INTERDISIPLINARITAS DALAM KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN & PEMBANGUNAN

INTERDISIPLINARITASDALAM

KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN & PEMBANGUNAN

Soemarno, Nopember 2012

ONTOLOGI

“Ontologi ilmu” membatasi diri pada ruang lingkup kajian keilmuan yang dapat dipikirkan manusia secara rasional dan yang dapat diamati melalui panca

indera manusia (dengan atau tanpa alat bantu).

Beberapa aliran dalam ilmu kajian lingkungan adalah realisme, naturalisme, empirisme.

Ontologi membahas tentang apa yang diketahui oleh manusia, yaitu suatu realitas. Realitas (kenyataan) adalah segala sesuatu yang ada di dunia nyata,

lingkungan hidup manusia. Untuk memudahkan pemahaman manusia, kenyataan (fakta atau fenomena) diidentifikasi menjadi dua hal yaitu kenyataan yang dapat diukur oleh manusia

dan yang tidak dapat diukur oleh manusia. Hal-hal yang dapat diukur secara kuantitatif oleh manusia disebut sebagai

“kenyataan material”, sedangkan kenyataan yang tidak dapat diukur secara kuantitatif disebut sebagai “kenyataan nonmaterial”.

ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN

“Materi” dapat dipandang sebagai “kenyataan” yang dapat diindera dan “nonmateri” adalah kenyataan yang tidak dapat diindera.

Realitas material mempunyai banyak ciri-ciri yaitu:

1. Sistem yang terdiri atas “komponen-komponen” nya; 2. Ada batasannya ruang dan waktu;3. Dapat dianalisis dan disintesis;

Memiliki ukuran kuantitatif (dapat diukur secara kuantitatif).

Contoh dari “realitas material” adalah lahan, air, hutan, rumah, udara, dan lainnya.

Realitas “non-material” mempunyai ciri kebalikan dari “materi”.

Contoh dari realitas “nonmaterial” adalah persepsi, akal, jiwa, pikiran dll.


Pentingnya pembahasan ontologis ini berkaitan dengan pembuktian kebenaran tentang “konsep teoritis” atau hipotesis”.

Apakah sebuah pengetahuan yang dihipotesiskan sesuai dengan realitas atau tidak. Jika tidak, maka pengetahuan tersebut “bernilai salah”.

Selain itu ontologi juga digunakan untuk menetapkan batas-batas dari ilmu yang sedang dibahas. Jika obyeknya adalah material, maka

batasannya juga harus material. Jika obyeknya non-material, maka batasannya juga non-materi. Dengan mengetahui hakikat dari apa yang

dikaji maka kita dapat menghukumi kajian itu dengan hakikat yang diketahui.

Jika kita membahas tentang “sumberdaya hutan”, maka kita dapat menghukumi “hutan” dengan hakikat-hakikat “hutan” itu.

Misalnya : 1. Hutan itu mempunyai luasan; 2. Hutan terdiri atas lahan, flora, fauna; dan 3. Permasalahan hutan dapat dianalisis dan disintesis untuk mencari

alternatif solusinya.


IKL membatasi ruang lingkup kajian-kajian lingkungan yang dapat dipikirkan manusia secara rasional dan yang dapat

diamati melalui panca indera manusia, baik secara langsung atau dengan menggunakan alat bantu.

IKL merupakan bagian dari serangkaian pengetahuan yang dapat ditemukan dan dipelajari serta dibutuhkan untuk

mengatasi berbagai permasalahan di dunia nyata, khususnya yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan

lingkungan hidup dan pembangunan.


Kajian lingkungan (kuantitatif, kualitatif dan mix-method) merupakan instrumen ilmiah yang efektif untuk melakukan kajian-kajian ilmiah tentang lingkungan hidup manusia, memberikan informasi,

pembelajaran dan dapat untuk memotivasi komunitas pembangunan, serta mengarahkan kehidupan masa depan yang ramah lingkungan dan berkelanjutan (Sustainable Development );

Pembelajarannya dilakukan melalaui cara-cara menyisipkan wawasan dan konsep-konsep tentang kajian-lingkungan secara luas, mendalam dan futuristik mengenai IPTEK dan permasalahan

lingkungan dan pembangunan, baik yang berdimensi local, nasional dan global, serta alternative solusinya;

1. Penanaman pengetahuan (keahlian), persepsi, sikap dan kesadaran, rasa tanggung-jawab dan kemampuan (dan ketrampilan) kepada mahasiswa untuk dapat berkontribusi lebih baik bagi pengembangan IPTEK lingkungan dan pembangunan berkelanjutan;

2. Pengembangan kapasitas mahasiswa untuk mampu merencanakan, mengembangkan dan meng-implementasikan rencana kegiatan-kegiatan yang ramah lingkungan dan sustainable development, dengan mempertimbangkan perspektif eco-system, antara lain:

• Pengembangan SDM yang berkeseimbangan IPTEK dan IMTAQ, • Konservasi lingkungan dan pengelolaan biodiversitas • Keadilan sosial - ekonomi• Keselarasan dan kelestarian lingkungan fisik dan budaya • Keseimbangan produksi dan konsumsi sumberdaya alam.

Program Dokor Ilmu Kajian Lingkungan (Environmental Studies):

Aspek-aspek yang dapat diangkat dalam penelitian disertasi IKL antara lain:

1. Etika lingkungan, integrasi sains dan agama dalam kajian-kajian permasalahan realitas lingkungan hidup

2. Kebijakan pembangunan ekonomi yang ramah lingkungan a.l.: Ekonomi Hijau, PDRB Hijau, Subsidi Hijau, Green-taxes, Clean and renewable energy, Green water Policy.

3. Pengelolaan sumberdaya alam untuk pembangunan berkelanjutan, a.l. Pengelolaan hutan lestari, Sistem Pertanian Sehat, Pengelolaan sumberdaya air dan DAS, Penataan ruang ramah lingkungan, Ekowisata dan wisata alam .

4. Teknologi rekayasa lingkungan, a.l. Teknologi Biodiversitas, Pengelolaan limbah dan sampah (3R: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle), Carbon sequestration, Sanitasi Lingkungan, Rehabilitasi dan restorasi lahan, Mitigasi dampak global warming.

5. Adaptasi dan Mitigasi Impacts of Global Climate Change, a.l. Sistem produksi pangan organic, Konservasi Hutan dan Penghijauan (Carbon ‘sink’), Pengurangan

(emisi Reduction of Emission from Deforestration and Degradation = )REDD .6. Ketahanan Pangan dan Energi, a.l. Sistem produksi pangan yang adaptif,

Konservasi dan rehabilitasi lahan pangan, Diversifikasi pangan dan energi alternatif, Energi ramah lingkungan (Geothermal, Solar, Coastal, Wind, Microhydro),

( ).Substitusi BBM yang praktis dan aman


Epistemologi Ilmu Kajian Lingkungan

Epistemologi juga disebut “teori pengetahuan” (theory of knowledge); berasal dari kata Yunani episteme, yang berarti “pengetahuan”, “pengetahuan yang benar”, “pengetahuan

ilmiah”, dan logos = teori.

Epistemologi dapat didefinisikan sebagai cabang filsafat yang mempelajari asal mula atau sumber, struktur, metode dan sahnya (validitas) pengetahuan.

Persoalan-persoalan dalam epistemologi IKL adalah:

1. Apakah kajian lingkungan itu ?; 2. Bagaimana caranya mahasiswa dapat mempelajari dan mengetahui lingkungan ?; 3. Darimana pengetahuan tentang lingkungan itu dapat diperoleh ?; 4. Bagaimana validitas pengetahuan itu dapat dievaluasi ?; 5. Apa perbedaan antara pengetahuan a priori (pengetahuan pra-pengalaman) dengan

pengetahuan a post priori (pengetahuan purna pengalaman) ?; 6. Apa perbedaan di antara: kepercayaan, pengetahuan, pendapat, fakta, kenyataan,

kesalahan, imaginasi, gagasan, kebenaran, peluang, kepastian ?


Aspek Epistemologi IKL lazimnya disebut dengan “metode ilmiah”.

Metode ilmiah dalam IKL merupakan prosedur sistematik dalam mendapatkan pengetahuan ilmiah. Syarat-syarat yang harus dipenuhi agar suatu pengetahuan dapat disebut ilmu tercantum dalam apa yang dinamakan dengan metode ilmiah.

Langkah dalam epistemologi IKL antara lain berpikir deduktif dan induktif.

Berpikir deduktif memberikan sifat yang rasional kepada pengetahuan ilmiah dan bersifat konsisten dengan pengetahuan yang telah dikumpulkan sebelumnya.

Secara sistematik dan kumulatif pengetahuan ilmiah disusun setahap demi setahap dengan menyusun argumentasi mengenai sesuatu yang baru

berdasarkan pengetahuan yang telah ada. Secara konsisten dan koheren maka ilmu mencoba memberikan penjelasan yang rasional kepada objek yang berada

dalam fokus penelaahan IKL.

Penjelasan yang bersifat rasional ini dengan kriteria kebenaran koherensi tidak memberikan kesimpulan yang bersifat final, sebab sesuai dengan hakikat

rasionalisme yang bersifat pluralistik, maka dimungkinkan disusunnya berbagai penjelasan terhadap suatu objek analisis tertentu.

.


Proses kegiatan ilmiah dapat dimulai ketika mahasiswa mengamati sesuatu obyek penelitiannya.

Mengapa mahasiswa mengamati atau memperhatikan sesuatu ?;

Hal ini berarti mahasiswa tersebut menghadapi (atau mempunyai) “masalah atau kesukaran” yang dirasakan pada saat dia menemukan sesuatu dalam

pengalamannya yang menimbulkan pertanyaan.

Pertanyaan ini timbul disebabkan oleh adanya kontak manusia dengan dunia empiris yang menimbulkan berbagai ragam permasalahan.

Dengan demikian dapat diartikan bahwa kalau “ada masalah baru” , maka dimulailah proses berpifir baru ; dan karena masalah ini berasal dari dunia empiris, maka proses berpikir tersebut diarahkan pada pengamatan objek

empiris.

Masalah atau pertanyaan seperti inilah yang kemudian disebut “masalah penelitian” atau “pertanyaan penelitian”.


Alur berpikir yang tercakup dalam metode ilmiah dapat dijabarkan dalam beberapa langkah yang mencerminkan tahap-tahap dalam kegiatan ilmiah.

Kerangka berpikir ilmiah yang berintikan proses logico-hypothetico-verifikasi ini pada dasarnya terdiri dari langkah-langkah sebagai berikut :

1. Perumusan masalah yang merupakan pertanyaan mengenai objek empiris “system lingkungan hidup” yang jelas batas-batasnya serta dapat diidentifikasikan faktor-faktor dan komponen-komponen yang ada di dalamnya;

2. Penyusunan kerangka berpikir dalam pengajuan hipotesis yang merupakan argumentasi yang menjelaskan hubungan yang mungkin terdapat antara berbagai faktor yang saling mengkait dan membentuk konstelasi permasalahan penelitian. Kerangka berpikir ini disusun secara rasional berdasarkan premis-premis ilmiah yang telah teruji kebenarannya dengan memperhatikan faktor-faktor empiris yang relevan dengan permasalahan penelitian; dan

3. Perumusan hipotesis yang merupakan pengumpulan fakta-fakta yang relevan dengan hipotesis yang diajukan untuk memperlihatkan apakah terdapat fakta-fakta yang mendukung hipotesis tersebut atau tidak.

4. Penarikan kesimpulan yang merupakan penilaian apakah sebuah hipotesis yang diajukan itu ditolak atau diterima. Sekiranya dalam proses pengujian terdapat fakta yang cukup yang mendukung hipotesis maka hipotesis itu diterima. Sebaliknya sekiranya dalam proses pengujian tidak terdapat fakta yang cukup mendukung hipoteis maka hipotesis itu ditolak.

.


Dalam IKL, kegiatan-kegiatan kajian ilmiahnya selain untuk mengembangkan IPTEK yang ada, diharapkan juga berorientasi pada “problem solving masalah

realitas lingkungasn hidup.

Problem solving merupakan suatu proses intelektual dalam menemukan masalah dan memecahkan berdasarkan data dan informasi yang akurat, sehingga dapat diambil kesimpulan yang tepat dan cermat. Problem solving juga merupakan

suatu pendekatan dengan cara problem identifikation hingga ke tahap synthesis; kemudian analisis masalah hingga mencapai tahap aplikasinya; selajutnya

komprehension untuk mendapatkan alternatif solusi dalam penyelesaian masalah.

Problem solving merupakan taraf yang harus dianalisis dengan cara memahami sejumlah disiplin ilmu yang relevan dan ketrampilan-ketrampilan yang terkait.

Dengan demikian yang dimaksud dengan problem solving dalam penelitian adalah hasil kajian terhadap satu masalah-penelitian dapat menghasilkan banyak

alternative jawaban yang realistik.



Tiga langkah penting dalam problem-solving adalah:

1. Mengidentifikasi masalah secara tepat. Secara konseptual suatu masalah (M) didefinisikan sebagai kesenjangan atau gap antara Kinerja actual dan target kinerja (T) yang diharapkan, sehingga secara simbolik dapat dituliskan bersamaan; M = T – A.

2. Menentukan sumber dan akar penybab dari masalah, misalnya dengan metode Fish-Bone analysis atau Root Cause analysis (RCA). Suatu solusi masalah yang efektif, apabila kita berhasil menemukan sumber-sumber dan akar-akar masalah, kemudian mengambil tindakan untuk menghilangkan masalah-masalah tersebut.

3. Menyusun alternatif solusi masalah secara efektif dan efisien.


Langkah-langkah mencari alternatif solusi yang efektif dan efisien yaitu:

1. Mendefinisikan alternative solusi secara tertulis 2. Membangun diagram sebab akibat yang dimodifikasi untuk

mendefinisikan : (a) akar penyebab dari masalah itu, (b) penyebab-penyebab yang tidak dapat dikendalikan, namun dapat diperkirakan

3. Setiap akar penyebab dari masalah dimasuskkan ke dalam diagram sebab akibat; sedangkan penyebab yang tidak dapat diperkirakan, didaftarkan secara tersendiri

4. Mendefiisikan alternatif solusi yang efektif dengan memperhatikan dan mempertimbangkan: (a) pencegahan terulang atau muncul kembali penyebab –penyebab itu, (b) alternative tindakan yang diambil harus terkendali, dan (c) memenuhi tujuan dan target yang ditetapkan.

5. Menerapkan atau implementasi alternative solusi yang diajukan.


Metode problem solving ini menekankan pada penemuan dan pemecahan masalah secara berkelanjutan.

Kelebihan metode ini mendorong mahasiswa untuk berpikir secara ilmiah, praktis, intuitif dan bekerja atas dasar inisiatif sendiri,

menumbuhkan sikap objektif, jujur dan terbuka.

Sedangkan kelemahannya memerlukan waktu yang cukup lama, tidak semua materi kajian memerlukan perencanaan yang teratur dan

matang, dan tidak efektif bagi mahasiswa yang pasif.


MIXED-METHODOLOGY

Ilmu Kajian Lingkungan mempunyai lingkup kajian yang luas, sehingga memerlukan beragam metode-metode ilmiah sesuai dengan disiplin ilmu yang relevan. Seringkali diperlukan penggabungan beberapa metode ilmiah yang

sinergistik dalam suatu “Mixed-methodology” atau “mixed research method”.

Akhir-akhir ini muncul kecenderungan baru untuk menggunakan dua metodologi penelitian, kuantitatif dan kualitatif dalam satu penelitian.

Kecenderungan ini tentunya didasari oleh keinginan untuk menghadirkan hasil penelitian yang mencukupi terhadap kepentingan penjelasan dan pemahaman

yang lebih komprehensif.

Penggabungan dua metode ilmiah tersebut tidak berarti keduanya dicampur-aduk sembarangan, sebab kedua

metode ini secara ontologis, epistemologis dan aksiologis memang berbeda.


Penggabungan kedua metode ilmiah tersebut harus dilakukan secara berurutan terintegrasi, misalnya metode kuantitatif dulu baru

kemudian dilanjutkan dengan metode kualitatif, disebut sebagai explanatory research design; atau metode kualitatif dulu baru

kemudian dilanjutkan dengan metode kuantitatif, disebut exploratory research design.

Design penelitian biasanya diartikan sebagai prosedur pengumpulan data, analisis data, interpretasi dan pelaporan data dalam suatu

penelitian. Desain penelitian merupakan sebagian saja dari metode penelitian.

“Mixed Research Method” lebih merupakan desain-riset dalam suatu metode penelitian.


Explanatory Research Design

Di dalam explanatory research design, maka yang perlu diperhatikan adalah bagaimana seorang peneliti melakukan penelitian kuantitatif terlebih dahulu

dan setelah selesai melakukannya maka dilanjutkan dengan melakukan penelitian kualitatif terhadap sesuatu yang dianggap sangat memerlukan

penggambaran secara lebih mendalam.

Secara prosedural, maka Desain Riset Eksplanatori adalah sebagai berikut:1. Pengumpulan data Kuantitatif2. Analisis data Kuantitatif3. Pembuktian Kuantitatif4. Melakukan identifikasi pembuktian untuk tindak lanjut5. Koleksi data kualitatif6. Analisis data kualitatif7. Pembuktian Kualitatif8. Interpretasi Kuantitatitif dan Kualitatif.


Exploratory Research Design

Di dalam desain penelitian eksploratori, maka peneliti akan melakukan penelitian dengan mengumpulkan data kualitatif terlebih dahulu dan

kemudian ditindaklanjuti dengan penelitian kuantitatif.

Penelitian kualitatif akan menghasilkan rumusan-rumusan proposisi dan kemudian diuji dengan penelitian kuantitatif.

Secara prosedural adalah sebagai berikut:1. Pengumpulan data kualitatif2. Analisis data kualitatif3. Pembuktian secara kualitatif4. Pengembangan instrument kuantitatif5. Pengumpulan data kuantitatif6. Analisis data kuantitatif7. Pembuktian secara kuantitatif8. Analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif.


Triangulation design: Data Transformation ModelUntuk penelitian yang menggunakan desain triangulasi yang bermodel transformasi data, maka dilakukan dengan prosedur sebagai berikut:Pengumpulan data kuantitatifAnalisis data kuantitatifPengumpulan data kualitatifAnalisis data kualitatifTransformasi data kualitatif ke kuantitatifMembandingkan dan mengkorelasikan dua set dataInterpretasi berdasar data kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Ada banyak contoh model mixed methodology di dalam literatur Ilmu Kajian Lingkungan.


. Aksiologi Ilmu Kajian Lingkungan Aksiologi berasal dari kata “axios” yakni dari bahasa Yunani yang berarti “nilai” dan “logos” yang berarti “teori”. Aksiologi diartikan sebagai nilai-nilai (manfaat) yang berkaitan dengan kegunaan dari pengetahuan yang diperoleh. Aksiologi membahas tentang nilai (manfaat) suatu pengetahuan dan hasil-hasil kajiannya, nilai dari sesuatu tergantung pada tujuannya. Sehingga pembahasan tentang nilai pengetahuan tidak dapat dipisahkan dari tujuannya. Semua pengetahuan memiliki tujuan obyektif. Tujuan dari IKL adalah untuk mendapatkan kebenaran tentang hasil-hasil kajian lingkungan. Kebenaran yang didapatkan dari kajian lingkungan tentu saja dimanfaatkan untuk mensolusi, mengelola, memperbaiki atau melestarikan lingkungan hidup.


Dalam Encyclopedia of philosophy dijelaskan bahwa aksiologi disamakan dengan value dan valuation.

Ada tiga bentuk value dan valuation, yaitu :Nilai, dalam arti abstrak-sempit “menyatakan sesuatu yang baik,

menarik, dan bagus”, sedangkan dalam arti luas “merupakan kewajiban, kebenaran dan kesucian”. Dalam kaitan ini, aksiologi

sebagai bagian dari etika, alat untuk mencapai tujuan. Nilai sebagai kata benda konkret, seringkali dipakai untuk merujuk kepada sesuatu yang bernilai, seperti nilainya, nilai dia, dan sistem

nilai. Kemudian dipakai untuk apa-apa hal-hal yang memiliki nilai atau bernilai itu.

Nilai, sebagai kata kerja “valuasi”, mengandung makna “menilai, memberi nilai dan dinilai”. Menilai sama dengan evaluasi, dan

biasanya digunakan untuk menilai perbuatan, termasuk kegiatan dan karya ilmiah. “Menilai” mempunyai dua makna, yaitu “menghargai”

dan “mengevalusi”.


Aspek aksiologi IKL juga mempunyai beberapa pertanyaan:

Untuk apa pengetahuan ilmiah IKL itu digunakan?

Bagaimana kaitan antara cara penggunaan pengetahuan ilmiah IKL dengan kaidah-kaidah moral?

Bagaimana penentuan objek IKL yang ditelaah berdasarkan pilihan-pilihan moral?

Bagaimana kaitan metode ilmiah IKL yang digunakan dengan norma-norma moral dan profesional?


Nilai-nilai yang harus melekat pada lulusan PDIKL:

1. Nilai teori: lulusan PDIKL dalam kaitannya dengan nilai teori dicirikan oleh cara berpikir rasional, orientasinya pada ilmu dan teknologi, serta terbuka terhadap ide-ide dan pengalaman baru (open mind).

2. Nilai sosial : dalam kaitannya dengan nilai sosial, lulusan PDIKL dicirikan oleh sikap menghargai profesionalisasi, menghargai prestasi, bersikap positif terhadap permasalahan dunia nyata, dan menghargai hak-hak asasi sesama makhluk hidup;

3. Nilai ekonomi : dalam kaitannya dengan nilai ekonomi, lulusan PDIKL dicirikan oleh tingkat produktivitas yang tinggi, efisien menghargai waktu, terorganisasir dalam perilaku, dan penuh perhitungan;

4. Nilai pengambilan keputusan: Lulusan PDIKL dalam kaitannya dengan nilai ini dicirikan oleh sikap demokratis dalam kehidupannya bermasyarakat, dan keputusan yang diambil berdasarkan pada pertimbangan pribadi yang mendalam;

5. Nilai Religi: dalam hubungannya dengan nilai agama, lulusan PDIKL dicirikan oleh sikapnya yang tidak fatalistik, analitis, penalaran dan inovatif.

Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment.

It is an interdisciplinary science overlapping the categories in Natural sciences, Engineering sciences and Social sciences.

In nature, Environmental science focuses on pollution and degradation of the environment related to human activities and their impact on

biodiversity and sustainability.

As an interdisciplinary field, environmental science also applies knowledge from economics, law and social sciences. It can be applied

to cyberspace environment also.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

In nature, Physics is used to understand the flux of material and energy interaction and construct

mathematical models of environmental phenomena.

Chemistry is applied to understand the molecular interactions among natural systems.

Biology is fundamental to describing the effects within the plant and animal kingdoms.


Environmental science came alive as a substantive, active field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s.

This was driven by the need for a large multi-disciplined team to analyze complex environmental problems, the

arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation, and

growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems.


Environmental science encompasses issues such as climate change, conservation, biodiversity, groundwater and soil contamination,

use of natural resources, waste management, sustainable development, air pollution and noise pollution.

Due to the interdisciplinary nature of environmental science, teams of professionals commonly work together to conduct environmental

research or to produce Environmental Impact Statements, as required by the National Environmental Policy or under state

laws. Other professional organizations engender work in environmental

science and aid in communication among the diverse sciences.


SUB-CATEGORIES

Atmospheric sciences examines the new phenomenology of the Earth's gaseous outer layer with emphasis upon

interrelation to other systems. Atmospheric sciences comprises meteorological studies,

greenhouse gas phenomena, atmospheric dispersion modeling of airborne contaminants, sound

propagation phenomena related to noise pollution, and even light pollution.


Taking the example of the global warming phenomena, physicists create computer models of atmospheric

circulation and infra-red radiation transmission,

chemists examine the inventory of atmospheric chemicals and their reactions,

biologists analyze the plant and animal contributions to carbon dioxide fluxes, and

specialists such as meteorologists and oceanographers add additional breadth in understanding the

atmospheric dynamics.


Ecology studies typically analyze the dynamics among an interrelated set of populations, or a population and

some aspect of its environment.

These studies could address endangered species, predator/prey interactions, habitat integrity, effects

upon populations by environmental contaminants, or impact analysis of proposed land development upon

species viability.

ECOLOGY STUDIES

An interdisciplinary analysis of an ecological system which is being impacted by one or more stressors

might include several related environmental science fields.

For example one might examine an estuarine setting where a proposed industrial development could impact

certain species by water pollution and air pollution.

For this study biologists would describe the flora and fauna, chemists would analyze the transport of water

pollutants to the marsh, physicists would calculate air pollution emissions and geologists would assist in

understanding the marsh soils and bay muds.

INTERDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS

Environmental chemistry is the study of chemical alterations in the environment. Principal areas of study

include soil contamination and water pollution. The topics of analysis involve chemical degradation in the

environment, multi-phase transport of chemicals (for example, evaporation of a solvent containing lake to

yield solvent as an air pollutant), and chemical effects upon biota.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

As an example study, consider the case of a leaking solvent tank which has entered the soil upgradient of a

habitat of an endangered species of amphibian.

Physicists would develop a computer model to understand the extent of soil contamination and subsurface transport of solvent, chemists would

analyze the molecular bonding of the solvent to the specific soil type and biologists would study the

impacts upon soil arthropods, plants and ultimately pond dwelling copepods who are the food of the

endangered amphibian.

COMPUTER MODEL

Geosciences includes environmental geology, environmental soil science, volcanic phenomena and evolution of the earth's crust. In some classification

systems it can also embrace hydrology including oceanography.

As an example study of soils erosion, calculations would be made of surface runoff by soil scientists.

Hydrologists would assist in examining sediment transport in overland flow. Physicists would contribute by assessing the changes in light transmission in the

receiving waters. Biologists would analyze subsequent impacts to aquatic

flora and fauna from increases in water turbidity.

GEO-SCIENCE

"Environmental science" and "ecology" are different fields of study,

although there is some overlap due to the multidisciplinary nature of

environmental science.

Ecology is the study of the interrealtions of living organisms, whether at

the population, community, or ecosystem level. In contrast,

environmental science is a broad area of study including diverse

areas such as meteorology, atmospheric chemistry, soil chemistry,

water chemistry, pollution studies, and biological responses of

systems to anthropogenic influence.

TERMINOLOGI

Environmental studies is the academic field which systematically studies human interaction with the

environment. It is a broad interdisciplinary field of study that

includes the natural environment, built environment, and the sets of relationships

between them.

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Environmental studies, encompasses study in the basic principles of learning of the subjects, such as:

Kebijakan, politik, hukum, ekonomi, sociologi dan aspek-sosial, perencanaan, pencemaran ,

Sumberdaya alam, dan

Interaksi manusia dan lingkungan sekitarnya.


An interdisciplinary field is a field of study that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of thought, as new needs and professions have

emerged.

Originally the term interdisciplinary is applied within education and training pedagogies to describe studies that use methods and insights of several established

disciplines or traditional fields of study.


Current environmental problems have evolved into a complex set of

interdisciplinary issues involving ecological, political, economic, social, as

well as physical and biological considerations.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Modern environmental studies must include the study of the urban environment as well as the

natural environment.

Environmental studies encompasses several fields.

Environmental studies is a distinct from ecological science and environmental science.


Interdisciplinarity involves

researchers, students, and teachers in the

goals of connecting and

integrating several

academic schools of thought,

professions, or technologies -- along with their

specific perspectives -- in the pursuit of a common

task.

Interdisciplinary research has a collaborative focus and blends and integrates research between disciplines. Researchers from two or more

disciplines work together and create a shared discourse about the research problem. Sometimes this offers a vantage point from which to

interrogate the core assumptions of a discipline and to trace or even redraw its boundaries.

Recent decades have seen the birth of 'interdisciplines – such as ecological economics and climate adaptation – where an

interdisciplinary research project has consolidated to the point of creating a new discipline.

Diunduh dari: http://www.sustainable.unimelb.edu.au/content/pages/what-interdisciplinary-research …….. 26/12/2012

http://www.sustainable.unimelb.edu.au/files/mssi/images/Multi_Trans_Inter-Disciplinary_Lyall.jpg

"Interdisciplinary studies" is an academic program or process seeking to synthesize broad perspectives,

knowledge, skills, interconnections, and epistemology in an educational setting.

Interdisciplinary programs may be founded in order to facilitate the study of subjects which have some coherence, but which cannot be

adequately understood from a single disciplinary perspective (for example, women's studies or medieval studies).

More rarely, and at a more advanced level, interdisciplinarity may itself become the focus of study, in a critique of institutionalized disciplines'

ways of segmenting knowledge.

INTERDISCIPLINARY ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Ilmu Lingkungan :

An interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical and biological sciences (including physics, chemistry,

biology, soil science, geology, and geography) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental

problems.

Environmental science provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental

systems.

Environmental scientists work on subjects like the understanding of earth processes, evaluating alternative energy systems, pollution control and mitigation, natural resource management, and the effects of global climate

change. Environmental issues almost always include an interaction of physical, chemical, and biological

processes. Environmental scientists bring a systems approach to

the analysis of environmental problems.

Key elements of an effective environmental scientist include the ability to relate space and

time relationships as well as quantitative analysis.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Lintas Disiplin Ilmu

multidisciplinary - researchers in separate disciplines work independently within their own disciplinary perspective, to address a common problem

interdisciplinary - researchers work jointly, but from each of their respective disciplinary perspectives, to address a common problem

transdisciplinary - researchers work jointly using a shared conceptual framework that draws together discipline-specific theories, concepts, and approaches, to address a common problem

(Rosenfield, 1992)

Firm boundaries

Permeable boundaries

No or blurred boundaries Source: Dan Stokols, 2004

• InterdisciplinaryStarts with disciplines and looks for

lines of interest that connect them.

• TransdisciplinaryStarts with complex problems and

looks for new conceptualizations that transform understanding of theory and practice.

Arguments for Transdisciplinarity

• The problems we face transcend the disciplinary knowledge we practice.

• Universities should be communities of scholars – incubators and testing laboratories of ideas – not confederations of turfdoms.

• It’s not either/or! We need disciplinary, interdisciplinary, AND transdisciplinary programs in Higher Education.

A Cautionary Tale:The Interdisciplinary

Program Builder

The captain of the javelin team who won the “toss” and elected to receive.

Advantages of Transdisciplinary Collaboration

• Greater Explanatory Power • Increased Capacity for Synthesis

(not just analysis)• Better Integration of Science,

Management, and Policy• Methodological Pluralism• Promotes Coupling of Models• Builds Foresight Capacity

Disadvantages of Transdisciplinary Collaboration

• Labor Intensive – Educationally Demanding• Cooperation Hard to Sustain (turfdoms) • Administratively Complex• Breadth vs. Depth Tradeoffs• Diffuse vs. Focused Conceptual Models• Few Professional Incentives (tenure hurdles,

less rewards for team contributions)

Weak or Negative Incentive Structures!

NEEDED:A Science of Integration

Science

ManagementPolicy

PoliticsEthics

Economics

Env. ContextHistory, Literature,Psychology, Geog.,Sociology, etc.

The Redlands ApproachCenter for Environmental Studies

Facilitating Interdisciplinary Work1. Tenure-Track Faculty lines in Natural Science, Social

Science, and Humanities2. Conceptual Framework: Sustainability

(Ecol/Econ/Equity)3. Tools of Integration: GIS – spatial literacy4. Heuristics: Ecological Footprint Analysis5. Team Research: Design Studios & Policy Clinics6. Experiential Learning: “Glocal” Program (community

service learning plus travel courses and study abroad)7. Setting Examples on Campus: Green Buildings/Design

Human activities (fishing)

Freshwater habitat (water quality, quantity &

timing)

Estuarine habitat (water quality, mixing

processes)

Ocean habitat

Climate change (altered water cycle)

Human activities (resource & land use)

Human activities (aquaculture, development)

Climate change (sea level rise & ocean mixing)

Health & Viability of PNW salmon

Integrated Watershed Analysis

Climate change

2000 UN Millenium Summit

Halve Extreme Poverty

UniversalPrimary

Education

Empowerment ofWomen/ gender

equality

Reduce <5mortality

by 2/3

Reduce maternalmortality

by 3/4

Reverse spread of diseases, esp. HIV/AIDS, Malaria

EnsureEnvironmentalSustainability

Form a Global

DevelopmentPartnership

for aid, trade, debt relief

Millenium Developme

nt Goalsby 2015

Background/ History cont’d…

Sustainable Development• Sustainable

Development is the process by which we move towards sustainability

“…development that meets the needs of the present without compromising

the ability of future generations to meet

their own needs” (World Commission on

Environment and Development, 1987)

• This was endorsed in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio

Diunduh dari: http://www.sustainableni.org/uploads/d27385c876ae944c1531ad4cc6a

e8015.png

Sustainable Development• In May 1999 the UK’s

Sustainable Development Strategy was published & defined sustainable development in terms of four objectives– Social progress which

recognises the needs of everyone

– Effective protection of the environment

– Prudent use of natural resources

– Maintenance of high & stable levels of economic growth & employment

Sustainable development triangle – key elements and interconnections (corners, sides, center). (Source: adapted

from Munasinghe [1992a, 1994a])

Diunduh dari: http://www.eoearth.org/article/Economic,_social,_and_environ

mental_elements_of_development

Conservation & Protection

Fresh Water Management

Biodiversity

Sustainable Production

& Consumption

Key Themes…

Gender Equality

Poverty Alleviatio

n

Peace & Int’l

Understanding

Imp. of Info . &

Comm. Technology

for ESD

HumanRights

Health Promoti

on

Key Themes (cont’d)…

“Sustainable Development – is development that meets the needs of the

present without

compro-mising the ability of

future generations to meet their own

needs.”

Sustainable Development

Diunduh dari: http://www.dolceta.eu/malta/Mod5/sites/malta_Mod5/local/cache-vignettes/L384xH242/SUSTAINABLE_DEVELOPMENT_-_DIMENSIONS-d4b26.jpg

PILAR PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN• Economic

Development – poverty eradication

• Social Development – active participation of women; education; good governance

• Environmental Protection – prevent environmental degradation and patterns of unsustainable development

At the local, national, regional, and global levels

What is Sustainability?

Diunduh dari: http://www.vanderbilt.edu/sustainvu/who-we-are/what-is-sustainability/

PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI• Poverty eradication• Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the world’s people

with income less than $1/day• Basic health services for all, reduce health threats• Increase food availability• Combat desertification, mitigate effects of drought

and floods• Provision of clean drinking water• Enhance industrial productivity

Changing Unsustainable Patterns of Consumption and Production

• Cleaner production technologies• Developing cleaner, more efficient energy technologies• Maintain urban air quality and health, and reduce

greenhouse gas emissions• Sound management of chemicals throughout their life

cycle, and of hazardous wastes

PERLINDUNGAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM UNTUK PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI DAN SOSIAL

• Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards and protect ecosystems

• Watershed and groundwater management

• Support desalination of seawater, water recycling

• Ensure the sustainable development of oceans, marine environmental protection

Diunduh dari: http://www.mckeancountypa.org/Media/Images/Conservation_District/what_is_watershed.jpg

LIMA AGENDA PRIORITAS DUNIA

1. AIR DAN SANITASI2. ENERGI3. KESEHATAN4. PERTANIAN – PERKEBUNAN-

KEHUTANAN-PETERNAKAN-PERIKANAN

5. BIODIVERSITYAS DAN PENGELOLAAN EKOSISTEM

Water and Sanitation“Water is not only the

most basic of needs but is also at the center of sustainable development.”

• Around 1.2 billion people still have no access to clean drinking water

• Around 2.4 billion people do not have adequate sanitation.

Sustainable sanitation system

Diunduh dari: http://www.otterwasser.de/english/imge2/abb3eng.gif

AIR DAN SANITASI

Beberapa Issue Kunci:• Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards• Protect ecosystems• Introduce technologies for affordable sanitation,

industrial and domestic wastewater treatment• River basin, watershed and groundwater

management• Support desalination of seawater, water recycling• Marine environmental protection - oceans, seas,

islands and coastal areas are essential components of the Earth’s ecosystem

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA AIR

IAEA-supported projects worldwide using nuclear techniques:

• Isotope techniques for water resources development and management

• Automatic tracer flow gauging stations in ephemeral rivers

• Investigating dam and reservoir leakages and safety

• Pengolahan air-limbah dengan Electron- beam


Nuclear power plants are used for saltwater de-

salination

Seawater Desalination Process

Diunduh dari: http://www.sdcwa.org/desalination

http://www.sdcwa.org/sites/default/files/images/Desalination_chart.png


RCA Projects:– Isotope Techniques for Groundwater

Contamination Studies in the Urbanized and Industrial Areas

– Investigating Environmental and Water Resources in Geothermal Areas

– Use of Isotopes in Dam Safety and Dam Sustainability

ENERGI“Some 2 billion

people lack access to electricity and rely on traditional fuel sources such as firewood, kerosene, or biomass for their cooking and heating.”

PRODUKSI KAYU BAKAR

diunduh dari: http://www.ruffordsmallgrants.org/files/Firewood%20production.JPG

ENERGI

Some key issues:• Focus on access to energy in rural areas• Energy conservation and energy efficiency –

building design & management, better mass transportation, advanced and innovative cleaner technologies

• Promotion of renewable energy• Action on climate change – ratification by

countries of the Kyoto Protocol

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN ENERGI

Nuclear Power – reduces emission of greenhouse gases

Some IAEA-supported projects worldwide:• Comparative studies on natural gas and

nuclear power• Uranium resources development• Operational and safety issues of nuclear power

plants• Nuclear power plants for saltwater desalination

• Electron beam purification of flue gases• Isotopic techniques to study climate change

and predict future global changes resulting from greenhouse gases

• Rational exploitation of geothermal sources• Isotope hydrology and geochemistry in

geothermal fields• Quality control and inspection of pipelines by

NDT

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN ENERGI

RCA Projects:

– Process Diagnostics and Optimization in Petrochemical Industry

– Role of Nuclear Power and other Energy Options in Competitive Electricity Market

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN ENERGI THE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

DIUNDUH dari: http://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/topics/nuclear/power_plant.gif

KESEHATAN“Good health is vital for eradicating poverty and

achieving sustainable development.”Some key issues:

– Reduce mortality rates in 2015: by 66.7% for children & infants under 5; by 75% for maternal mortality rates

– Control & eradicate communicable diseases, reduce HIV prevalence, combat malaria, tuberculosis

– Ensure that chemicals are not used and produced in ways that harm human health

– Reduce air pollution– Improve developing countries’ access to

environmentally sound alternatives to ozone depleting chemicals

Some IAEA-supported projects worldwide:• Use of radioisotopes in the diagnosis,

treatment and prevention of diseases– Upgrading of radiotherapy services– Production of Tc-99m Gel Generators for Nuclear

Medicine– Early diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer– Screening of newborns for neonatal hypothyroidism– Nuclear medical techniques in preventive

nephrology

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN KESEHATAN

– Isotopes for control of human communicable diseases (SIT for Tsetse eradication & control of malaria)

– Molecular biology techniques using radionuclide methods (e.g. Polymerase chain reaction or PCR) for diagnosis of infectious diseases such as hepatitis B & C, tuberculosis

– Rapid diagnosis of dengue fever infection– Early detection of congenital diseases in

children


• Applications of radiation technology– Radiation sterilization of health care products– Cyclotron for short lived medical radioisotopes– Radiation sterilization of human tissue grafts for

transplantation (bone, skin & other tissues)• Nutrition

– Nuclear techniques to address problems of malnutrition such as micro-nutrient deficiencies, energy expenditure, nutrient absorption & utilization


RCA Projects:– Strengthening Medical Physics in Asia and the Pacific

region– Brachytherapy in Treating Cervical Cancer– Distance-assisted Training (DAT) in Radiation

Oncology – Distance-assisted Training (DAT) for Nuclear

Medicine Technicians – Management of Liver Cancer using Transarterial

Radioconjugate Therapy – Treatment with Unsealed Radioactive Source:

Radiosynovectomy – Osteoporosis and Serum Turn Over by RIA and DEXA– Improved Information of Urban Air Quality Mgt.


PERTANIAN“Agriculture is central to sustainable development.

About 70% of the poor in developing countries live in rural areas and depend in one way or another on agriculture for their survival.”

Some key issues:– Address serious soil fertility problems– Diversification of crops– Increase water-use productivity– Apply R&D to increase productivity in crops and

livestock

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN PERTANIAN

Mutation breeding to

produce new varieties in

different crops and

ornamental plants

Many Cattleya orchid hybrids are not only big and showy, but also wonderfully fragrant.

Diunduh dari: http://www.annarbor.com/home-garden/orchid-festival/

• Crop productivity– Control of insect

pests by Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)

– Biofertilizers to increase crop production

– Optimization of water and fertilizer use for crops

– Saline groundwater and wastelands for crop production


Induced Mutations (Successful nuclear techniques) designed to change the genetic makeup of a given plant variety without crossing with another variety. With this approach, a variety retains all its original attributes but is upgraded in one or two changed

characteristics. This approach is based on radiation-induced genetic changes.

Scientific methods, mainly the use of radiation, can increase by a hundred thousand times the likelihood of beneficial changes in plants grown for man’s use,

and provide a tool to break through present limitations in variability. Already there are examples of better crops of wheat, barley, rice, oats, peanuts,

soybean and other plants.

Diunduh dari: http://intuitech.biz/chapter-20-nuclear-energy-applications-food-agriculture-crop-improvement-edited-dr-mir-f-ali/

…… 26/12/2012

http://intuitech.biz/chapter-20-nuclear-energy-applications-food-agriculture-crop-improvement-edited-dr-mir-f-ali/

http://intuitech.biz/chapter-20-nuclear-energy-applications-food-agriculture-crop-improvement-edited-dr-mir-f-ali/


• Increasing food security– Food irradiation for food preservation

• Livestock development– Sustainable animal production– Improving productivity of goats– Feed supplementation for increasing livestock

production– Improving cattle fertility and disease diagnosis– Eradicating rinderpest, screwworm


• RCA Projects:– Restoration of Soil Fertility and Sustenance of

Agriculture Productivity– Production of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

Antigen and Antibody ELISA Reagent Kit– Enhancement of Genetic Diversity in Food,

Pulses and Oil Crops & Establishment of Mutant Germplasm Network

– Better Management of Feeding and Reproduction of Cattle

– Application of Food Irradiation for Food Security, Safety and Trade

BIODIVERSITAS DAN PENGELOLAAN EKOSISTEM

“Biodiversity and the ecosystems

they support are the living

basis of sustainable

development.”

BIODIVERSITAS DAN PENGELOLAAN EKOSISTEM Some key issues:

– Significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010

– Reverse the trend in natural resource degradation

– Restore fisheries to their maximum sustainable yields

– Protection of the marine environment from land based sources of pollution

Relationship between biodiversity, ecological engineering and stakeholders

http://ricehoppers.net/2009/11/communicating-biodiversity-and-ecological-engineering-to-farmers/

http://ricehoppers.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/biodiversity-ecosystem-services-and-ecological-engineering-for.jpg

BIODIVERSITAS DAN TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR

Nuclear techniques are used:– To trace the fate of pollutants, and study

sedimentation rates in pollution studies– To identify pathways of pesticides &

agrochemicals in the environment• RCA Projects:

– Enhancing the Marine Coastal Environment– Applications of nuclear and modeling techniques to

sustainable development in the coastal zone– Investigating Environmental and Water Resources in

Geothermal Areas

PENELITIAN INTERDISIPLIN DALAM KLP

Interdisciplinary research (IDR) adalah “mode of research” yang mengintegrasikan informasi, data, techniques, tools, perspectives, concepts, dan / atau theories dari dua atau

lebih disiplin ilmu untuk “to solve problems” yang solusinya berada di luar lingkup suatu disiplin ilmu.

Contoh Jurnal Internasional:1. IJMRA: International Journal of Mixed Research Approach2. JESS: Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences3. JIER: Journal Interdisciplinary Environmental Review 4. JIES: Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences5. JERAD: Journal of Environmental Research And

Development6. Dll.

In a mixed model research, quantitative and qualitative approaches are mixed across at least two of the stages of research.

KAJIAN INTERDISIPLIN

Pembangunan berkelanjutan tidak dapat terwujud hanya dnegan pembangunan ekonomi, tetapi juga diperlukan lingkungan yang baik, kualitas pendidikan yang bagus, dan keadilan manfaat pembangunan bagi semua warna

negara.

Banyak permasalahan dalam pembangunan-masyarakat yang tidak dapat diselesaikan secara teknis saja, tetapi juga memerlukan pemahaman yang mendalam dan pertimbangan-pertimbangan

“humanity, society and nature”.

RISET INTERDISIPLINInterdisciplinary research (IDR) adalah

suatu mode riset oleh tim atau individual yang mengintegrasikan informasi, data,

techniques, tools, perspektif, konsep, dan /atau theori, dari dua atau lebih

disiplin atau bodies of specialized knowledge, untuk mengembangkan pemahaman yang

mendasar atau menyelesaikan masalah yang “penyelesaiannya” di luar lingkup

suatu disiplin ilmu.

Karakteristik IDR yang baik:

1. flexibility, adaptability, creativity2. curiosity about, and willingness to learn

from, other disciplines3. an open mind to ideas coming from other

disciplines and experiences4. good communication and listening skills

5. an ability to bridge the gap between theory and practice

6. a good team worker: Kesatuan antara mahasiswa pembimbing dan penguji

Multi-metodologi

Multimetodologi = mixed methods research, adalah suatu pendekatan penelitian yang

mengkombinasikan metode pengumpulan dan analisis data kuantitatif dan kualitatif.

Istilah 'multimethodology' lebih banyak digunakan dalam “operations research” .

Pendekatan ini menjadi populer semenjak tahun 1980-an

Mixed-Method Research (MMR)Mengkombinasikan metode-metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif menjadi suatu idea yang bagus.

Menggunakan pendekatan multiple ini dapat memperkuat keunggulan masing-masing

pendekatan dan mengatasi kelemahannya masing-masing.

Pendekatan ini juga dapat menyediakan jawaban yang lebih komprehensif terhadap “research questions”, menerobos keterbatasan suatu

pendekatan tunggal.

Multi-Method Studies (MMS)Multi-method studies menggunakan berbagai metode pengumpulan data dan analisis data di dalam suatu

“single research paradigm”.

Misalnya, anda melakukan penelitian kualitatif, dimana anda melakukan observasi sebagai seorang partisipan,

dan anda juga melakukan wawancara dengan orang-orang.

Atau dalam penelitian kuantitatif anda melakukan survei perilaku siswa, dan anda juga mengumpulkan informasi

dari catatan komputer tentang frequensi ‘hits’ dalam penggunaan bahan ajar berbasis web.

Dengan kata lain, anda menggunakan metode-metode yang secara luas-kompatibel di dalam suatu paradigm

(atau a set of beliefs and values).

Proposal penelitian interdisiplin yang baik• Specify clearly why an interdisciplinary approach is needed,

which type of interdisciplinary approach is envisaged and which disciplines should be involved.

• Describe how the disciplines involved will be integrated and how this relates to the type of interdisciplinarity involved; demonstrate how the quality of integration will be assured

• Summarise the interdisciplinary skills of the researchers involved

• Describe how interdisciplinarity will be reflected in the research questions, research objectives, outputs and outcomes.

Bagaimana Eutrofikasi mempengaruhi

biomasa dan komposisi

spesies algae sistem perairan tawar dan pantai

Response of algal biomass to

nitrogen and phosphorus availability in

aquatic ecosystem.

The species composition of

algal communities inhabiting the

water column to respond to

nutrient loading.

Coastal marine ecosystems will

respond positively to nutrient loading

control efforts.

Ekosistem Akuatik

Dinamika Populasi .

BIOLOGI PERAIRAN

Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems a global problem.

Val H Smith. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2003, Volume 10, Number 2, Pages 126-139.

To analyze the

groundwater quality of

Imphal West district, Manipur,

India,

and assess its

suitability for drinking,

domestic, and agricultural

use.

Model analisis multivariate

(PCA) sangat bermanfaat

Kontaminasi As dan Konsentrasi

Na tinggi menjadi kendala

bagi pemanfaatannya

Dampak kesehatan

manusia tidak nyata.

Statistik multivariate

Dampak kesehatan

masyarakat

KUALITAS AIR

Groundwater quality in Imphal West district, Manipur, India, with multivariate statistical analysis of data

Elangbam J. K. Singh, Abhik Gupta and N. R. Singh. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2012

Forest is considered as

one of the most important and most attractive

recreation resources in

nature which is the destination of most of the

nature tourists.

Perencanaan Wanawisata

lestari?

The 7 forest areas with total area of

6.3 ha are suitable for intensive

outdoor recreation and remaining areas of this

region (2476 ha) could be used for extensive outdoor

recreation.

Sumber air menjadi faktor

pembatas penghembangan

wanawisata.

Pengelolaan Hutan Lestari

Valuasi Ekologi-Ekonomi

Valuasi Wanawisata

Ecological Based Planning of Forest Outdoor Recreation Case Study: Traditional Span of Mandj in Lordegan Forests-Iran

Beytollah Mahmoudi, Naghmeh Sharifi, Rahim Maleknia, Reza Ahmadeian and Amin HaghsetanRes. Jour. of Environmental and Earth Sciences. 2012 Vol. 4 , (7): 680-687

Evaluation of an interdisciplinary,

experiential service-learning

project that combined

environmental studies and marketing .

Students in environmental studies were able to identify and apply ways in

which marketing tools can be employed to

promote social causes and effect positive

environmental behavioral change.

Marketing students applied marketing

concepts to a real-life situation, while

gaining a greater awareness of

environmental issues and the role of businesses in environmental stewardship.

Environmental Services valuation

Perilaku Konsumen

Green Marketing

Integrating Marketing and Environmental Studies Through an Interdisciplinary, Experiential, Service-Learning Approach

Nila M. Wiese, and Daniel J. Sherman. Journal of Marketing Education April 2011 vol. 33 no. 1 41-56 .

The use of food crops

such as corn grain to produce ethanol

raises major nutritional and ethical concerns.

Using food grains to produce

biofuels is already causing food

shortages for the poor of the world.

Growing crops for biofuel not only ignores the need to reduce fossil energy and land

use, but exacerbates the

problem of malnourishment

worldwide.

Agroteknologi tanaman serealia.

Ekonomi Pangan dan Ekonomi Energi.

Ekonomi Sumberdaya

Food Versus Biofuels: Environmental and Economic CostsDavid Pimentel, Alison Marklein, Megan A. Toth, Marissa N. Karpoff and Gillian S. Paul.

Human Ecology. Volume 37, Number 1 / February 2009 . p.1-12

Pola-pola akumulasi

kesejahteraan dan

pengaruhnya terhadap

deforestasi hutan oleh

smallholder

The main factors explaining the relationship between the

farming systems and deforestation

were:

1. years of residence on the lot,

2. distance of the lot to main market and

3. the amount of day labor hired.

Ekonomi RUMAHTANGGA

Pengelolaan Hutan

PERHUTANAN SOSIAL

Smallholder Livelihoods, Wealth and Deforestation in the Eastern Amazon.

Pablo Pacheco. Human Ecology. Volume 37, Number 1 / February 2009 . p. 27-41

http://www.springerlink.com/content/0300-7839/37/

Urbanization can increase or decrease species

richness,depending on

several variables.

Some of these variables include:

taxonomic group, spatial

scale of analysis, and intensity of

urbanization.

Species richness

tends to be reduced in areas with extreme

urbanization (i.e.,

central urban core

areas).

Biodiversitas

Urbanisasi .

EKOSISTEM PERKOTAAN

Effects of urbanization on species richness: A review of plants and animals

Michael L. McKinney. Urban Ecosyst (2008) 11:161–176

AbstractPhosphorus (P) in rivers in the Mississippi River basin (MRB) contributes to hypoxia in the

Gulf of Mexico and impairs local water quality.

We analyzed the spatial pattern of P in the MRB to determine the counties with the greatest January to June P riverine yields and the most critical factors related to this P loss. Using a database of P inputs and landscape characteristics from 1997 through 2006 for each county in the MRB, we created regression models relating riverine total P (TP), dissolved reactive P (DRP), and particulate P (PP) yields for watersheds within the MRB to these factors. Riverine yields of P were estimated from the average concentration of each form of P during January to June for the 10-yr period, multiplied by the average daily flow, and then summed for the 6-

mo period.

The fraction of land planted in crops, human consumption of P, and precipitation were found to best predict TP yields with a spatial error regression model (R 2 = 0.48, n = 101). Dissolved

reactive P yields were predicted by fertilizer P inputs, human consumption of P, and precipitation in a multiple regression model (R 2 = 0.42, n = 73), whereas PP yields were

explained by crop fraction, human consumption of P, and soil bulk density in a spatial error regression model (R 2 = 0.49, n = 61). Overall, the Upper Midwest's Cornbelt region and lower

Mississippi basin had the counties with the greatest P yields.

These results help to point out specific areas where agricultural conservation practices that reduce losses to streams and rivers and point source P removal might limit the intensity or

spatial occurrence of Gulf of Mexico hypoxia and improve local water quality.

A Spatial Analysis of Phosphorus in the Mississippi River Basin Linda M. Jacobson, Mark B. David and Laurie E. Drinkwater. JEQ Vol. 40 No. 3, p. 931-941. 2011

AbstractFour local-scale sites in areas with similar corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] agriculture were studied to determine the effects of different hydrogeologic settings of

the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain (NACP) on the transport of nutrients and pesticides in groundwater.

Settings ranged from predominantly well-drained soils overlying thick, sandy surficial aquifers to predominantly poorly drained soils with complex aquifer stratigraphy and high organic matter content. Apparent age of groundwater, dissolved gases, N isotopes, major ions, selected pesticides and degradates, and geochemical environments in groundwater

were studied.

Agricultural chemicals were the source of most dissolved ions in groundwater. Specific conductance was strongly correlated with reconstructed nitrate (the sum of N in nitrate and N gas) (R 2 = 0.81, p < 0.0001), and is indicative of the relative degree of agricultural effects on groundwater. Trends in nitrate were primarily related to changes in manure and fertilizer use at the well-drained sites where aquifer conditions were consistently oxic. Nitrate was

present in young groundwater but completely removed over time through denitrification at the poorly drained sites where there were variations in chemical input and in geochemical environment. Median concentrations of atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-

triazine-2,4-diamine), metolachlor (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide), and some of their common degradates were higher at well-drained sites than at poorly drained sites, with concentrations of degradates generally higher than

those of the parent compounds at all sites. An increase in the percentage of deethylatrazine to total atrazine over time at one well-

drained site may be related to changes in manure application.

. Trends and Transformation of Nutrients and Pesticides in a Coastal Plain Aquifer System, United States

Judith M. Denver , Anthony J. Tesoriero and Jeffrey R. Barbaro. JEQ Vol. 39 No. 1, p. 154-167 2010

Abstract

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in how changes in agricultural practice associated with the introduction of particular genetically modified (GM)

crops might indirectly impact the environment. There is also interest in any effects that might be associated with recombinant and novel combinations of DNA

passing into the environment, and the possibility that they may be taken up by microorganisms or other live biological material.

From the current state of knowledge, the impact of free DNA of transgenic origin is likely to be negligible compared with the large amount of total free DNA.

We can find no compelling scientific arguments to demonstrate that GM crops are innately different from non-GM crops. The kinds of potential impacts of GM crops fall into classes familiar from the cultivation of non-GM crops (e.g., invasiveness,

weediness, toxicity, or biodiversity).

It is likely, however, that the novelty of some of the products of GM crop improvement will present new challenges and perhaps opportunities to manage

particular crops in creative ways.

Potential for the environmental impact of transgenic cropsPhilip J. Dale, Belinda Clarke & Eliana M.G. Fontes. Nature Biotechnology 20, 567 - 574

(2002)

Abstract

Cities are growing inexorably, causing many to think that inevitably their environmental impact will worsen.

In this paper, three approaches to understanding the environmental impact of cities are analyzed, namely population impact, Ecological

Footprint and sustainability assessment.

Although the population impact model provides some perspective on local impact, and the Ecological Footprint model on global impact, only the

sustainability assessment approach allows us to see the positive benefits of urban growth and provides policy options that can help cities reduce their local

and global impact while improving their live-ability and opportunity, which continue to drive their growth.

This approach is then applied in the city of Sydney.

The environmental impact of citiesPeter Newman. Environment and Urbanization October 2006 vol. 18 no. 2 275-295

Abstract

Exposure to high levels of air pollution can cause a variety of adverse health outcomes. Air quality in developed countries has been generally

improved over the last three decades. However, many recent epidemiological studies have consistently shown positive associations between low-level exposure to air pollution and health outcomes. Thus,

adverse health effects of air pollution, even at relatively low levels, remain a public concern.

This paper aims to provide an overview of recent research development and contemporary methodological challenges in this field and to identify future research directions for air

pollution epidemiological studies.

Health effects of ambient air pollution – recent research development and contemporary methodological challenges

Cizao Ren and Shilu Tong. Environmental Health 2008, 7:56 .

Abstract

To inform family physicians about the health effects of air pollution and to provide an approach to counseling vulnerable patients in order to reduce exposure.

MEDLINE was searched using terms relevant to air pollution and its adverse effects. We reviewed English-language articles published from January 2008 to December 2009. Most

studies provided level II evidence.

Outdoor air pollution causes substantial morbidity and mortality in Canada. It can affect both the respiratory system (exacerbating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

and the cardiovascular system (triggering arrhythmias, cardiac failure, and stroke). The Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) is a new communication tool developed by Health Canada and Environment Canada that indicates the level of health risk from air pollution on a scale of 1

to 10. The AQHI is widely reported in the media, and the tool might be of use to family physicians in counseling high-risk patients (such as those with asthma, chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease, or cardiac failure) to reduce exposure to outdoor air pollution.

Family physicians can use the AQHI and its health messages to teach patients with asthma and other high-risk patients how to reduce health risks from air pollution.

Health effects of outdoor air pollutionApproach to counseling patients using the Air Quality Health Index

Alan Abelsohn. Canadian Family Physician August 2011 vol. 57 no. 8 881-887 .

The significance

of the irradiance reductions for building

radiation climate

A taller tree with a longer clear bole on

the south produced more favorable ratios

of cooling season to

heating season insolation

reductions than the tree with

the short clear bole on the

south.

Teori Fotosintesis.

Neraca Energi Pohon:Ekologi Pohon

URBAN ECOLOGY

Effects of individual trees on the solar radiation climate of small buildings

Gordon M. Heisler. Urban Ecology. Volume 9, Issues 3–4.. 1986. Pages 337-359

Analisis Vegetasi

Plant - Soil – water relationship.

URBAN HYDROLOGY

Urban vegetation impacts on the hydrology of Dayton, OhioRalph A. Sanders. Urban Ecology. Volume 9, Issues 3–4. 1986. Pages 361-376

The specific role of

vegetation in lessening

urban impacts on

runoff

The existing tree canopies alone work to

lower potential runoff by about

7%.

This could be increased to

nearly 12% by modestly

increasing canopy

coverage of the land surface.

Ecosystem Services.

Landuse changes.Land Conversion

Valuasi ekologi-ekonomi

Land use change and its effects on the value of ecosystem services along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico

Ecological Economics. 2012. Vol. 82. No.1. Pages 23-32G. Mendoza-González, M.L. Martínez, D. Lithgow, O. Pérez-Maqueo, P. Simonin

to analyze land use changes and calculate the value of

these changes in terms of lost

ecosystem services.

Land use change may seem

economically profitable.

However, after losing ecosystem

services, the apparent gains

from urban development are

lost.

Land use and policy making

should consider ecosystem service

losses so that ecosystems are preserved and

society benefited..

Teori Partisipasi.

Perhutanan Sosial.

PERANAN GENDER

Factors affecting women's participation in forestry in TurkeyEcological Economics. 2007. Volume 60, Issue 4, Pages 787-796

Erdoğan Atmiş, İsmet Daşdemir, Wietze Lise, Ömür Yıldıran

Studi ini menganalisis partisipasi perempuan

dalam kehutanan

The estimated game theoretic model on

women's participation

indicates that the sharing of forest benefits among

women in Turkey is considerably

harmonious, while there is scope for

improving the Forest Organisation,

namely by stimulating

participation towards a more

effective management of the

Turkish forests..

Ekologi Hutan

Management Hutan.

VALUASI EKONOMI

Willingness to pay for forest amenities: The case of non-industrial owners in the south central United States

Ecological Economics. 2006. Volume 56, Issue 1. Pages 132-143. Ronald Raunikar, Joseph Buongiorno

Kita menganalisis

WTP (willingness to pay) untuk nilai non-kayu (NTV)

oleh pengusaha

suasta hutan non-industri (NIPF) pada

hutan campuran di USA selatan

Many NIPF owners maintain a more

diverse and natural stand structure than

that of a more profitable even-aged industrial plantation.

The average NIPF owner was willing to

forego 60% of the timber profit for the NTV of their more

natural stands compared to a less diverse industrially managed even-aged

plantation.

Mikrobiologi Lingkungan.

Kimia Lingkungan.

Pengolahan Limbah Cair…..

Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Water Reclamation Plants in Southern California

Amy Townsend-Small, Diane E. Pataki, Linda Y. Tseng, Cheng-Yao Tsai and Diego Rosso.JEQ Vol. 40 No. 5, p. 1542-1550

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived and potent greenhouse gas produced during

microbial nitrification and denitrification.

This treatment a potentially large source of N2O in

urban areas.

Our results suggest that wastewater

treatment that includes

biological nitrogen

removal can significantly

increase urban N2O emissions..

Teknologi aplikasi pupuk.

Agrohidrologi.

Pencucian unsur hara pupuk dari lahan…..

Nitrate Leaching from Nitrogen-Fertilized and Manured Corn Measured with Zero-Tension Pan Lysimeters

John M. Jemison and Richard H. FoxJEQ. Vol. 23 No. 2, p. 337-343

Excessive N fertilization

increases the potential for nitrate (NO−

3) leaching, but no

research has evaluated NO−

3 leaching from

corn (Zea mays L.) receiving

economic optimum N rates

(EON).

In the nonmanured corn, the 3-yr average

amount of NO3-N leached was 107 kg ha−1 or 36% of the N

applied at EON.

Total mass of NO3-N in the 1.2-m soil profile

following harvest was useful to predict

annual flow-weighted average leachate NO3-N

concentrations, but this is not practical in

most soils of the Northeast..

Nutrients Root absorption

Metal reactions in aquatic environment.

Fitoremediasi Air Limbah…..

Phytostabilization of iron ore tailings through Calophyllum inophyllum L.Nilima Chaturvedi, N K Dhal, Palli Sita Rama Reddy

International Journal of Phytoremediation 12/2012; 14(10):996-1009.

The phytostabilization of waste material generated during

mining and processing of iron ore through Calophyllum inophyllum L. have been investigated.

Iron ore tailings and its varying

composition with garden soil were

taken to study plant growth, chlorophyll content and metal uptake pattern of

Calophyllum inophyllum L..

Removal of more than 30% of the

most of the heavy metal like Fe, Pb, and Cu & Zn has been observed in all the treatments during one year of

observation.

The overall study clearly suggests that the plant can

be used as an efficient tool for

restoration of mining wastes and

other similarly contaminated sites.

.

Pemupukan fosfat.

Penyerapan hara oleh akar tumbuhan.

Fitoremediasi tanah yang tercemar…..

Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soil by Pteris vittata L. I. Influence of phosphatic fertilizers and repeated harvests.

Asit Mandal, T J Purakayastha, A K Patra, S K SanyalInternational journal of phytoremediation. 14(10):978-95.

A greenhouse experiment was

conducted to evaluate the

effectiveness of diammonium

phosphate (DAP), single

superphosphate (SSP) and two

growing cycles on arsenic removal by

Chinese Brake Fern (Pteris vittata L.) from an arsenic

contaminated Typic Haplustept

of the Indian state of West Bengal..

Two successive harvests with

DAP as the phosphate

fertilizer emerged as the promising

management strategy for

amelioration of arsenic

contaminated soil of West

Bengal through phyotoextraction

by P. vittata..

Teori Motivasi dan Partisipasi Sosial

Ekonomi Sumberdaya Hutan.

PERHUTANAN SOSIAL

International Journal of Social Forestry (IJSF), 2010, 3(2):81-100.STATUS OF JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT IN INDIA: SOCIO-ECONOMIC

DETERMINANTS OF FOREST PARTICIPATION IN A DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION SETTING

Soumyendra Kishore Datta and Krishanu Sarkar

Perlindungan sumberdaya hutan

mensyaratkan partisipasi aktif

masyarakat sekitar hutan.

Partisipasi aktif dalam aktivitas

konservasi hutan memerlukan

komitmen dan motivasi

masyarakat di sekitar dan di dalam hutan.

Grant of permanent tenurial right to

forest dependent people, mitigating

the fear of eviction, extension of various

support facilities and ensuring a cohesive trust between forest department and forest protection

committees

seem most urgent for ensuring meaningful

participation.

Tata-kelola Usaha

Sustainable BUSINESS FIRM.

TANGGUNG-JAWAB SOSIAL KORPORASI

Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance in Italian SMEs: towards a 'territorial' model based on small 'champions' of CSR?

Mara Del Baldo. International Journal of Sustainable Society. 2010 Vol. 2 No. 3. p 215-247

Adakah hubungan positif

antara budaya tanggung-jawab sosial dg sistem tata-kelola yang

ada?

Seberapa besar signifikansi

korelasi tersebut pada UKM dan usaha sekala

besar ? .

The concluding reflections trace the features of a territorial model

of socially responsible orientation

centred on the best practices of SMEs, 'convivial enterprises' who

are excellent examples of

'spirited businesses‘.

Produksi Bersih

Sustainable consumption.

SISTEM PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN

Designing Environmental Management System for promoting sustainable consumption

Shirish Sangle . Int. J. of Sustainable Society, 2008 Vol.1, No.1, pp.29 - 43

Ide tentang konsumsi-lestari telah menjadi isu

global. Sejaklan dnegan

upaya pemerintah untuk mmenerapkan

ide ini, diperlukan peran-serta industri dalam menciptakan pola-pola konsumsi yang lebih lestari.

Pendekatan untuk mengelola isu-isu kelestarian telah

menjadi konstruksi dalam

“Environmental Management System

(EMS)” berbasis standar ISO 14001.

The implications of this model for

structuring salient elements of EMS

are then discussed.

The audit would measure the

extent to which an organisation has a

management system competent

to make consumption pattern more sustainable..

Green Industry

Manajemen Perusahaan

ECO-EFFICIENCY

Conditional eco-efficiency measure from the perspective of pollution emission firms

Feng Yang, Sheng Ang, Liang Liang, Dujun Zhai. Int. J. of Sustainable Society, 2011 Vol.3, No.3, pp.276 - 291

Penerapan eko-efisiensi menghadapi

kendala sasaran

profit dan polusi dari perspektif

emisi polusi perusahaan.

Different from the previous eco-

efficiency measures, our technique admits the selfish motives of

pollution emission firms which have little

motivation to minimise the

pollution emission.

As a result, the current approach can

be accepted by pollution emission firms for providing

feasible strategies in performance

improvement..

DAMPAK GLOBAL POLUSI UDARA

Kerjasama internasional.

PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN GLOBAL

Atmospheric Pollution as a Global Policy ProblemTapani Vaahtoranta. Journal of Peace Research May 1990 vol. 27 no. 2 169-176

Polusi udara telah menjadi

permasalahan global,

pengendaliannya mensyaratkan

adanya kolaborasi banyak negara.

Kerjasama terkendala oleh

fakta bahwa negara-negara di

dunia tidak mengalami dampak

yang sama dan minat perlindungan

lingkungannya juga beragam

Three changes in particular

contributed to the emergence of atmospheric

pollution controls:

1. the imperatives of ecological interdependence,

2. technological developments, and

3. growing public pressure on policy-makers. .

Polusi lalu-lintas jalan raya

Epidemiologi: Analisis regresi

KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN

Traffic air pollution and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all causes: a Danish cohort study

Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Steen Solvang Jensen, Matthias Ketzel, Mette Sørensen, Johnni Hansen, Steffen Loft, Anne Tjønneland and Kim Overvad . Environmental Health 2012, 11:60

Polusi udara kota akibat lalu-lintas jalan raya telah

dihubungkan dg “cardiovascular mortality”, yang

diduga diakibatkan oleh paparan polusi

udara dan biring lalu-lintas.

Karakter personal dan gaya hidup

diduga mempengaruhi

hubungan tersebut

Traffic air pollution is associated with

mortality from cardiovascular

diseases and all causes, after

adjustment for traffic noise.

The association was strongest for people with a low

fruit and vegetable intake. .

POLUSI Udara Kota

Epidemiologi: Analisis Multivariate


Air pollution and infant health: Lessons from New Jersey

Janet Currie , Matthew Neidell, Johannes F. SchmiederJournal of Health Economics 28 (2009) 688–703

Kita mengkaji dampak dari tiga kriteria pencemar udara terhadap

kesehatan bayi di New Jersey pada

1990 dengan jalan

mengkombinasi-kan informasi tempat tinggal

ibu dan informasi dari data

pemantauan kualitas udara.

We find consistently negative effects of exposure to carbon

monoxide (CO), both during and after

birth, with effects considerably larger

for smokers and older mothers.

Since automobiles are the main source of carbon monoxide

emissions, our results have

important implications for

regulation of automobile emissions..

Ekologi Pohon.

Hujan asam

HUTAN KOTA

Acid Rain, Air Pollution, and Tree Growth in Southeastern New York

L. J. Puckett. JEQ Vol. 11 No. 3, p. 376-381

Apakah analisis dendro-ekologis dapat digunakan

untuk mendeteksi perubahan hubungan

pertumbuhan pohon dg iklim , sebagai akibat dari paparan

kronis terhadap komponen-

komponen hujan asam dan polusi

udara.

Temporally, the shift in growth response

appears to correspond with the suspected increase in acid rain and air

pollution.

This change could be the result of

physiological stress induced by

components of the acid rain-air

pollution complex, causing climatic conditions to be

more limiting to tree growth..

Pencemaran udara.

Fisiologi tanaman.

The experiment was designed as a split-split plot with six

replications.…..

Field Testing Soybeans for Residual Effects of Air Pollution and Seed Size on Crop Yield

R. K. Howell, L. P. Rose and R. C. LeffelJEQ. Vol. 9 No. 1, p. 66-68

Mean seed weights (g/100 seeds) for four

soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.],

cultivass grown in 1973 and 1974 in cylindrical open-

top field chambers that provided

carbon-filtered air were significantly greater than from plants grown in nonfiltered air in chambers, or in

conventional plots without chambers.

Differences in seed size observed for

different air qualities did not

significantly affect yields. In general,

there was no significant yield advantage for

plants grown from a selected seed

size as compared with the original lot

seed..

Rekayasa Instrumen pemanasan

Teori pembakaran.

KONSERVASI ENERGI

Emissions and Energy Conservation in Residentdal Oil Heating

A.C.S. Hayden, R.W. Braaten & T.D. BrownJournal of the Air Pollution Control Association . Volume 28, Issue 7, 1978

Emisi dari pembakaran minyak

pada peralatan pemanas di

permukiman dapat dikurangi dengan jalan memperbaiki efisiensi siklis dan “steady running”. Teknik-teknik yang

mereduksi kebutuhan pemanasan

(thermostat cut-back) atau mereduksi

kehilangan panas dapat mereduksi emisi SO2 dan NO sebanding dengan hemat bahan bakar.

Improved burner performance,

with combustion at low excess air, offers the largest fuel savings, with

commensurate reductions in SO2

and NO, and greater

reductions in CO and particulates..

Kualitas UdaraIndoor & outdoor

Dinamika partikulat dalam udara ambient.

PENCEMARAN UDARA

Indoor/Outdoor Air Pollution Exposure Continuity Relationships

Marc HalpernJournal of the Air Pollution Control Association . Volume 28, Issue 7, 1978 . pages 689-691

Hubungan kontinyuitas pencemaran udara indoor-outdoor dikaji

untuk menemukan parameter utamanya.

Hipotesis keseimbangan homeostatis

antara pencemar indoor dan

outdoor diuji dg menggunakan

indeks kontaminan

partikulat Pb.

The results of this study

demonstrate the importance of considering

parameters other than outdoor

pollutant levels in determining

indoor air quality.

Solar Radiation budget.

Ekofisiologi tumbuhan.

The role of trees and grass in reducing regional and local

temperatures in urban areas . …..

The effect of tree shade and grass on surface and globe temperatures in an urban area

D. Armson, P. Stringer, A.R. Ennos.Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2012 Volume 11, Issue 3. Pages 245-255

The process of urbanisation alters

the thermal balance of an area

resulting in an urban heat island effect where cities

can be several degrees centigrade

warmer than the surrounding rural landscape. This

increased heat can make cities

uncomfortable places and, during

heat waves, can pose serious health risks.

Grasses and trees can effectively cool surfaces and so can

provide regional cooling, helping reduce the urban heat island in hot

weather.

Grasses has little effect upon local air

or globe temperatures, so should have little effect on human comfort, whereas

tree shade can provide effective

local cooling..

Analisis citra dan Fotografi.

Analisis Kenyamanan Lingkungan

MANAJEMEN HUTAN KOTA

Analysing recreational values and management effects in an urban forest with the visitor-employed photography method

Erik HeymanUrban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2012. Volume 11, Issue 3. Pages 267-277

Pengelolaan hutan kota memerlukan

“trade-offs” antara konservasi

biodiversitas dengan promosi nilai-nilai wisata-

kota.Kajian preferensi

membuktikan bahwa masyarakat lebih menyenangi hutan-kota semi-terbuka dnegan

sedikit tumbuhan-bawah

dibandingkan dngan hutan-kota

yang masif dengan tumbuhan bawah

yang rapat.

This study has shown that the

visitor employed photography

method can be used as a quantitative

method to evaluate perceptions about forest vegetation

and management in urban woodlands,

and could serve as a valuable

complement to conventional methods in

preference research.

Teori persepsi dan preferensi kONSUMEN

Valuasi jasa-jasa lingkungan.

PERENCANAAN KOTA

Perceptions of parks and urban derelict land by landscape planners and residents

Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2012. Volume 11, Issue 3, Pages 303-312Mathias Hofmann, Janneke R. Westermann, Ingo Kowarik, Elke van der Meer

Persepsi masyarakat dan pelaku

usaha belum diintegrasikan dalam proses perencanaan

kota

Perencanaan RTH kota berbasis persepsi

masyarakat dan kualitas lahan

dan lingkungan.

Analisis Persepsi, sikap dan perilaku .

Analisis pengambilan keputusan publik

Perilaku Konsumen

Attitude and willingness toward participation in decision-making of urban green spaces in China

Xi-Zhang ShanUrban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2012. Volume 11, Issue 2. Pages 211-217

Urban green spaces serve a

variety of residents with various perceptions,

preferences and demands.

Their effective governance and

precision provision increasingly require

public input. Due to the unique political regime, public decision-making in China has long been controlled by

governments with the public neglected..

The positive attitudes and strong willingness

toward participation despite socioeconomic variations, fitting into a

global trend of increasing civic

consciousness and strengthening the theoretical base of

public participation.

This positive findings lay a sound social foundation for the

participatory decision-making in decision-

making of urban green spaces..

Kesehatan Ibu & Anak.


Ekologi Kuantitatif

An ecological quantification of the relationships between water, sanitation and infant, child, and maternal mortality

June J Cheng, Corinne J Schuster-Wallace, Susan Watt, Bruce K Newbold and Andrew MenteEnvironmental Health 2012, 11:4

Akses air bersih dan sanitasi

berhubungan erat dnegan

kesehatan ibu , anak dan

kelahiran.

Seberapa jauh upaya

perbaikan akses air bersih dan

sanitasi mempengaruhi mortalitas ibu,

anak dan bayi ? .

Our analyses suggest that access to water

and sanitation independently

contribute to child and maternal mortality

outcomes.

If the world is to seriously address the

Millennium Development Goals of

reducing child and maternal mortality,

then improved water and sanitation

accesses are key strategies. .

Abstrak

Salah satu ruangan yang berpotensi tinggi untuk mengalami masalah polusi udara dalam ruang adalah ruang perpustakaan. Di antara berbagai polutan yang memiliki peran penting

terhadap kesehatan adalah terdapatnya kapang di dalam udara ruangan. Gangguan kesehatan akibat kapang di dalam ruangan perpustakaan dapat dialami oleh orang-orang

yang beraktivitas di dalam perpustakaan, misalnya petugas perpustakaan, dosen, dan mahasiswa.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan identifikasi terhadap kapang di dalam udara ruang perpustakaan di tiga fakultas (FA, FB, dan FC) di lingkungan Universitas “X”.

Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi keberadaan kapang, serta kualitas fisik dan kimiawi udara dalam ruang.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suhu udara dalam ruang di ketiga perpustakaan berada di atas standar peraturan. Intensitas cahaya sangat rendah di perpustakaan FB dan FC,

sementara konsentrasi debu di perpustakaan FA sangat tinggi. Di perpustakaan FA ditemukan kapang pathogen, yaitu Aspergillus fumigatus, sementara di perpustakaan FB

ditemukan Scopulariopsis candida, dan Fusarium verticilloides di perpustakaan FC.

Secara umum, kualitas fisik, kimiawi, dan mikrobiologi udara dalam ruang di ketiga perpustakaan telah melebihi ambang batas.

. KUALITAS UDARA DALAM RUANG PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS ”X” DITINJAU DARI KUALITAS BIOLOGI, FISIK, DAN KIMIAWI

Laila Fitria, Ririn Arminsih Wulandari, Ema Hermawati, Dewi SusannaMAKARA, KESEHATAN, VOL. 12, NO. 2, DESEMBER 2008: 76-82

AbstractPermasalahan yang saat ini menjadi isu di lingkungan perumahan adalah peningkatan pencemaran udara dan kebisingan. Sumber kebisingan yang dominan di lingkungan perumahan adalah berasal

dari lalulintas kendaraan bermotor. Jumlah kendaraan bermotor di Indonesia semakin tahun semakin meningkat, akibatnya lingkungan perumahan di Perkotaan menjadi bising. Kebisingan sendiri terkait

dengan kepadatan lalulintas. Kondisi ini ditambah dengan penyediaan sarana jalan yang tidak memadai menjadikan lingkungan perumahan menjadi jalan pintas dari dan ke jalan umum. Hal ini semakin menimbulkan kebisingan di

lingkungan perumahan. Penelitian yang dilakukan di Kota Yogyakarta dan DKI Jakarta memperlihatkan bahwa tingkat kebisingan

yang terjadi di lingkungan perumahan telah berada diatas ambang baku mutu yang disyaratkan.

Kebisingan yang terjadi di lingkungan perumahan sudah saatnya memerlukan penanganan yang serius, mengingat pengaruh buruk dari kebisingan terhadap kesehatan manusia pada akhirnya akan

mempengaruhi kualitas hidup masyarakat.

Berbagai penanganan kebisingan telah banyak dilakukan terutama terkait pada 3 (tiga) hal, yaitu pada sumber suara, media suara dan penerima. Penanganan secara arsitektural lebih tepat ditujukan pada

penanganan media perambatan suara. Pengolahan ‘jalan’ bunyi yang dalam hal ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi kebisingan yang diterima oleh penerima dapat dilakukan dengan cara: Pertama, memperpanjang jalannya media perambatan dengan

cara menjauhkan antara sumber suara dengan penerimanya. Ke dua, memberi penghalang antara sumber dengan penerima, penghalang dapat berupa dinding penghalang, barier tanaman, maupun fasa di

bangunan itu sendiri. Penanganan secara non Arsitektural dapat dilakukan dengan cara membuat kendaraan bermotor yang lewat lingkungan perumahan menurunkan kecepatannya sampai kurang lebih

20 km/jam.

. TINGKAT KEBISINGAN PADA PERUMAHAN DI PERKOTAANMoch Fathoni Setiawan. Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan. Vol 12, No 2 (2010)

AbstractKarbon monoksida (CO) merupakan salah satu zat polusi udara yang bersifat racun dan dihasilkan dari sektor transportasi dan industri. Sensor gas MQ-135 memiliki kepekaan yang relatif tinggi, low cost dan

relatif lebih tahan lama dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif dalam pengukuran polusi udara. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat rancang bangun alat pengukur konsentrasi gas Karbon Monoksida (CO) menggunakan sensor gas MQ-135 berbasis Mikrokontroler dengan komunikasi serial USART dan untuk mengetahui output pengukuran berdasarkan regresi jika dibandingkan dengan alat

ukur standar ECOM J2KN.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah membuat hasil rancangan alat rancang bangun alat pengukur konsentrasi gas karbon monoksida (CO) dengan mikrokontroler ATMega32, sensor gas MQ-135, IC MAX 232, serta konektor DB9. Sumber tegangan yang digunakan 18 V kemudian difilter oleh

LM7805 menjadi 5 V untuk tegangan referensi ADC mikrokontroler. Sedangkan tampilan hasil pengukuran ditampilkan dengan menggunakan LCD dan Interface pada Laptop dengan program visual basic 6.0 . Analisis data digunakan uji regresi. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan bahan penghasil asap yang

bersumber dari kertas yang dibakar kemudian diukur kadar CO-nya dan dikalibrasi menggunakan , ECOM J2KN.

Dari hasil penelitian dan berdasarkan hasil uji regresi diperoleh koefisien determinasi (R2) sebesar 0,949. Hal ini berarti bahwa terdapat faktor yang mempengaruhi hasil konsentrasi gas CO selain resistansi

sensor sebesar 5,1%. Faktor tersebut antara lain suhu gas, kelembaban gas, dan tekanan gas. Komunikasi serial yang dipakai adalah jenis serial USART dengan mode Asynchronous data dengan

baud rate 9600.

Kata kunci: Sensor gas MQ-135, Mikrokontroler, komunikasi serial USART

Rancang Bangun Alat Pengukur Konsentrasi Gas Karbon Monoksida(CO) Menggunakan Sensor Gas MQ-135 Berbasis Mikrokontroller Dengan Komunikasi

Serial USARTElly Indahwati, Nurhayati

Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 1, No 1 (2012).

Abstract

Metal containing wastes/byproducts of various industries, used consumer goods, and municipal waste are potential pollutants, if not treated properly. They may also be important secondary resources if processed in eco-friendly manner for

secured supply of contained metals/materials.

Bio-extraction of metals from such resources with microbes such as bacteria, fungi and archaea is being increasingly explored to meet the twin objectives of

resource recycling and pollution mitigation.

This review focuses on the bioprocessing of solid wastes/byproducts of metallurgical and manufacturing industries, chemical/petrochemical plants,

electroplating and tanning units, besides sewage sludge and fly ash of municipal incinerators, electronic wastes (e-wastes/PCBs), used batteries, etc. An

assessment has been made to quantify the wastes generated and its compositions, microbes used, metal leaching efficiency etc. Processing of

certain effluents and wastewaters comprising of metals is also included in brief.

Future directions of research are highlighted.

Bio-processing of solid wastes and secondary resources for metal extraction – A review

Jae-chun Lee , Banshi Dhar Pandey. Waste Management 32 (2012) 3–18

Abstract

We investigated the relationships between the light environment beneath a forest canopy and stand attributes, i.e., culm density and total basal area, in a stand of

bamboo, Phyllostachys pubescens. Mazel exHouz. based on a thinning experiment.

A 15 m × 15 m plot was established in the stand and 10 successive thinning regimes were performed, so that thinning ratio by the number of culm for each thinning was approximately 5%. The digital hemispherical photographs were taken before and after each thinning, and the sky factor was computed as a measure of light environment

from the photographs.

The light environment became brighter and homogeneous as the thinning regimes progressed. The culm density was a good predictor of the light environment, and the

relationship between sky factor and culm density could be well expressed by an exponential equation. Because of the larger culm sizes and total leaf area, the change in light environment with thinning was more sensitive in the P. pubescens stand than

Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. et Zucc. stands examined in previous studies.

This suggested that species characteristics should be carefully considered when elaborating culm density control for Improving light environment in bamboo stands.

Relationships of light environment to stand attributes in a stand of bamboo, Phyllostachys pubescens

Akio Inoue, Haruka Tateishi, Kotaro Sakuta, Kazukiyo Yamamoto, Nobuya Mizoue, Fumiaki Kitaharad. Ecological Engineering 38 (2012) 135– 139

Diunduh dari: http://www.unescap.org/drpad/vc/orientation/m8_1.htm ………….. 26/12/2012

INTERDISIPLIN PENDUGAAN DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN

Diunduh dari: http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=12462 ………….. 26/12/2012

Effects of Ozone Air Pollution on Plants

Ground-level ozone causes more damage

to plants than all other air pollutants

combined.

This web page describes the ozone pollution situation,

shows classical symptoms of ozone

injury and shows how ozone affects

yield of several major crops.

.

Diunduh dari: http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/aqbasics/visibility.cfm ………….. 26/12/2012

Visibility Effects of Air PollutionVisibility is one of the primary air-related attributes that people associate with national parks. Many

visitors come to parks to enjoy the spectacular vistas.

Diunduh dari: http://agrotechno-park.blogspot.com/2011/10/advantage-and-disadvantages-of.html ………….. 26/12/2012

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF BIOREMEDIATION

Bioremediation is also attractive because of

several advantages that its application has over more conventional technology.

For instance, bioremediation techniques

are typically more economical than more

traditional methods. It is estimated that

bioremediation would cost one-third to one-half that of incineration. In addition, in some cases pollutants can be treated at the site, thus reducing the risk exposure to cleanup personnel and potentially wider exposure

as a result of transportation accidents

(Gabriel, 1991).

Diunduh dari: http://rydberg.biology.colostate.edu/Phytoremediation/2006/Pereyra-Webpage/Phyto%20of%20AMD.htm………….. 26/12/2012

PHYTOREMEDIATION is the use of plants to remove pollutants from the environment to render them harmless (Salt

et al., 1998). Phytoremediation is divided into the following areas: phytodegradation, phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization, phytostimulation, and phytovolatilization

Diunduh dari: http://05lovesgeography.blogspot.com/2011/02/eutrophication.html………….. 26/12/2012

EUTROFIKASI

Eutrophication refers to an excessive

amount of nutrients in a body of water, usually caused by runoff of nutrients

(mainly phosphorous in freshwater and

nitrogen in saltwater) from the land, which

causes a dense growth of plant life,

leading to a decrease in oxygen supply, which causes the death of animals.

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_y5FD_RPOigU/TUksbDUpbjI/AAAAAAAAABE/gBUL1fBu_2o/s1600/eutrophication.jpg

Diunduh dari: http://www.greenecowalls.com/benefits_environmental_airquality.html ………….. 26/12/2012

Sick Building Syndrome

Indoor air quality has become a huge concern over the past

decade. The EPA has acknowledged indoor air quality

as one of the top five environmental health risks. This

is compounded further by the fact that we spend the majority of our time indoors: whether we are in

school, at work, or at home. These indoor environments often emit and harbor harmful particles and vapors that frequently cause

what is referred to as "sick building syndrome". Prolonged

exposure to indoor environments often results in occupants complaining about fatigue,

headaches, nausea, and irritation- all due to the off-gassing of many

common products such as carpeting, household cleaners,

and furniture

Diunduh dari: http://www.eolss.com/eolss/5a.htm ………….. 26/12/2012

Sustainable Development with reference to Different forms of CapitalFigure shows that the body of knowledge may be referred to the different forms of capital that are

essential for sustainable development.

A major premise motivating the evolution of the Encyclopedia is that economic and other

development policies should be based on the principles of sustainability, namely:

intergenerational equity; intragenerational equity, and precautionary principle (risk aversion strategies) and conservation of

biodiversity .

The broad framework has received wide acceptance:

1. Natural Resources or Natural Capital (The Environmental Dimension)

2. Economic Resources or Built Capital (The Economic Dimension)

3. Social Resources or Social Capital (The Social Dimension)

4. Institutional Resources or Institutional Capital (The Institutional Dimension )

Diunduh dari: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/guide/stormwater/ ………….. 26/12/2012

URBAN STORMWATER BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICESThe study is based largely on existing

literature and data on best management practices (BMPs) that are

used to control urban storm water runoff.

Topics covered include: BMP performance measures and

measurable goals, availability of measurement methods, design criteria,

monitoring issues, costs and cost minimization opportunities, and the benefits and economic impacts of constructing and operating BMPs.

The discussion of BMP performance includes structural BMPs such as

infiltration devices, ponds, filters and constructed wetlands; and the

effectiveness of non-structural BMPs, low impact development practices and

management measures such as maintenance practices, street

sweeping, public education and outreach programs.

Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0429-B1.HTM ………….. 26/12/2012

BARRIERS TO AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON

Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon has principally been attributed to the

transformation of the forest into agricultural land.

Forestry in Amazonia was slow to get underway primarily because of the high cost

and technical difficulties associated with timber extraction in tropical ecosystems. Now

however, forestry is becoming ever more prevalent in the development of the region. The major trends emerging from this sector

are: selective logging, plantations, sustainable yield management and very recently,

sustainable forest management.

This paper presents the most important barriers, along with possible opportunities for

achieving sustainable forestry, in five categories: environmental, technological,

sociological, economic and political.

It concludes that the most important challenges are political in nature and that these should be prioritized if forestry is to

contribute to the sustainable development of the region.

Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389934105000687 ………….. 26/12/2012

PARTICIPATORY MODELING AND ANALYSIS FOR SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT

Casual loop diagram of management of forest as perceived by its stakeholders.

Diunduh dari: http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/nile-2020.htm ………….. 26/12/2012

. Future Demands on Nile River Water and Egyptian National Security

by Hans Cathcart

Environment-Conflict Link and

Dynamics

Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1476945X10000917 ………….. 26/12/2012

EMERGY-BASED EVALUATION OF PERI-URBAN ECOSYSTEM SERVICESShu-Li Huang, Yu-Hwa Chen, Fei-Yu Kuo, Szu-Hua Wang

Ecological Complexity, Volume 8, Issue 1, March 2011, Pages 38–50

Energy diagram of water resources in the greater Taipei area.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1476945X10000917

Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343510000497 ………….. 26/12/2012

. THE TRANSITION TO AN URBANIZING WORLD AND THE DEMAND FOR NATURAL RESOURCES

Shu-Li Huang, Chia-Tsung Yeh, Li-Fang Chang.Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, Volume 2, Issue 3, August 2010, Pages 136–143

Conceptual diagram of urban ecological economic system.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343510000497

Diunduh dari: http://www.nicholasmirzoeff.com/O2012/category/steel/ ………….. 26/12/2012

DIAGRAM OF OCCEAN ACIDIFICATION

http://www.nicholasmirzoeff.com/O2012/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/ocean-acidification.jpg

TOPIK-TOPIK KAJIAN DISERTASI

PENELITIAN KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN DAN MAL-NUITRISI

EKSEKUTIF-LEGISLATIF

PERUMUSAN KEBIJAKAN

PROSES PERUMUSAN

LEGIS-LATIF

Masya-rakat

EKSEKUTIF

Masyarakat lebih berdaya berpartisipasi dlm perumusan kebijakan

A1

A2

A1.1

B1

C1

PENELITIAN PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA EKONOMI RUMAH TANGGA PEDESAAN

PENELITIAN PENGELOLAAN SDAL DENGAN GIS DAN REMOTE SENSING

Penelitian Optimasi polatanam berbasis padi dengan Intergrated Multiple Goal Linear Programming (IMGLP)

PENELITIAN SISTEM USAHATANI TERNAK DAN LINGKUNGANNYA

PENELITIAN SISTEM INDUSTRI MINYAK JARAK

PENELITIAN POLA TANAM PERTADU

PENELITIAN MODEL OPTIMASI PENGGUNAAN LAHAN PERTANIAN

PENELITIAN SUSTAINABLE AGROFORESTRY DI WILAYAH PEDESAAN

PENEKLITIAN PERILAKU KONSUMEN HASIL PERTANIAN

PENELITIAN RESPON PRODUKTIVITAS AGROEKOSISTEM

PENELITIAN MODEL OUTBREAK HAMA DALAM EKOSISTEM PERTANIAN

PENELITIAN DAMPAK PERUBAHAN IKLIM TERHADAP PERTANIAN

The appropriateness of approaches to solve selected problems in sustainable agriculture.

PENGEMBANGAN KAWASAN AGROPOLITAN BERBASIS AGRIBISNIS

PENELITIAN MODEL PENGELOLAAN EUTROFIKASI EKOSISTEM AKUATIK

PENELITIAN MODEL PENDUGAAN KARBON EKOSISTEM DARAT

PENELITIAN MODEL NERACA AIR DAS

PENELITIAN MODEL HIDRO-GEOLOGI ZONE RESAPAN MATA AIR

MODEL PENDUGAAN RUNOFF BERBASIS HUJAN HARIAN

KAJIAN MODEL NERACA AIR KAWASAN HUTAN TANAMAN INDUSTRI

KAJIAN MODEL PENGELOLAAN TANAH DAN AIR LAHAN PERTANIAN

Land-use Evolution and Impact Assessment Model

FACILITATINGINTERDISCIPLINARY

RESEARCH

---

RISET INTERDISIPLIN

Interdisciplinary research (IDR) :

Suatu mode riset yang mengintegrasikan informasi, data, teknik, tools, perspectif, konsep, dan / atau teori-teori dari dua disiplin ilmu atau

lebih guna mendapatkan pemahaman yang komprehensif atau untuk menyelesaikan

permasalahan yang solusinya berada di luar jangkauan satu disiplin ilmu tertentu.

When IDR Works Well

IDR akan berhasil kalau ia merespon permasalahan atau proses yang berada di luar

jangkauan suatu disiplin ilmu tertentu.

Misalnya, astrobiology, inisiatif NASA, untuk mengkaji asal-usul dan distribusi kehidupan, memerlukan partisipasi banyak disiplin ilmu.

WHEN IDR is LESS SUCCESSFUL

Kegagalan IDR biasanya disebabkan oleh karena tim peneliti tidak dapat menyatu secara fungsional.

Hal ini dapat terjadi karena beberapa alasan:

1. Anggota tim terlalu mementingkan dirinya sendiri di atas kepentingan tim, meremehkan kontribusi anggota tim lainnya, atau lemahnya kepemimpinan tim.

2. Anggota tim kurang paham kontribusinya dalam tim3. Kurangnya pemahaman oleh anggota tim yang senior4. Kurangnya waktu untuk dapat berkerjasama dalam

penelitian.

GRADUATE STUDENTS

Many researchers begin serious involvement in IDR as graduate students.

For doctoral students working in an IDR team environment, fulfilling the requirements for a PhD qualifying examination or dissertation in the home

department may require extra planning and coordination between DISCIPLINES.

There may be barriers to entry, such as admissions policies, that are biased against students whose

undergraduate degree is not in the same discipline as the proposed graduate degree.

POSTDOCTORAL SCHOLARS

A postdoctoral experience often provides the best opportunity for researchers to train deeply in a new discipline.

The STUDY provided in postdoctoral years can provide skills and knowledge beyond those acquired by graduate students, which are

focused on the home discipline.

Despite committee interviews that indicate heightened interest in IDR among postdoctoral scholars, progress toward interdisciplinary expertise may be slowed by a relative shortage of interdisciplinary

postdoctoral fellowships.

Moreover, a potential fellow may not be sufficiently knowledgeable about the secondary discipline to be useful to a potential mentor.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI WAKTU-TUNGGU

Implementing a quality maintenance systemFAKTOR-FAKTOR

YANG MEMPENGARUHI TINGKAT LAYANAN

Quality audit experience for excellence in healthcareFAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI WAKTU-TUNGGU PASIEN

The interconnectedness between environmental degradation and progressive impact of natural disasters can be illustrated by the case of the Yangtze River Basin, in China, where

concerns related to environmental vulnerability have been incorporated in watershed management

KAJIAN RISIKO BENCANA DAN DEGRADASI LINGKUNGAN

Risk mitigation in offshoring of business operations

Service failure and recovery strategies in the restaurant sector

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEGAGALAN LAYANAN

Technology Management for Small Business

FLOWCHARTING

TERIMA KASIH SEMOGA BERMANFAAT

Wss.

Documents

INTERDISIPLINARITAS DALAM KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN & PEMBANGUNAN