Intel’s MicroprocessorsThe Journey from 4004 to i7 and many more

What Is A Microprocessor

Also known as central processing unit - CPU

An integrated circuit built on a tiny piece of silicon

It contains thousands, or even millions, of transistors, which are interconnected via superfine traces of aluminum

The transistors work together to store and manipulate data so that the microprocessor can perform a wide variety of useful functions

The particular functions a microprocessor performs are dictated by software

One most common task microprocessors perform is to serve as "brains" inside personal computers (PC), but they deliver

"intelligence" to other devices as well

Microprocessor History

Most important advances in computer technology - 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors

Pioneered by Intel since 1970’s and dominated by Intel since 1980’s 4-bit 4004 in 1971 8-bit 8008 in 1972 8-bit 8080 and 8085 in 1974 16-bit 8088 and 8086, brains of famous IBM PC 32-bit 80286 (1982), 80386 (1985), 80486 (1989), Pentium

(1993), Pentium II (1997), Celeron and Pentium III (1999) and Pentium 4 (2000)

Latest 64-bit core2 and core i series(2009)

No. of Transistors

Model Year of Introduction No. of Transistors

4004 1971 2,2508008 1972 2,5008080 1974 5,0008086 1978 29,00080286 1982 120,00080386™ processor 1985

275,00080486™ DX processor 1989 1,180,000Pentium® processor 1993 3,100,000Pentium II processor 1997 7,500,000Pentium III processor 1999 24,000,000Pentium 4 processor 2000 42,000,000

Using very large-scale integration (VLSI) circuit technology

What does 45nm means?Penryn (code name)FasterSmallerGreener

So what does it mean?

Invention of TransistorsTransistors replaced vacuum tubesIt was smaller than the vacuum tubeIf you put a bunch in a row interconnected

you could control the on and off

So what does it mean?

Dr. Gordon E. Moore, Chairman Emeritus of Intel Corporation, predicted that no. of transistors per integrated circuit would double every 18 months

So what does it mean?

General PC Architecture(old architecture)

SecondaryStorageMemory

CPUInputUnit

OutputUnit

Primary Storage Memory

ProgramStorageMemory

DataStorageMemory

Memory Unit

Types of Brain ArchitectureNetBurst MicroArchitectureCore MicroArchitectureNehalem MicroArchitecture

NetBurst MicroArchitectureHyper Pipelined Technology a)20 stage pipelining instead 10 stages in p3

Rapid Execution Enginea) two ALUs in the core of the CPU are double-

pumped

Eg Celeron, Pentium4,Pentium D etc

Core MicroArchitectureProduces less heatConsumes less powerLinked L1 cache and shared L2 cacheIntroduced multiple Core technology on

single die

Eg:- Intel Core2 series, like Core2Duo, Core2Quad

Nehalem MicroArchitectureReintroduced L3 cache for better Hyper

Threading32 KB L1 data cache per core Latest Advancement in processor

Microarchitecture256 KB L2 cache per core4–12 MB L3 cache shared by all cores

Eg:- Core i3, Core i5, core i7

Core i3The first Core i3 processors were launched

on January 7, 2010The first Nehalem based Core i3 was

Clarkdale-based, with an integrated GPU and two cores

Core i5The first Core i5 was introduced on

September 8, 2009Based on Nehalem MicroArchitectureIntegrated Memory ControllerIt was released with two architectures

A) with integrated GPU like i3(Clarkdale Model)

B) without integrated GPU(Lynnfield Model)

Corei7By far the Fastest Processor on earthClock frequency of 9.2ghz recorded256KB of L1 cache Supports HyperBoostGives Better performance with less power

consumptionRemoval of FSB and Introduction of Quick

Path Interconnection A.K.A QPI

Core i5 V/s Core i7Core i5Integrated with GPU

with ClarkdaleSupports Hyper BoostUses traditional FSB

system to connect to southbridge

Uses dual channel DDR3 ram

Core i7No separate GPU Supports HyperBoostUses QPI instead of FSB,

thereby removing southbridge

Uses triple channel DDR3 Ram

Core i3 V/s Core i5Core i3 Core i5Does not support turbo

boostHave integrated GPUPhysically 2 cores are

present

Supports Turbo boostClarkdale model has

GPU but Lynnfield does not

Physically 4 core are present

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