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Introduction
Background: Controlling biodeterioration of artworks
using anoxic techniques have been used and discussed
for almost thirty years.
The art objects under study: Contemporary art and
minimalist sculpture – Condensation Cubes and
Condensation Wall by Hans Haacke (1963), made of
polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
Reflecting Haacke's involvement with the West German-
based group Zero, Condensation Cube is one of
Haacke’s breakthrough works—part of a set of
sculptures, including Condensation Wall, that combine
transparent geometric shapes and water to reveal
physico-dynamical processes: depending on the
ambient temperature, the water inside collects and
"rains“ (Anon., 2013).
Conservation problem: significant signs of
biodeterioration, despite the presence of copper sulfates
in the water used as a biocide (figure 1). As use of
biocides only has a temporary mitigating effect; a longer-
term solution is needed.
Objective: testing green approach to inhibit microbial
growth on wet PMMA surfaces by filling the interior
volume of Condensation Cube with purified water and
argon gas (to create a low oxygen environment).
Six mock-up “condensation cubes”, two different
water sources, two sampling events
Comparison of four purified water sources
Exposure to Argon: 4 months at room temperature
containing 1000 ppm or less oxygen.
DNA Extraction: 200 ml of water was filtered through
0.22 µm filter, DNA was extracted using PowerWater®
DNA Isolation Kit.
Negative Controls: Negative extraction (dry filter
processed in parallel with samples) and negative PCR
amplification.
Next-Generation Sequencing: 16S™ metagenomics kit
was used for PCR amplification, Ion Torrent PGM with
Hi-Q chemistry was used for sequencing.
Data Analysis: Ion Reporter 5.0 16S™ metagenomics
workflow, filtering contaminants in MS Excel.
Results
Methodology
• Recent advances in molecular detection methods enablesensitive and rapid detection of microbial communities in artobjects (McNamara et al., 2011).
• Purified water sources differ in microbial contaminationlevels.
• Differential filtering of NGS data is required while dealingwith common inhabitants of purified water sources (e.g.Rhizobiales), which can be present in DNA extractionreagents (Salter et al., 2014; Weiss et al. 2014).
• Although argon exposure is effective in suppressing aerobicmicrobial growth (Actinomycetales, Xanthomonadales), itmay potentially trigger proliferation of facultative anaerobes(e.g. Rhizobiales).
• Additional mitigation techniques may be required tocomplement argon treatment.
References
Anon. 2013. National Gallery of Art Acquires Sculptures by Richard Artschwager, AllanMcCollum, and Hans Haacke; Video Installation by Rineke Dijkstra and Seminal Workby Ed Ruscha Also Acquired. Available at: http://www.nga.gov (accessed June 22,2016).
McNamara, C., Konkol, N.R., Brandon, P.R. & Mitchell, R. 2011. Characterization ofBacterial Colonization of Stone at Global and Local Scales. In: Biocolonization ofStone: Control and Preventive Methods, Charola, A.E., McNamara, C. and Koestler,R.J.,eds, Proceedings from the MCI Workshop Series. Washington, DC: SmithsonianInstitution Scholarly Press, pp.29–36.
Salter, S.J., Cox, M.J., Turek, E.M. et al. 2014. Reagent and laboratory contaminationcan critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses. BMC Biology, 12: 87.
Weiss, S., Amir A., Hyde, E.R. et al. 2014. Tracking down the sources of experimentalcontamination in microbiome studies. Genome biology, 15: 564.
Agathe Riquier1, Natalia Ivanova2, Paula T. DePriest1, Robert J. Koestler1
Preserving functionality of contemporary
art with argon gas ?
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR CONSERVATION
OF HISTORIC AND ARTISTIC WORKS
IIC 2016 Los Angeles Congress
Agathe Riquier1 [email protected], Natalia Ivanova2, Paula T. DePriest1, Robert J. Koestler1
Are the isolated microbes
able to grow, persist and
survive in argon
environments?
Does the microbial
population differ in
composition of the
dominant microbes after
argon exposure?
?
Conclusion
Argon
Figure 1: Artworks under study: Condensation Cube; versions over the world.
© 2016 Agathe Riquier. All rights reserved.
Research Questions
Water source A
Control Argon1 Argon2
Water source B
Control Argon1 Argon2
Sampling 1
• February 2016
Sampling 2
• June 2016
1 Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA2 Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
Table 1: Coverage for detected microbial OTUs - Rhizobiales included.
Table 2: Coverage for detected microbial OTUs - Rhizobiales excluded.
© 2016 Agathe Riquier. All rights reserved.
