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International Student Mobility Policy in China, Japan and Malaysia
Kay Thomas, Ph.D. University of MinnesotaYiyun Jie, Ph.D. Candidate University of Minnesota Yuki Watabe, Ph.D. Candidate University of MinnesotaHiroko Akiba, Ph.D. Hitotsubashi University
Presentation Agenda
• Introduction: Trend of Student Mobility
• Case of China
• Case of Japan
• Case of Malaysia
Market Share of Int’l Students
Data Source: UNESCO
The total number of international mobile students1999: 1,825,200 2007: 2,800,500
%
Student Mobility in China, Japan and Malaysia
2000 2007 Increase Rate
China 52,150 195,503 73.3%
Japan 64,011 118,490 50.0%
Malaysia 18,767 47,928 60.8%
2000 2005 Increase Ratio
China 38,989 133,800 70.9%
Japan 76,497 80,023 4.4%
Malaysia 42,780(2002) 56,609 24.4%
Inbound Mobility
Outbound Mobility
Data source: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan and Japan Student Service Organization (JASSO); Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia; Chinese Educational Statistics Yearbook
Top 5 Sending Countries/Region to China, Japan and Malaysia (2007)
China
Japan Malaysia
1. Korea 6,448 (33.0%) 1. China 71,277 (60.2%) 1. Indonesia 8,454 (17.6%)
2. Japan 18,640 (9.5) 2. Korea 17,274 (14.6) 2. China 6,468 (13.5)
3. U.S. 14,758 (7.5) 3. Taiwan 4,686 (4.0) 3. Iran 3,678 (7.7)
4.Vietnam 9,702 (5.0) 4. Vietnam 2,582 (2.2) 4. Nigeria 2,884 (6.0)
5. Thailand 7,306 (3.7) 5. Malaysia 2,146 (1.8) 5. Bangladesh 2,506 (5.2)
7. U.S. 1,805 (1.5) U.S. 89 (0.2)
Total 195,503 Total 118,498 Total 47,928
( )=Ratio of int’l student in each country to its total int’l studentsData Source: JASSO; Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia; Chinese Educational Statistics Yearbook
Top 5 Destinations for Students from China, Japan and Malaysia
China (2004) Japan (2005)
Malaysia (2005)
1 America 36,704 U.S.
38,712 Australia
15,909
2 Europe 30,969 China 18,872 U.K. and Ireland
15,189
3 Asia 28,675 U.K. 6,179 U.S. 6,411
4 Oceania 16,058 Australia 3,380 Egypt 6,256
5 Africa 574 Germany 2,470 Indonesia 4,565
Total 114,700 Total 80,023 Total 54,915 Data Source: MEXT; Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia; Chinese Educational Statistics Yearbook
Theme for Student Mobility Policy in three countries
1. How has the policy on student mobility evolved?
2. What initiatives are currently being discussed and implemented in order to increase student mobility?
3. What possible social and economic factors have impacted policy trends?
Development of Chinese Higher Education
Data Source: Chinese Educational Statistics Yearbook
1997 2008 Increase Rate
No. of Higher Education
Institutions
1020 1908 47%
No. of Enrolled Student 3,351,000 27,000,000 88%
Gross Enrollment Rate 9.1(%) 23(%) N/A
Historical Development of Chinese Government Policy on Outbound Student Mobility
1978-1986Starting Period
1986-1991Exploring Period
1992-2000Rapid Development Period
2001-presentPost-WTO Period
Guiding Principle: Outbound
• Increase the scale • Focus on the important area;• Advanced students and scholars
• Encourage study abroad;• Support returning;• Unimpeded leaving and returning
• Encourage study abroad;
• Support returning;
• Unimpeded leaving and
returning
• Encourage diverse ways to
serve the nation
Chinese Government Policy on Outbound Student Mobility
Self-funded study abroad
• Scale: Majority group
• Procedure: Simplified process
• Government: Guide and Support (relational investment for later return)
Gov. Funded study abroad
• Area of study: areas that are considered of strategic importance and
cutting-edge technologies
• Targeted group: Advanced research scholars and graduate students
Returnees • Attitude/value towards returnees: attract more & provide support
• Preferential policies
• Diverse ways
Historical Development of Chinese Government Policy on Inbound Student Mobility
1950-1977Pre-open-door Period
1978-1989Exploring Period
1990-2000Further Development Period
2001-presentPost-WTO Period
Guiding Principle: Inbound
• Foreign Relations Strategies• International Contribution
• Steady increase of the scope •Systematic reform (improve the administration and services)• Ensure the quality
• Widen the development
scope
• Increase No. of advanced-
level international students
• Ensure the quality
• Improve the administration
and service
Chinese Government Policy on Inbound Students Mobility
International Student in China
• Decision-making: Government and institution
• Approaches: More market-oriented approach (recruitment effort)
• Administration and Services: Gradually build up a holistic administration and
service system for international student (information management system and
training for the service staff member)
• Areas of study: diverse areas of study
• Quality of international student in China: degree seeking and advanced level
student
•Policies and documentation: legislation and increased public transparency
Trend of Student Mobility in China (2000-2008):
Outbound, Inbound, and Returnees
Data Source: Chinese Educational Statistics Yearbook
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
220,000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Returnees
Inbound Total
Outbound Total
Trends of Student Mobility in China:
Outbound Student by Funding Sources
Data Source: Chinese Educational Statistics Yearbook
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Institution funded
Government funded
Self funded
Trends of Student Mobility in China:
Inbound Student by Funding Source
Data Source: Chinese Educational Statistics Yearbook
Trends of Student Mobility in China:
Inbound Student by Continent
Data Source: Chinese Educational Statistics Yearbook
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Oceania
Africa
America
Europe
Asia
