International Atomic Energy Agency Modular Design … Documents/2011...International Atomic Energy Agency Present work on modular design • Targeted at MSs with very small quantities

International Atomic Energy Agency

Modular Design of Processing and Storage Facilities

for Small Volumes of L & IL Radioactive Waste and

Disused Sealed Radioactive Sources

S.K.Samanta

Waste Technology Section (WTS)

Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology

TM on Practical Applications of Safety Assessment Methodologies for Predisposal

Management of Radioactive Waste, 9-13 May, 2011


Radioactive waste in generated in Member States from:

• Nuclear power plants

• Nuclear Fuel cycle facilities

• Research reactors

• Nuclear applications, including DSRS

• Installations & equipment to be decommissioned

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/TrigaReactorCore.jpeg


Waste management steps

Pre

-Dis

posa

l Waste

Pre-Treatment

Storage

Treatment

Conditioning

Disposal

•Collection

•Characterization

•Segregation

•Chemical/physical adjustment

•Decontamination

•Volume reduction

•Radionuclide removal

•Change of composition

•Immobilization

•Packaging

•Over-packing

•Placement in licensed facility

•Monitoring

•Retrieval

•Placement in licensed facility

•No intention of retrieval


Existing reference designs to address the needs

of developing MSs with low volumes of RW and

DSRS

• Reference design for a centralized waste

processing and storage facility (CWPSF)

IAEA-TECDOC-776 (1994)

• Reference design for a centralized spent sealed

sources facility (CSSSF)

IAEA-TECDOC-806 (1995)


Reference design for a CWPSF (1/3)

• Targeted at MSs producing small but significant quantities liquid and solid wastes

• Design basis: • Aqueous waste: 100 m3/y

• Solid waste: 90 m3/y

• Processing facility: • Chemical precipitation for aqueous waste

• Low force in-drum compaction for solid waste

• In-drum cementation in 200 L steel drums

• Storage facility: • 3000 drums total @300 drums/y



• Two separate buildings (5 m high) • Process & support functions – 29 m x 28 m

• Storage – 39 m x 26 m

• 3-Volume reference design package prepared by AEA Technology (UK) • Process flow diagram

• Engineering line diagrams for ventilation

• Building layouts and architectural drawings

• Equipment, specifications with performance data, etc

• Cost data

• The reference design package itself was not published




Reference design for a CSSSF (1/2)

• Targeted at MSs with small amounts of DSRS and other solid waste from nuclear applications

• Design basis: • Sources with activity < 10 TBq (270 Ci) in their

housing or suitable shielding

• No handling of unshielded, high activity sources

• Conditioning: • In-drum cementation in 200 L steel drums

• Storage: • 110 drums total


Reference design for a CSSSF (2/2)

• Two buildings • Main building (conditioning & support functions) – 18 m x 14 m

• Storage building – 7 m x 11 m

• 2-Volume reference design package prepared by AEA Technology (UK) • Layout and construction details

• Safety assessment

• Operating procedures

• Quality assurance

• Treatment of leaking or contaminated sources

• Cost data

• The reference design package itself was not published


Present work on modular design

• Targeted at MSs with very small quantities of solid and liquid waste from nuclear applications and research

• Design basis (based on MSs input during TM in 2006):

• ~10 m3/y aqueous waste

• ~25 m3/y solid waste

• ~1 m3/y wet solids

• ~20 each of DSRS-SL and -LL

• Modular concept is chosen to provide maximum flexibility

• Processing: • A variety of modules depending on type and quantity of waste

• Storage: • A variety modules depending on number of packages, duration and

conditions of storage, etc

• Entire design package to be published


Processing


Key features of modular design

• Processing facility designs based on a set of modules for different functions

• Each module constructed independently

• Modules can be skid mounted

Simplifies installation and future re-location

Allows modules to be built and tested in factory

Only final connection of services (e.g. power, water) required by end-user

• Combination of modules to meet the required functions (waste streams, pre-disposal steps)

• Interfaces defined

• Advantages:

Flexibility in addressing RWM needs

Economical optimisation


IAEA Design Engineering Package for Processing Modules

• Waste streams

• Waste processing modules

• Waste management decision flowcharts

• Module specifications

• Process module integration guidance

• Example technical specifications for procurement


Waste streams considered

1. Low volume aqueous waste

2. High volume aqueous waste

3. Organic liquid

4. Compactable solid

5. Non-Compactable solid

6. Ion exchange resin

7. Sludge

8. DSRS-SL

9. DSRS-LL

10. Biological

11. SHARS


Process modules

1. Module A6 – Solidification

2. Module B1 – Chemical treatment

3. Module B2 – Ion Exchange

4. Module B3 – Reverse Osmosis

5. Module B4 – Cross-flow Filtration

6. Module B5 – Filtration

7. Module B6 – Solidification

8. Module D2 – Low-force Compaction

9. Module D3 – Unshielded booth

10. Module E1 – Encapsulation

11. Module L1 – Hot Cell (SHARS)


Process Module

Liquid and Wet Solid Waste Solid Waste

Ref

# Waste stream

Chemical

Treatment

Ion

Exch RO

Cross-

flow

filtrat’n

Filtrat’n Solidificat’n Encapsulat’n Low Force

Compaction

Unshielded

Booth

Mobile

Hot

Cell

A Low Vol Aq Liq A6

B High Vol Aq Liq B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

C Organic Liq Same

as B4

Same

as B5

Same as

A6

D Compactable

Solid D2 D3

E

Non-

Compactable

Solid

E1 Same as

D3

F Ion Exch Resins Same as

A6

G Sludge Same as

A6

H

Disused Sealed

Source - Short

Lived Same as E1

Same as

D3

J

Disused Sealed

Source - Long

Lived Same as E1

Same as

D3

K Biological

(Carcasses) Same as E1

L High Activity

Sealed Source L1

Waste stream–Process module matrix


Waste Management Decision Flowcharts

1. Radioactive waste management strategy

2. Radioactive waste categorization

3. Sources waste management

4. Solid waste management

5. Low volume liquid waste management

6. High volume liquid waste management

7. Organic liquid waste management


Waste Generation

Is there an existing

national regulatory

strategy?

Is there an existing

national radwaste

strategy?

Are there existing

standards, guidelines etc?

Consult

responsible

national ministry

Approach IAEA for

support

Review constraints/ limits:

Aqueous discharges

Gaseous discharges

Activity levels

Dose rates

Contamination levles

Clearance levels

Confirm as waste for

treatment

Review existing waste

management infrastructure e.g.:

Incineration

Storage

Special Landfills

Repository

Drains

Repatriation of sources

Taking account of the above constraints and limits and any

existing waste management facilities, is it possible to dispose of

the waste via a conventional disposal route or via an existing

available waste management arrangement rather than needing to

manage a new radioactive waste stream?

Use conventional /

available disposal

routes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

YesNo

A

Is waste adequately

characterised?

Preliminary characterization:

Radionuclide inventory

Dose monitoring

Historical data review,

Physical and chemical parameters

Other hazardous materials (pyrophoric,

pathogens, toxic)

Homogeneity

No

Yes

Radioactive Waste

for treatment

Is waste adequately

characterised?

Further characterization:

Radionuclide inventory

Dose monitoring

Historical data review,

Physical and chemical parameters

Other hazardous materials (pyrophoric,

pathogens, toxic)

Homogeneity

Is waste compliant with

WPSF WAC?

Does waste require

shielding?

Hot cell facility

Repackage waste

in shielded

container

Does waste require

sorting/segregation

and/or repackaging?

Sort/segregate or

repackage

No

Yes

No Yes

Yes No

NoYes

A

Solid Waste:

Compressible/compactable

Non-compactable

Sealed source, half-life <35 years

Sealed source, half-life >35 years

Biological

Low volume aqueous liquid High volume aqueous liquid

Classify waste

Organic liquid

B C D E

Unshielded booth

module

Interim storage at

source

Review options

Can source be

decay stored (half life

<1 year)?

Interim decay

store prior to

disposal

Yes

Long term store

Store source in

suitable long term

storage container

Store source

within 200-litre

drum

Can sealed source fit into a

special 200-litre drum with

annular shielding?

Yes No

Long term store

Sealed source,

half-life <30 years

B

Radioactive sources:

Sealed source, half-life <30 years

Sealed source, half-life >30 years

Encapsulation

Module E1

Product for

storage and/or

disposal

Grout waste into

200-litre drum

Process source by

encapsulation into

200-litre drum

No

Sealed source,

half-life >30 years

Solid waste

Does waste contain

sealed sources?

Does waste contain

biological material?

Does waste have

half life >35 years?

Can source be

decay stored (half life

<1 year)?

Does waste contain only soft

materials that can be compacted?

Low force in-drum

compaction

module

Product for

storage and/or

disposal

Encapsulation

module

Interim decay

store prior to

disposal

Product for

storage and/or

disposal

No Yes

No Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

B

Long term store

Place sealed

source into

suitable long term

storage container

Grout waste into

200-litre drum

Compact waste

into 200-litre drum

Place waste into

200-litre drum

Place waste into

200-litre drum

Place sealed

source into centre

of special 200-litre

drum

Can sealed source fit into a

special 200-litre drum with

annular shielding?

Yes No

Encapsulation

module

Prepare grout cap

for waste package

Pre-treatment

Small scale

solidification

module

Buffer store facility

Is there sufficient

volume or mass to process

immediately:

Low Volume

Liquid Waste

Management

Product for

storage and/or

disposal

No

Yes

C

Solidification

module

Yes

Yes


Chemical

treatment module

Ion-exchange

module

Membrane

filtration module

Filtration module

Yes

Liquid residueSludge residue Liquid residue Spent IX media Liquid residueRetentate

Liquid residue Spent filters

No

Is there sufficient


immediately:

Is a liquid

discharge route with

defined CFA

available?

Spent membranes

Does liquid

residue require any

further treatment before

discharge?

No

Product for

storage and/or

disposal

Solid waste

management

Discharge to

approved route

High Volume

Liquid Waste

Management

No

D

B

Can the aqueous liquid waste be

decontaminated sufficiently by treatment

to allow it to meet the discharge CFA?

i.e. is the required DF< 100?

Does the liquid waste

contain trace oils or

solvents

Is the activity content

mainly insoluble?

Do the soluble

radionuclides have

insoluble hydroxides?


have a high dissolved

salts content?


have a low pH (pH<6)?

No

No

No

No

Pre-treat in

chemical

treatment module

to remove oils or

solvents

Yes

Filter liquid waste

by cartridge filter

No

Is the particulate size

<2 microns?

Filter liquid waste

by membrane filter

Yes

No

Yes

Treat in chemical

treatment module

to precipitate

radionuclides

Yes

Treat in chemical

treatment module

to adjust pH to

pH=7

Yes

Consider selective

ion exchange

media either in a

bed within an IX

module or loose

within a

membrane

filtration module

Solidify sludge

waste in 200-litre

drums

Yes

Solidify the liquid

waste (adjust pH

to >7 if

necessary).

No

Solidify the liquid

waste (adjust pH

to >7 if necessary.

No

Lab scale

solidification

module

Yes

Yes


Lab scale

distillation module

Membrane

filtration moduleFiltration module

Organic distllateOrganic residue

Organic liquid

permeate

Organic liquid

retentate

Organic liquid

filtrateSpent filters

No

Is there sufficient


immediately:

Is an organic liquid

discharge or disposal route

with defined CFA available?

Spent membranes

Does the organic liquid

require any further treatment

before discharge?

Product for

storage and/or

disposal

Solid waste

management

Discharge to

approved route

Organic Liquid

Waste

Management

No

E

B

Can the organic liquid waste be

decontaminated sufficiently by treatment

to allow it to meet the discharge CFA?

Is the activity content

mainly insoluble?

No

Filter liquid waste

by cartridge filter

Is the particulate size

<2 microns?

Filter liquid waste

by membrane filter

Yes

No

Yes

Treat in lab scale

distillation module

to volume reduce

active organic

Absorb the

organic residue on

to a solid e.g clay

granules and

solidify in 10-litre

containers

Yes

Absorb the

organic liquid on

to a solid e.g clay

granules and


containers

No

Absorb the

organic liquid on

to a solid e.g clay

granules and


containers

No

Yes

Absorb the

organic liquid on

to a solid e.g clay

granules and


containers


Example of flowchart questions

High Volume Liquid Waste Management

• Is there sufficient volume to process immediately?

• Is a liquid waste discharge route with defined CFA available?

• Can the liquid be decontaminated sufficiently by treatment to allow

it to meet the discharge CFA?

• Does the liquid contain trace oils and solvents?

• Is the activity mainly insoluble?

• Dose the liquid waste have a very complex chemical and

radionuclide composition?

• Do the soluble radionuclides have insoluble hydroxides?

• Does the liquid waste have a high dissolved salt content?

• Does the liquid waste have a low pH?


Module specifications

• General

To define the functional requirements, key features, design life, etc

• Basis of design

To identify the key parameters and assumptions used in determining the design of the process module

• Process Flow Diagram (PFD)

To illustrate the process module

• Equipment lists

To identify the main equipment items, valves, piping and instrumentation

• Equipment description

To provide further details on the major equipment items


Module specifications (contd.)

• Photographs of similar process modules or module equipment or simple models

To illustrate a possible arrangement of the module

• Facility requirements

To identify the requirements that need to be taken into account in incorporating the process module into a facility

• Process description and operation

To provide further details on how the module will be operated including pre-requisites prior to start of operation

• Interface requirements

To define the need for services (power, water, air), lighting, drains, HVAC, communications

Integration with other process modules – downstream or upstream


An example of process module design

Chemical treatment


Chemical Treatment Module

• Treat aqueous waste in batches

• Produce a small volume of sludge containing

the radionuclides

• Discharge of bulk volume of the aqueous

waste either immediately, or after further

"polishing”

Key functions:


Chemical Treatment (Module B1) – Basis of Design

Liquid Waste Characteristics

Total liquid vol. 0.5 – 10 m3 per year

Timing Arrives periodically in batches of about 50 litres.

Peak treatment

rates

100 litres for each batch

Feed activity Low level

Physical form Liquid, mainly aqueous but could have small quantities of oils or other immiscible species.

Solids content Could contain particulates

Chemical content No significant chemical content except potential for presence of small quantities of complexing agents.

Discharge requirements

Discharge activity Decontamination factor between 10 and 100 assumed.

pH pH 6-9 assumed

Other

constituents

Sludge separated from aqueous stream.

Services Availability

Services The designs shall identify options for connections to existing services or the need for dedicated services.

Water Required

Power Required

Building heating Required if temperatures likely to fall below 5°C.

HVAC Not required.

Chemical

reagents

Required

Drainage None. Any leaks or spillages that do occur to be captured in a drip tray and returned to a waste container

using a small pump e.g. the module transfer pump.


Chemical Treatment Module – Model picture


Chemical Treatment Module – PFD

B1-E-03

Chemical treatment tank

with variable speed impeller

B1-L-04

B1-E-10

Waste transfer pump

B1-L-02

B1-E-01

Dosing chemical container

B1-E-09

Chemical dosing pump

B1-L-01

B1-L-03

B1-L-05

B1-E-11

Funnel

B1-L-06

B1-E-12

Treated effluent

transfer pump

B1-L-07

B1-L-10B1-L-11

B1-L-12

B1-E-06

Sample point

B1-E-08

Drip tray

B1-E-07

Drip tray

B1-E-02

40-50 litre carboy

containing waste effluent

B1-E-05

40-50 litre carboy

containing treated effluent

B1-L-09

B1-L-08

B1-V-04

B1-V-02 B1-V-03

Dip pipe

B1-V-01

Module B1 - Chemical Treatment of High Volume Aqueous Liquid Waste

B1-E-04

40-50 litre carboy

containing waste sludge

B1-L-11


100 m3/batch

100 L/batch

Chemical Treatment – Large and Small facilities


Other examples of processing modules

Cross flow filtration

Solidification

Ion exchange Filtration Reverse Osmosis

Unshielded booth


Process module integration

Integration can involve physical co-location and sequential

operation of the process modules with the benefits of:

• Minimising double-handling of waste and hence

reduced dose uptake by the operators.

• More efficient and effective use of staff and resources

as wastes can be processed in short campaigns.

• Reduced interim storage of un-conditioned or

incompletely treated waste because waste streams are

processed from their raw form to final conditioned form

in one campaign


Examples of module integration

•Chemical treatment

•Filtration

•Ion exchange

•Solid waste sorting

•Encapsulation


Example of module integration

• Chemical

treatment

• Cross-flow

filtration

• Ion exchange

• Solidification of

sludge and IX

media


Storage


Waste package types

• The majority are based on 200-litre waste drums

• Typical dimensions: 610 mm (OD) x 880 mm (high).

• Drum weight typically between 50kg (in-drum compacted

soft waste) and 400 kg for encapsulated and solidified

wastes.

• In good condition, with a protective coating

• Low radiation dose rates to allow contact handling

• Drums are clean i.e. sealed and free of external

contamination

• Drum handling by manual or electric lift trucks


Standard drums for storage

Typical mild steel drum with clamp

lid.

Mild steel drum with bolted lid. Stainless Steel Drum.


Number of Waste Packages

51 m3 when encapsulated

Typically less than 5 m3, for

the reference case 1 m3

should be used

Non-

Compactable

51 m3 after compaction



should be used

Compactable

51 m3 if directly solidified.

Typically less than 0.3 m3, for

the reference case 0.1 m3

should be used

Organic Liquid

3 to 50


If bulk volume is treated

and discharged then 500

litres of conditioned

residue.

Typically in the range 0.5 -10

m3, for the reference case 5

m3 should be used

High Volume

Aqueous Liquid

1200-litres

Typically up to 0.5 m3, for the

reference design, 0.1 m3

should be used

Low Volume

Aqueous Liquid

Equivalent

Number of

200-litre

Drums per

Annum

Estimated Annual

Conditioned Waste

Volume for Reference

Design

Annual Quantity to be

ProcessedWaste Stream

51 m3 when encapsulated



should be used

Non-

Compactable

51 m3 after compaction



should be used

Compactable


Typically less than 0.3 m3, for

the reference case 0.1 m3

should be used

Organic Liquid

3 to 50


If bulk volume is treated

and discharged then 500

litres of conditioned

residue.

Typically in the range 0.5 -10

m3, for the reference case 5

m3 should be used

High Volume

Aqueous Liquid

1200-litres


reference design, 0.1 m3

should be used

Low Volume

Aqueous Liquid

Equivalent

Number of

200-litre

Drums per

Annum

Estimated Annual

Conditioned Waste


Design


ProcessedWaste Stream


1 for solid waste

1 for liquid waste

1 for sealed

sources

Interim decay storageTypically less than 0.5 m3 of solid

and liquid waste and less than 10

disused sources, for the reference

case 0.2 m3 of solid and liquid

waste and 5 disused sources

should be used

Waste and Disused

Sources Suitable

for Decay Storage

2Assumed 400-litres when

encapsulated


reference case 0.1 m3 should be

used

Biological

(Carcasses)

5 to 20Depends on physical size of

source in shielded container.

Assumed 1 to 4 m3 when

encapsulated

Large variation of number of

sources, for the reference case 20

should be used

Disused Sealed

Source - Long

Lived Isotope




encapsulated



should be used

Disused Sealed

Source - Short

Lived Isotope (<30

Years)

1200-litres when

encapsulated

Typically less than 0.5 m3, for the


used

Sludge

1 to 2250-litres when

encapsulated



used

Ion Exchange

Resins

Equivalent

Number of 200-

litre Drums per

Annum

Estimated Annual

Conditioned Waste


Design


Processed

Waste Stream

1 for solid waste

1 for liquid waste

1 for sealed

sources

Interim decay storageTypically less than 0.5 m3 of solid

and liquid waste and less than 10

disused sources, for the reference

case 0.2 m3 of solid and liquid

waste and 5 disused sources

should be used

Waste and Disused

Sources Suitable

for Decay Storage

2Assumed 400-litres when

encapsulated



used

Biological

(Carcasses)




encapsulated



should be used

Disused Sealed

Source - Long

Lived Isotope




encapsulated



should be used

Disused Sealed

Source - Short

Lived Isotope (<30

Years)

1200-litres when

encapsulated



used

Sludge

1 to 2250-litres when

encapsulated



used

Ion Exchange

Resins

Equivalent

Number of 200-

litre Drums per

Annum

Estimated Annual

Conditioned Waste


Design


Processed

Waste Stream


Key functions of store

To provide safe and secure storage of conditioned

radioactive waste packages pending disposal to a suitable

repository. Safety includes the operators who will access

the store for operational duties and the public.

To provide an environment such that the waste packages

do not degrade during the period of storage so that they are

safe to retrieve and transfer to the final repository

To provide security to prevent inadvertent or malicious

entry to the store


Available options for storage

• Shielded cabinet

• Concrete container

• ISO Freight container

• Dedicated room

• Below ground vault

• Purpose built industrial building

• Existing building


Some examples of store design options

• Ideal for storage of

small waste packages

in small quantities

• Can be located within

an existing facility

• Can be locked to

provide security

Shielded cabinet

http://www.ptw.de/index.php?eID=tx_cms_showpic&file=uploads%2Fpics%2FShielded_Cabinet_for_storage.jpg&width=800m&height=600m&bodyTag=%3Cbody%20style%3D%22margin%3A0%3B%20background%3A%23fff%3B%22%3E&wrap=%3Ca%20href%3D%22javascript%3Aclose%28%29%3B%22%3E%20%7C%20%3C%2Fa%3E&md5=dc36da11fd1cd662e31d771f2f54463c


• Widely used as transport, storage

and disposal containers.

• Particularly suitable for higher

dose rate waste packages as the

box provides shielding

• Most, if not all designs have a

removable lid for loading waste

packages.

• Requires a crane and grab for

handling waste packages and

removal of the lid.

• Adds complexity and cost to drum

handling.

Concrete container


• Widely available throughout the world

• Container Safety Convention certification.

• In wind and water tight condition.

• Fitted with a steel floor (or steel cladding of the existing wooden floor, sealed to the walls) to provide a decontaminable surface.

• Finished with a good paint finish outside and inside.

• Fitted with lock boxes on the doors to improve security.

ISO freight container


Purpose designed storage building (1)

In situ reinforced concrete framed building with walls and flat roof

also made of concrete (Warm, arid climate)



In situ reinforced concrete framed building with concrete walls and

pitched roof to improve water run-off (Warm, humid climate).



Steel framed, metal clad and thermally insulated building with

pitched roof (Cold climate).


Selection of Technical Options for Storage

Decision Flowcharts:

• Storage Strategy

• Store type selection

• Ventilation requirements

• Shielding requirements

• Mechanical handling requirements

• Implementation of storage facility project


Store type selection

• Is the total waste inventory and classification known for storage in a new facility?

• Are high activity radiation sources to be stored?

• Are the waste packages small and few in number?

• Is the total anticipated inventory of waste packages < 20 drums?

• Is the typical annual volume of waste received > 50 drums/year?

• Is anticipated period of storage > 10 years?

• Are the waste packages to be retrieved and/or inspected periodically?


Ventilation Requirements

• Do local environmental conditions involve extended periods

of high relative humidity?

• Can waste be packaged within stainless steel drums?

• Are volatile nuclides or hazardous gases likely to be

released?

• Is ventilation required to reduce the exposure?

• Can the necessary ventilation be achieved by natural

means?


Shielding requirements

• Are waste package surface dose rates acceptable for contact handling?

• Are dose rates from operating the store within regulatory requirements?

• Are dose rates from operating the store ALARA?


Mechanical Handling Requirements

• Can the waste package be safely handled manually?

• Does the size and quantity of waste packages require

powered handling facilities?

• Is electrical power available to support powered

handling equipment?


Store specifications

• Overall Functional Requirement

• Scope

• Location of the Storage Building

• Wastes Description Size/weight of packages

Radiological characteristics

Number of Packages

Period of Storage

• Operational Requirements (Normal and Abnormal Conditions)

• Information and Records


Store specifications (contd.)

• Building Functional Requirements Overall construction

Ground Conditions

Building Base Slab/Floor

Building Structure

Finishes

Shielding

Access

Modular construction

Waste Drum/Package Stacking

Fire protection


Some shielding options


Store specifications (contd.)

• Mechanical Handling Requirements

• Mechanical Equipment Requirements

• Electrical Equipment Requirements

• Environmental Control

• Environmental Conditions

• Seismicity

• HVAC Requirements

• Radiation Safety Requirements

• Industrial Safety Requirements

• Physical Protection / Security Requirements

• Maintenance and Inspection Requirements

• Reliability

• Standards

• Quality Assurance

• Training


Training courses & workshops on Modular WPSF

• Moldova, March 2009

• Armenia, July 2009

• Columbia, Jan 2010

• South Africa, August 2010


• Enable Operator to

select technical options for processing and storage - available

prepare technical specifications for procurement- available

develop safety case and safety assessment- future work with WES

develop operating procedures- future work in WTS

prepare a licensing application for design, construction and operation- existing document to be integrated

• Enable Regulator to

define the requirements for operating license - future work with WES

scrutinize and evaluate licensing application prior to granting of license - future work with WES

Integrated modular WPSF package for MSs with low volumes of RW and DSRS


Thank you

for your attention