Interception in a mountainous declining spruce stand in the Strengbach catchment

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Interception in a mountainous declining

spruce stand in the Strengbach catchment

(Vosges, France)

DATASET · SEPTEMBER 2015

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J o u r n a l o f H y d r o l o g y ,

1 4 4 ( 1 9 9 3 ) 2 7 3 - 2 8 2

E l s e v i e r S c i e n c e P u b l i s h e r s B . V . , A m s t e r d a m

[31

In t e r c e p t i o n i n a m o u n t a i n o u s d e c l i n i n g sp r u c e

s t a n d i n t h e S t r e n g b a c h c a t c h m e n t V o sg e s ,

F r a n c e )

273

D . V i v i l l e a , P . B i r o n , A . G r a n i e r b , E .

D a m b r i n e b and A. Prob s tc

Centre d 'Etudes et de Reeherches Eco-G~ographiques (CEREG), ULP, 3 rue de l 'Argonne, 67083

Strasbourg Cedex, France

bCentre de Recherches Forestikres (C RF ), IN R A N ancy-Amanee, Champenoux, 54280 Seichamps,

France

cCentre de Gkochimie de la Surface (C G S) , C N RS , 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France

(Rece ived 30 Nove mb er 1991; r ev is ion accepted 15 Augu s t 1992)

A B S T R A C T

Vivi l le , D. , Biron , P . , Granie r , A. , Dambr ine , E . and Probs t , A. , 1993. In te rcept ion in a mounta inous

dec l in ing spruce s tand in the Strengbach ca tchm ent (Vosges , France) . J . Hydrol . , 144: 273-282.

In a over -mature (dec l in ing) 90-year -o ld Norway spruce s tand (Picea abies) in the Vosges mounta in

area , g ross prec ip i ta t ion , th roug hfa l l , s temf low and meteo ro logica l variab les have been measured for th ree

per iods in the summers o f 1988, 1989 and 1990; t r anspira t ion was measured f rom June to A ugus t 1989.

Throug hfa l l , in te rcept ion and s temf low represent , r espec t ive ly , 65 .3%, 34 .2% and 0 .5% of the inc ident

ra infa ll . A semi- logar i thmic re la t ionship be tween in te rcept ion and gross prec ip i ta t ion is given . Transpir -

a t ion o f the s tand de te rm ined by sap- flow m easurements represents on ly 27% o f the poten t ia l evapo-

t r a n s p ir a t io n . Ev a p o r a t io n o f wa te r in t e rc e p te d b y th e v e g e ta t io n is th e ma jo r c o m p o n e n t o f th e e v a p o -

transpira t ion ,

I N T R O D U C T I O N

I n t e m p e r a t e r e g i o n s , e v a p o r a t i o n o f w a t e r i n t e r c e p t e d b y th e v e g e t a t i o n

r e p r es e n ts a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f th e e v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n , a n d s o m e t i m e s th e

m a j o r p a r t C a l d e r , 1 97 7). R e c e n t ly , a s tu d y h a s b e e n u n d e r t a k e n to c h a r a c -

t er iz e t h e f u n c t i o n i n g o f a y e l lo w i n g a n d c r o w n t h i n n i n g o v e r - m a t u r e s p r u c e

s t a n d a f f ec t e d b y C a a n d M g d e fi ci e nc ie s , o n a c a t c h m e n t o n t h e e a s t e r n s i d e

o f t h e V o s g e s m o u n t a i n s S t r e n g b a c h , F r a n c e : P r o b s t e t a l ., 1 99 0); th i s

d i e b a c k m a y b e p a r t ia l l y a t t r ib u t e d t o p e r i o d s o f w a t e r s tr e ss i n th e p a s t . T o

C o r r e s p o n d e n c e t o : D . V i v i ll e , C e n t r e d ' E t u d e s e t d e R e c h e r c h e s E c o - G + o g r a p h i q u e s

( C E R E G ) , U L P , 3 r u e d e I 'A r g o n n e , 6 7 08 3 S t r a s b o u r g C e d e x , F r a n c e .

0 0 2 2 - 1 6 9 4 / 9 3 / 0 6 . 0 0 © 1 9 93 - - E l s e v i e r S c i e n c e P u b l i s h e r s B . V . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d



74 D VIVILLE ET AL

u n d e r s t a n d t h e i n t e r n a l w a t e r t r a n s f e r s , t h e w a t e r b a l a n c e h a s b e e n a s se s se d ,

w i t h e m p h a s i s o n i d e n t i f y i n g t h e m a j o r c o m p o n e n t s o f th e h y d r o l o g i c a l c y c l e

a t t h e s t a n d s c a l e ( r a i n f a l l , i n t e r c e p t i o n a n d t r a n s p i r a t i o n ) .

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Experimental site

T h e s t a n d i s l o c a t e d a t 1 07 5 m e l e v a t i o n o n a 1 5 ° s o u t h - f a c i n g s l o p e o n t h e

8 0 h a S t r e n g b a c h c a t c h m e n t ( A u b u r e , V o s g e s m a s s i f ; 4 8 ° 1 2 'N , 7 ° 12 'E ) . T h e

S t r e n g b a c h c a t c h m e n t i s a s it e fo r m u l t i d i s c ip l i n a r y s tu d i e s i n h y d r o l o g i c a l ,

g e o c h e m i c a l a n d f o r e s t re s e a r c h in F r a n c e . T h e s t a n d l ie s o n a b r o w n a c i d ic

s oi l d e v e l o p e d o n t h e b a s e - p o o r l e u c o g r a n i t e d u B r e z o u a r d . T h e s t a n d is

c o m p o s e d o f o v e r - m a t u r e 9 0 -y e a r- o ld N o r w a y s p r u c e

Picea ab ies)

a n d c o v e r s

a b o u t t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e b a s in . Y e l l o w i n g a n d 3 0 d e f o l i a t i o n a r e o b v i o u s

s y m p t o m s o f b a s e de f ic i en c ie s w i t h i n t h e s t a n d . M e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e

u n d e r t a k e n o n a 8 0 m x 5 0 m p l o t c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y a d e n s i t y o f 5 75

t r e e s h a -7 , a m e a n h e i g h t o f 25 m , a b a s a l a r e a o f 5 3 .3 m 2 h a - ~ a n d a l e a f a r e a

i n d e x o f 3 .2 3 ( A s ae l , 1 990 ). T h e c l i m a t e is o f t e m p e r a t e - o c e a n i c - m o u n t a i n o u s

c h a r a c t e r , s o p r e c i p i t a t i o n i s d i s t r ib u t e d r e g u l a r l y t h r o u g h t h e y e ar . M e a n

a n n u a l p r e c i p i t a t io n a v e r a g e s a b o u t 1 4 0 0 r a m .

Precipitation

( P i )

P r e c i p i t a t i o n w a s m e a s u r e d i n a n e a r b y c l e a r i n g w i t h t w o g a u g e s: a t i p p i ng -

b u c k e t g a u g e o f I m h e i g h t a n d 2 0 00 c m 2 i n a r e a ( Pg ) a n d a ' S P I E A ' ( B e n o i t

S . A . R . L . , A l f o r t v i l l e ) p i t g a u g e ( P ~ ) 4 0 0 c m 2 i n a r e a . T h e p i t g a u g e is

c o n s i d e r e d a s a r e f e r e n c e ( S e v r u k , 1 98 2). T h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o

g a u g e s i s

P~ = 1 .0 7 6 P g - 0 .761 (n = 59 , R2 = 0 .994 , SE = 1 .81 )

T h i s e q u a t i o n w a s u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e P~ f o r e v e n t s m e a s u r e d b e f o r e t h e i n s t a l la -

t i o n o f t h e p i t g a u g e .

Throughfall

( P s )

T h r o u g h f a l l w a s m e a s u r e d , d u r i n g t h e f i r s t y e a r , b y t h r e e r o w s o f 1 6

' S P I E A ' g a u g e s a t fi x ed l o c a t i o n s 3 m a p a r t , o n c o n t o u r l in e s. T h e t o t a l

r a i n f a l l c o l l e c t i o n a r e a w a s 1 9 2 0 0 c m 2 F i g u r e 1 i l l u s tr a t e s t h e s p a t i a l v a r i a b i l-

i t y ( s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n a n d c o e ff i c ie n t o f v a r i a ti o n ) o f t h e m e a n t h r o u g h f a l l .

T h e m e a n v a l u e s f o r a n y r o w o f 16 r a i n g a u g e s d i f fe r l it tl e f r o m t h e o t h e r r o w s ;



INTERCEPTION IN A MOUNTAINOU S DECLI NING SPRUCE STAND

2 7 5

8

v

z 6

©

~ 4

E3

2

~ o

J o S T D 4 8 + S T D 1 6 • C V 4 8 ~ C V 1 6

ED

~ ~

-4-

• l l

THRO UG HFALL (MM)

4 0

2 0

O

F i g . 1 . T h r o u g h f a l l s p a t i a l v a r i a b i l i t y ( s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n a n d c o e f fi c ie n t o f v a r i a t i o n ) f o r 4 8 a n d 1 6 r a in

gauges .

s t at is ti c a l c o m p a r i s o n s o f p o p u l a t i o n m e a n , v a r i a n c e ) s h o w t h a t o n e r o w i s

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e - - f o r t h r o u g h f a l l P s ) - - o f t h e w h o l e s t an d . H e n c e , d u r i n g th e

m e a s u r e m e n t p e r io d s i n t h e s e c o n d a n d t h ir d y e a rs o n l y o n e r o w o f g a u g es

w a s u s e d . F o r a l l t h r e e m e a s u r e m e n t p e r i o d s , th e s p a t i a l v a r i a b i l it y d e c r e a s e s

a s p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n c r e a s e s , a s i s s h o w n b y t h e c h a n g e s i n t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f

v a r i a b i l i ty a n d f r o m t h e r e s u l ts o f p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s E l H a d j M o u s s a , 1 98 8;

D u r o c h e r , 1 9 9 0 ) .

Stemflow S)

S p i r a l g u t t e r s c o n n e c t e d t o a b a r r e l w e r e u s e d t o m e a s u r e s t e m f l o w f r o m

f o u r t re e s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s t e m d i a m e t e r s .

Transpiration T )

T r a n s p i r a t i o n w a s a s se s s ed b y s a p f lo w m e a s u r e m e n t s G r a n i e r , 1 98 5) o n

f iv e t re e s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e t o t a l s t a n d b a s a l a r e a o f s a p w o o d f r o m J u n e

t o A u g u s t 1 98 9. T w o c y l in d r i c a l p r o b e s , 2 m m i n d i a m e t e r , w e r e in s e r t e d i n to

t h e s a p w o o d , o n e a b o v e t h e o t h e r , a b o u t 2 0 c m a p a r t . T h e u p p e r p r o b e w a s

h e a t e d a t a c o n s t a n t r a te a n d t h e te m p e r a t u r e w a s r e c o r d e d b y th e t h e r m o -

c o u p l e c o n t a i n e d i n e a c h p r o b e ; t h e g r e a t e r t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e re n c e t h e

l o w e r t h e s a p f l u x d e n s i t y .



276

TABLE 1

Summary of results for the mature spruce stand of Aubure

D V1VILLE ET AL

Period of measurement

Pi Ps S I 1/Pi

ram) ram) ram) mm)

24/5/88-2/11/88 583 392.5 1.6 188.9 0.324

24/4/89-16/10/89 588.3 401.1 3.9 183.3 0.312

7/5190 5 /11/90

539.3 323.7 3.4 212.2 0.393

Total 1710.6 1117.3 8.9 584.4 0.342

Potential evapotranspiration P E T )

D a i l y p o t e n t i a l e v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n ( P E T ) w a s c a lc u l a t e d u s i n g P e n m a n n s

f o r m u l a w i t h E T P - A U T O s o f t w a r e ( M a h r a n d N a j j a r , 1 9 9 1 ) . A n a u t o m a t i c

w e a t h e r s t a t i o n i n t h e a d j a c e n t c l e a r i n g p r o v i d e d t h e n e c e s s a r y d a t a o n

s h o r t w a v e r a d i a t io n , a i r t e m p e r a t u r e a n d h u m i d i t y a n d w i n d s p e e d . S e v e n t y -

n i n e m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e m a d e i n s u m m e r p e r i o d s f r o m A p r i l t o N o v e m b e r

a f t e r e a c h r a i n f a l l e v e n t i n 1 9 8 8 , 1 9 8 9 a n d 1 99 0. I n t e r c e p t i o n ( I ) i s d e f i n e d a s

t h e d i f f er e n c e b e t w e e n o p e n f i e l d p r e c i p it a t io n

P i )

a n d t h e s u m o f t h r o u g h f a l l

Ps ) p l u s s t e m f l o w ( S ) : I = P i - P s + S ) .

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Precipitation Pi)

Rainfall totals are of the same order of m a g n i t u d e a n d t h e numbers of events

a r e a l m o s t t h e s a m e e a c h yea r Tables 1 and 2). However, the distribution of

storms v a r i e d b e t w e e n years; 1988 w a s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by numerous 10-40 mm

storms, 1989 by low-magn itude events and a 142 mm thund ers tor m in two

showers), and 1990 by low rainfall and 30-40 mm events Table 2 and Fig. 2).

TABLE 2

Distributi on of rainfall events

<10mm 10-19ram 20-29mm 30-39mm 40-49mm 50-59mm >60ram Total

1988 4

1989 12

1990 9

Total 25

10 5 4 0 3 0 26

6 2 2 3 1 1 27

5 3 7 1 1 0 26

21 I0 13 4 5 1 79



INTERCEPTION N A MOUNT AINOU S DECLI NING SPRUCE STAND

2 7 7

15

125

1

~ 7 5

5

25

l i p s I I J

i i i i i i i i i [ 1 1 i i i i i i ~ l l i i i i i i i i i i i i l l i l l l [ l l i i i i i i i i i i

1988 1989 199

F i g . 2 . T h r o u g h f a l l Ps) a n d i n t e r c e p t i o n ( 1 ) f o r t h e 79 m e a s u r e d r a i n f a l l e v en t s o v e r t h e t h r e e s u m m e r

m e a s u r e m e n t p e r i o d s .

Throughfall ( P s )

F o r t h e w h o l e m e a s u r e m e n t p e r i o d , t h r o u g h f a l l r e p re s e n ts 6 5 . 3 o f t h e

i nc i den t r a i n f a l l ( Tab l e 1 ) , t h i s i s com par ab l e w i t h r e su l t s ob t a i ned i n o t he r

s t ud i e s f o r s t ands o f s am e age an d dens i t y ( D e l f s, 1965 ; Ru t t e r e t a l ., 1971 ;

Tuz i nsky , 1987 ; Johnson , 1990) . H ow eve r , P s v a r ie s b e t w e e n 6 0 a n d 6 7 . 3

because o f t he i n t e r a nn ua l va r i ab i l i ty a s a r e su l t o f the t em por a l r a i n f a ll

s t ru c t u re ; t h e l a r g e r t h e n u m b e r o f l o w - m a g n i t u d e e v e n ts t h e l o w e r is t h e

t h r oughf a l l .

Stem ow (S)

To ta l s t em f low i s only 8 .9 ram, i .e . 0 .5 of inc id ent ra infa l l; th is resu l t is

c o m p a r a b l e w i th t h o s e o b t a i n e d f o r s im i l a r s t a n d s ( D e l ls , 1 9 6 5 ; G a s h a n d

M o r t o n , 1 9 7 8 ; A n d e r s o n a n d P y a t t, 1 9 8 6 ; J o h n s o n , 1 99 0).

Relationship between P i and I

I n t e r cep t i on r ep r e sen t s 0 . 342P i f o r t he w ho l e pe r i od bu t va r i e s cons i de r -

ab l y dep end i ng on even t s ( F ig . 2 ). I n t he sp r uce s t and , t he r e l a t i onsh i p ha s

b e e n c a l c u l a t e d f o r 1 6 c o n t i n u o u s a n d i n d i v i d u a l e v e n t s b u t f o r v a r y i n g

i n te n s i ti e s a n d d u r a t i o n s b y f o l lo w i n g a t e c h n i q u e p r e v io u s l y d e v e l o p e d a n d

used by Jackson (1975) , Schulze e t a l . (1978) and Pook e t a l . (1991a) . The



278

D VIVIL LE ET AL

6

g

o

2

n= 16

R= 0,913 0

I= O , 3 5 5 + 3 , 7 2 3 L o g P I ) 0

J ~ 0 In tens i ty< 2 mm/h

: : 0 : e Z ; : : : . 2

• • i •

1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5

i

m m )

Fig . 3 . Re la t ionsh ip be tween in te rcep t ion I) and openfie ld Pi ) ra in fa l l fo r ind iv idua l bu t con t inuous

events.

m e t h o d u s e s a s e m i - l o g a r i t h m i c re l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n i n t e r c e p t i o n a n d p r e c ip i -

t a t i on . Th e r e su l t s o f t h is exe rc i se a r e p r e se n t ed i n F ig . 3 . Th e eq ua t i on f i tt ed

is

I m m ) = 0 .355 + 3 .7231ogm P i ) N = 16, R 2 = 0 .833 )

T h e c a n o p y s a t u r a t i o n c a p a c i t y is a b o u t 4 m m a f te r s o m e 10 m m o f r a in h a s

f a l l en F ig . 3 ). Ho w eve r , t h i s r e l a t i ons h ip va r i e s fo r d i f f e r en t hyd ro lo g i ca l

e v e n t s . S o m e i m p o r t a n t l o w - i n t e n s i t y a n d l o n g - d u r a t i o n e v e n t s p r o v i d e

h i g h e r v a l u e s o f i n t e r c e p t i o n . T h i s im p l i e s t h a t e v a p o r a t i o n o c c u r s d u r i n g t h e

r a i n f a ll e v e n t a n d t h a t t h e c a n o p y is n o t c o m p l e t e l y s a t u r a t e d P o o k e t a l .,

1991b). T he re fo re , i n t he sp ruce s t and s tud i ed , h ighe r - i n t ens i t y even t s a l l ow

c a n o p y s a t u r a t i o n t o b e e s t i m a t e d w i t h m o r e p r e c i s i o n .

Relation between I , E T and PET

A s g r o u n d e v a p o r a t i o n is n e g li g ib l e i n t h is s t a n d , b e c a u s e t h e r e is n o

u n d e r s t o r e y , a c t u a l e v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n ET) is th e s u m o f i n t e r c e p t i o n b y t h e

c a n o p y p l u s t r a n s p i r a t io n o f th e t re e s. D u r i n g t h e s u m m e r 1 9 8 9 p e r i o d

Jun e -A ugu s t ) , f o r wh ich va lue s o f bo th I and T a r e ava il ab l e , r e su lt s Tab l e 3

a n d F i g . 4) s h o w t h a t t h e h y d r o l o g y o f th e s p r u c e s t a n d i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y

a l o w ET d u r i n g t h e s t u d y p e r i o d ET = 0 .6 5 P E T ) c o m p a r e d w i t h a y o u n g

p l a n t a t i o n n e a r b y w h e r e ET = 0 .8 PE T Bi ron e t a l ., 1991 ). Th e absence o f

a n y w a t e r s t r e s s w h i c h c o u l d r e d u c e t r a n s p i r a t i o n d u r i n g t h e m e a s u r e m e n t



INTERCEPTION N A MOU NTAINOUSDECLININGSPRUCE STAND

T A B L E 3

C o m p o n e n t s o f t h e e v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n f o r J u n e - A u g u s t 1 98 9

279

I m m ) T m m ) ET m m ) P E T m m ) ET/PET / / P E T T / P E T I/ET T/ET

80.3 58.6 138.9 213.5 0.65 0.376 0.274 0.578 0,422

p e r i o d i m p l ie s t h a t t h i s o l d a n d d e c l i n in g s t a n d is f u n c t i o n i n g a t a v e r y l o w

p h y s i o l o g i c a l le v el ; t h e t r a n s p i r a t i o n o f t h i s s t a n d r e p r e s e n t s o n l y 0 . 2 7 P E T .

T o c o m p a r e t r a n s p i r a t i o n r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d o n r e l a t e d s p e c i e s i n s i m i l a r

c l im a t i c c o n d i t i o n s w e n e e d s t u d i e s at b o t h t h e t r e e a n d s t a n d s c a le t o t a k e t h e

d e n s i t y e f f e c t i n t o a c c o u n t . A t t h e t r e e s c a l e , t h e d a i l y m a x i m u m o b s e r v e d

t r a n s p i r a t i o n r a t e r a n g e s f r o m 3 1 d a y - l fo r a s u p p r e s s e d t r e e t o 6 5 1 d a y - ~ f o r

a d o m i n a n t tr ee , o n a s u m m e r s u n n y d a y; c o r r e s p o n d i n g T a n d P E T v a l u e s

a r e 1 .8 m m a n d 4 .0 m m , r e s p e c ti v e ly . T h e s e r e s u l ts a r e l o w e r t h a n o r o f t h e

s a m e m a g n i t u d e a s t h o s e f o u n d f o r s i m i l a r s t a n d s e l s e w h e r e : S c h u l z e e t a l .

( 1 9 8 5) m e a s u r e d a 5 5 . 8 1 d a y -~ t r a n s p i r a t i o n f o r a 7 2 - y e a r - o l d s p r u c e t r e e ,

K n i g h t e t a l. ( 1 9 8 1) f o u n d v a l u e s o f 4 0 - 4 4 1 d a y -1 ( c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o

3 .3 m m d a y - ) f o r a 1 0 0 - y e a r- o ld d e n s e

inus contorta

s t a n d i n t h e N o r t h -

w e s te r n m o u n t a i n s o f th e U S A d u r i n g s u m m e r s u n n y da y s, M o l n a r a n d

Z

0

~. 250

n

I.u

I.I.I

D- 200

Z

Z

'~ 15O

z

O ~

1

E >

50

m O

.................. Inte rce ptio n I)

Evapotranspiration E r /

~ ; .......... ,~ ' °'~

= . . l ~ . . i , p ~ l = = | W

t '

I I I I

0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0

C U M U L A T I V E P E N M A N P E T m m )

Fig. 4. Cum ulative v alues of actual ET)and potent ia l PET) evapo t ranspi ra t ion of the s tand fo r a 2 mo nth

summer per iod.



280

TABLE 4

Interception and evapo transpiration for the three measu remen t periods

D

VIV LLE ET

AL

Period of measurement PET (mm ) I (ram) / /PET

24/5/8 8-2/11 /88 376.5 188.9 0.502

24/4/8 9-16 /10/89 493.2 183.3 0.372

7/5/90-5/11/90 472 212.2 0.45

To tal 1341.7 584.4 0.436

M e s z a r o s ( 19 9 0 ) f o u n d v a l u e s r a n g i n g b e t w e e n 8 a n d 6 0 1 d a y -~ f o r m a t u r e

s p r u c e s i n t h e T a t r a s m o u n t a i n s , a n d C e r m a k a n d K u c e r a ( 1 9 8 7 ) f o u n d a

m a x i m a l t r a n s p i r a t i o n r a t e - - f o r a s p r u c e - - o f 1 30 1 d a y - t . A t t h e s t a n d s c a le ,

t h e T v a lu e o b s e r v e d i s v e r y l o w c o m p a r e d w i t h th a t f o r a n e a r b y y o u n g p o l e

p l a n t a t i o n i n t h e s a m e c a t c h m e n t ( B i r o n e t a l ., 1 9 9 1) w h e r e T = 0 .4 5 P E T ; i n

m a t u r e s p r u c e s t a n d s in S o u t h M o r a v i a ( C e r m a k a n d K u c e r a , 1 98 7) T w a s

f o u n d t o b e g r e a t e r t h a n 0 .4 P E T d u r i n g t h e g r o w i n g s e as o n .

T h i s i m p l ie s t h a t t h e l o w t r a n s p i r a t i o n o f t h e S t r e n g b a c h s t a n d is t h e r e su l t

o f b o t h t h e r a t h e r l o w p h y s i o l o g i c a l f u n c t i o n i n g l ev e l o f t h e t r ee s a n d t h e l o w

d e n s i t y ( 5 7 5 t r e e s h a - ~ ) o f t h e s t a n d . H o w e v e r , i t is d if f ic u l t t o a t t r i b u t e t h is

l o w t r a n s p i r a t i o n t o t h e a g e o f th e s t a n d ( 9 0 y e a r s ) o r t o a f o r e s t d e c l i n e e f fe c t;

W e r k e t al . ( 1 9 8 8 ) s h o w e d t h a t t r a n s p i r a t i o n w a s n o t s i g n i f ic a n t l y d i f f e r e n t

b e t w e e n h e a l t h y a n d d e c l i n in g y o u n g s p r u c e s in B a v a r i a , b u t f e w s t u d ie s a r e

a v a i l a b l e o n t h i s t o p i c a n d f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e n e e d e d t o c l a r i f y t h i s

p o i n t .

T h e i n t e r c e p t i o n ra t e ( I = 0 . 2 6 P i ) i s a l s o r a t h e r l o w f o r t h i s s h o r t p e r i o d .

T h i s f e a t u r e is e x p l a i n e d b y t h e lo w i n t e r c e p t i o n ra t e ( 1 0 ) o f th e m a j o r

1 42 m m t h u n d e r s t o r m ( in t w o m a i n s h o w e r s ) in 1 98 9 (1 4 2 m m o f th e 3 0 4 m m

y e a r l y t o t a l g r o s s r a i n f a ll ) . H o w e v e r , i f r e l a t e d t o P E T , I r e p r e s e n t s 0 .3 8 P E T

a n d is it s m a j o r c o m p o n e n t . F o r t h e w h o l e p e ri o d o f m e a s u r e m e n t , I

r e p r e s e n t s 0 .4 3 6 o f t h e s u m m e r P E T v a l u e s ( T a b le 4 ); t h is r e p r e s e n t s a b o u t

7 5 o f t h e a n n u a l P E T , w h i c h v a r ie s b e t w e e n 55 0 a n d 6 5 0 r a m i n t h e

c a t c h m e n t ( P r o b s t e t a l. , 1 9 91 ). D u r i n g w i n t e r , w a t e r is n o t l i m i ti n g , s o

Tis

a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l t o P E T ( a n n u a l w i n t e r P E T is 1 2 5 - 1 5 0 r a m ) ; I is a l m o s t

t he o n l y c o m p o n e n t o f

T

b e c a u s e T i s n e g l i g ib l e i n w i n t e r. T h u s , m o r e t h a n

1 00 m m o f w a t e r i s i n t e r c e p t e d d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r a n d a d d e d t o t h e 2 0 0 m m

s u m m e r i n t e r c e p t i o n s o t h a t t h e y e a r ly t o t a l o f i n t e r c e p t e d w a t e r is e s ti m a t e d

a t a r o u n d 3 0 0 m m i n th i s s ta n d .

CONCLUSIONS

T h e m e a n s u m m e r t i m e r a in f a ll i n t e r c e p t i o n o f a d e c l in i n g s p r u c e s t a n d



INTERCEPTION IN MOUNT INOUS DECLI NING SPRUCE ST ND

281

averaged 34 of the incident rainfall; this value varied from year to year

owing to the irregular structure of the rainfall distribution. Use of a semi-

logarithmic relationship between interception and gross precipitation allowed

the canopy saturat ion capacity to be estimated at about 4 mm. Calculation of

transpiration from sap flow measurements for 2 months showed that the

mature stand had a transpiration of only 0.27 PET. Hence, rainfall intercep-

tion is the major component of actual evapotranspiration in this type of stand.

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S

Within the framework of the DEFORPA Programme, this research has

been supported by the ECC-DGXII, the French Ministry of the Environment,

the French Ministry of Research and the R6gion Alsace.

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Interception in a mountainous declining spruce stand in the Strengbach catchment