Interaktionsdesign

Session 4

Analysemetoder

Work Models

• Describe work from the point of view of the one person interviewed

• The Flow model• The Sequence model• The Artifact model• The Cultural model• The Physical model

The Flow model

• Represents communication and coordination neccessary to make work happen

• Defines Work flow– Work / tasks / projects usually involves many

people– Work broken into part– Divide of responsibilties among roles– Intervening of jobs and responsibilities that

get work done

Flow model distinctions

• Individuals – do the work• Responsibilities – expectations of outcome• Groups – have common goals/actions• Flow – communication to get work done• Artifacts – work “things” - physical/conceptual• Communication topic/action• Places• Breakdowns

Things to observe

• Coordination

• Strategy

• Roles

• Informal structures

• The Flow model mapps the organization

• Gives a “Bird eye view”

Individuals / groupsresponsibilities

Artifacts

Flow

Breakdowns

Communication topic / action

Places

The Sequence model

• Work becomes a sequence of actions/steps to achieve an intent

• The Sequence model – a map to the work a new system will change

• Step by step information on how work is actually done

Sequence model destinctions

• Intent

• Trigger

• Steps

• Order

• Breakdowns

The Artifact model

• A drawing/photocopy of an artifact complete with any handwritten notes

• Extends information on the artifact to show:– Structure– Strategy– Intents

Artifact model distinctions

• Information – presented by the object• Parts – pages, figures, diagrams• Structure• Annotations – indicate informal usage• Presentation – color, font, layout, shape• Conceptual distinctions• Usage – when created, how used• Breakdowns

The Cultural model

• Work takes place in a culture

• Culture defines:– Expectations– Desires– Policies– Values– Approaches

Cultural context

• The mindset that people operate within and plays a part in everything they do

• Includes formal and informal policy of business climate

• Cultural influences can alter the choices people make

Cultural model distinctions

• Influencers – individuals/groups in organizations• Extent of effect• Influence

– Standard or policy– Power– Values– Identity– Emotions

• Breakdowns

Influence of culture

• Culture is invisible, but can be deduced from things you see and hear in the work place.– Tone– Policies– Organizational influence

The Physical model

• Work happens in physical environments– Rooms – Cars– Buildings– Highways

• Supports/enables work or gets in the way

Physical model distinctions

• Places – rooms, workstations, offices• Structures – sites, walls, desks• Usage and movement• Software/hardware/communication

lines/tools• Artifacts – folders, lists, bills• Layout• Breakdowns

Impact of physical environment

• Organization of space

• Division of space

• Grouping of people

• Organization of workplaces

• Movement

Cultural Probes

• An approach to get informations in a different way– Postcards– Maps– Cameras– Photo album– Media diary

• Used to come up with ideas to design

Information gathering techniques

• Inquiry

• Exploration– Future workshops– Brainstorming

Inquiry

• Study of the existing situation at hand

• Finding out more about a present design situation

• Design: what exist / what could exist

• Two methods– Contextual inquiry– Why why why

Inquiries

• Contextual:– Interviews combined with observations– Goal: construct a picture of the actual work situation– Guided by three principles:

• Context• Partnership• Focus

• Why why why?– Ask a series of why questions– Probe the problem formulation

Exploration

• Study of the possible – what might be

• Divergance – diversity of possibilities– To prevent “design fixations”– To prevent designers personal involvement

• It’s easy to come up with many ideas, but hard to come up with good ideas– Keep quality in mind

Future workshop

• Used to:– clarify problems in current situation– create visions about future– discuss how to realise visions

• Three phases:– Qritique - brainstorming– Fantasy – unrestricted ideas– Implementation – presentation of visions

Brainstorming

• Collect a group of people to produce ideas together (3-7 people)

• Generate ideas– No criticizes or questions on ideas– As many ideas as possible– Combine and build upon other ideas– One idea pr. piece of paper

• Structure the results– Affinity diagram – ideas sorted into clusters/categories

– repeated– “document” results