leur utilisation en fonction
des
saisons. Cette analyse nous permettra de mieux comprendre
les fluctuations des échanges commerciaux, qui se font très
majoritairement par voie maritime, entre les différentes
cités
grecques de la mer Noire.
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34
Heinz Heinen und die Bosporanischen Könige –
Eine Projektbeschreibung
(Heinz Heinen and the Bosporan Kings – a Project Outline)
Altay Coşkun
(University of Waterloo ON)
The Northern coast of the Black Sea was settled by Iranians
from the steppes since the 2nd millennium BCE, who were
joined by Greek colonists as of the 7th century BCE. Roman
political interest in the region is attested since the 2nd
century
BCE, before Roman direct or indirect control extended from
the 1st century BCE to the 4th, if not 5th, century CE. Of
parti-
cular interest is the Kingdom of the Kimmerian Bosporos,
which surrounded the Strait of Kerch. For centuries, it was
ruled by Hellenized kings of Iranian descent who held the
titles of ‘friend of the Roman people’ and ‘high priest of
the
Emperor’. Ideological perspectives on the evidence are still
prevalent a quarter-century after the fall of the Iron
Curtain:
the 19th-century paradigm that history is to be understood
as
rivalry between tribes and nations led to the assumption
that
major events were determined by a conflict between native
Iranians and invading Greeks or oppressing Romans; this con-
flictual approach was cemented in the 20th century by
regard-
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35
ing Rome as a precursor of the imperialist West, at least in
the
eyes of Eastern European colleagues. The late Prof. Heinz
Heinen
(Trier, Germany, 1941-2013) was one of the first to
systemati-
cally question those simplistic antagonisms. He repeatedly
demonstrated that the same patterns of intercultural contact
were in place as in other parts of the Roman Empire: most of
the elite members avidly assumed Greek or Roman names,
titles, dressing styles and cults out of free choice, though
not
necessarily rejecting wholesale their own traditions. They
publicly displayed affiliations with the ruling power to
enhance their prestige among the locals, rather than to
arouse
their resentment. Heinen left behind an unfinished
manuscript
on the history of the Bosporos that is of high intellectual
appeal and historiographical importance; it covers most of
the
ancient sources for 63 BCE to 38 CE. As his former visiting
fellow and research associate respectively, Victor Cojocaru
and
Altay Coşkun intend to prepare a posthumous edition of the
work, and discuss, together with the conference
participants,
the possibility of a collaborative approach to implement
this
paradigm shift on a larger scale.
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36
The Dynamics of Colonization in the Civilian and Military
Milieu of the Roman Province Moesia Inferior.
A Contrastive Approach
Lucreţiu Mihailescu-Bîrliba
(Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iaşi)
Roman colonization has rarely been treated in specialist
monographs but rather in the larger framework of Romani-
zation and acculturation. The traditional way of research
has
concentrated on collecting and interpreting relevant
literary
and epigraphic sources. I am proposing an interdisciplinary
approach, and my analysis will be based on several nuances
and regarding many aspects of Romanization, including some
entirely new patterns interaction. The two main goals of our
research are: to take further the prosopographical analysis
of
the colonists of the province, and to begin with a non-
destructive archaeological investigation into the rural
milieu
of Moesia Inferior (using especially the vegetation scanner
and
the total station). Therefore, we can point out the
succession
and the differences between colonization in civilian and
military milieu and propose a model of Roman colonization
for the limes provinces, as well as for the Latin- and
Greek-
speaking provinces of the Roman Empire.
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37
Orbis Romanus and Barbaricum – The Sarmatians
around the Province of Dacia
and Their Relations with the Roman Empire
Lavinia Grumeza, Vitalie Bârcă
(Institute of Archaeology and History of Art of Cluj)
Geographically, the investigated territory lies in the area east
and
south-east of the Carpathian Mountains and the Tisza river
basin;
it was inhabited by Sarmatian tribes. Though these territories
are
today within the boundaries of five states (Hungary, Serbia,
Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova and Romania), it is
noteworthy that neither in Antiquity was the area clearly
delimited by natural boundaries, which requires a unitary
approach. The expansion of Roman control north of the
Danube brought about significant changes the culture,
economy and habitation patterns. The Roman withdrawal
from Dacia and the entry in these territories of other
populations led to significant changes of the area in terms
of
habitat and entire previously existent social structure. The
study of how the Sarmatians interacted with the Roman
civilisation is a less tackled subject. This project tries
to
elucidate the historical development of the whole area,
amongst other things by applying anthropologic and
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38
sociologic perspectives. During the first two stages of the
project, we investigated the Sarmatian presence in Banat,
which is also the main subject of this paper. The analysis
of
Sarmatian funerary contexts on the territory of ancient
Banat
allowed us to distinguish several stages of migration of
certain
Sarmatian groups between the 1st and 5th centuries AD.
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39
A New Dedication from Olbia and the Problem
of the City’s Reconstruction after the Raid by Burebista
Askold Ivantchik
(Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow / Institute Ausonius, CNRS, Bordeaux)
The paper is devoted to the publication of an inscription
found
during the excavations in Olbia in 2006. The text belongs to
a
series of dedications by city magistrates which is well
known
for the Roman period. The inscription is the earliest from
this
series and dates to the reign of Augustus. Unlike other texts
of
this type, it is dedicated to Roman emperors and to the
demos.
It is also the earliest known inscription of the city
restored
after its destruction by Burebistas. It provides important
new
information about the relations between Olbia and Rome, as
well as between Olbia and its barbarian neighbours at the
end
of the 1st century BC and the beginning of the 1st century
AD.
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40
Les principes qui gouvernent le programme iconographique
du Mausolée de Tropaeum Traiani
Maria Alexandrescu-Vianu
(L’Institut d’archéologie «Vasile Pârvan», Bucarest)
Cette communication se propose d’étudier le système de déco-
ration du Mausolée: sur 54 métopes, 49 sont conservées,
alors
que trois autres sont connues d’après les descriptions de C.
W.
Wurtzer, professeur à l’Université de Bonn, qui les a vues
lors
d’un voyage à Adamclisi, en 1856. Nous connaissons également
la décoration du trophée et des frises, alors que pour
l’empla-
cement des pièces tombées du noyau central nous avons une
idée approximative. Sans pouvoir la considérer comme un
élément entièrement fiable pour notre analyse, cette déco-
ration peut nous fournir des indices précieux pour le pro-
gramme iconographique du monument. Ce dernier est pensé
en fonction de l’emplacement du monument et du message
qu’il doit porter. Ainsi, on peut s’interroger
successivement
sur la typologie des trophées romains (à quel type
appartient
le trophée d’Adamclissi?), sur la décoration organisée en
rapport
avec la forme (pourquoi la reconstitution de R. Florescu est
fausse? parce que les métopes, les frises et les créneaux
consti-
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41
tuent un système cohérent qui ne peut pas être brisé), ainsi
que sur la suite logique des métopes, en fonction de leur
lieu
de découverte. On peut également se demander quels sont les
moyens d’expression: la technique, à savoir le relief
conventi-
onnel d’après la classification de G. Köppel, et les
procédés
d’augmenter l’impact de l’image dans la succession des
métopes, à savoir la répétition, l’amplification et le
crescendo.
Enfin, on s’intéressera au répertoire des schémas de compo-
sition des scènes et aux types de portraits.
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42
Maximinus and the Thracians
Michael A. Speidel
(Universities of Zürich and Bern)
The short reign of Gaius Iulius Verus Maximinus (235 – 238),
later called the ‘Thracian’ and the first of the so-called
‘Barrack
Emperors’, is sometimes considered to mark the beginning of
the ‘Crisis of the Third Century’. His lowly background that
should have excluded him from ever becoming emperor, and
his violent accession to the throne have also ensured him an
exceptionally bad press among both ancient and modern
authors. Thus Herodian (6.8.1) thus styled him as ‘a
shepherd
boy from the Thracians of the furthest interior’. Michael
Rostovtzeff described him as a ‘Thracian peasant’ who was ‘a
brave, able and strong soldier’, but who started a degree of
‘unprecedented cruelty’, a ‘terrorism’ that was orchestrated
to
butcher not only the ‘imperial nobility’ but more
significantly
the municipal ‘bourgeoisie’ (Social and Economic History of
the
Roman Empire, 2nd ed. 1957, 439 and 452). This contribution
will
focus on aspects and recent interpretations of the latest
stages
of Maximinus’s career before he became emperor, and on
structural developments (including the relocation of
signify-
cant numbers of young men and women from the Balkans to
the West), apparent in old and recent sources, that made
Maximinus’s accession to the throne possible.
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43
Le concept de σχολή et l’unité du thème
dans la Politique d’Aristote
Alexander Baumgarten
(L’Université «Babeş-Bolyai» de Cluj)
En reprenant les grandes thèses aristotéliciennes sur la
communauté humaine naturelle, je suggère une clef d'inter-
prétation des Politiques autour du concept du loisir (schole).
En
considérant une longue série des analogies dans lesquelles
l’homme se situe toujours au milieu, entre les dieux et les
bêtes, la singularité et la multiplicité sans ordre ou
placées
entre les objets universels ou singuliers de l’expérience,
j’ai
essayé de déduire de ces analogies la position médiane du
loisir, entre l’effort de survivre des animaux ou des paysans
et
le repos absolu de dieux. Après avoir trouvé des
confirmations
de cette série dans des passages du traite De l'âme ou dans
les
Météorologiques, j’ai proposé une vision différente de
l'anthro-
pologie d’Aristote par rapport aux analyses de Hannah
Arendt du même concept de loisir.
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44
Fremde Klänge, fremde Bilder? Selbstdarstellung
in den Grabmälern der Ausländer in Athen
Anna Ginestí Rosell
(Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt)
Die klassischen und nachklassischen Grabmäler Athens sind
ein Zeugnis der bedeutenden Einwanderungsbewegung, welche
die Stadt in dieser Zeit erlebte. Sowohl Griechen aus
anderen
Poleis als auch Menschen nicht griechischer Herkunft ließen
Grabmonumente für sich aufstellen und traten damit in den
Dialog mit der Selbstdarstellung der Athener, sei es durch
Anpassung an die attischen Normen oder Einführung fremder
Darstellungsformen. Die ganze Bandbreite der Anpassungs-
möglichkeiten ist in der Ikonographie sowie auch in der
Sprache zu beobachten, nur scheint es im Bereich der Ikono-
graphie eine stärkere Reglementierung als in der Sprache
gegeben zu haben. So sind Dialektmerkmale oder Zweispra-
chigkeit keine Seltenheit in den athenischen
Grabinschriften,
auch nicht in der Zeit der fortschreitenden Verbreitung der
Koiné. Text und Bild sollen exemplarisch an einigen Monu-
menten zusammen untersucht werden, um die Varianz in der
Selbstdarstellung bei den Fremden zu veranschaulichen.
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45
Bastarnae and Other ‘Bastards’ – Visions of ‘Others’
as Reflected in Nicknames and Loans
Adrian Poruciuc
(Institute of Archaeology, Iaşi)
According to Tacitus (Germania, 46), the earliest Germanic
people that moved into the Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic area
(as early as the end of the 3rd century BC) „are sometimes
called
the Bastarnae.” They were known (to the Romans) as „squalid
and slovenly people,” especially since “the features of
their
nobles get something of the Sarmatian ugliness from
intermar-
riage.” Such information actually sustains the mainstream
etymological opinion (to be found also in the Reallexicon
der
Germanischen Altertumskunde) according to which the exonym
Bastarnae has the same base as the term bastard
‘illegitimate
child’. It appears that such a critical-ironic vision of
“Others”
may be perceived not only in exonyms, but also in personal
names recorded in ancient times, in areas close to the Black
Sea. For instance, the second-century attestation of a
Burtinus
(which Gamillscheg was tempted to consider as Germanic) is
also sustained by a Burtsitsinus found in another
inscription
from the same area: the bearer of the former name was from
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46
Tomis, and the one of the latter from Histria. In regard to
the
cases under discussion, it so happens that both names (or
nick-
names, originally) correspond to two terms which survived in
Romanian as burtă and borţ, and which can be best clarified
as
based on two Old Germanic borrowings into local Southeast
European idioms.
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47
Der Schwarzmeerraum
in der Raumwahrnehmung der Griechen
Johanna Leithoff
(Universität Erfurt)
Der Schwarzmeerraum gilt uns zumeist als eine Grenzregion,
die wir im Zusammenhang mit griechischer Geschichte eher
am Rande betrachten; diese Sichtweise liegt zu einem guten
Teil in unserer eigenen Zeitstellung begründet, wird jedoch
auch von den Quellen vorgegeben. In diesem Sinne möchte
sich der Beitrag als Vorstellung eines Forschungsvorhabens
verstehen, das unterschiedliche Komponenten, die die Raum-
wahrnehmung der Griechen konstituieren, näher beleuchten
und zusammenführend in den Blick nehmen soll. Ansatz-
punkte dieses Forschungsvorhabens können beispielsweise
die literarische Darstellung von Reisenden und Grenzgängern
bilden, ebenso wie die sich an den geographischen Begeben-
heiten orientierende Periplous-Literatur. Dazu treten
Zeugnisse
konkreter wirtschaftlicher Beziehungen (wie Münzen und
Artefakte). Dabei soll nicht nur nach unterschiedlichen Per-
spektiven, sondern auch nach zeitlich und räumlich bedingten
Veränderungen gefragt werden.
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48
(Nicht nur philologische) Leckerbissen. Über den Fasan
und seine kulturgeschichtliche Bedeutung
für das Verständnis der Kolchis
Tassilo Schmitt
(Universität Bremen)
Nach Auskunft einschlägiger Standardwerke und Lexika ist
die Bezeichnung „Fasan“, griechisch φασιανός, lateinisch
fasianus, vom Namen „Phasis“ abgeleitet. Die Adjektivbildung
ist zwar auf den ersten Blick ungewöhnlich, aber sprachlich
korrekt. Sachlich aber ist zu fragen, warum ein Vogel, der
auch im Altertum von Indien bis nach Vorderasien weit
verbreitet war, wie man in der Forschung ohne Weiteres
annimmt, nach einem relativ begrenzten Gebiet „am Phasis“
benannt sein soll. Der Beitrag diskutiert zunächst die
frühesten griechischen Belege für φασιανοί im Athen des 5.
Jahrhunderts und schlägt für das schon in der
hellenistischen
Philologie diskutierte Problem, ob es sich dabei wirklich um
Vögel handle, mit neuen Argumenten vor, dass es hier eher
um Pferde geht. In einem weiteren Schritt wird eine
Hypothese begründet, wie es zu dieser Benennung kam. Dabei
werden Vorstellungen vom „Phasis“ zu analysieren sein. Vor
dem Hintergrund dieses Assoziationshorizontes lässt sich
dann
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49
auch eingrenzen, wann und in welchen Zusammenhängen
schließlich die bis heute in vielen Sprachen verwendete
Bezeichnung des „Fasans“ aufkam. In der Geschichte des
Appellativums φασιανός spiegeln sich so verschiedene
Phasen der Verbindung des Landes Kolchis und des Flusses
sowie der Stadt Phasis an der östlichen Schwarzmeerküste mit
der übrigen griechischen Welt.
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50
The Inhabitants of Sinope between Greek
Identity and Roman Power
Claire Barat
(University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis)
From the Roman conquest of Sinope by the Roman general
Lucullus in 70 BC, the inhabitants of Sinope were under
Roman domination. The present paper will study how this
domination over Sinope materialized: the traces of the
destruc-
tion and plundering of the public monuments will be shown
and the absence of epigraphic documents from Mithridatic
rule will be discussed. The study will then move on to
address
the creation of Roman monuments and Roman district in the
Greek town of Sinope. Further treated will be the
administra-
tive status of Sinope in the new province of Pontus et
Bithynia,
particularly after the deduction of a Caesarian colony in 45
BC,
and the status of the inhabitants as revealed by the
epigraphic
sources. Finally pursued will be the questions which
languages
were spoken in Sinope and which ethnic identities can be
attributed to its inhabitants.
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51
La basilique épiscopale d’Histria.
Répartition de l’espace sacré
Octavian Bounegru
(L’Université «Alexandru Ioan Cuza» de Iași)
Située au centre de la ville romano-byzantine, la basilique
épiscopale d’Histria reflète la fonctionnalité liturgique
qu’elle
avait à l’époque de sa construction, sous Justinien. Le pro-
gramme édilitaire concernant les édifices de cette époque
avait
été conçu et soutenu par Justinien, à l’aide de deux
célèbres
architectes, Anthemios de Tralleis et Isidore de Milet,
connus
pour leurs compétences techniques (mechanopoioi). Il
s’agissait,
en réalité, d’un aspect important du programme idéologique
de l’empereur, qui se proposait ainsi de consolider l’unité
de
l’État. L’une des conséquences les plus notables de ce pro-
gramme a été l’emplacement de la basilique au centre de
l’espace urbain, ce qui reflète le rôle significatif joué par
les
basiliques, notamment épiscopales, dans la mise en scène du
pouvoir.
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52
The Black Sea in Early Christian Literature
Dan Ruscu
(Babeş Bolyai University of Cluj)
Tertullian (Against Marcion) explains the heresy of Marcion
by
the roughness of the Pontic area; Procopius (Wars, books 7
and
8) describes the Black Sea as the abode of giant whales and
home of the dolphins. Throughout the early Christian litera-
ture, the Black Sea thus continued to be seen as the embodi-
ment of otherness. At the same time, however, the Pontic
region was deemed a destination worthy for Christian missi-
onnaries, as we can read in the works of Gregory
Thaumaturgus,
Basil of Caesarea and John Chrysostom. They regarded the
southern shores of the Euxine Sea as a source of civilization
for
the other Pontic shores – especially the northern ones. The
purpose of this paper is to analyse the representation of
the
Black Sea in ancient sources and to delineate its image held
by
early Christian writers in Late Antiquity.
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53
Byzantium and the Northern Black Sea
Region during the 13th Century
Sergei Bocharov
(Kazan Federal University)
Throughout the Middle Ages the Northern Black Sea region
had different economic (and socio-political) tendencies and
histories. The steppe was controlled by nomads who did not
create states. The Crimea formed part of the Byzantine
Empire
(with an interruption under the Khazar Khaganate). Since
ancient times there were two political and economic centres
on
the Crimean peninsula: Panticapaeum (Bosporus) on the
Eastern Crimea and Chersonesos in the West. By the 13th
century, however, Sughdea in eastern part of the Crimean
Mountains emerged as the main economic centre. After the
capture of Constantinople by crusaders in 1206, Byzantine
domination over the area vanished, and the Crimea fell under
the control of the Southern Pontic Empire of Trebizond. This
continued to adhere to the policy of maintaining peaceful
relations with the nomads. Around the same time, Venetian
merchants began to appear in the Northern Black Sea ports,
and the steppes, after having been ruled by Cumans
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54
(Kipchaks) for some two centuries, saw the invasion of the
Mongols, who reached the Crimea in 1223 under Genghis Kan.
It was only under Batu Khan that the Northern Black Sea
coast
was integrated into a Mongolian State in 1237/8. By 1263,
Solkhat developed into the administrative centre of the
peninsula. Commerce could then expand deep into the conti-
nent. The largest commercial network was established by
merchants from Genoa, to whom the Byzantine Emperor
Michael VIII Palaeologus granted the monopoly to trade
between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean in 1262.
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55
Social Sciences and Humanities in Horizon 2020
Diana Stah
(Tiraspol State University, Chişinău)
Horizon 2020 (H2020) is the new instrument of the European
Commission (EC) aimed at funding Research and Innovation.
With a budget of € 70.2 billion, the programme runs from
2014
to 2020, being open to EU Member States, countries
Associated
to H2020 and Third Countries. The major difference to the
7th
Framework Programme for Research and Technological Deve-
lopment (FP7) consists of a new programme structure which
more strongly encourages holistic approaches with a strong
interdisciplinary touch. Though formally divided into three
pillars – Excellent Science, Industrial Leadership and
Societal
Challenges, H2020 provides plenty of opportunities to
resear-
chers for collaborating on a considerable number of
announced
topics. The Social Sciences and Humanities are attributed to
Societal Challenge 6, which, traditionally, has a less
generous
budget than the other areas of H2020. However, given the
obvious societal dimension of this programme, as well as the
desire to encourage inter- and trans-disciplinarity, H2020
opens a number of less obvious possibilities for researchers
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56
from the Social Sciences and Humanities. This presentation
will analyze the topics of the H2020 calls which are not
directly related to the Social Sciences and Humanities, but
are
open for participation of researchers from those fields. In
particular, non-thematic calls with a high success rate will
be
considered. Finally, suggestions for assuring sustainability
of
the Project PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0054 by applying to H2020
funding will be made.
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Notes
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