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8/12/2019 Integrated Farming India
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Integrated Farming Systems in Arid Zone of India under
Climate Change Perspective .
India
S.P.S. Tanwar, Suresh Kumar
and M.M. Roy
Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan
&
Raman Kant Mishra, Add. Commissioner Ministry of Agriculture,
India
The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or
policies of the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of
Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this
paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily
be consistent with ADB official terms.
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Temperature
Rise
Rainfall
Projections
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Climate Projections Av. Surface temperature: increase by 2 - 4C during 2050s
Monsoon Rainfall: Marginal changes in monsoon months (JJAS)
: Large changes during non-monsoon months
No. of rainy days: set to decrease by more than 15 days
Intensity of rains : to increase by 1-4 mm/day
Cyclonic storms: Increase in frequency and intensity of cyclonicstorms is projected
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Vulnerability to Climate Change
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Projected impacts of climate
change on Indian agriculture Cereal productivity to decrease by 10-40%
by 2100. Greater loss expected in rabi. Every 1oC
increase in temperature reduces wheat
production by 4-5 million tons. Loss only1-2 million tons if farmers could plant intime.
Increased droughts and floods are likelyto increase production variability
Reduced frequency of frost damage: lessdamage to potato, peas, mustard
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Projected impacts of climate change
on Indian agriculture Imbalance in food trade due to positive
impacts on Europe and N.America, and
negative impacts on us Increased water, shelter, and energy
requirement for livestock; implications
for milk production Increasing sea and river water
temperatures are likely to affect fish
breeding, migration, and harvests. Coralreefs start declining from 2030.
Considerable effect on microbes,pathogens, and insects
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Adaptation and mitigation framework:Need to consider emerging scenario
Greater demand for (quality) food; yieldsneed to increase by 30-50% by 2030
Increasing urbanization and globalization
Increasing competition from other sectors
for land, energy, water and capital Climate change a continuous process;
greater focus on short-term actions on
adaptation and mitigation
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Adaptation in agriculture is
a continuous process Agriculture diversity is a manifestation of
climatic adaptation
Farmers/society have always adapted whenallowed by technology availability, theirsocio-economic capacity, and economics.
Induced adaptation by innovation:
Green revolution of 1960s
Resource conservation technologies such as zerotillage
GMOs
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Key adaptation strategies
1. Assisting farmers in coping with
current climatic risks
2. Intensifying food production systems
3. Improving land and watermanagement
4. Enabling policies5. Strengthening adaptation research
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Sequestering soil carbon andmitigating GHGs
Addition of organic manures, minimaltillage, agro-forestry
Alternate drying in irrigated paddies
Management practices to increasenitrogen use efficiency
Increasing fuel efficiency in agri.
machines Improved management of livestock diet
These strategies have costs and otherimplications
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Agro-Ecological Regions
Ecosystems -6
•arid,
•semi arid,
• sub humid,
• humid-per humid,
•coastal and island ecosystem
Agroecoregions - 20
Agro eco subregions – 125
Farm families -150 millionFarming systems ????
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Integrated Farming System
IFS is judicious mix of one or more
enterprises along with cropping Havingcomplimentary effect through effectiverecycling of wastes and crop residues and
encompasses additional source of incometo the farmer.
IFS activity is focused around a few
selected inter-dependent, inter-relatedand inter-linked production systems, based on crop, animals and subsidiary
professions. 12
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ARID ZONE FARMINGSYSTEMS –A CASE STUDY
13
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F t f A id Z f I di
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Features of Arid Zone of India
Geography &
Soils
Climate
Drought
Water
Animal
Vegetation
Socio-economicstatus
: Undulated topography with interspersedrocky terrain. Light textured crust prone
soils.
: Low and erratic rainfall, high PET due tointense solar radiation, temperatures, and
wind.
: Recurring feature of Arid Zone.
: Scarce, G.W. meager and mostly saline.
: Very high population (20.4 m).
: Negligible ground cover of poor forageproductivity (0.4 – 0.5 t/ha)
: High population pressure (22.4 m)
illiteracy, uncontrolled grazing,subsistence farming and poor economic base.
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Month/Season
AridZone
Semi Arid
ZoneJune 6.9 2.3
July 26.1 -0.7
August -22.8 15.6
September -8.3 -16.2
PreMonsoon 3.1 -3.9
Post
Monsoon
0.4 6.4
Total Annual
7.7 -3.8
Ref. Guhathakurta, P and Rajeevan, M.
2008. Int. J. Climatol . 28:1453-1469
Increase / Decrease inRainfall (mm) in 100
years in Rajasthan
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Climate Change Projections for Arid Zone
Annual temperature is likely to increase by 2-5oC.
Winter temperature and night temperature toincrease
Rainfall is likely to decline gradually by 20-30% in thenorthwestern part while the eastern fringe of aridzone may experience an increase of up to 25%.
Winter rains may gradually increase by 20-40%.
• SW & S Rajasthan may get 15-30% higher monsoonrains, but
Very high intensity rain and lesser rainy days expected
20
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Av. Ann. Rainfall
Grasses Shrubs Trees Crop
diversification
Range-Pasture-
Livestock
farming Agroforestry
Mixed farming
LivestockPastures
Arable cropping(Crop diversification)
Agroforestry
Livestock farming
250 450350
D
o
m
in
a
n
t
F
S
Farming systems in arid region : ScenarioLIKELYCHANGES IN
ANNUALTEMPERATUREIN NORTHWEST
INDIA BYYEAR 2071
USING PRECIS RCMFOR A2 SCENARIO
SOURCE:
HADLEY CENTRE, UK
Boundaries are approximate
GIS OVERLAYS BY A. KAR
CAZRI, JODHPUR
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Likely Impact of Climate Change• Impacts on soil water, runoff, wind and water erosion,
crop pest and diseases
• Increased evapotranspiration: 1o C increase lead to 15
mm more ET i.e. additional 313 MCM water needed.• Decrease in biomass production between 49-54 % at
4oC rise in temperature
• 20-40% yield loss in mustard and other rabi crops• Impacts on livestock: comfort, body weight, milk yield
• Degradation of pastures
• Lasirus – Cenchrus (most palatable)
• Cynadon – Elusine
• Cenchrus biflorus- Aristida -Oropatium thomaeum• (least palatable and degraded)
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Farming System Perspective of Arid Zone Agriculture
Poor andcomplex Sico-
Economic
Frame work
Fragile Natural
Resource Base
Rich Indigenous Knowledge Poolon Arid Land Farming Systems
Innovations& Technological
Advancement
Macro and Micro level
Planning of Farming System
Research & Perspective
Location specificFarming System Modules
Market linkages & value Chain
For profit optimization
Poverty
Alleviation
Livelihood
Security
Natural
Resource
Up gradation
SustainableLand
Management
Economic
viabilityand Ecological
Stability
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Average Annual Rainfall
Grasses Shrubs TreesCrop
diversification
Range-Pasture-
Livestock
farmingAgro-forestry
Mixed farmingLivestock
Pastures
Arable cropping(Crop diversification)
Agro-forestry
Livestock farming
250 450350
D
o
mi
n
a
n
t
F
S
Farming systems in arid region : Scenario
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Traditional agroforestry systems of
Thar DesertRainfall
zone
(mm) Agroforestry system Tree/Shurb
density
(Nos./ha) % density
of
prominentspecies
>400 P. cineraria – A. nilotica based 31.4 80.5 300-400
P. cineraria based
14.2
80.0
200-300 Zizyphus spp. - P. cineraria
based 91.7 92.0 <200 Zizyphus spp. - P. cineraria –
Salvadora spp. based 17.2 65.0
26
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The Parkland Effect
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The potential of growing sweet sorghum
for fodder was not studied earlieranywhere in western Rajasthan
May act as precursor for sugar industry
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Agroforestry with P.cineraria
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Agri Horti System
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Crop diversification - Intercropping
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Agripasture with C. mopane
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Agri Silvi culture – H. binnata
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Ley Farming
B d l t ti f f l d
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Boundary plantation for fuelwoodand as Shelterbelt – A. tortilis
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Percent economic gains from farming system
components in integrated farming system model
Present worth (Rs ) benefit: cost ratio and IRR
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Present worth (Rs.) , benefit: cost ratio and IRRof integrated farming system model after a
decade (2001-2010)
Parameters Discount factor (%)
0 15 25
Net present worth (Rs.)
5,28,275 1,63,400 83,219
B:C Ratio 2.05 1.93 1.83
IRR (%) 21.6%
Benefit cost ratio of various components
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Benefit cost ratio of various components
of IFS model (Average of 10 years)
40
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Arablefarming
AgroForestrywith P.
cineraria
Agri-Hortiwith Ber
Farmforestrywith H.
binnata
Farmforestrywith A.
tortilis
silvipasture
(C.ciliari+
Z.rotundifolia
B :
C r
a t i o
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Soil Organic – C status after cropharvest
Agroforestry : 0.13 to 0.14%
Agro-horticulture : 0.10 to 0.12%
Sole cropping : 0.08 to 0.11%
Diversified farming systems for
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Diversified farming systems for various rainfall zones (% area)
suitability parameters< 250 250-350 350-450 450-600
Land use (% area)
Arable cropping 25 30 20 20
Agro- forestry 40 40 40 30
Agri –
Horticulture
- 15 30 40
Silvi pasture 35 15 10 10
Livestock (acu/year) 1.5-2.0 1.5-2.5 2.5 -3.0 3.0-4.0
B:C ratio 1.5 -2 1.5-2.5 2.5 -3 2.5 -3.5Net returns (US$) 140-200 200 -400 400- 700 700-1000
Gestation period 8-6 6-4 4-3 4-3
Employment(mandays/year)
200-300 300-500 400-600 500-700
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Water Management Based TIs
• Rain water harvesting
• Water conservation –
In-situ and inter-plot• Increased WUE
• Promotion of Water saving techniques
• Multiple Water Productivity
• Less water intensive livestock farming
• Water-positive knowledge sharing
• Focus on less water requiring alternative land
use systems
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TRADITIONAL SYSTEM OF
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
• Roof top Rainwater harvesting
• Tankas
• Nadis
• Khadins
•Pond
• Kui
• Beri
Traditional Tanka
Kui
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Nadi (Village Pond)
Kh di S t f C lti ti A ld t f
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Khadin System for Cultivation: An age-old system of water conservation for crop cultivation
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Solar pump
Surface water
storage
Water tank
storage drip
system
Drip system
Micro-sprinklersystem
S l f iti ti
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Some examples of mitigating
technologies in India Agroforestry
Conservation Agriculture
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Conservation Agriculture
“Do Not Beat The Land Into
Submission-rather Work InHarmony With It”
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Conservation Agriculture
Laser assisted precision land levelling
zero tillage (ZT) with residues recycling, direct drilling into the residues,
direct seeding of rice, brown manuring with
Sesbania,
unpuddled mechanical transplantation of r ice,
raised bed planting, crop diversification, and associated component
technologies like site-specific nutrient managemen
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Seasonal soil moisture
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Seasonal soil moisture
pattern Bed Planting Conventional Planting
Daily soil moisture pattern
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Daily soil moisture pattern
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Brown Manuring
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National Action Plan on Climate Change
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National Action Plan on Climate Change
(NAPCC)
National mission on Sustainable agriculture
National mission on Solar Energy
National mission on Enhance energy efficiency - Includingmandating energy consumption decreases in energyintensive industries (energy-savings certificates)
National mission on Sustainable habitat - energy efficiencyin urban planning
National mission on Water – improving water efficiency
National mission on Strategic knowledge for climatechange – private sector initiatives to develop adaptationand mitigation technologies
National mission on Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem
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Ongoing projects
National Bamboo Mission (NBM)
National Horticulture Mission (NHM) Conservation in the catchments of River Valley
Project & Flood Prone River (RVP & FPR),
Rainfed Area Development Programmes(RADP)
Reclamations & Development of Alkali & AcidSoils (RDAAS)
National progamme on oilseed and many
more