Intelligence and Learning

8/8/2019 Intelligence and Learning

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Intelligence and Learning


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Learning

Is acquiring new knowledge, behaviors, skills,values, preferences or understanding whichalters the way we perceive our environment andour interactions with it. It may occur as part of

education, personal development, or training. Itmay be goal-oriented and may be aided bymotivation


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Types of Learning Non-associative

Associative

Imprinting Observational

Play

Enculturation

Multimedia

Augmented

Rote

Formal Non-Formal

Tangential

Dialogic


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Non-Associative Learning

It has two types

Habituation

Sensitization


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Habituation

Is a type of non-associative learning

leading to a decreased behavioral

response to repeated stimuli

It is learning to ignore irrelevant

stimuli.


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Example

Your room mate listens to music in

high volume (stimulus) which irritates

you and prevents you from sleeping

(response). A couple of weeks later,

you learned to ignore the music and

you are able to sleep regardless ofhow high the volume of music is since

you already got used to it.


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Sensitization

The progressive amplification of a

response follows repeated

administrations of a stimulus.

The repetition of a stimulus helps

develop greater sensitivity towards the

stimulus.


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Example

A girl was able to identify his fathers

car from the other cars passing by

their house by listening to the car

engines sound. Because she is

already used to its sound by hearing it

everyday.


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Associative Learning

It has two types

Operant conditioning

Classical conditioning


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Operant Conditioning Refers to how an organism operates on

the environment

Learning to act differently based on thenatural consequences of your previous

actions and how we respond to what is

presented to us in our environment.


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Example

A child learns that hitting other kids is

bad because he is being scolded by

his parents when he do so. Therefore,

next time he will not hit other kids

anymore.

A child learns that behaving well willresult on being praised, therefore he

will behave well in order to be praised.


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Classical Conditioning

Proposed by Ivan Palov

The typical procedure for inducing

classical conditioning involves

presentations of a neutral stimulus

(conditioned stimulus) along with

another stimulus (unconditionedstimulus).


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Example On a person's first visit at the dentist, the sound of

the drill signifies nothing to that person until thedentist begins to use the drill (unconditioned

stimulus). The pain and discomfort(unconditioned response) of having a tooth drilledis then remembered by that person on thesubsequent visit. The sound of the drill(conditioned stimulus) is enough to produce a

feeling of anxiety, tensed muscles, and sweatypalms (conditioned response) in that person evenbefore the dentist has begun to use the drill.


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Imprinting

It is any kind of phase-sensitive

learning that is rapid and apparently

independent of the consequences ofbehavior.


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Example

A baby recognized his mother through

various stimulus such as the mothers

scent, face, voice and through touch.


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Observational learning

It is a type of learning that occurs as a

function of observing, retaining and

replicating a behavior executed byothers. It can take place at any stage

in life; it is thought to be of greater

importance during childhood. It is alsoknown as modeling and emulation.


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Play Are motivated activities that is normally

associated with pleasure and enjoyment.

It is pivotal for children's development, asthey make meaning of their environment

through play.

Play with structured rules is called game.


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Example

Different countries have varied ways of

eating, some use bare hands (India,

Philippines) while others use spoonand fork (Western Countries), there

are also some who are using

chopsticks (China, Japan). And welearn these because the culture that is

present In our country.


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Multimedia learning Is where a person uses both auditory and

visual stimuli to learn information


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Examples Video presentation and Visual Aided

Lectures.


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Augmented learning

It is an on-demand learning technique

where the environment adapts to the

learner.


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Example

For example a computer inclined

individual may learn a lecture better by

adapting a lecture to the learnersenvironment through use of power

point presentations or interactive

lessons.


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Rote learning

Avoids understanding the inner

complexities and inferences of the

subject that is being learned and insteadfocuses on memorizing the material so

that it can be recalled by the learner

exactly the way it was read or heard.

The major practice involved in rotelearning techniques is learning by

repetition


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Non-formal learning

Non-formal learning is organized learning

outside the formal learning system.

Examples are open forum, conventionsand workshops


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Tangential learning

The process by which some portion of

people will self-educate if a topic is

exposed to them in something thatthey already enjoy such as playing a

musical instrument.


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Dialogic learning

It is a type of learning based on dialogue

or discussions.

Indians are noted for having a habit ofasking questions.


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Domains of learning

Cognitive To recall, calculate,

discuss, analyze, problem solve, etc.

Psychomotor To dance, swim, ski,

dive, drive a car, ride a bike, etc.

Affective To like something or

someone, love, appreciate, fear, hate,worship, etc.


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Domain of Learning

It is suggested by Benjamin Bloom.The domains are not mutually

exclusive. An example is when playingchess one must learn first the rules(cognitive), learn how to move andhandle the pieces (psychomotor) and

one may find the game interesting andis motivated to learn its history andother benefits it can give (affective).


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Intelligence

A property of the mind including related abilities,such as the capacities for abstract thought,understanding, communication, reasoning,learning, learning from past experiences,

planning, and problem solving.


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Intelligence

Sir Francis Galton is a key figure in

modern intelligence testing.

The first workable intelligence test was

developed by French psychologist

Alfred Binet together with Theodore

Simon . IQ = (Mental Age/Chronological Age)*100


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Theories on Human

Intelligence

General Intelligence

Theory of Multiple Intelligence

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Primary Mental Abilities

Emotional Intelligence


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General Intelligence

Proposed by Charles Spearman

Intelligence is general cognitive ability

that could be measured and

numerically expressed


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Theory of Multiple Intelligence

Proposed by Howard Gardner

Intelligence has eight component Spatial

Linguistic

Logical-Mathematical

Kinesthetic

Musical

Interpersonal Intrapersonal

Naturalistic


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Spatial

Skilled with spatial visualization and

clear vision of minds eye

Careers related with this intelligence

are artist, designers, and architects.


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Linguistic

Skilled with words may it be written or

spoken.

Careers inclined with this intelligence

are writers, lawyers, teachers, poets

and politicians


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Logical-Mathematical

Skilled with abstractions, reasoning

and numbers.


are scientists, physicists,

mathematicians, logicians, engineers,

doctors, economists and philosophers.


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Kinesthetic

Skilled in control of one's bodily motions andskillful handling of objects

This intelligence also includes a sense oftiming, a clear sense of the goal of aphysical action, along with the ability to trainresponses so they become like reflexes.

Careers inclined with this intelligence areathletes, dancers, musicians, actors,surgeons, doctors, builders, police officers,and soldiers


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Musical

Skilled in tone, sound and rhythm

identification

They use songs or rhythms to learn and aresensitive to rhythm, pitch, meter, tone and

melody.

Careers inclined with this intelligence are

instrumentalists, singers, conductors, disc-jockeys, writers and composers.


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Interpersonal

Skilled in interaction with other. They are

commonly extrovert. They are sensitive in

moods, motivations and feelings of others.Highly cooperative in group activities. They

learn through debate and discussions

Careers inclined with this intelligence are

sales, politicians, managers, teachers, andsocial workers.


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Intrapersonal

Skilled in understanding their self and

their motivations. They can predict

their own reaction and emotions.People with intrapersonal intelligence

also prefer to work alone.

Careers inclined with this intelligenceare philosophers, psychologists,

theologians, lawyers, and writers.


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Naturalistic

Recently added in 1999

Skilled in relating to nature and

nurturing it.


are naturalists, farmers, and

gardeners.


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Triarchic theory of intelligence

Formulated by Robert J. Sternberg

It was among the first to go against the

psychometric approach to intelligence andtake a more cognitive approach.

Three fundamental Aspects of Intelligence

Analytical

Creative

Practical


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Fundamental Aspects of

Intelligence

Analytical intelligence: This component

refers to problem-solving abilities.

Creative intelligence: This aspect of intelligence involves the ability to deal with

new situations using past experiences and

current skills.

Practical intelligence: This element refers tothe ability to adapt to a changing

environment.


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Primary Mental Abilities

Proposed by Louis L. Thurstone

Instead of viewing intelligence as a

single, general ability, the theory

focused on seven different "primary

mental abilities"


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Seven Primary Mental Abilities

Verbal comprehension

Reasoning

Perceptual speed

Numerical ability

Word fluency

Associative memory

Spatial visualization


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Emotional Intelligence

Refers ability to identify, assess,

manage and control the emotions of

one's self, of others, and of groups.


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Factors Affecting

Intelligence

Biological

Environmental

Ethical

Documents

Intelligence and Learning