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7/25/2019 International Man of Mystery Outline
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Part Two: Professor Schaefer Big 10 (12) Goals:
(1) Power to Negotiate(2) Power to Sign/Initial(3) Power to Approve(4) Power to Rati!(") #t$erwise %ali&(') Power to Ipleent() Sel*+,e-.ting v Non*Sel +,e-.ting() Private Rig$t o A-tion() $aring Bets!(10) ierar-$! o Nors(11) Power to erinate(12) Power to A&inister (interpret5 vote in I#5
aen&)
(1) Power to Negotiate Presi&ent/+,e-.tive Bran-$ US v Curtis-Wright
I t$e Presi&ent 6n&s ,5 t$en $e a! &o !
I t$e Presi&ent 6n&s t$ere is $ostilit!5 $e a! pro$i7it ars sales
8$et$er ongress -an &elegate oreign powers to t$e presi&ent
9.st now t$e &i;eren-e 7tw internal an& e,ternal powers o t$e
e&eral govow ro
t$e -onstit.tion (an& are s.7?e-t to t$e &o-trine o en.erate&powers
The President maintains the foreign aairs powers of the US
Presi&ent $as t$e power to negotiate (-o.ni-ation)
S.t$erlan& 7elieves t$e Presi&ent is t$e sole organ o oreign
relations In realit! t$ere are &ivi&e& (s$are&) powers 7etween t$e
Presi&ent an& -ongress in poli-! atters o aing oreign
poli-! 8$at i -ongress $a& spe-i6-all! a.t$ori@e& t$e sale o ars 8o.l&
t$e pro-laation 7! t$e presi&ent 7e vali& No $e Presi&ent -annot tae an a-tion in violation o t$e law
Takeaways from this case
Presi&ent $as power to negotiate (sole organ or t$e
-o.ni-ation/negotiation .n-tion) ongress -an paint wit$ a 7roa& 7r.s$ w$en &elegating power in
t$e oreign a;airs real (an& t$is is reall! sa!ing soet$ing
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7e-a.se ew5 i an!5 &elegations even in &oesti- atters ever
str.- &own) Presi&ent is N# t$e sole organ in oreign poli-! aing (its s$are&
wit$ ongress) 7.t &oes $ave s.7stantial powers in t$e real (s$ort
-onstit.tion5 lots o gre! area)
=oreign relations powers o t$e e&eral governent &o >ow ro t$e-onstit.tion (an& are s.7?e-t to &o-trine o en.erate& powers)
() Power to Sign!"nitia#
+,e-.tive Bran-$ #n-e a treat! is signe&5 t$ere is a inial legal o7ligation not to &eeat
t$e p.rpose o t$e agreeent $e a7ilit! to C.nsignD or -an-el a treat! e,ists 7eore it is rati6e&5 t$.s
eliinating an! legal o7ligation ($) Power to %ppro&e
(1) reat! 9et$o&
onstit.tion5 Art 25 Se- 2
2/3 approval ro Senate (2) +A (ongressional +,e-.tive Agreeent)
Power originates ro ongressional la.se
9a?orit! approval 7! 7ot$ $o.ses (3) P+A (Presi&ential +,e-.tive Agreeent)* (rare)
ongress $as pre*approve& t$e agreeent
9a! 7e regar&ing e,e-.tive powers an& a! not nee& approval as
oan&er in $ie $e Presi&ent &eterines w$at wa! to a-$ieve approval
Pre*approval: Presi&ent a! alrea&! $ave approval ro ongress
onstit.tional Power* oan&er in $ie Eeterining w$i-$ et$o& to .se
9ostl! &eterine& 7! past pra-ti-e
ra&e agreeents (+A)F Investent agreeents an& .an
Rig$ts agreeents (reat! et$o&) Bot$ t$e reat! 9et$o& an& +A are e.all! -onstit.tional5 7.t +A
is easier Dames & Moore v Regan
istori-al 7a-&rop* Iran $ostage -risis
+,e-.tive or&er an& part o t$e agreeent (Algiers a--or&s) wit$ Iran:
N.lli6es atta-$ent or&ers
ransers Iranian assets ro Iranian $an&s to Int
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a-son ('ackson ategories) (AN + PR+SIE+N E# J .st
anal!@e t$ro.g$ a-son -on-.rren-e an& r$en.ist spe-tr.) Presi&ential powers aren
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$e Presi&ent -an &e-line t$is power wit$ -ongressional approval (wont
$appen) (+) ,therwise -a#id
Eoes t$e agreeent -on>i-t wit$ t$e onstit.tion/Bill o Rig$ts Ipa-ts on HS law
#ne si&e -an tae s.e t$e ot$er or violation in International o.rt 9a&e in HSA =o.n&ation v HS*
A -$allenge to NA=A
Are +As -onstit.tional es
ongress gave approval (siple a?orit! o 7ot$ $o.ses)
$e Presi&ent is a.t$ori@e& to e,-$ange notes or provi&ing entr!
into or-e Are +As -opletel! inter-$angea7le wit$ t$e treat! et$o&
9ostl! I t$ere is one w$i-$ is not inter-$angea7le5 it is t$e P+A
et$o& 9.r! or -onteste& approval* Ei& ongress reall! approve o t$e
agreeent AA HS rati6e& t$e agreeent5 7.t &i& not give it to ongress or approval
Sen 8!&en was e,treel! &ist.r7e&* wante& to now w$at t$e
a.t$orit! was 8$ite o.se response: ongress approve& it in a&van-e5 7!
a.t$ori@ing t$e to wor wit$ oreign -o.ntries on t$e iss.e Eoes t$is ean t$at t$e Presi&ent $as a.t$orit! to rati! w$enever
ongress s.ggests negotiations to wor o.t sol.tions wit$ ot$er
nations Eeonstrates t$at iplie& approval o ongress ig$t 7e .se& to
as ?.sti6-ation to rati! agreeents
(.) Power to "mp#ement
I an agreeent is non*sel e,e-.ting an& in -on>i-t wit$ -.rrent HS law5
ongress a! $ave to ena-t new legislation in or&er or t$e agreeent to
tae e;e-t o.l& also 7e ree&ie& 7! Presi&ent via e,e-.tive or&er (i $e $as t$e
power to &o so) Presi&ential Pro-laation: Eoes not $ave or-e o law .nless I
ongress were to pass an a-t5 w$i-$ wo.l& tae e;e-t .pon t$e
$appening o a -ontingent event5 an& s.7se.entl! t$e Presi&ent
pro-laie& t$at t$e event $appene&5 t$en t$e pro-laation wo.l&
$ave t$e or-e o law (/) Se#f02ecuting &3 Non0Se#f 2ecuting
Sel*e,e-.ting
Ie&iate e;e-t on HS &oesti- law Non*Sel +,e-.ting
No ie&iate e;e-t on HS &oesti- law Eoes not allow or a private
rig$t o a-tion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Congress7/25/2019 International Man of Mystery Outline
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=or soe -o.ntries (ana&a5 A.stralia5 HO) all treaties are not sel*
e,e-.ting (&.alist) $e -r., o w$at &eterines i a treat! is sel*e,e-.ting or non sel*
e,e-.ting is US po#itica# 4ranch intent In re ollins
ollins is attepting to s.e to get into t$e 7ar wit$o.t taing t$e 7are,a S$e 7elieves NA=A s$o.l& appl! to $er5 &.e to $er training an&
e&.-ation in ana&a Ne7rasa &oes $ave t$e possi7ilit! o 7eing
a&itte& wit$o.t t$e e,a (Pra-ti-ing in t$e HS or "* !earsF
gra&.ate& ro ABA approve& law s-$ool) er arg.ent is t$at
NA=A provi&es one -annot &is-riinate against oreign servi-e
provi&ers $e o.rt -on-l.&es t$at NA=A &oesn
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As 7etween HS gov
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Internationall!: $ereore5 t$e HS will 7e in violation o t$e treat! an&
t$e oreign -o.ntr! part! to treat! -an (a) Bring -lai .n&er &isp.te settleent e-$anis provi&e& 7!
t$e treat! (7) lai a aterial 7rea-$ .n&er %M Art '0 an& see to s.spen&
or terinate t$eir o7ligations .n&er treat! in soe -ases (-) I not aterial 7rea-$5 tae proportionate -o.ntereas.res
So a goo& wa! to tae -are o t$at pro7le i t$e +A et$o& is 7eing
.se& is to $ave ongress in t$e sae a-t approve t$e international
agreeent5 &e-lare it in essen-e non*sel*e,e-.ting an& ae an!
ne-essar! -$anges to HS law to ipleent t$e agreeent es5 t$ats w$at we &o wit$ tra&e agreeentsTNA=A5 8#5 et-
Summary: o now w$et$er a treat! is part o t$e HS legal s!ste5 we
nee& to now i it is S+/NS+ HS intent is w$at &eterines S+/NS+
o.l& 7e straig$t orwar& (NA=A)
9a! $ave to glean it ro te,t.al interpretations o t$e treat! Oeep an e!e o.t or t$e re-ipro-it! a-tor
.&i-iar! interprets treaties5 7.t -o.rts give great weig$t to e,e-.tive
views o treat! interpretation (6) harming 7etsy
HS o.rts are to -onstr.e HS stat.tes as -onsistent wit$ treaties an&
-.stoar! international law Oeeps t$e HS ro violating international agreeents HS v PM#*
HS $as a stat.te w$i-$ 7ans PM# a-tivit! in t$e Hnite& States HS
wants to -lose &own HN PM# peranent o7server ission $eea&.arters A-t re.ires t$e Hnite& States to allow ree transit (entr!5
transit an& resi&en-e) o invitees o t$e HN regar&less o t$eir stat.s
wit$ t$e HS $e o.rt wants to appl! 7ot$ r.les -onsistentl! i
possi7le onstit.tion &oes not -reate a $ierar-$! in t$e S.prea-! -la.se
7etween treaties an& e&eral laws Post rati6-ation .n&erstan&ing (pra-ti-e) o t$e treat! also re.ires t$e
esta7lis$ent o an #U-e $e o.rt attepts to &eterine t$e intent o t$e ongress
ongress $a& not sai& an!t$ing a7o.t it5 &espite nowing t$at it
wo.l& 7e an iss.e $ereore -ongress &i& not ae it e,pli-itl!-lear t$at it wante& t$e PM# #U-e s$.t &own
No ention o intera-tion/e,-l.sion o treat!
Therefore the ourt interprets the statute such that it wi##
not interfere with the 8ead9uarters agreement
In Re Rat$
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Rat$ is s.ing to eep $is tra&ear in t$e HS $e Mang$a A-t &oes
not allow or s.rnaes as tra&ears Rat$ loos to t$e Paris
onvention (w$ose lang.age is non sel*e,e-.ting) an& -lais t$at t$e
Mang$a A-t ipleents t$e Paris onvention an& nee&s to 7e
interprete& -onsistentl! .n&er $aring Bets!
Spe-i6-all! $e is looing at Mang$a A-t se- 44 Se- 44(e) Registration on prin-ipal or s.ppleental registerF -op!
o oreign registration A ar &.l! registere& in t$e -o.ntr! o
origin o t$e oreign appli-ant a! 7e registere& on t$e prin-ipal
register if e#igi4#e5 ot$erwise on t$e s.ppleental register $erein
provi&e&
Rat$ -lais Ci eligi7leD reers to t$e Paris onvention $e o.rt
6n&s it reers to Se- 2 o t$e Mang$a A-t $e -on-.rring opinion o t$e -o.rt points to a part o t$e Paris
onvention in&i-ating tra&ears C&evoi& o an! &istin-tive
-$ara-terD an& &eterines t$at t$e Mang$a A-t is in a--or& wit$
t$e Paris onvention an& t$at t$e Paris onvention wo.l& prevent
t$e .se o s.rnaes as a tra&ear
(1) 8ierarchy of Norms
I t$ere is a non*sel e,e-.ting agreeent in -on>i-t wit$ a HS stat.te5 t$e
HS stat.te prevails All sel*e,e-.ting P+A5 +A an& reaties will preept state law
(11) Power to Terminate
$e Presi&ent (Goldwater v Carter) +ssentiall! a reverse rati6-ation $e Presi&ent &oes not re.ire ongressional approval to terinate
(1) Power to %dminister (interpret; &ote in ",; amend) o.rts are t$e .ltiate interpreters o.rts give great weig$t to e,e-.tive 7ran-$ opinions
+,e-.tive oU-ers $ave greater nowle&ge a7o.t t$e nat.re o t$e
agreeent5 negotiation5 et- +,e-.tive 7ran-$ $as t$e power to vote in international organi@ations (I#)
or t$e HS Aen&e& treaties are siilar to new treaties
#t$er 9a?or Goals: Mearn a Mittle Stat.tor! Interpretation Mearn a Mittle onstit.tional Maw
Eo-trine o en.erate& powers Separation o Powers (P v ) =e&eralis
ha##enging State
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Dormant =oreign ommerce #ause: a-iall! &is-riinator! I
so virt.all! per se illegalF ot$erwise 7alan-ing (e;e-t on -oer-e
v a-$ieveent o legitiate lo-al p.rpose)F w$en oreign
-oer-e e,tra prong L interere wit$ e&eral govts Con-e voi-eDF
9P+ L a! not 7e availa7le wit$ oreign -oer-e
Oeeps states ro aing prote-tionist a-tions against oneanot$er
S-$aeer 6n&s t$is t$e ost iportant pie-e o t$e -onstit.tion:
+ssentiall! -reates a ree tra&e agreeent wit$ 33 o t$e largest
e-onoies in t$e worl& Dormant =oreign %airs Doctrine:
8$en t$e oreign a;airs powers are .n.se& or &orant5 t$ere
still e,ist liits on state powers to e,ert in>.en-e on oreign
a;airs $ree tests or t$e &o-trine
Thresho#d eects test: Core t$an soe in-i&ental or
in&ire-t e;e-tD on HS oreign relations or oreign -o.ntr! Purpose*7ase& test: is t$e goal o t$e state law to -$ange or
-riti-i@e 7e$avior o oreign governent >P (>arket Participant 2ception) Mower -o.rts split
N= -ase
Illinois -reates a stat.te &esigne& to san-tion S.&an
Preeption No e,press preeption* ongress &i& not spe-i6-all! pro$i7it
states ro san-tioning S.&an on>i-t preeption
Eire-t -on>i-t: Ipossi7le to -opl! wit$ 7ot$ (e& an&
state) laws #7sta-les on>i-t: 9aes it &iU-.ltF stan&s as an o7sta-le to
e&eral law In t$is -ase t$e HS law onl! targets HS -orp5 w$ereas t$e
Illinois law targets oreign entities $e HS also e,epte&
-ertain regions t$at t$e IM a-t &i& not =e& gove,i7ilit!
$e IM a-t Intereres wit$ ongress< &esire to rat-$et
.p/&own san-tions &epen&ing on -ir-.stan-es =iel& preeption* (not relie& on 7! t$e -o.rt) ongress is so
involve& in a 6el& t$at it .st e,-l.&e state a-tions Eorant =oreign A;airs Eo-trine
$e ipa-t o t$e eas.re on oreign a;airs is t$e a?or iss.e 9ore t$an in-i&ental or in&ire-t e;e-t IM $a& wit$&rawn
V2"50005000 $is in-reases press.re on -opanies to stop
&oing 7.siness wit$ S.&an In t$e pension portion t$ere was not
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eno.g$ evi&en-e (on-eiva7l! it -o.l& a;e-t s$are pri-e5 7.t
t$at is not -ertain) Eorant =oreign oer-e la.se
=a-iall! &is-riinator! wit$ state law or international -oer-e elling 7ans to ipleent a poli-! against 7ans &oing
7.siness wit$ S.&an #n t$e pension part o t$e law5 t$e Plainti;s arg.e&
e,-eption wit$ t$e 9aret Parti-ipant +,-eption (9P+)5 w$i-$
e,epts t$e state (as a 7.!er or seller) ro Eorant
oer-e la.se s-r.tin! $e o.rt &eterines t$at &oes
not appl! $ere I not a-ial &is-riinator!5 Balan-e +;e-t on -oer-e vs
legitiate lo-al p.rpose (-ons.er prote-tion5 environental
prote-tion e-t) I law s.rvives 7alan-ing5 t$en as &oes it ris oreign
-o.ntries retaliating against t$e HS
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Part 3: Proessor Mepar&
ustomary ?aw and the %#ien Tort Statute
o .stoar! International Maw Revisite& So.r-es o International .an Rig$ts Maw (Arti-le 3 o t$e I
Stat.te) $e o.rt &e-i&es -ases in a--or&an-e wit$:
international treaties an& -onventions in or-e5
@internationa# custom; as e&idence of a genera#
practice accepted as #awA (customary internationa#
#aw);
general prin-iples o law5 an&5
as s.7si&iar! eans5 ?.&i-ial &e-isions an& t$e tea-$ings
o t$e ost $ig$l! .ali6e& p.7li-ists +,aples o .stoar! Nors Re-ogni@e& 7! t$e I
.an rig$ts nors5 s.-$ as:
o $e pro$i7ition o geno-i&eo $e pro$i7ition o tort.reo $e pro$i7ition o slaver!o $e pro$i7ition o ra-ial &is-riination
International -riinal law nors5 s.-$ as:o $e pro$i7ition o geno-i&e5o $e pro$i7ition o war -rieso $e pro$i7ition o -ries against $.anit!
Nors on t$e .se o or-e .n&er international
$.anitarian law5 in-l.&ing:o $e pro$i7ition o t$e .se o or-e 7! states e,-ept
in sel*&eense or wit$ HN Se-.rit! o.n-ila.t$ori@ation
o Re.ireents o ne-essit! an& proportionalit!o 9an! nors in t$e 14 Geneva onventions
Nors involving t$e seas an& water reso.r-es
Nors relating to treaties5 in-l.&ing treat! interpretation
(lie Arti-le 31 o t$e %ienna onvention) $e ra&itional Ee6nition o .stoar! International Maw
wo ain re.ireents: .nior state pra-ti-e an& a
sense o legal o7ligation (Copinio juris) (#ne 7elieves it
to 7e t$e law)
$e -on-ept o -.stoar! law $as origins in -ivil laws!stes5 as e,epli6e& in t$e Mo.isiana ivil o&e
$e Cpersistent o7?e-torD &o-trineo I a govt $as persistentl! o7?e-te& to a nor ro
t$e ver! 7eginning5 it -an e,ept itsel ro t$e
nor Pereptor!(Cjus cogensD) -.stoar! nors
o So iportant t$e! -an never 7e violate&
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Soe pro7les wit$ as-ertaining -.stoar! international law
$e para&o, o opinio juris (an a-t.al 7elie or sipl! an
a-t o gra-e) 8$at is t$e .n-tion o t$e state pra-ti-e re.ireent
$e role o et$i-s
8$at are so.r-es o evi&en-e o opinio juris 8$at is t$erole o HN resol.tions
8$at are so.r-es o state pra-ti-e
9! (Meapr&s) new t$eor! L 7.t it is not t$e lawo Re*Rea&ing he !a"uete #a$ana
$e S.pree o.rt esta7lis$es -.stoar! international law as
part o o.r law Mooe& to past state pra-ti-e5 treaties5 e,e-.tive or&ers (t$ere
&oesnt $ave to .naniit! in pra-ti-e5 ?.st -onsisten-!) #pininio .ris* t$e 7elie $el& 7! ot$er nations vessels t$at one
s$o.l& rerain ro -apt.ring -ivilian vessels 7e-a.se t$e!
7elieve it is t$e lawF t$e &issent 7elieves no opiniono ?.ris5 7.terel! a-ts o gra-e
+t$i-s a! tip t$e 7alan-e in avor o a parti-.lar r.lingo $e Alien ort Stat.te
2 HS 13"0 L esta7lis$es original &istri-t -o.rt ?.ris&i-tion
over Can! -ivil a-tion 7! an alien or a tort onl!5 -oitte& in
violation o t$e law o nations or a treat! o t$e Hnite& StatesD Ee7ate over t$e origins o t$e AS5 in-l.&ing t$e C9ar7ois
In-i&entDo $e %ilartigaase
=ail! o an tort.re& an& ille& in Parag.a! s.es t$e tort.rer
w$o now lives in t$e HS W.estion o w$et$er t$e -o.rt $as s.7?e-t atter ?.ris&i-tion $e -o.rt o.n& t$at it $a& ?.ris&i-tion .n&er t$e Alien ort
Stat.te +vi&en-e o opiniono ?.ris
14": A&option o t$e HN $artero It is a treat!F Not w$oll! S+
14: Hniversal Ee-laration o .an Rig$tso =ree&o ro tort.re or ot$er -r.el5 in$.an5 or
&egra&ing treatent or p.nis$entFo $e rig$t to re-ognition 7eore a& e.al prote-tion
o t$e lawFo $e rig$ to an e;e-tive ree&! or $.an rg$ts
violationso =ree&o ro ar7itrar! arress5 &etention or e,ileFo $e rig$t to a air $earing 7! an in&epen&ent an&
p.7li- tri7.nal
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$e a-t t$at soe -o.ntries parti-ipate in tort.re5 represents a
violation o t$e international -.stoar! law an& &oes not
ao.nt to evi&en-e against opiniono ?.riso $e Aterat$ o %ilartiga
Eoes t$e AS -reate a -a.se o a-tion in a&&ition to granting
?.ris&i-tion to e&eral -o.rts Sosa v 'lvare(-Machain(HS 2004)
Ei& not strie &own =ilartiga5 7.t sai& t$at a $.an rig$ts
violation .st 7e wi&el! re-ogni@e& an& &e6ne& wit$
great pre-ision to 7e a violation o -.stoar!
international law Recent 'S cases
Oio7el v Ro!al E.t-$ Petrole.o 8$et$er a -orporation -an violate -.stoar!
international lawo 8$et$er AS -lais s$o.l& 7e liite& to torts
o--.rring in t$e Hnite& States (es) 14 * HN onvention Against ort.reF 10 L HS Rati6-ation
$e HS Senate &e-laration: CCIII $e Senate
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1331: =e&eral .estion ?.ris&i-tiono C$e &istri-t -o.rts s$all $ave original ?.ris&i-tion o
all -ivil a-tions arising .n&er t$e onstit.tion5 laws5
or treaties o t$e Hnite& StatesDo Eoes it in-l.&e ?.ris&i-tion over treaty issues
(es)o Eoes it in-l.&e ?.ris&i-tion over iss.es .n&er
customary internationa# #aw (No) Re-all t$e
anal!sis in %ilartiga =ilartigawo.l& s.ggest t$at ig$t 7e t$e
-ase* -.stoar! intl law is part o o.r
law/spe-i6-all! -oon law o.rt let it open an& o.n& ?.ris&i-tion
.n&er ASo Eoes it in-l.&e ?.ris&i-tion over allege& violations
o t$e ort.re %i-ti Prote-tion A-t (es* stat.te)
1332: Eiversit! ?.ris&i-tiono C$e &istri-t -o.rts s$all $ave original ?.ris&i-tion o
all -ivil a-tions w$ere t$e atter in -ontrovers!
e,-ee&s t$e s. or val.e o V"50005 e,-l.sive o
interest an& -osts5 an& is 7etween * (1) -iti@ens o
&i;erent StatesF (2) -iti@ens o a State an& -iti@ens
or s.7?e-ts o a oreign stateF (3) -iti@ens o
&i;erent States an& in w$i-$ -iti@ens or s.7?e-ts o
a oreign state are a&&itional partiesF an& (4) a
oreign state as plainti; an& -iti@ens o a State
or o &i;erent StatesD 13"0: $e Alien ort Stat.te
o Provi&es t$at t$e &istri-t -o.rts $ave ?.ris&i-tion
over Can! -ivil a-tion 7! an alien or a tort onl!5
-oitte& in violation o t$e law o nations or a
treat! o t$e Hnite& StatesDo S.7?e-t atter ?.ris&i-tion .n&er t$is provision was
t$e iss.e in %ilartiga State o.rts: Pres-ri7e& 7! State Stat.tes
o Ne7rasa &istri-t -o.rts $ave general ?.ris&i-tiono Spe-ial -o.rts $ave liite& s.7?e-t atter
?.ris&i-tion5 lie t$e ?.venile -o.rts an& -o.nt!-o.rts
Personal .ris&i-tion
Personal ?.ris&i-tion over t$e plainti;
Personal ?.ris&i-tion over t$e &een&anto E.e Pro-ess la.se o HS onstit.tion re.ires:
Noti-e #pport.nit! to -ontest
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.ris&i-tional 7asiso .ris&i-tional 7asis -an 7e:
Presen-e wit$in t$e state (CtagD ?.ris&i-tion)
Re-all %ilartiga
Hp$el& in )urnham-ase (HS 10)
Megislative $istor! o ort.re %i-tiProte-tion A-t
onsent o t$e &een&ant (in-l.&ing t$ro.g$
a or. sele-tion -la.se in a -ontra-t) Hn&er ClongarD stat.tes5 s.-$ as Ne7 Rev Stat 2"*
"3'o In a&&ition to spe-i6e& -onta-ts5 it grants personal
?.ris&i-tion over an! person Cw$o $as an! ot$er
-onta-t wit$ or aintains an! ot$er relation to t$is
state to a;or& a 7asis or t$e e,er-ise o personal
?.ris&i-tion -onsistent wit$ t$e onstit.tion o t$e
Hnite& StatesDo *n rem?.ris&i-tion
o R.les on a o.rts Eis-retion Not to ear a ase #ver 8$i-$ It as
.ris&i-tion %orum non conveniens
C$e &o-trine o +orum non conveniensreers to t$e
&is-retionar! power o a -o.rt to &e-line ?.ris&i-tion w$en
t$e -onvenien-e o t$e parties an& t$e en&s o ?.sti-e
wo.l& 7e 7etter serve& i t$e a-tion were 7ro.g$t an&
trie& in anot$er or. 8$et$er a s.it s$o.l& 7e
entertaine& or &isisse& .n&er t$e r.le o +orum non
conveniens&epen&s largel! .pon t$e a-ts o t$e
parti-.lar -ase Hnless t$e 7alan-e is strongl! in avor o
t$e &een&ant5 $owever5 t$e plainti;s -$oi-e o or.
s$o.l& rarel! 7e &ist.r7e&D Christian v Smith5 2' Ne7
'5 "*' (200) Aong ot$er a-tors5 Ct$e trial -o.rt s$o.l& -onsi&er
pra-ti-al a-tors t$at ae trial o t$e -ase eas!5
e,pe&itio.s5 an& ine,pensive5 s.-$ as t$e relative ease o
a--ess to so.r-es o proo5 t$e -ost o o7taining
atten&an-e o witnesses5 an& t$e a7ilit! to se-.re
atten&an-e o witnesses t$ro.g$ -op.lsor! pro-essDI& at '
Politi-al .estion &o-trine A-t o state &o-trine omity0 legal re-ipro-it!: t$e ?.&gents o a parti-.lar
?.ris&i-tion will 7e re-ogni@e& an& enor-e& 7! a or. onl! to
t$e e,tent t$at t$e ot$er ?.ris&i-tion wo.l& re-ogni@e an&
enor-e t$e ?.&gents ren&ere& 7! t$at or.
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#t$er &o-trineso #verview o R.les on onBict of ?aws
General prin-iples
9ost r.les o -on>i-t o laws5 soeties -alle& choice of
#aw5 are -reate& 7! -ase law5 t$o.g$ soe are -o&i6e& in
stat.tes or treaties Soe 7asi- -on-epts:
o A or. -o.rt in a or. state will appl! its own
proceduralr.leso owever5 a or. -o.rt a! appl! t$e su$stantive
law o eit$er t$e or. state or anot$er state wit$
an interest in t$e &isp.te5 -alle& t$e Coreign
stateDo CInternal lawD or Clo-al lawD reers to all o a states
s.7stantive law other than its con,ict o+ laws rules A istor! o HS R.les o on>i-t o Maws
o $e =irst Restateent o on>i-t o Maws (134) Rigi& r.les5 in-l.&ing le loci delicti o.l& pro&.-e a7s.r& res.lts (lo-ation o t$e
in-i&ent ig$t 7e insigni6-ant to t$e overall
transa-tion)o $e Restateent (Se-on&) o on>i-t o Maws
(11) A&opte& a Cost signi6-ant relations$ipD
stan&ar& .rie R Co v omp/ins (HS 13)
o It la!s &own a or o -$oi-e o law r.le or e&eral
&iversit! ?.ris&i-tion -aseso Hn&er .rie5 t$e e&eral -o.rt .st appl! t$e or.
states s.7stantive law5 in-l.&ing its -oon lawo .rie overr.le& Swi+t v 0son5 4 HS 1 (142)5 w$i-$
$a& $el& t$at in &iversit! -ases not governe& 7! an
e,pli-it state stat.te t$e e&eral -o.rts s$o.l&
appl! general Ce&eralD -oon law rat$er t$an
state -oon lawo +ven t$o.g$ .riereno.n-e& t$e appli-ation o a
generale&eral -oon law5 t$ere -an 7e e&eral
-oon law in parti-.lar areas owever5 t$is is a -ontroversial iss.e
ipli-ating t$e stat.s o -.stoar!
international law in t$e HS legal s!ste 9an! -o.rts appl! -.stoar! international
law as part o e&eral -oon law B.t soe ?.&ges5 s.-$ as S.pree o.rt
.sti-e Antonin S-alia5 7elieve t$at .rie
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prevents t$is stat.s or -.stoar!
international law5 as in $is -on-.rren-e in
Sosa v 'lvare(-Machain R.les or tort -lais
#l& r.le o t$e =irst Restateent: 1e 1oci Delictio
Re-all %ilartiga2p 3456 7It is not e,traor&inar! or a-o.rt to a&?.&i-ate a tort -lai arising o.tsi&e o its
territorial ?.ris&i-tion A state or nation $as a
legitiate interest in t$e or&erl! resol.tion o
&isp.tes aong t$ose wit$in its 7or&ers5 an& w$ere
t$e le loci delicti commissiis applie&5 it is an
e,pression o -oit! to give e;e-t to t$e laws o
t$e state w$ere t$e wrong o--.rre&Do Hn&er t$e ol& r.le5 t$e law was applie& o Ct$e
state w$ere t$e last event ne-essar! to ae an
a-tor lia7le or an allege& tort taes pla-eD
(Restateent (=irst) 3) $is was a t$eor! oCveste& rig$tsD
o #l& r.le was viewe& as ine.ita7le w$en t$ere was
onl! a tangential relations$ip 7etween t$e pla-e o
t$e in?.r! an& t$e partieso #l& r.le &i& not wor well w$en t$ere was no single
Cpla-eD w$ere t$e in?.r! o--.rre&5 s.-$ as in -ases
o ra.&5 &eaation5 or .nair -opetition R.le o t$e Se-on& Restateent
o A&opts a ore >e,i7le approa-$ t$at applies t$e
law o t$e state wit$ t$e Cmost signiCcantre#ationshipD to t$e torto Se-tion 14"(1) o t$e Se-on& Restateent
provi&es: C$e rig$ts an& lia7ilities o t$e parties
wit$ respe-t to an iss.e in tort are &eterine& 7!
t$e lo-al law o t$e state w$i-$5 wit$ respe-t to t$at
iss.e5 $as t$e ost signi6-ant relations$ip to t$e
o--.rren-e an& t$e parties .n&er t$e prin-iples
state& in 'Do Se-tion ' o t$e Se-on& Restateent lists a wi&e
variet! o a-tors a -o.rt s$o.l& -onsi&er in t$e
a7sen-e o a stat.tor! &ire-tive on -$oi-e o law5in-l.&ing:
$e nee&s o t$e interstate an& international
s!stes5 $e relevant poli-ies o t$e or.5 $e relevant poli-ies o ot$er intereste&
states an& t$e relative interests o t$ose
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states in t$e &eterination o t$e parti-.lar
iss.e5 $e prote-tion o ?.sti6e& e,pe-tations5 $e 7asi- poli-ies .n&erl!ing t$e parti-.lar
6el& o law5
ertaint!5 pre&i-ta7ilit! an& .niorit! ores.lt5 an&
+ase in t$e &eterination an& appli-ation o
t$e law to 7e applie&o Se-tion 14" o t$e Se-on& Restateent goes on to
sa! t$at -onta-ts to 7e taen into a--o.nt .n&er '
in-l.&e: $e pla-e w$ere t$e in?.r! o--.rre&5 $e pla-e w$ere t$e -on&.-t -a.sing t$e
in?.r! o--.rre&5 $e &oi-ile5 resi&en-e5 nationalit!5 pla-e o
in-orporation an& pla-e o 7.siness o t$eparties5 an&
$e pla-e w$ere t$e relations$ip5 i an!5
7etween t$e parties is -entere& It sa!s t$at Ct$ese -onta-ts are to 7e
eval.ate& a--or&ing to t$eir relative
iportan-e wit$ respe-t to t$e parti-.lar
iss.eD Spe-i6- R.les or Personal In?.r! lais
o Se-tion 14' o t$e Se-on& Restateent provi&es
wit$ respe-t to personal in?.r! -lais: CIn an a-tion
or a personal in?.r!5 t$e lo-al law o t$e state
w$ere t$e in?.r! o--.rre& &eterines t$e rig$ts
an& lia7ilities o t$e parties5 .nless5 wit$ respe-t to
t$e parti-.lar iss.e5 soe ot$er state $as a ore
signi6-ant relations$ip .n&er t$e prin-iples state&
in ' to t$e o--.rren-e an& t$e parties5 in w$i-$
event t$e lo-al law o t$e ot$er state will 7e
applie&Do $e Ne7rasa S.pree o.rt $as a&opte& an&
applie& t$e prin-iples in 14' See8 eg8 #ein(e v
#ein(e5 24 Ne7 ""5 " (200) (olora&oa--i&ent)
o )a$coc/ v 9ac/son5 240 NS2& 435 11 N+2&
2 (N 1'3) R.les or ot$er t!pes o -lais
ontra-ts aseso Se-tions 1' to 1 o t$e Se-on& Restateent
provi&e generall! t$at parties -an -$oose t$e law
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t$at will govern &isp.tes .n&er t$eir -ontra-t
t$ro.g$ a C-$oi-e o lawD provision in t$e -ontra-to $oi-e o or. -la.ses in -ontra-ts are generall!
$onore& as well See se-tion 0 o t$e Se-on&
Restateent Nee& ore n.an-e& anal!sis t$an
?.st sa!ing C-opan! a is larger so $as oreleverageD
Propert! ases
9arriage5 Eivor-e5 an& $il& .sto&! ases An +,aple o a $oi-e o Maw la.se
=ro Apple orporations CSotware Mi-ense Agreeent
or I*.nes or 8in&owsD: Controlling Maw an& Severa7ilit! $is Mi-ense will 7e
governe& 7! an& -onstr.e& in a--or&an-e wit$ t$e laws o
t$e State o aliornia5 excluding its confict o law
principles $is Mi-ense s$all not 7e governe& 7! t$e
Hnite& Nations onvention on ontra-ts or t$eInternational Sale o Goo&s5 t$e appli-ation o w$i-$ is
e,pressl! e,-l.&e& I !o. are a -ons.er 7ase& in t$e
Hnite& Oing&o5 t$is Mi-ense will 7e governe& 7! t$e laws
o t$e ?.ris&i-tion o !o.r resi&en-e I or an! reason a
-o.rt o -opetent ?.ris&i-tion 6n&s an! provision5 or
portion t$ereo5 to 7e .nenor-ea7le5 t$e reain&er o t$is
Mi-ense s$all -ontin.e in .ll or-e an& e;e-tD 8$! &o !o. s.ppose t$e -ontra-t reers to t$e Claws o
t$e State o aliornia5 e,-l.&ing its -on>i-t o law
prin-iplesD instea& o ?.st t$e Claws o t$e State oaliorniaD 8$at pro7le ig$t 7e -reate& wit$ t$e
latter lang.ageo $is g.arantees t$at it will get A law even i A
law wo.l& sen& it soew$ere elseo $e on-ept o CEoi-ileD
Is relevant to an! legal iss.es5 in-l.&ing personal ?.ris&i-tion
an& -on>i-t o laws (see 14" o t$e Se-on& Restateent) $e Ne7rasa S.pree o.rt $as aUre&: CEoi-ile is
o7taine& onl! t$ro.g$ a persons p$!si-al presen-e
a--opanie& 7! t$e present intention to reain in&e6nitel! at a
lo-ation or 7! t$e present intention to ae a lo-ation t$epersons peranent or 6,e& $oeD We$$ v Craven 2*n re
.state o+ Craven55 2'" Ne7 415 4" (2002) $ange o &oi-ile Ei;eren-e ro -iti@ens$ip an& resi&en-e
o Re-ognition o =oreign .&gents .&gents o #t$er State o.rts
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Hn&er t$e =u## =aith and redit #auseo Arti-le I%5
se-tion 1 o t$e HS onstit.tion5 a HS state -o.rt .st
re-ogni@e an& enor-e a ?.&gent &.l! ren&ere& in
anot$er HS state -o.rt It provi&es: C=.ll =ait$ an&
re&it s$all 7e given in ea-$ State to t$e P.7li- A-ts5
Re-or&s5 an& ?.&i-ial Pro-ee&ings o ever! ot$er StateD See Russell v )ridgens5 2'4 Ne7 215 '4 N82& "'
(2002)F9ohn ' :ion %amil0 rust v :ion 2*n re :ion55
2 Ne7 "4'5 "4*"0 (200) .&gents o =oreign o.ntr! o.rts
=.ll =ait$ an& re&it la.se o t$e onstit.tion &oes not
re.ire a HS state -o.rt to re-ogni@e an& enor-e
a.toati-all! a ?.&gent ren&ere& 7! a -o.rt in a oreign
-o.ntr! States -an -$oose w$et$er or not to re-ogni@e oreign
-o.ntr! ?.&gents5 7.t in general t$e! give &eeren-e to
t$e 7ase& on t$e prin-iple o CcomityD so long as t$e
oreign -o.ntr! ?.&gent res.lts ro pro-e&.res
-onsi&ere& air .n&er HS &.e pro-ess stan&ar&s $e Ne7rasa S.pree o.rt $as aUre&5 Coit! is
neit$er a atter o a7sol.te o7ligation nor ere -o.rtes!
As a general r.le5 a oreign ?.&gent will not 7e given
e;e-t .n&er t$e prin-iples o -oit! i oppose& to t$e
settle& p.7li- poli-! o t$is stateD We$er v We$er5 200
Ne7 '"5 ''" (1) "ntroduction to omparati&e ?aw and i&i# ?aw Systems
o Intro&.-tion to oparative Maw 8$! Is oparative Maw Relevant to o.r =.t.re Pra-ti-e as a
Maw!er Ne7rasas +-ono! an& Glo7al ra&e
Ne7rasa is t$e 6t$ lea&ing state e,porter o agri-.lt.ral
pro&.-ts Its lea&ing arets or agri-.lt.ral pro&.-ts are 9e,i-o5
.7a5 aiwan5 an& ana&a A7o.t 2'35"00 ?o7s in Ne7rasa &epen& on international
tra&e In 2005 Ne7rasa -opanies sol& t$eir pro&.-ts in nearl!
10 oreign -o.ntries5 in-l.&ing ana&a5 9e,i-o5 apan5
an& R.ssia 0X o Ne7rasas e,porting -opanies in 200 were
sall or i&*si@e -opanies Soe Mea&ing +,porting Ne7rasa opanies
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o %alont In&.stries * e,ports irrigation e.ipent to
$ina5 Spain5 Argentina5 an& t$e Hnite& Ara7
+irateso onagra =oo&s * e,ports pop-orn an& ot$er
oo&st.;s to t$e Ba$aas5 $ina5 an& I-elan&
o enasa Bio.els * e,ports -orn oil to .re! an&+g!pt
Soe =oreign*#wne& Ne7rasa +plo!erso BA+ S!stes5 In- (HO)o Bri&gestone Aeri-as (apan)o a&7.r! S-$weppes (HO)o Novartis (Swit@erlan&)o So&e,$o (=ran-e)o S.are E (=ran-e)
oparative Maw: A Ne7rasa ra&ition
In t$e past -ent.r! we st.&ie& law ro wit$in $e
?.rists o to&a! are st.&!ing it ro wit$o.tT 8$ere t$elast -ent.r! $el& -oparative law t$e 7est o.n&ation or
wise lawaing5 Qt$e ?.rists o to&a! $ol& it not eno.g$
to -opare t$e laws t$eselves5 7.t t$at even ore t$eir
so-ial operation .st 7e st.&ie& an& t$e e;e-ts w$i-$
t$e! pro&.-e5 i an!5 w$en p.t in a-tionD Ros-oe Po.n&5
he Spirit o+ the Common 1aw
o ivil Maw S!stes an& $eir Relevan-e to HS Maw Roan Maw
$e welve a7les o Roan Maw
$e Roan Praetoro A gateeeper to t$e -o.rt* i !o.r &isp.te et
-riteria o -ertain or.lae5 !o. were allowe&
a--ess to t$e -o.rt (or.lar! pro-e&.re) Portrait o a .ris-ons.lt (pre&e-essor to a law proessor)
.stinians Corpus 9uris Civiliso one o t$e 6rst -o&i6-ations o law in t$e western
worl& +nglan& an& Roan Maw
o 8$ats one o t$e legal lega-ies weve in$erite&
ro t$e Roans (Res Ipsa Mo.itor) 9o&ern ivil Maw S!stes
o Roan Maw an& Its In>.en-e on ivil Maw S!steso $e +vol.tion o t$e ivil Maw in +.rope ater t$e =all o t$e Roan
+pire $e res.rgen-e o in&igeno.s law $e re&is-over! o .stinians Corpus 9uris Civilis
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$e &evelopent o t$e ?.s -o.ne on t$e +.ropean
-ontinent $e evol.tion o o&ern*&a! nation*states an& international law
ater t$e Pea-e o 8estp$alia o 1'45 w$i-$ en&e& t$e $irt!
ears 8ar
o $e Erating an& Pro.lgation o t$e Civil o&esD Napoleons 104 ivil o&e
Si t$e a7le o ontents at $ttp:// wwwnapoleon*
seriesorg/resear-$/governent/-Y-o&e$tl 8$at &i;erent s.7?e-ts !o. $ave alrea&! st.&ie& in law
s-$ool5 or anti-ipate st.&!ing5 appear in t$is -o&e 8$ere &o !o. s.ppose r.les on torts ig$t 7e o.n&
o orts o.n& in a 7roa& law o o7ligations aong
-ries an& .asi*-ries Sele-te& Arti-les ro t$e =ren-$ ivil o&e
o Arti-le 3: CStat.tes relating to p.7li- poli-! an&
saet! are 7in&ing on all t$ose living on t$eterritor! Iova7les are governe& 7! =ren-$ law
even w$en owne& 7! aliens Stat.tes relating to
t$e stat.s an& -apa-it! o persons govern =ren-$
persons5 even t$ose resi&ing in oreign -o.ntriesDo Arti-le 4: CA ?.&ge w$o re.ses to give ?.&gent on
t$e prete,t o legislation 7eing silent5 o7s-.re or
ins.U-ient5 a! 7e prosecuted for 4eing gui#ty
of a denia# of usticeDo Arti-le ": C.&ges are or7i&&en to &e-i&e -ases
s.7itte& to t$e 7! wa! o general an®.lator! provisionsD Prevents ?.&ge a&e law
o Arti-le ': CStat.tes relating to p.7li- poli-! an&
orals a! not 7e &erogate& ro 7! private
agreeentsD (.s ogens) $e Sprea& o ivil o&es
$e Geran ivil o&e o 100
$e Swiss an& A.strian ivil o&es
Hn-o&i6e& CRoan E.t-$D Maw in t$e Net$erlan&s an&
So.t$ Ari-a
$e =o.n&ers Onowle&ge o Roan Maw an& t$e ivilo&es: $oas e;ersons li7rar! -ontaine& an! wors
on Roan law an& t$e -ivil law5 in-l.&ing .stinians
Corpus 9uris Civilisan& t$e =ren-$ ivil o&e o 104o $e Role o onstit.tions an& A.,iliar! Stat.tes in ivil Maw S!stes
onstit.tions: $e In>.en-e o t$e HS onstit.tion an& t$e
14 Hniversal Ee-laration o .an Rig$ts A.,iliar! Stat.tes t$at S.ppleent t$e ivil o&e
http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/c_code.htmlhttp://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/c_code.htmlhttp://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/c_code.htmlhttp://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/c_code.htmlhttp://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/c_code.html7/25/2019 International Man of Mystery Outline
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+,aples o A.,iliar! Stat.tes in =ran-e
-o&e o -ivil pro-e&.re (not to 7e -on.se& wit$ t$e -ivil
-o&e) -o&e o -riinal pro-e&.re
-riinal -o&e (w$i-$ &e6nes -ries)
-oer-ial -o&e environental -o&e
law on traU- a--i&ents
an! ot$er spe-iali@e& stat.tes $e =ren-$ onstit.tion o 1"
PR+A9BM+: C$e =ren-$ people solenl! pro-lai t$eir
atta-$ent to t$e Rig$ts o 9an an& t$e prin-iples o
national sovereignt! as &e6ne& 7! t$e Ee-laration o
15 -on6re& an& -opleente& 7! t$e Prea7le to
t$e onstit.tion o 14'5 an& to t$e rig$ts an& &.ties as
&e6ne& in t$e $arter or t$e +nvironent o 2004 B!
virt.e o t$ese prin-iples an& t$at o t$e sel*
&eterination o peoples5 t$e Rep.7li- o;ers to t$e
overseas territories w$i-$ $ave e,presse& t$e will to
a&$ere to t$e new instit.tions o.n&e& on t$e -oon
i&eal o li7ert!5 e.alit! an& raternit! an& -on-eive& or
t$e p.rpose o t$eir &eo-rati- &evelopentD ARIM+ 1: C=ran-e s$all 7e an in&ivisi7le5 se-.lar5
&eo-rati- an& so-ial Rep.7li- It s$all ens.re t$e
e.alit! o all -iti@ens 7eore t$e law5 wit$o.t &istin-tion
o origin5 ra-e or religion It s$all respe-t all 7elies It s$all
7e organise& on a &e-entralise& 7asis Stat.tes s$allproote e.al a--ess 7! woen an& en to ele-tive
oU-es an& posts as well as to position o proessional an&
so-ial responsi7ilit!Do #rgani@ation o S.7stantive Maw in ivil Maw o.ntries
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P.7li- Maw
onstit.tional Maw
A&inistrative Maw
riinal Maw Private Maw
ivil Maw (t!pi-all! -overe& in t$e ivilo&e)
o Maw o Personso =ail! Mawo 9arital Propert! Mawo Propert! Mawo S.--ession Mawo Maw o #7ligations
orts (Eeli-ts) ontra-ts Hn?.st +nri-$ent
oer-ial Maw Ma7or Maw
Governental str.-t.res
Parliaent
+,e-.tive
.&i-ial Bran-$
9onis vers.s E.aliso 9onis* treaties a.toati-all! rati6e&o E.alis* treaties re.ire rati6-ation o soe
politi-al 7o&!
o (HS is a $!7ri& s!ste) $e Role o t$e +.ropean onvention on .an Rig$ts (1"0)
A&opte& as t$e law in +H statesF -reates t$e +.ropean
-o.rt o $.an rig$tso #rgani@ation o t$e o.rts in ivil Maw o.ntries
#r&inar! o.rts A&inistrative o.rts oer-ial o.rts onstit.tional o.rts
$e =ren-$ o.rt S!ste
o.r &e assation (S.pree #r&inar! o.rt)
Seat o t$e =ren-$ onseil &+tat (S.pree A&inistrative
o.rt) $e Geran =e&eral onstit.tional o.rt
o #rgani@ation o t$e Megal Proession an& Megal +&.-ation in ivil Maw
an& oon Maw o.ntries Eivi&e& vers.s Hnitar!
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Eivi&e&o Avo.Zs vers.s Avo-ats in =ran-eo Soli-itors vers.s Barristers in t$e HO
Hnitar!o Geran!o
$e Hnite& States $e Iportant Role o Notaries in ivil Maw S!stes
9ore t$an ?.st witnessing signat.res #ten e,plain
-ontra-t.al provisions an& legal ipli-ations oparative Megal +&.-ation
Hn&ergra&.ate vers.s Gra&.ate (HS)
#ne or wo ears o Pra-ti-al raining
Spe-ial S-$ools or .&ges an& Prose-.tors
Saple Megal .rri-.l. at t$e Sor7onneo Intro&.-tion to Maw an& to ivil Mawo =ren-$ onstit.tional Maw
o istori-al Intro&.-tion to Mawo International Relationso +-onoi- S-ien-eso =oreign Mang.ages (+nglis$5 =ren-$5 or Geran)o .ri&i-al 9et$o&olog! o onstit.tional Maw an&
ivil Mawo =ail! Mawo Intro&.-tion to +.ropean Maw
o on-l.&ing W.estion or Re>e-tion 8$at in>.en-e $ave -ivil law s!stes $a& on HS law
$ere is a $ig$l! organi@e& HS o&e (HS)
Stat.tes are organi@e& in a ver! siilar as$ion to -ivil law-o.ntries 8$at are soe o t$e &i;erent wa!s in w$i-$ a nowle&ge o
-ivil law s!stes ig$t 7e .se.l to !o. in !o.r ever!&a!
pra-ti-e in Ne7rasa ommon ?aw Systems and the U3S3 ?ega# System
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o
o $e #rigins o t$e oon Maw in +nglan& A ret.rn to in&igeno.s law ater t$e &epart.re o t$e Roans
aro.n& 400 AE R.le 7! t$e Norans as o 10'' CMaw =ren-$D: A Mega-! o Noran R.le
+,aples: C?.r!D an& Cvoir direD Megal Eevelopents .n&er t$e Norans
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+sta7lis$ent o ro!al -o.rts to s.ppleent tra&itional
-o.rts5 w$i-$ oten ipleente& Ctrial 7! or&ealD Hse o lo-al ?.ries to &eterine a-ts
ontin.ing role or e--lesiasti-al -o.rts
Role o t$e Mor& $an-ellor
$e -oon law in e;e-t allowe& ?.&ges to C-reateD law In -ivil law s!stes t$e role o t$e ?.&ge is .-$ ore
restri-te&5 an& t$ere $istori-all! $as even 7een a oral
pro$i7ition on ?.&ges CaingD law 8$ere &i& we see
t$is in t$e =ren-$ ivil o&e B.t t$ere is a -oon law tra&ition o ?.&ge as C.pireD
wit$ respe-t to a-t*6n&ing oparison wit$ proinent a-t*6n&ing role o ?.&ge in
-ivil law s!steso $e 8rit S!ste
$e s!ste .n&er w$i-$ onl! -ertain -lais -o.l& 7e $ear&
a& to at-$ an e,isting writo +,aples o writs:o writ o trespass (or &ire-t &aage)o writ o Ctrespass on t$e -aseD (or in&ire-t &aage5
in-l.&ing soe 7rea-$ o -ontra-t -lais)o writ o ha$eas corpus
#ver tie5 a7o.t " writs were -reate& +nglan& a7olis$e& t$e writ s!ste in 132 In t$e HS5 t$e writ*7ase& -on-ept o Cors o a-tionD was
eliinate& in -ivil pro-e&.re $e New or =iel& o&e o 14
was one o t$e 6rst -ivil pro-e&.re -o&es to &o so5 lea&ing to
CopenD or C-o&eD plea&ingo $e In&.-tive St!le o oon Maw Reasoning
C$e t$eor! o o.r s!ste is t$at t$e law -onsists not in t$e
a-t.al r.les enor-e& 7! &e-isions o t$e -o.rts at an! one tie5
7.t t$e prin-iples ro w$i-$ t$ese r.les >owF t$at ol& prin-iples
are applie& to new -ases5 an& t$e r.les res.lting ro s.-$
appli-ation are o&i6e& ro tie to tie as -$ange&
-on&itions an& new states o a-t re.ireD Williams v Miles5 '
Ne7 4'3 (103)o Stare Decisis
8$at is stare decisis $e 7in&ing or-e o pre-e&ent $e evol.tion o stare decisis
Eevelope& o.t o a nee& to -opile .ni6e& r.les 8illia Bla-stone5 Commentaries on the 1aws o+ .ngland(1'"
to 1') Rea&5 -opile an& rationali@e &e-isions to iner w$at t$e
law is
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Not reall! a -o&e5 7.t an in&.-tive -o&e (treatises5
restateents) +vol.tion o .ni.e -oon law -on-epts on torts5 -ontra-ts5
an& propert! law +,aple o propert! (grants ro t$e Oing)
o $e Eevelopent o +.it! o.rts Iportant legal -on-epts &evelope& 7! e.it! -o.rts
Ree&! o spe-i6- peroran-e o -ontra-ts
Ree&! o in?.n-tions to prevent irrepara7le $ar
Eis-over!
r.sts5 w$i-$ separate ClegalD an& Ce.ita7leD owners$ipo $e Britis$ o.rt S!ste
$e Britis$ o.rt o Appeal $e =orer Mor&s o Appeal in #r&inar! (CMaw Mor&sD) (Mor&s
were also legislators) #-t 200* $e -reation o a S.pree o.rt o t$e HO (as a
separate 7ran-$ o governent)o $e Britis$ Governental S!ste
$e rown $e Role o Parliaent an& Parliaentar! S.prea-!
Parliaent -an t$eoreti-all! &o w$atever it wants to &oo No one -an strie &own an& a-t o parliaent
o $e In>.en-e o t$e oon Maw on HS Maw $e lega-! o Britis$ -oloni@ation an& t$e -.rrent Britis$
oonwealt$ Ne7 Rev Stat 4*101 &e-lares: CSo .-$ o t$e -oon law
o +nglan& as is appli-a7le an& not in-onsistent wit$ t$e
onstit.tion o t$e Hnite& States5 wit$ t$e organi- law o t$isstate5 or wit$ an! law passe& or to 7e passe& 7! t$e Megislat.re
o t$is state5 is a&opte& an& &e-lare& to 7e law wit$in t$e State
o Ne7rasaD Roper v Sions (HS S.pp t 200")* pro$i7ition o ?.venile
e,e-.tions Mooe& at 1' rig$ts a-tF looe& at HO parliaent
A o7ination o oon Maw an& ivil Maw In>.en-es on
Ne7rasa Maw 8$at are soe -ivil law eat.res o Ne7rasa law t$at
&isting.is$ it ro t$e +nglis$ -oon law an&
-onteporar! HO lawo Ne7rasa revise& stat.eso on-epts o $.an rig$ts
$e $istori-al in>.en-e o t$e -ivil law in Ne7rasao $e Roan or -ivil law s!ste was in or-e in t$is
territor! prior to t$e Mo.isiana p.r-$ase * Ros-oe
Po.n&
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"ndigenous ?aw (inc#uding Nati&e %merican ?aw)
o 200 L HN Ee-laration on t$e Rig$ts o In&igeno.s Peoples 8$i-$ aong ot$er t$ings5 &e-lares t$eir &esire to preserve
t$eir own legal tra&itionso ARA+RISIS #= INEIG+N#HS MA8
8$at are soe e! val.es proote& 7! in&igeno.s law
+p$asis on &isp.te resol.tion an& -ons.ltation as
oppose& to an a&versarial s!ste ons.ltation is soet$ing t$at $as in6ltrate& HS law
o #pen*in&e& -ons.ltation an& e,pression o
opinions (t$e t$eoreti-al i&eal o t$e legislat.re)o .r! s!ste (woring o.t t$e iss.es5 et-)
ow are in&igeno.s -o.nities t!pi-all! governe&
o.n-ils o +l&ers (istori-all! .nele-te&)
$ies* $owever t$e! .st oten -ons.lt el&ers 8$at are soe -oon eat.res o in&igeno.s laws treatent
o -ries Not governe& 7! a -lear -riinal -o&e
reate& as in?.ries to spe-i6- people5 ailies or t$e
-o.nit!o 8or o.t agreeents 7etween o;en&ers an&
vi-tiso Preeren-e or &ialog.e
+,* Pra-ti-e o Ga-a-a in Rwan&a 8$at are -oon in&igeno.s views o lan& owners$ip
A -o.nal interest $el& in tr.st* no private owners$ipo $e preservation o in&igeno.s law in an! orer -olonies
In&igeno.s law in Ari-an legal s!stes Preservation o in&. an& 9.sli law in In&ia
o Aeri-an In&ian Maw $e prin-iple o tri7al sovereignt!
$e HS S.pp t $as re-ogni@e& t$e in$erent sovereignt!
o In&ian nations an& t$e rig$t o reservation In&ians to
ae t$eir own laws an& 7e r.le& 7! t$e* 8illias v
Mee (1") $e plenar! legislative power o ongress over tri7es
CPlenar! a.t$orit! over t$e tri7al relations o t$e In&ians
$as 7een e,er-ise& 7! ongress ro t$e 7eginning5 an&
t$e power $as alwa!s 7een &eee& a politi-al one5 nots.7?e-t to 7e -ontrolle& 7! t$e ?.&i-ial &epartent o t$e
governentD * 1one Wol+ v #itchcoc/5 1 HS ""35 "'"
(103) Hse o t$e -.stoar! international law &o-trines o C&is-over!D
an& C-on.estD to legitiate HS title over Native Aeri-an
lan&s
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CQ$e Hnite& States aintain5 as all ot$ers $ave
aintaine&5 t$at &is-over! gave an e,-l.sive rig$t to
e,ting.is$ t$e In&ian title o o--.pan-!5 eit$er 7!
p.r-$ase or 7! -on.estF an& gave also a rig$t to s.-$ a
&egree o sovereignt!5 as t$e -ir-.stan-es o t$e people
wo.l& allow t$e to e,er-ise on.est gives a titlew$i-$ t$e o.rts o t$e -on.eror -annot &en! $e
title 7! -on.est is a-.ire& an& aintaine& 7! or-eD *
9ohnson v M;*ntosh5 21 HS "435 "* (123) United States e rel Standing )ear v Croo/(E Ne7 1)
@%n "ndian is a EpersonFwit$in t$e eaning o t$e laws
o t$e Hnite& States5 an& $as5 t$ereore5 t$e rig$t to s.e
o.t a writ o $a7eas -orp.s in a e&eral -o.rt5 or 7eore a
e&eral ?.&ge5 in all -ases w$ere $e a! 7e -on6ne& or in
-.sto&! .n&er -olor o a.t$orit! o t$e Hnite& States5 or
w$ere $e is restraine& o li7ert! in violation o t$e
-onstit.tion or laws o t$e Hnite& StatesD * United States
e rel Standing )ear v Croo/5 2" = as '"5 00*01 (E
Ne7 1) ri7al sovereignt!5 governan-e5 an& -o.rts to&a!
$e HS re-ogni@es ore t$an "'0 tri7al governents
$ereore t$ere are ore t$an '00 CsovereigntiesD in t$e
HS5 in-l.&ing t$e e&eral governent5 state
governents5 an& tri7al governents 8$at are t!pi-al eat.res o tri7al governents to&a!
o !pi-all! a -o.n-il (nowa&a!s t$e!
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$e W.ran $e Sunna(7e$avior an& sa!ings o t$e Prop$etF re-or&e& in
Ctra&itionsD or C$a&it$sD) C*jma5D or -onsens.s o t$e 9.sli -o.nit!5 an& C
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(7) No law a! 7e ena-te& t$at -ontra&i-ts t$e prin-iples
o &eo-ra-! (-) No law a! 7e ena-te& t$at -ontra&i-ts t$e rig$ts an&
7asi- ree&os stip.late& in t$is onstit.tiono Islai- ivil Pro-e&.re
$e role o t$e "adi(?.&ge) #ral pro-ee&ingsF inoral
an investigate a-ts
Applies Islai- law to t$e -ase at $an& (no stare &e-isis) 8$at are soe siilarities to an& &i;eren-es ro -oon law
pro-e&.re No notion o ollowing pre-e&ent
Parties -an present evi&en-e an& spea
Appeals allowe& $e role o t$e mu+ti
+.ivalent o a legal s-$olar in t$e HSo Governent in Islai- o.ntries
ivil law or -oon law in>.en-es 9an! a&opt a 8estern*st!le -o.rt s!ste5 s.-$ as t$e =ren-$
s!ste o or&inar! an& a&inistrative -o.rts $e role o shura(-ons.ltation) in ?.sti!ing ele-te& parliaents
or asse7lies $e majlis(parliaent) in t$e Islai- Rep.7li- o Iran
onsists o 20 e7ers ele-te& or ters o o.r !ears
In-l.&es representatives o t$e ewis$5 $ristian5 an&
\oroastrian -o.nitieso Islai- law an& international $.an rig$ts law
Potential -opati7ilities +.al $.an &ignit! 7ase& on .nit! o t$e $.an ail!
A tr.st t$eor! o governent 7ase& on ?.sti-e
=ree&o o religion5 as e,presse& in t$e W.rani- verse
CNo -op.lsion is t$ere in religionD (2:2") Soe rig$ts or woen5 in-l.&ing to wor an& own
propert! ensions
Eenial o ree&o o religion in pra-ti-e
P.nis$ent o Capostas!D
Eis-riination against non*9.slis in pra-ti-e
r.el -riinal p.nis$ents (s.-$ as stoning)
S.7?.gation o woen in pra-ti-eo $inese Maw
$e Relevan-e o $inese Maw $e In>.en-e o on.-ianis
Oe! +leents o on.-ian So-ial ea-$ingso $e tea-$ings o li(rit.al) an& ren($.aneness)
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o An ep$asis on so-ial roleso R.lers are to lea& 7! e,aple5 not or-eo CIn $earing -ases I a as goo& as an!one else5 7.t
w$at is reall! nee&e& is to 7ring a7o.t t$at t$ere
are no -asesD L on.-i.so
ension wit$ t$e ClegalistsD $e In>.en-e o t$e CMegalistsD an& $inas E!nasties
$e tri.p$ o t$e legalists in t$e $in E!nast! (221 B
L 20' B) an& an ep$asis on +a(law) ipleente& 7!
or-e Oe! eat.res o $inese law .n&er t$e iperial -o&es (.ntil
111) $e Great 9ing o&e (13) an& t$e Wing o&e (111)
$e role o stat.tes an& -.stoar! law
A o-.s on a&inistrative law
No separation o ?.&i-ial an& e,e-.tive power
Inoral reg.lation o.tsi&e t$e -o&es o -ontra-ts57.siness5 tenan-!5 &e7ts5 ail! law5 partners$ips
Inoral resol.tion o &isp.tes &rawing on on.-ian
prin-iples ollapse o t$e $inese +pireF t$e ipleentation o t$e CSIJ
MawsD 9o&ele& on western -o&esF 7orrowe& ro apan5 w$i-$ in
t.rn 7orrowe& ro Geran! $ina Hn&er o.nis (sin-e 14) an& t$e +vol.tion o
CSo-ialist MawD Repeale& an! laws
9o&ele& laws ater Soviets
#t$ers saw so-ialist law as a variant o -ivil law $e $inese Megal S!ste o&a!
Revival o t$e CSi, MawsD
Growt$ o law s-$ools (HNM a! partner wit$ one o
t$e) Revival o on.-ian i&eas
raining o ?.&ges an& law!ers
Hp&ating o t$e ivil o&e
S.pree Peoples o.rto
General Prin-iples o ivil Maw o t$e PR wit$Provisions on Propert! (200) an& orts (2010)*
Eeonstrates $ow re-ent t$ese legal
&evelopents are omparati&e Tort ?aw
o $e Relevan-e o oparative ort Maw Review o -oparative tort iss.es weve alrea&! &is-.sse&:
$e AS an& t$e ort.re %i-ti Prote-tion A-t
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on>i-t o laws r.les an& t$e appli-ation o oreign tort
lawo reaties Relating to ertain ransnational ort lais L t$e 9ontreal
onvention Revisite& $e 9ontreal onvention
=oral Nae: Convention or t$e Hni6-ation o ertainR.les or International arriage 7! AirD
$is was t$e treat! at iss.e in )aah v =irgin 'tlantic
'irwa0s5 43 =S.pp2& "1 (SE N 200) Eo !o. ree7er w$! t$e -o.rt in )aaho.n& t$at it
la-e& s.7?e-t atter ?.ris&i-tion .n&er t$ese provisions Is t$e 9ontreal onvention sel*e,e-.ting Eoes it -reate
a private rig$t o a-tion ow &o we nowo es5 S+5 PRAo oittee Reports (Bi&en])
o =e&eral Stat.tes Relating to ertain ransnational ort lais
$e Alien ort Stat.te $e ort.re %i-ti Prote-tion A-t $e =oreign Sovereign I.nities A-t o 1' (=SIA)
It is -o&i6e& at 2 HS 1'02*1'11
It iposes restri-tions on t$e a7ilit! o plainti;s to s.e
oreign governents in HS -o.rts In general5 it provi&es t$at oreign governents are
i.ne ro -ivil s.it .nless an e,-eption is appli-a7le Se-tion 1'04 provi&es t$e general i.nit! r.le:
o S.7?e-t to e,isting international agreeents to
w$i-$ .nite& states is a part! at t$e tie o
ena-tent o t$is a-t a oreign state s$all 7e
i.ne ro t$e .ris&i-ito o t$e -o.rts o t$e
.nite& state an& o t$e states e,-ept as provi&e&T
S++ SMIE+ #ne e,-eption is or -oer-ial a-tivities o
governents $e Anti*erroris A-t o 11
It is -o&i6e& at 1 HS 2331 et se
It esta7lis$es a -a.se o a-tion or a HS national w$o
was in?.re& 7! reason o an a-t o international terroris
See 2333(a)o wo e! e,-eptions relevant to -ross*7or&er tort -lais:
$e tortio.s -on&.-t e,-eption
Se-tion 1'0"(a)(") provi&es an e,-eption or an a-tion Cin
w$i-$ one! &aages are so.g$t against a oreign state
orpersonal injur0 or death5 or damage to or loss o+
propert0; occurring in the United Statesan& -a.se&
7! t$e tortious act or omissiono t$at oreign state or o
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an! oU-ial or eplo!ee o t$at oreign state w$ile a-ting
wit$in t$e s-ope o $is oU-e or eplo!entD (+p$asis
a&&e&) $e terrorist a-t e,-eption
Se-tion 1'0"A(a)(1) provi&es: CA oreign state s$all not
7e i.ne ro t$e ?.ris&i-tion o -o.rts o t$e Hnite&States or o t$e States in an! -ase not ot$erwise -overe&
7! t$is -$apter in w$i-$ one! &aages are so.g$t
against a oreign state or personal in?.r! or &eat$ t$at
was -a.se& 7! an a-t o tort.re5 e,tra?.&i-ial illing5
air-rat sa7otage5 $ostage taing5 or t$e provision o
aterial s.pport or reso.r-es or s.-$ an a-t i s.-$ a-t or
provision o aterial s.pport or reso.r-es is engage& in
7! an oU-ial5 eplo!ee5 or agent o s.-$ oreign state
w$ile a-ting wit$in t$e s-ope o $is or $er oU-e5
eplo!ent5 or agen-!D In general5 t$e c#aim must 4e 4y a U3S3 nationa#5 an&
the foreign state must ha&e 4een designated as a
state sponsor of terrorismat t$e tie t$e a-t
o--.rre& See 2 HS 1'0"A(a)(2) $e =SIA also provi&es t$at Ct$e ters tort.re an&
^e,tra?.&i-ial illing $ave t$e eaning given t$ose ters
in se-tion 3 o t$e ort.re %i-ti Prote-tion A-t o 11
(2 HS 13"0 note)D 2 HS 1'0"A($)()o $e Relations$ip Between t$e AS an& t$e =SIA
I an alien 7rings a -lai against a oreign governent or a
violation o -.stoar! international $.an rig$ts law5 t$en 7ot$t$e AS an& t$e =SIA will appl!
owever5 .n&er t$e =SIA5 t$e plainti; will $ave to eet t$e
ters o at least one o t$e e,-eptions to sovereign i.nit!
%TS T-P% =S"%
Gho
can
sueH
#nl! an
alien
A HS iti@en an& an alien A HS iti@
.n&er t$e
terrorist
e,-eption
an!one .
t$e tortio-on&.-t
e,-eptionGho
can 4e
suedH
A person
_silent in
regar&s
w$et$er
"ndi&idua#sa-ting .n&er -olor o
title _not -orporations or govt
agen-ies
=oreign
governe
#NM MI9
SIHAI#
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-orps -an
7e s.e&
(we learn
t$ree)
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sponsor o
terroris
t$e tie o
t$e a-t
"s
Pri&at
e right
of
action
create
dH
es
7e-a.se
t$is is an
ipleent
ing stat.te
es 7e-a.se t$is is an
ipleenting stat.te
es 7e-a
t$is is an
ipleen
stat.te
S>'H es 1331 es5 i wit
e,-eptionP'H Personal
servi-e Qi
alien E L
.st 7e
present in
t$e HS
Personal servi-e 9a! i&nap
&een&ant to serve
So? 10 !ears 10 !ears ,ther
re9uir
ement
sH
Per
>io$els
$ol&ing:
-lai.st
to.-$ an&
-on-ern
t$e HS
9.st $ave e,$a.ste& lo-al
ree&ies Qi reasona7le 7eore
7ringing a -lai 7eore t$e HS
o.rts ort.re/-rie .st $ave o--.rre&
outside of the US
HS
Govern
-an asser
Ca-t o stas a gro.
to &isiss
-ase
B.t note t$at .n&er t$e tortio.s -on&.-t e,-eption t$e
governents -on&.-t .st $ave o--.rre& in t$e Hnite&
States Also5 .n&er t$e terrorist a-t e,-eption onl! a HS national
-an s.e5 not an alien So t$e =S"% may 4ar many; if not most; %TS c#aims against
go&ernments owever5 AS -lais against in&ivi&.als or -orporations are not
7arre& 7! t$e =SIA%#ien Tort Statute
o +sta7lis$es original &istri-t -o.rt ?.ris&i-tion over Can! -ivil a-tion 7!an alien or a tort onl!5 -oitte& in violation o t$e law o nations or atreat! o t$e Hnite& StatesD
o 8$o -an s.e .n&er t$e AS
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#nl! an alieno 8$at in& o a-tion -an 7e 7ro.g$t .n&er AS
#nl! a -ivil -lai or &aages5 not a -riinal -oplainto Against w$o -an t$e -lai 7e asserte&
A persono #n w$at gro.n&s -an a -lai 7e 7ro.g$t .n&er t$e AS
=or a CtortD -oitte& in violation o t$e Claw o nationsD Lgenerall! .n&erstoo& to en-opass -.stoar! international law
o $e AS grants S9 to e&eral &istri-t -o.rts to $ear s.-$ -laiso B.t ?.st lie wit$ an! ot$er -ase5 !o. nee& P over t$e &een&ant
I !o. $ave an alien E5 t$at eans t$at norall! t$e E .stp$!si-all! 7e present in t$e HS an& .st 7e serve& wit$s.ons an& -oplaint $ere
o In a&&ition to S9 an& P5 or a -lai to 7e $ear& 7! a -o.rt5 t$ere .st7e a legall! re-ogni@e& -lai t$at e,ists in t$e 6rst pla-e Qprivate rig$to a-tion Lin t$is -ase5 tort.re is a -lear violation o a -.stoar!international $.an rig$ts r.le t$at pro$i7its tort.re instigate& 7!
governent oU-ials In =ilartiga5 t$e -o.rt $el& t$at t$e nor t$at is allege&l! 7eing
violate& $as to 7e s.U-ientl! &e6nite to s.pport a -a.se oa-tion
o o.rts -an &isiss -ivil s.its 7ase& on: CA-t o stateD &o-trine sovereign i.nit! &o-trineF an& forum non con&eniens
he doctrine o+ +orum non conveniens re+ers to the
discretionar0 power o+ a court to decline jurisdiction whenthe convenience o+ the parties and the ends o+ justicewould $e $etter served i+ the action were $rought andtried in another +orum 8$et$er a s.it s$o.l& 7eentertaine& or &isisse& .n&er t$e r.le o or. non-onveniens &epen&s largel! .pon t$e a-ts o t$eparti-.lar -ase Hnless t$e 7alan-e is strongl! in avor ot$e E5 $owever5 t$e Ps -$oi-e o or. s$o.l& rarel! 7e&ist.r7e&
The Torture -ictim Protection %ct IT-P%JLipleenting legislation ort$e onvention Against ort.re
o Can in&ivi&.al w$o5 .n&er a-t.al or apparent a.t$orit!5 or -olor o law5o an! oreign nation (1) s.7?e-ts an in&ivi&.al to tort.re s$all5 in a -ivil
a-tion5 7e lia7le or &aages to t$at in&ivi&.alD $e %PA &oes not -over p.rel! private -riinal a-ts 7!
in&ivi&.als or nongovernental organi@ationso Ca -o.rt s$all &e-line to $ear a -lai .n&er t$is se-tion i t$e -laiant
$as not e,$a.ste& a&e.ate an& availa7le ree&ies in t$e pla-e inw$i-$ t$e -on&.-t giving rise to t$e -lai o--.rre&D
o Cno a-tion s$all 7e aintaine& .n&er t$e provision .nless it is-oen-e& wit$in 10 !ears ater t$e -a.se o a-tion aroseD
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o w$ile t$e AS provi&es a ree&! to aliens onl!5 %PA wo.l& e,ten& a-ivil ree&! also to HS iti@ens w$o $ave 7een tort.re& a7roa&
In ot$er wor&s5 7ot$5 aliens an& HS iti@ens -an s.e .n&er t$e%PA
o 8$o -an s.e .n&er t$e AS #nl! in&ivi&.als A HS iti@en or an alien
o 8$o -an 7e s.e& #nl! in&ivi&.als (not t$e governent)
o 8$at in& o a-tion -an 7e 7ro.g$t .n&er AS #nl! a -ivil -lai or &aages5 not a -riinal -oplaint
o Against w$o -an t$e -lai 7e asserte& A person
o #n w$at gro.n&s -an a -lai 7e 7ro.g$t .n&er t$e AS =or orts an& e,tra&ional illings .n&er -olor o a.t$orit!
o #t$er re.ireents 9.st $ave e,$a.ste& lo-al ree&ies Qi reasona7le 7eore
7ringing a -lai 7eore a HS o.rto SoM
10 !ears
_N#+: alien vi-tis o tort.re wit$in ten !ears prior to laws.it essentiall! $ave t$e
option o s.ing .n&er eit$er t$e AS or t$e %PA (s.7?e-t to t$e S#HS $ol&ing in
>io$el) an& -an also plea& -lais .n&er 7ot$ stat.tes in a single -oplaint
=oreign So&ereign "mmunities %ct I=S"% K 1.01.11J:
o Iposes restri-tions on t$e a7ilit! o Ps to s.e oreign governents int$e HS
o In general5 it provi&es t$at oreign governents are i.ne ro -ivils.it un#essan e,-eption is appli-a7le
Cs.7?e-t to e,isting international agreeents to w$i-$ t$eHnite& States is a part! at t$e tie o ena-tent o t$is A-t aoreign state s$all 7e i.ne ro t$e ?.ris&i-tion o t$e -o.rtso t$e Hnite& States an& o t$e States e,-ept as provi&e& inse-tions 1'0" to 1'0 o t$is -$apterD
o Three e2ceptions: =or torts re#ated to commercia# acti&ities
Tortious onduct 2ception: An a-tion Cin w$i-$ one! &aages are so.g$t against a
oreign state or personal in?.r! or &eat$5 or &aage to orloss o propert!5 occurring in the United States %NDcaused 4y the tortious act or omission of thatforeign state or of any oLcia# or emp#oyee of thatforeign state whi#e acting within the scope of hisoLce or emp#oymentA
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%nother e2ception is for terrorist acts committed 4y a
foreign go&ernment; even i a7roa&5 against a US nationa#
A foreign state shall not be immune from the jurisdiction of courts of the
United States or of the States in any case not otherwise covered by this
chapter in which money damages are sought against a foreign state for
personal injury or death that was caused by an act of torture, extrajudicial
killing, aircraft sabotage, hostage taking, or the provision of material
support or resources for such an act if such act or provision of material
support or resources is engaged in by an official, employee, or agent of
such foreign state while acting within the scope of his or her office,
employment, or agency. 2 U.S.!. "#$%&A'a('#(.
o )n general, a claim must be by a U.S. national, and the foreign
state must have been designated as a state sponsor of terrorism at
the time the act occurred
*ote that if an alien brings a claim against a foreign government for a
violation of customary international human rights law, then both the A+S
and the S)A will apply
-owever, because S)A generally immunies governments from suit, the / will
have to meet the terms of at least one of the exceptions to sovereign immunity
o $e A-t o State an& Politi-al W.estion Eo-trines +ven i a -lai is allowe& .n&er t$e =SIA5 t$e governent -o.l&
assert t$e Ca-t o stateD &o-trine as an aUrative &eense $is &o-trine essentiall! arises o.t o a -on-ern t$at HS -o.rts
not interere wit$ t$e -on&.-t o oreign a;airs 7! t$e HS
+,e-.tive Bran-$ o.rts a! also invoe t$e Cpoliti-al .estionD &o-trine to
&e-line to $ear s.-$ a -ase i t$e! 7elieve t$at t$e iss.es
involve& are priaril! politi-al rat$er t$an ?.&i-ial
o ort on-epts in ivil Maw S!stes +,aple: Provisions o t$e =ren-$ ivil o&e orts are &ealt wit$ in itle I% o t$e =ren-$ ivil o&e5 w$i-$ is
entitle&5 C# Hn&ertaings =ore& wit$o.t an AgreeentD Arti-le 130 intro&.-es t$is title 7! stating: Certain
.n&ertaings are ore& wit$o.t t$e intervention o an!
agreeent5 eit$er on t$e part o $i w$o 7in&s $isel5 or on
t$e part o $i towar&s w$o $e is 7o.n& Soe o t$e res.lt
ro t$e sole a.t$orit! o legislationF ot$ers arise ro an a-t
personal to t$e one w$o is o7ligate& Hn&ertaings arising
ro an a-t personal to $i w$o is 7o.n& res.lt eit$er ro
.asi*-ontra-ts5 or ro intentional or .nintentional wrongsFt$e! -onstit.te t$e s.7?e-t*atter o t$is itleD
wo ategories o Non*ontra-t.al #7ligations .n&er t$e =ren-$
ivil o&e W.asi*ontra-ts
C# Intentional an& Hnintentional 8rongs Q# ortsD
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Art 132: CAn! a-t w$atever o an5 w$i-$ -a.ses &aage to
anot$er5 o7liges t$e one 7! w$ose a.lt it o--.rre&5 to
-opensate itD on e,a or s.re Art 133: C+ver!one is lia7le or t$e &aage $e -a.ses not onl!
7! $is intentional a-t5 7.t also 7! $is negligent -on&.-t or 7! $is
ipr.&en-eD Art 134: CA person is lia7le not onl! or t$e &aages $e -a.ses
7! $is own a-t5 7.t also or t$at w$i-$ is -a.se& 7! t$e a-ts o
persons or w$o $e is responsi7le5 or 7! t$ings w$i-$ are in $is
-.sto&!D Sele-te& #t$er Provisions o Art 134
(A-t no 0*4" o 4 .ne 10) $e at$er an& ot$er5 in
so ar as t$e! e,er-ise Cparental a.t$orit!D (A-t no 2002*
30" o 4 9ar-$ 2002)5 are ?ointl! an& severall! lia7le or
t$e &aage -a.se& 7! t$eir inor -$il&ren w$o live wit$
t$e (A-t o " April 13) $e a7ove lia7ilit! e,ists5
.nless t$e at$er an& ot$er or t$e -ratsen prove t$at
t$e! -o.l& not prevent t$e a-t w$i-$ gives rise to t$at
lia7ilit! ea-$ers an& -ratsen5 or t$e &aage -a.se& 7! t$eir
p.pils an& apprenti-es &.ring t$e tie w$en t$e! are
.n&er t$eir s.pervision Soe W.estions A7o.t $ese Provisions
8$at &o !o. noti-e a7o.t t$e st!le o t$ese provisions
S$ort5 -lear5 not a lot o ela7oration Pro7le is a7ig.it!
(w$at is a.lt 8$at are t$ings -onsi&ere& in !o.r
-.sto&! +-t) Is t$ere an e.ivalent provision to Arti-le 132 in HS
stat.tor! law5 w$et$er e&eral5 or state I so5 w$ere I
not5 w$! not No5 o.rs is 7ase& on -oon law Are t$ere HS stat.tor! e.ivalents to t$e ot$er arti-les
ow &o t$ese provisions -opare wit$ t$e -oon law o
torts !o. $ave st.&ie& in !o.r orts -lass 8$at a--o.nts or an! &i;eren-es 7etween t$e given
!o.r st.&! o t$e respe-tive $istories o -ivil law s!stes
an& -oon law s!stes #t$er ort Maw Iss.es A&&resse& in ivil o&es an& A.,iliar!
Megislation Pro&.-t lia7ilit! -lais
ontri7.tor! or -oparative negligen-eo 8$at is t$e Ne7rasa r.le on -ontri7.tor!
negligen-e See Ne7 Rev Stat 2"*2151"0
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o 8$! &i& Ne7rasa -reate a stat.tor! provision on
-ontri7.tor! negligen-e instea& o rel!ing on t$e
-oon lawo on>i-t o Maws R.les Regar&ing orts5 ontin.e&
o re-all5 se-tion 14"(1) o t$e Se-on& Restateent provi&es:
CCt$e rig$ts an& lia7ilities o t$e parties wit$ respe-t to an iss.ein tort are &eterine& 7! t$e lo-al law o t$e state w$i-$5 wit$
respe-t to t$at iss.e5 $as t$e ost signi6-ant relations$ip to t$e
o--.rren-e an& t$e parties .n&er t$e prin-iples state& in 'D Also re-all t$e general r.le or personal in?.ries .n&er se-tion
14' 8$at is t$at r.le oparative ontra-t Maw
o $e HN onvention on ontra-ts or t$e International Sale o Goo&s
(CISGD) A&opte& 7! t$e HN General Asse7l! in 10 8as inten&e& to repla-e national laws on -ontra-ts w$en it
applies an& -reate .nior r.les t$at wo.l& reove legal7arriers to international tra&e an& proote it
8as rati6e& 7! HS in 1' Is -onsi&ere& 7! HS -o.rts to 7e sel*e,e-.ting an& to -reate a
private -a.se o a-tion $ereore preepts state -ontra-t law w$ere it applies state parties as o 9ar-$ 315 2013 States to w$i-$ t$e ISG Applies
Hn&er Arti-le 1(1)5 t$e ISG applies to -ontra-ts o sale o
goo&s 7etween &i;erent states parties w$ose pla-es o
7.siness are in &i;erent States:o (a) w$en t$e States are ontra-ting StatesF oro (7) w$en t$e r.les o private international law
(-on>i-t o laws) lea& to t$e appli-ation o t$e law
o a ontra-ting State Hpon rati6-ation t$e HS a&e a reservation re?e-ting (7)
$ereore t$e ISG will onl! appl! to -ontra-ts o sale o
goo&s 7etween parties w$ose pla-es o 7.siness are in
t$e HS an& anot$er part! to t$e ISG #t$er -o.ntries t$at are parties to t$e ISG in-l.&e HS
neig$7ors ana&a an& 9e,i-o
Parties are free to &ary!modify ru#es "f they donMt do that; "S< wi## go&ern as part of the
supreme #aw of the #and ,ne maor dierence is U 0/
o Soe Siilarities an& Ei;eren-es in Approa-$es to ontra-t Maw
Between ivil Maw S!stes an& oon Maw S!stes onsi&eration in t$e -oon law an& t$e proinen-e o t$e
notarial seal in t$e -ivil law
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Ree&ies or -ontra-t 7rea-$eso on>i-t o Maws Prin-iples Regar&ing ontra-t Maw
$e =irst Restateent provi&e& generall! t$at in &eterining t$e
vali&it! o a -ontra-t an& $ow to interpret it5 as well as w$at
ree&ies were availa7le .n&er it5 t$e law o t$e state w$ere t$e
-ontra-t was a&e applie& $e Se-on& Restateent provi&es or ore >e,i7ilit!5 an& gives
respe-t to -$oi-e o law -la.ses Se-tion 1' provi&es t$at Ciss.es in -ontra-t are &eterine& 7!
t$e law -$osen 7! t$e parties in a--or&an-e wit$ t$e r.le o
1 an& ot$erwise 7! t$e law sele-te& in a--or&an-e wit$ t$e
r.le o 1D Se-tion 1 states a general r.le in paragrap$ 1 t$at t$e parties
-an -$ose t$e law t$at will govern t$eir -ontra-t It sa!s: C(1)
$e law o t$e state -$osen 7! t$e parties to govern t$eir
-ontra-t.al rig$ts an& &.ties will 7e applie& i t$e parti-.lar
iss.e is one w$i-$ t$e parties -o.l& $ave resolve& 7! an e,pli-itprovision in t$eir agreeent &ire-te& to t$at iss.eD
o R.les or $oi-e o =or. la.ses in a ontra-t Se-tion 0 o t$e Se-on& Restateent provi&es: C$e parties
agreeent as to t$e pla-e o t$e a-tion will 7e given e;e-t
.nless it is .nair or .nreasona7leD ases in w$i-$ -o.rts $ave $el& -la.ses to 7e .nair or
.nreasona7le in-l.&e t$e .se o ra.&5 &.ress5 t$e a7.se o
e-onoi- power5 or t$e .se o ot$er .n-ons-iona7le et$o&s to
o7tain t$e -la.se oparative ivil Pro-e&.re an& Review o t$e o.rse
o An #verview o ivil Pro-e&.re in ivil Maw o.ntries an& Its Relevan-e
to HS ases Attorne!
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o HS r.les (-oit!)o ivil law r.les (re-ipro-it! stat.tes)
Servi-e o pro-ess an& international ?.&i-ial -ooperation
International ?.&i-ial -ooperation an& letters rogator!
reaties t$at .rt$er international ?.&i-ial -ooperationo
1'" $a.ge -onvention on t$e servi-e a7roa& o?.&i-ial an& e,tra ?.&i-ial &o-.ents in -ivil an&
-oer-ial atterso R.le 4() o t$e e&eral r.les o -ivil pro-e&.re
provi&es in part t$at .nless e&eral law provi&es
ot$erwise an in&ivi&.al ot$er t$an a inor5 an
in-opetent person5 or a person w$ose awiver $as
7een 6le&Tsee sli&e Plea&ings an& oration o iss.es
#pen plea&ing $as alwa!s 7een t$e r.le in -ivil law
-o.ntries
.&ges tae an a-tive role in plea&ing an& -an -orre-t anattorne!
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o CA part! w$o inten&s to raise an iss.e a7o.t a
oreign -o.ntr!s law .st give noti-e 7! a
plea&ing or ot$er writing In &eterining oreign
law5 t$e -o.rt a! -onsi&er an! relevant aterial
or so.r-e5 in-l.&ing testion! w$et$er or not
s.7itte& 7! a part! or a&issi7le .n&er t$ee&eral r.les o evi&en-e $e -o.rts &eterination
.st 7e treate& as a r.ling on a .estion o lawD Hse treaties to get assistan-e to gat$er evi&en-e
$e o.rt
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o (2) HS r.les regar&ing $ow an& w$en international law is applie& in HS
-o.rtso (3) r.les o oreign law as t$e! are applie& in t$e legal s!stes o ot$er
-o.ntries5 in-l.&ing s!stes &rawing .pon t$e -ivil law5 -oon law5
in&igeno.s law5 Islai- law5 an& $inese law tra&itionsF an&
o (4) HS r.les5 regar&ing $ow an& w$en oreign law is applie& in HS-o.rts
8$at are t$e e! iss.es I now I $ave to tal a7o.t
S$ow soe &ept$ 9a!7e t$row in a senten-e a7o.t t$e $istor!
al a7o.t soe o t$e -on.sion C#ne one $an& plainti; ig$t arg.e t$is5
on t$e ot$er $an&TD
SA+=+R +JA9 WH+SI#NS =R#9 MAS +AR
1 ("0 pointsF a7o.t 30 in.tes) Ass.e -.rrent HS law -$arges a 20X tari; on iporte&
-apa-itors (Note: A tari; is sipl! a ta, ipose& on iporte& goo&s) In 20135 ongress
passes a law t$at states5 C$e Presi&ent -an pro-lai into law an! tari; -.t on -apa-itors5-op.ters5 televisions an& ot$er inoration te-$nolog! pro&.-ts5 provi&e& t$at s.-$ tari; -.t
is agree& to wit$in t$e 8orl& ra&e #rgani@ation (8#) negotiations 7! at least "0 ot$er
-o.ntriesD In late 201'5 t$e Presi&ent negotiates wit$ ot$er 8# -o.ntries .n&er t$e
a.spi-es o t$e 8# a tari; -.t on -apa-itors &own to 0X In t$e agreeent5 all -o.ntries
agree to re&.-e tari;s on -apa-itors &own to 0X $e Presi&ent signs t$e agreeent ater
law!ers &rat t$e 6nal agreeent an& two wees later rati6es t$e agreeent wit$o.t sen&ing
it to t$e Senate or t$e ongress or approval ater t$e &eal was rea-$e& Several e7ers o
ongress -riti-i@e t$e agreeent5 arg.ing t$e Presi&ent nee&e& to s.7it it to t$e ongress
or approval prior to rati6-ation o t$e agreeent owever5 t$eir e;orts to intro&.-e a 7ill
&isapproving t$e agreeent go now$ere as ongressional lea&ers are o--.pie& wit$
iigration reor an& -!7er se-.rit! legislation No -ongressional -oittee is willing to
tae .p t$e &isapproval otion S$ortl! t$ereater5 t$e Presi&ent &oes in a-t iss.e apro-laation in an.ar! 201 re&.-ing HS tari;s on -apa-itors &own to 0X $e HS -apa-itor
in&.str! s.es t$e HS -.stos servi-e or -$arging 0X tari; on iporte& -apa-itors
o. are a -ler or t$e HS e&eral &istri-t -o.rt ?.&ge $earing t$e -ase in t$e o.rt o Internationalra&e5 a HS Art III e&eral &istri-t -o.rt3 She asks you to write a memo on whether theagreement is &a#id under the US #ega# system and whether the proc#amation issued 4y thePresident imp#ementing the agreement is &a#id under the US #ega# system3
"3 Ghether the internationa# agreement is &a#ida3 (1) Power to Negotiate
i3 President has power to negotiate as so#e organ for the
communication!negotiation functionii3 ongress can paint with a 4road 4rush when de#egatingpower in foregin aairs
13 U.S. v. Curtis-Wright43 () Power to Sign
i3 Power to sign #ies in the 2ecuti&e 7ranchc3 ($) Power to %ppro&e
i3 'ackson oncurrence!*ehn9uist Spectrum
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13 President has imp#ied appro&a# from ongress toenter into agreement and issue proc#amation (from1$ ongressiona# #aw)
ii3 ongressiona# 2ecuti&e %greementd3 () Power to *atify
i3 President posseses power to ratify Cna# consent to 4e
4ounde3 (+) ,therwise -a#id
i3 %greement does not conBict with onstitution!7i## of*ights
""3 Ghether the proc#amation is &a#ida3 PresidentFs proc#amation does not ha&e the force of #aw;
un#ess authoriOed 4y ongressi3 "f ongress passes an act; which wou#d take eect upon
the happening of a contingent e&ent (getting at #east +countries to agree); and su4se9uent#y the Presidentproc#aimed that the e&ent happened; then theproc#amation wou#d ha&e the force of #aw
2 ("0 pointsF a7o.t 30 in.tes) Ass.e t$e ollowing a-ts In 20145 t$e Hnite& States enters a
.ltilateral onvention on Aviation Poll.tion an& Noise A7ateent (APNA) $e treat! is vali&
.n&er t$e HS legal s!ste5 $aving 7een properl! negotiate& an& signe& 7! t$e Presi&ent5
approve& 7! 2/3r&s o t$e Senate5 an& rati6e& 7! t$e Presi&ent =.rt$er5 no provision o APNA
-on>i-ts wit$ t$e onstit.tion In t$e Presi&ential transittal letter to t$e Senate5 t$e
Presi&ent state& $is intention t$at t$e APNA 7e sel*e,e-.ting $e $airan o t$e Senate
=oreign Relations oittee also state& t$at intention on t$e >oor o t$e Senate5 7.t was
.na7le to $ave s.-$ a stateent p.t in t$e Senate =oreign Relations oittee report an& t$e
Senate Resol.tion o onsent 7e-a.se o opposition o several Senators on t$e oittee5
w$o elt t$at t$e .ll ongress s$o.l& 7e involve& in ipleenting an! new stan&ar&s -reate&
7! APNA to allow tailoring o t$e stan&ar&s $e APNA re.ires parties to t$e treat! to
re.se lan&ing rig$ts to an! air-rat -reating ore t$an "0 &e-i7els (&B) o noise 7eginning in
201' ongress passe& a law in 2012 pro$i7iting t$e HS =e&eral Aviation A&inistration (=AA)
ro granting lan&ing rig$ts to Can! air-rat -reating noise levels t$at e,-ee& '0&B or t$at
ot$erwise are $ar.l to $.an $ealt$D $e Senate oittee report to t$e 2012 law state&
t$at Cgenerall! air-rat -reating noise '0&B or lower will 7e peritte& HS lan&ing rig$ts 7.t t$e
a&&itional lang.age o ^or t$at ot$erwise are $ar.l to $.an $ealt$ was a&&e& 7e-a.se
t$ere ig$t 7e sele-te& areas in t$e -o.ntr! w$ere 7.il&ing -onstr.-tion is so &ate& t$at noise
levels 7elow t$at ig$t 7e -onsi&ere& $ar.lD In 201'5 t$e =AA re.ses lan&ing rig$ts to an
airline seeing to esta7lis$ a ro.te into a o&ern HS -it! an& w$ose air-rat -reates ""&B o
noise
$e airline s.es t$e =AA or re.sing to grant it lan&ing rig$ts into t$e o&ern HS -it! The US federa#
district udge hearing the case asks you to write a on memo on the impact the %PN%
treaty has on the case and how to interpret the 1 statute3
ANS8+R:
ISSH+S: 1*" are taen o.t o pla! 7e-a.se its a val.e treat! So sel e,e-.ting vs non sel e,e-.ting
onse.en-es or ea-$ $aring 7est!
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I t$e treat! is sel e,e-.ting5 airline will pro7a7l! lose No lan&ing rig$ts a7ove "0 an& t$e!
are at "" Airline will arg.e non sel e,e-.ting an& =AA will arg.e sel e,e-.ting =AA will point to
presi&ential transittal letter s$ows intent 8ill point to -$airperson o oreign relations -oitte w$o
t$o.g$t it was sel e,e-.ting Airline will point o.t t$at it &i&nt ae it into resol.tion o -onsent or
into -oitte report 7e-a.se several senators oppose& it o.rts give greater weig$t to e,e-.tive
7ran-$ views on treat! interpretation $is is a reall! -lose -all5 -o.l& go eit$er wa! I its sel
e,e-.ting5 t$en it is later in tie t$an stat.te (s$o.l& tr! to .se -$aring 7ets! 7eore going to$ierar-$! o nors) It its non sel e,e-.ting nee& tos tart wit$ -$aring 7ets! =AA will arg.e t$at Cor
ot$erwise $ar.l to $.an $ealt$D s$o.l& ean "0 so as to -onstr.e t$e as -onsistent Stat.tor!
lang.age -arries ore weig$t t$an legislative $istor!
"3 Ghether Se#f02ecuting or Non0Se#f 2ecutinga3 (/) Se#f02ecuting &3 Non0Se#f02ecuting
i3 2amine U3S3 intent43 (5) Pri&ate *ight of %ction
i3 No Senate *eso#ution of onsentii3 ongressiona# appro&a# on#y !$ Presidentia# transmitta#
state intention for Se#f02ecutingiii3 Senate =oreign *e#ations ommittee no #anguage for
Se#f02ecuting inc#udedi&3 Te2t of the %greement re9uires parties to 4egin acting in
1.c3 ?ike#y not a Se#f02ecuting agreement
""3 1 Statute ?anguage @or that otherwise are harmfu# to humanhea#thAa3 Possi4#e way for =%% to defend air#ines suit e&en if treaty is
ru#ed Non0Se#f02ecuting
International ontra-t Erating
G#%+RNING MA8 ANE EISPH+ R+S#MHI#N:
$e present agreeent5 w$i-$ is law.ll! entere& into5 .st 7e perore& in goo&
ait$ an& a! onl! 7e revoe& 7! .t.al -onsent5 or or -a.ses a.t$ori@e& 7! law
$e ISG applies An! iss.es involving t$e agreeent or its interpretation t$at are
not governe& 7! t$e ISG s$all 7e governe& 7! t$e laws o Ne7rasa5 in-l.&ing 7.t
not liite& to t$e vali&it! o t$e -ontra-t an& all o its provision or t$e e;e-t w$i-$
t$e -ontra-t a! $ave on t$e title in t$e goo&s sol& An! &isp.te5 -ontrovers! or
-lai arising o.t o or relating to t$is -ontra-t or t$e 7rea-$5 terination5 or vali&it!
t$ereo s$all 7e settle& 7! &ire-t negotiation 7etween t$e anaging &ire-tors
owever5 i &ire-t negotiation &oes not res.lt in a resol.tion o t$e &isp.te5-ontrovers! or -lai5 t$en it s$all 7e resolve& 7! ar7itration a--or&ing to t$e
HNIRAM Ar7itration R.les Ar7itration is to tae pla-e in Min-oln5 Ne7rasa in t$e
+nglis$ Mang.age
+JPMANAI#N:
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$e 6rst -la.se is a .t.al