Intelligent Buildings Design and Building Management Systems

5/28/2018 Intelligent Buildings Design and Building Management Systems

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Intelligent Building

Use of technology and process to create a

building that is safer and more productive for

its occupants and more operationally

efficient for its owners.

The function of Building Management Systems is

central to 'Intelligent Buildings' concepts; its

purpose is to control, monitor and optimise

building services, eg., lighting; heating; security,

CCTV and alarm systems; access control; audio-

visual and entertainment systems; ventilation,

filtration and climate control, etc.; even time &

attendance control and reporting (notably staff

movement and availability). The potential within

these concepts and the surrounding technology

is vast, and our lives are changing from theeffects of Intelligent Buildings developments on

our living and working environments. The

impact on facilities planning and facilities

management is also potentially immense. Any

facilities managers considering premises

development or site relocation should also

consider the opportunities presented by

Intelligent Buildings technologies and concepts.

Intelligent Buildings - Control Theory

The essence of Building Management Systemsand Intelligent Buildings is in the controltechnologies, which allow integration,

automation, and optimisation of all the servicesand equipment that provide services and

manages the environment of the buildingconcerned.

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC's) formed

the original basis of the control technologies.

Later developments, in commercial andresidential applications, were based on

'distributed-intelligence microprocessors'.

The use of these technologies allows theoptimisation of various site and building services,often yielding significant cost reductions and

large energy savings. There are numerousmethods by which building services withinbuildings can be controlled, falling broadly intotwo method types:

Time based- providing heating or lighting

services, etc., only when required, and

Optimiser Parameter based - oftenutilising a representative aspect of the

service, such as temperature for spaceheating or illuminance for lighting.

heating - time-based control

Time-based controls can be used to turn on and

off the heating system (and/or water heating) atpre-selected periods (of the day, of the week,etc). Optimiser Parameters: whatever theconditions, the controls make sure the buildingreaches the desired temperature whenoccupancy starts.

heating - optimiser parameter-based

(temperature) control examples Temperature control: protection against

freezing or frost protection generally involvesrunning heating system pumps and boilerswhen external temperature reaches a setlevel (0C).

Compensated systems: will control flowtemperature in the heating circuit relative toexternal temperature. This will give a rise inthe circuit flow temperature when outsidetemperature drops.

Thermostatic radiator valves: these sensespace temperature in a room and throttle theflow accordingly through the radiator or

convector to which they are fitted.

Proportional control: involves switchingequipment on and off automatically toregulate output.

Other methods can include thermostats,occupancy sensing PIR's (passive infra-redsensors), and manual user control.

lighting control methods

Different control systems exist, again time-basedcontrol and optimiser parameter-based where alevel of illuminance or particular use of lightingis required.

Zones: lights are switched on correspondingto the use and layout of the lit areas, inorder to avoid lighting a large area if only asmall part of it needs light.


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Time control: to switch on and offautomatically in each zone to a presetschedule for light use.

Passive Infra-Red (PIR) Occupancy sensing:

In areas which are occupied intermittently,occupancy sensors can be used to indicatewhether or not anybody is present andswitch the light on or off accordingly.

Light level monitoring: this consists ofswitching or dimming artificial lighting tomaintain a light level measured by aphotocell.

building management systems and

intelligent buildings - energy savings

Until recent years, energy efficiency has been arelatively low priority and low perceivedopportunity to building owners and investors.However, with the dramatic increase andawareness of energy use concerns, and theadvances in cost-effective technologies, energyefficiency is fast becoming part of real estate

management, facilities management andoperations strategy. The concepts are also nowmaking significant inroads into the domestic

residential housebuilding sectors.

For lighting, energy savings can be up to 75% of

the original circuit load, which represents 5% ofthe total energy consumption of the residentialand commercial sectors.

Energy savings potential from water heating,cooling, or hot water production, can be up to

10%, which represents up to 7% of the totalenergy consumption of the domestic residentialand commercial sectors.

Experiences from studies in Austria suggestpotential heating and cooling energy savings are

up to 30% in public buildings. Even allowing for

the fact that buildings used in the study mayhave been those with particularly high energyusage, the figure is an impressive one. (Source:EU2 Analysis and Market Survey for European

Building Technologies in Central & EasternEuropean Countries - GOPA)


intelligent buildings - environmental and

greenhouse gas benefits

Greenhouse gas emission reductions depend onand correlate to reductions in energy use.

Intelligent Buildings and Building Management

Systems technologies contribute directly to thereduction in energy use, in commercial,industrial, institutional and domestic residentialsectors.

In short, Intelligent Buildings and suitablyapplied Building Management Systems are goodfor the environment.

Legislation and environmental standards; healthand safety regulations; and global trendstowards improving indoor air quality standardsare all significant drivers of - and provide acontinuous endorsement of the need for -Building Management Systems and theIntelligent Buildings technologies.

Government Initiatives around the world arealso driving the development and adoption ofBuilding Management Systems technologies. Forexample the UK Carbon Trust allows EnhancedCapital Allowance (ECA) to be offset againsttaxation on energy efficient systems, whichenables savings of around 30% for all energy-related Building Management Systems andIntelligent Buildings equipment, and theassociated installation and design costs.


intelligent buildings - market trends

Careful interpretation is required. In the UK,adoption of controls technologies into the newbuild and major refurbishment sectors isrelatively high: Estimates a few years ago of theUK market for Building Management Control

Systemsfor new build and major refurbishment,all sectors, suggest market adoption of (as at1994 - Source UK1 An Appraisal of UK EnergyRTD, ETSU -1994):

Heating controls 70%.

Hot water system controls 90%.

Air conditioning controls 80%.


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However according to European Commission as

many as 90% of all existingbuildingshave inapplicable or

ineffectivecontrols, many of which requirecomplete refurbishment of control systems.

Moreover conventional control systems stopshort of automated Intelligent Buildings fullcapabilities. A significant human element is

required for optimal effective operation even ifcontrol systems correctly specified and installed.

Given typical installations and equipment thereis often a difficulty for building occupants(residential) or managers (commercial) tooperate them correctly. Usage and correctoperation are vital for effective results.

Education of users; improved systems-designuser-friendliness, and the provision of relevant

instructions and information are all critical toenable theory to translate into practice, and forpotential effectiveness and savings to berealised.


intelligent buildings - practical benefits

Energy-effective systems balance a building's

electric light, daylight and mechanical systemsfor maximum benefit.

Enhanced lighting design is more than anelectrical layout. It must consider the needs andschedules of occupants, seasonal and climaticdaylight changes, and its impact on thebuilding's mechanical systems.

lighting systems

Adding daylight to a building is one way toachieve an energy-effective design. Naturaldaylight 'harvesting' can make people happier,healthier, and more productive. And with the

reduced need for electric light, a great deal ofmoney can be saved on energy. Nearly everycommercial building is a potential energy savingproject, where the electric lighting systems canbe designed to be dimmed with the availabilityof daylight. Up to 75% of lighting energyconsumption can be saved.In addition, byreducing electric lighting and minimizing solar

heat gain, controlled lighting can also reduce a

building's air conditioning load.

mechanical systems

The HVAC system and controls, including the

distribution system of air into the workspaces,are the mechanical parts of buildings that affectthermal comfort. These systems must worktogether to provide building comfort. While notusually a part of the aesthetics of a building,they are critical to its operations and occupantsatisfaction.

The number one office complaint is that theworkplace is too hot. Number two is that it's toocold.

Many people cope by adding fans, space heaters,covering up vents, complaining, conducting

'thermostat wars' with their co-workers, orsimply leaving the office. Occupants can bedriven to distraction trying to adjust the comfortin their space. Improper temperature, humidity,ventilation, and indoor air quality can also havesignificant impacts on productivity and health.

When we are thermally comfortable we workbetter, shop longer, relax, breathe easier, focusour attention better.

In order to provide a comfortable and healthyindoor environment the building mechanicalsystem must:

Provide an acceptable level of temperature

and humidity and safe guard against odoursand indoor air pollutants.

Create a sense of habitability through airmovement, ventilation and slight

temperature variation.

Allow the occupant to control and modifyconditions to suit individual preferences.

resistance to building management

systems and intelligent buildings

technology

"Our buildings are already energy-efficient."(Is the whole building energy-efficient, or isthe landlord limiting his focus to commonareas and gross leased spaces?)


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"We prefer the equipment with the lowestfirst cost when fitting out tenant space."(Does the specifier have any idea who willbear the increased operating costs of such astrategy?)

"We need a two-year simple payback orless." (Is this still realistic, given that thepercentage return on money markets isliterally one-tenth what it was 20 years ago?)

"Tenants pay all energy costs, and will get allthe savings." (Do tenants really pay allenergy or just the energy over a pre-setbase year or expense stop?)

"We're selling the building." (Should we assume

then that lowering the operating expenses and

reaping the increased asset value are not

important?)Intelligent buildings mean many things

depending on your perspective and role. The

following list is one summary of these attributes.

Process

Design:

Flexibility designed to change;

Energy efficient design (LEED);

Complete building modeling;

Focus on building circulation and Feng Shui

and common spaces for networking;

Integration with transportation and surrounding

community.Construction:

Sustainable construction practices;

Electronic project documentation;

Modeling extended into construction.

Operations:

Integration of all systems;

Remote operations and optimization;

Tenant portals;

After-hours operation;

Maintenance management and dispatch;

Energy information and management systems; Real-time energy response;

Continuous comfort monitoring and feedback.

Technology

General:

Tenant amenities:

Concierge;

Shopping;

Restaurants;

Lodging;

Parking;

Restrooms.

Optimized vertical transport.

Personal comfort control:

Temperature;

Humidity;

IAQ;

Lighting;

Acoustic.

Networking/Telecom:

Common network infrastructure;

Structured maintainable cabling;

WiFi;

VOIP; and

Digital signage.

Security/Life Safety:

Digital video monitoring; Access control and monitoring;

Automatic fire suppression;

Fire detection and alarm;

Egress support (lighting, signage, smoke

control, etc.);

Contaminant monitoring and containment;

Proximate security/guard services.

Mechanical:

Energy efficient equipment;

Thermal storage;

Combined heat and power;

Controls optimization;

Extensive sensing;

Energy efficiency;

IAQ;

Comfort monitoring;

Internet enabled controls;

Enterprise integration;

Water and gas metering, sub-metering.

Electrical:

Energy efficient lighting;

Lighting control;

Distributed generation; Dual power feeds/emergency power;

Power quality monitoring;

Sub-metering/billing.


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FEATURE BENEFIT

Dimmable fluorescent

lighting integrated

with sun blind control

Optimal lighting level

and quality can be

determined by the

occupants.

Lighting control withmotion sensors

integrated with

security

Only provide lighting asneeded. Reduces energy

use and increases

security.

Natural and

displacement

ventilation.

More efficient and

effective distribution of

ventilation.

Use of economizers

for free cooling.Energy efficiency.

Individual temperature

and lighting control.

Improved comfort is

shown to improve

productivity.

Addresses the number

one concern of tenants

as found in BOMA

surveys.

Radiant heating and

cooling.

Improved comfort,

reduced energy use.

Optimized control

algorithms.

Reduce energy use with

little or no impact on

comfort.

Combined heat and

power plants.

Improved energy

efficiency and

sustainability.

After hours control oflights and HVAC

integrated with

security.

Improved security while

reducing energy use.

Monitoring of IAQ

and contaminants.

Improved comfort,

safety, and productivity.

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design,

or LEED

Ebene Cyber Tower

2005 building of the year

Architect of change

T. KRITHIKA REDDY

The EBENE CYBER TOWER is an intelligent12-storey building spread over 42,274

square metres and equipped with ultra

modern features. This landmark buildingis enabled with various facilities includingvideo conferencing, conference hall, 24/7

restaurant and banks.

Its exteriors have been designed to reflect

the latest trends in curtain walling. With

its state-of-the-art design andarchitectural features, the atrium allows

daylight entry. On the other hand, theexposed and exo-skeletal features are

designed such as to conserve energy andutilise the sunshine features of the

Mauritian environment.

Documents

Intelligent Buildings Design and Building Management Systems