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Integration of Terrestrial and Airborne
Wireless Networks for Emergency
Situations: the ABSOLUTE Project
Mihael Mohorčič
Dept. of Communication Systems
Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
IX International Symposium on Information and Communication Technologies
INTSIKT 2013
Emergency Telecommunication Systems
Faculty of Electrical Engineering Tuzla, June 3-4, 2013
Overview
Disasters
Rescue operations and emergency communications
'Professional' communications and professional
mobile radio
Terrestrial vs airborne systems
◦ Standalone or integrated solution
Next generation emergency communication systems
ABSOLUTE project
◦ Key technologies, system architecture and
the role of JSI
Disasters
Natural disasters
◦ resulting from natural hazards
◦ ...a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of
the Earth; examples include floods, volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geologic processes.
Human-made disasters
◦ resulting from human-made (-casued) hazards
sociological (crime, arson, terrorism, war)
technological (industrial, transportation, hazardous materials,
power outage)
◦ ...threats having an element of human intent, negligence, or
error; or involving a failure of a human-made system.
Definitions from Wikipedia
Hurricane Sandy - 2012
Tohoku earthquake & tsunami, 2011
Earthquake, Haiti 2010
The world's worst natural disasters, http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2008/05/08/f-natural-disasters-history.html
...and more...
Earthquakes and tsunamis
◦ May 12, 2008. About 70,000 people were killed and 18,000 people were reported missing after a 7.9-magnitude earthquake struck Sichuan, China.
◦ Oct. 8, 2005. At least 80,000 people were killed and three million left homeless after a quake struck the mountaineous Kashmir district in Pakistan.
◦ Dec. 26, 2004. A magnitude 9.0 quake struck off the coast of Sumatra, triggering tsunamis that swept through the coastal regions of a dozen countries bordering the Indian Ocean. The death toll has been estimated at between 225,000 and 275,000.
◦ Dec. 26, 2003. An earthquake devastated the ancient city of Bam, in central Iran, leaving between 31,000 and 43,000 people dead.
◦ ...
Volcanic eruptions
◦ July 15, 1991. Mt. Pinatubo on Luzon Island in the Philippines erupted, blanketing 750 square kms with volcanic ash. More than 800 died.
◦ Nov. 13-14, 1985. At least 25,000 are killed near Armero, Colombia, when the Nevado del Ruiz volcano erupted, triggering mudslides.
◦ May 8, 1902. Mt. Pelee erupted on the Caribbean island of Martinique, destroying the capital city of St. Pierre. Up to 40,000 were killed. The day before, a volcano had killed 1,600 people on the nearby island of St. Vincent and five months later Mt. Santa Maria erupted in Guatemala, killing another 6,000.
◦ ...
Hurricanes, cyclones and floods
◦ July-August 2010. Floods triggered by heavier-than-normal monsoon rains hit northwest Pakistan. By the time the waters began to recede in late August, more than 160,000 square kilometres of land — about one-fifth of the country — was under water. More than 1,700 people were killed and 17.2 million people have been affected.
◦ May 3, 2008. Cyclone Nargis, swept along by winds that exceeded 190 kmh and waves six metres high struck the Burmese peninsula and may have left as many as 100,000 dead, according to U.S. estimates.
◦ Oct. 26-Nov. 4, 1998. Hurricane Mitch was the deadliest hurricane to hit the Americas. It killed 11,000 in Honduras and Nicaragua and left 2.5 million homeless.
◦ Aug. 5, 1975. At least 85,000 were killed along the Yangtze River in China when more than 60 dams failed following a series of storms, causing widespread flooding and famine. This disaster was kept secret by the Chinese government for 20 years.
◦ ...
...
...and more coming
2013
◦ Erruption (expected) of Copahue volcano, evacuation ordered in the radius of 25 km, Chile & Argentina
◦ Oklahoma tornado, USA
◦ Texas flash floods, USA
◦ Wildfires in California, USA
◦ Dhaka Building Collapse, Bangladesh
◦ Landslide in Hidalgo, Mexico
◦ Earthquake in Atacama, Chile (M6.8 )
◦ Earthquake in Lushan, Sichuan, China
◦ Earthquake on Iran-Pakistan border (M7.8)
◦ Floods in Kenya, Argentina, Mauritius, ...
◦ ...
http://www.disaster-report.com/
Rescue operations
Aftermath requirements
Rescue teams
◦ Different specialisations such as firefighters, medical stuff,
police forces, mountain rescue teams, support personnel,
engineers, geologists,...
Humanitarian aid
◦ Food, water, medical care and sanitation supplies, clothes,
tents, ...
Maintaining order
◦ Prevent looting and spreading of diseases
Rebuilding and restoring normal living conditions
...
Emergency communications
Needed for
◦ Coordination of rescue teams
Between team members in the field
Between different (international / specialisation) teams
w/ operations centre
w/ hqtrs
...
◦ Provision of reliable data from the field to support operation‘s decisions
◦ Coordination of humanitarian and recovery operations, infrastructure restoration and post-disaster surveillance
◦ Providing citizens and rescue team members with a link to families and friends
◦ ...
Emergency communications
Why not using what is there and available?
◦ Availability
◦ Reliability
◦ Security
◦ Robustness
◦ Capacity
◦ ...
Pre-existing infrastructure
Status of pre-existing infrastructure in dissaster area
◦ Wireless towers damaged
◦ Communication equipment
and/or premises damaged
◦ Communication lines cut
◦ Power lines cut
◦ Communication traffic overload
◦ ...
'Professional' communications
Why using different systems for professional and public
communications?
◦ Direct mode of communication and coverage extension
◦ Independence of backbone infrastructure
◦ Separate group channels
◦ Security
◦ Robustness
◦ Simplicity of use
◦ ...
Professional Mobile Radio
Main PMR standards
◦ Project 25 (P25 or APCO-25)
suite of standards for digital radio communications in North
America; also used in Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Canada,
India and Russia
◦ Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA)
professional mobile radio for public safety networks and the
military in Europe; also used in China and more than 60 other
countries
◦ Digital Mobile Radio (DMR)
open digital radio standard specified in ETSI TS 102 361 parts 1-4
and used in products all over the world
Terrestrial vs airborne systems
Deployment options for emergency communication system ◦ Terrestrial networks
Pre-existing terrestrial infrastructure compromised
Long time required to restore the network
Portable terrestrial base stations / access points have small coverage area and may be difficult to move and deploy
PMR requiring dedicated user equipment
◦ Satellite systems always available
independent from conditions on the ground
providing large coverage area
requiring dedicated user equipment
providing low link capacity to end users
◦ Aerial platforms at different altitudes providing the trade-off between terrestrial and satellite deployments
medium to large covera area
depend on weather conditions
need to be brought in and require terrestrial or satellite backhaul links
Integrated terestrial and satellite systems
for emergency communications
Several projects investigating next-generation emergency communications for integration in satellite/airborne communication systems and/or for high speed data transfer
◦ EMERGSAT (ESA) Prototype development, technical verification and validation of a satellite-
based communication system for managing emergency situations involving the use of Earth Observation techniques
◦ REMSAT (ESA) Use of satellite technologies for emergency planning and management of
forest fires and river flooding
◦ TRACKS (ESA) Extending the use of a GSM cellular network using satellite links in
combination with transportable Base Stations for developing countries and crisis management
◦ WISECOM (FP6) Develop and validate rapidly deployable lightweight communications
infrastructure for emergency conditions integrating several terrestrial mobile radio networks (GSM, UMTS, WiFi) over satellite systems (Inmarsat BGAN and DVB-RCS)
◦ ...
'XG' Emergency communications
Support for broadband data transmission
◦ Existing PMR and emergency communications systems primarily designed and optimised for voice transmission (TDMA, low bit rates)
FCC adopted LTE as the required air interface for future public safety broadband network operations at 700 MHz to
◦ transmit data wirelessly through a standard IP platform
◦ permit the transmission of data-intensive services with minimal delay to the user
◦ achieve data rates in the range of Mbps, low latency, high-speed mobility
◦ ensure nation-wide interoperability
◦ benefit from the economies of scale brough in by the commercial deployments
ECC looking to establish a harmonized frequency band for broadband dedicated public-safety network
◦ LTE-A seen as potential target technology
◦ FP7 project ABSOLUTE working on integrated terrestrial and airborne emergency communication system incorporating LTE-A technology
Helikites
ABSOLUTE at a glance
◦ Aerial Base Stations with Opportunistic Links
for Unexpected & Temporary Events
◦ FP7 Call-8 Integrated Project
◦ 17 partners, 1023 PM
◦ Oct. 2012 – Sep. 2015
◦ Total Budget / EC Funding: 11.3M€ / 8M€
◦ Develop (and demonstrate!) rapidly deployable
mobile network for broadband services during
emergency recovery and temporary events thanks to the
combination of aerial, terrestrial and satellite communications.
Key technologies in ABSOLUTE
Embedded 4G / LTE-A eNodeB
◦ low altitude aerial platforms
◦ portable multi-modal terrestrial case with
LTE-A, TETRA, Wi-Fi, SatCom, positioning
Satellite communications
◦ broadband backhaul in Ka-band
◦ direct narrowband services in S-band
Dynamic spectrum access and management
Opportunistic and cooperative networking
Multi-mode user equipment (MM-UE)
◦ integrating LTE UE and existing emergency
wireless technologies (TETRA)
Wireless sensor networks
ABSOLUTE system architecture
ABSOLUTE key technologies
Embedded 4G / LTE-A eNodeB
◦ Terrestrial
◦ Aerial
ABSOLUTE key technologies
Satellite communications
◦ Broadband backhaul in Ka-band
◦ Narrowband fronthaul in S-band
ABSOLUTE key technologies
Dynamic spectrum access and management
◦ Seamless network reconfiguration
◦ Avoid harmful interference
◦ Spectrum sensing
◦ Radio environmental maps
ABSOLUTE key technologies
Opportunistic and cooperative networking
◦ Direct communications between LTE-A UE
◦ Opportunistic network off-load
◦ Improved robustness,
system availability and
link resilience
ABSOLUTE key technologies
Multi-mode user equipment
◦ Supporting LTE-A and TETRA radio interfaces
◦ Direct mode LTE comms
◦ Narrowband satellite
services in S-band
◦ Opportunistic off-load
ABSOLUTE key technologies
Wireless sensor networks
◦ External spectrum sensing
◦ Post-disaster surveillance
Field test trials
◦ assess system performances
◦ test key functionalities
Final demonstration
◦ demonstrate to stake holders
and to end users the
ABSOLUTE concept
ABSOLUTE trials and demonstration
Mobile nodes Gateway
Subnet
LAP LAP or Fixed
platform
GEO Satellite
Headquarters LAP
aerial
platform LAP – LAP Link
if feasible
Role of JSI in ABSOLUTE
Contributing with past experience
◦ Design of TETRA network and services
◦ Satellite and stratospheric communications
SatCom and HAP projects
SECOMS, SatNEx I/II, HeliNet, CAPANINA, COST actions,...
Signal measurements from hot air baloon (TETRA, WiMAX, WiFi)
in the air
on the ground
TETRA repeater
Cleartone 9000
RS232
PC for RSSI
measurements of
TETRA networkhandheld TETRA
terminal with GPS
receiver
mobile TETRA
terminal
RS232
connection with
TETRA network
TETRA network
power supply
RS232
PC for RSSI measurements
of TETRA repeaterDXT
TBSTBS
handheld TETRA
terminal with GPS
receiver
in the air
on the ground
WiMAX Pico BS
RS232
PC for BS control
GPS receiver
USB
power supply
fixed WiMAX
modem
GPS receiverGPS receiver
USBUSB
RS232
USB
WiMAX USB
modem
f=3.458GHz
PC for RSSI
measurements
PC for RSSI
measurements
in the air
on the ground
MAP [Mesh AP CISCO
AP AIR-LAP1522]
USB
PC for MAP control +
Iperf server
GPS receiver
power supply
access connection
(2.4 GHz)
RAP [Mesh AP CISCO
AP AIR-LAP1522]
backhaul connection
(5 GHz)
controler
PC for data rate measurements
(Iperf client)
router
RS232
PC for RSSI measurements
and positioning
power
injector
access connection
(2.4 GHz)
GPS receiver
power supply
access connection
(2.4 GHz)
Role of JSI in ABSOLUTE
Contributing with past experience
◦ Emergency communications in special
operating environments
Long road and train tunnels and
underground corridors
Underground and multi-storey parking houses
Signal propagation measurements
Developing 4-slope channel model
for long tunnels (d >> w)
Role of JSI in ABSOLUTE
State of the art research
◦ Contribute to specification of system requirements
◦ Investigate cognitive radio mechanisms incorporating
spectrum awareness from radio environmental maps
Cooperative, opportunistic spectrum sensing and its integration
into radio environmental map
Support dynamic spectrum access and management
Role of JSI in ABSOLUTE
State of the art research
◦ Dynamic and flexible network topology management
Role of JSI in ABSOLUTE
State of the art research
◦ Context-aware mobility management, traffic routing and
prioritisation, load balancing ...
Role of JSI in ABSOLUTE
State of the art research
◦ Design and development of sensor nodes for emergency
applications and integration of WSN gateway in TeNB
◦ Participation in field trials and final demonstration
responsible for sensor network segment
Acknowledgement
This work has been partially funded by
the European Community through the
FP7 project ABSOLUTE (FP7-ICT-318632).
www.absolute-project.com
