Integrated Design of Buildings · Integrated Design of Buildings Integrated Design of Buildings The Integrated Design Process (IDP) is a method for realizing high performance buildings

Integrated Design of Buildings :

Objectives, Requirements

Adrian Ciutina

Lecture 15: 21/03/2017

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions

under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC

L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures


Sustainable Constructions under Natural

Hazards and Catastrophic Events

Integrated Design of Buildings


Traditional Design of Buildings

The traditional design represent a linear process with a sequential order of

processes, considering independent design phases. In the traditional spirit of

building, there is a frequent dispute that leads to a so-called “adequate design”:

• The accomplishment of design criteria related to safety and functionality;

• The achievement of an economical structure.

In this reasoning, the criterion that governs the design of an objective becomes

purely economic.

Architect (+ customer):Design Concept

Schema, orientation, dimensions

Exterior aspect, Materials

Engineer (structure, services):Design implementation

Suggestion of adequate systems

Fulfilment of standard requirementss

Possible issues:Limited exploitation of potential advantages

Possible exposure to high (summer) or low (winter) thermal loads

Neutralisation of natural light potential

Exposure of inhabitants to internal discomfort.

Traditional design: • Increased final costs

and material use• Limited exploitation

of the potential advantages







Sustainable Design of Buildings

For a global approach, the design should also include the environmental impact.

In this logic the structural design should be based on the following philosophy:

among the solutions that assure the safety and functionality of a building,

one should chose those conducting to a minimum cost and a lower

impact on environment.

The sustainable design of buildings should fulfil the requirements related to the

three pillars:

- environment

- social conditions

- economic efficiency (on the whole life-cycle)


Integrated design is a procedure considering and

optimizing the building as an entire system including its

technical equipment and surroundings and for the whole

lifespan.

The IDP proceeds from whole building system strategies, working through increasing levels of specificity, to realize more optimally integrated solutions.







The Integrated Design Process (IDP) is a method for realizing high

performance buildings that contribute to sustainable communities.

It is a collaborative process that focuses on the design, construction, operation

and occupancy of a building over its complete life-cycle.

The IDP is designed to allow the client and other stakeholders to develop and

realize clearly defined and challenging functional, environmental and economic

goals and objectives.

The IDP requires a

multidisciplinary

design team that

includes or acquires

the skills required to

address all design

issues flowing from

the objectives.

The stakeholders in an integrated design process (LEED 2009)







The IDP is not new. What is new is that the knowledge and experience gained

by an analytic consideration of design for formalizing and structuring the

process.

This can be reached when all actors of the project cooperate across disciplines

and agree on far-reaching decisions jointly from the beginning.

This can be reached when all actors of the project cooperate across disciplines

and agree on far-reaching decisions jointly from the beginning. Main features:

• Motivation and competence: A qualified project starts with team members who

desire to achieve a quality design, through real communication skills and will to deviate

from traditional practices.

• Clear objectives: Interdisciplinary teamwork is begun in the pre-project stage on

the basis of clear definition of goals and applying different analytic and evaluative tools.

• Continuity of quality assurance: Continuous examination of the design goals by

a qualified design management. This considers a number of structural alterations and

disruptions from the outside over the course of the entire design and building process

and during the initial period of building operation. The integration of specialists at a later

stage of the process reduces their opportunities to influence the design, since client and

architect have already agreed on a sub-optimal solution.







In an IDP the client takes a more active role than usual; the architect

becomes a team leader rather than the sole form-giver; and the structural,

mechanical and electrical engineers take on active roles at early design

stages. The team always includes an energy specialist and, in some cases, an

independent Design Facilitator.

The benefits of the IDP are not limited to the improvement of environmental

performance. Experience shows that the open inter-disciplinary discussion and

synergistic approach will often lead to improvements in the functional program,

in the selection of structural systems and in architectural expression.

The IDP is based on the well-proven observation that changes and improvements in any design process are relatively easy to make at the beginning of the process, but become increasingly difficult and disruptive as the process unfolds.

There are not standard recipes for providing

Integrated Design solutions.

However, ID should be based on guidelines that

lead to sustainable buildings.







According to the Construction Product Regulation (from Directive 89/106/EEC),

Construction works as a whole and their separate parts must be fit for their

intended use, taking into account in particular the health and safety of

persons involved throughout the life cycle of the works. Subject to normal

maintenance, construction works must satisfy these basic requirements for an

economically reasonable working life.

Main issues recognized by Construction Product Regulation as important:

1. Structural safety of the structure. The construction works must be designed

and built in such a way that the loadings that are liable to act on them during

their constructions and use will not lead to any of the following:

a) collapse of the whole or part of the work;

b) major deformations to an inadmissible degree;

c) damage to other parts of the construction works or to fittings or installed

equipment as a result of major deformation of the load-bearing construction;

d) damage by an event to an extent disproportionate to the original cause.








2. Fire safety. The construction works must be designed and built in such a way

that in the event of an outbreak of fire:

a) the load-bearing capacity of the construction can be assumed for a

specific period of time;

b) the generation and spread of fire and smoke within the construction

works are limited;

c) the spread of fire to neighbouring construction works is limited;

d) occupants can leave the construction works or be rescued by other

means;

e) the safety of rescue teams is taken into consideration.








3. Hygiene, health and the environment. The construction works must be

designed and built in such a way that they will, throughout their life cycle, not be

a threat to the hygiene or health and safety of their workers, occupants or

neighbours, nor have an exceedingly high impact, over their entire life cycle, on

the environmental quality or on the climate, during their construction, use and

demolition, in particular as a result of any of the following:

a) the giving-off of toxic gas;

b) the emissions of dangerous substances, volatile organic compounds (VOC),

greenhouse gases or dangerous particles into indoor or outdoor air;

c) the emission of dangerous radiation;

d) the release of dangerous substances into ground water, marine waters, surface

waters or soil;

e) the release of dangerous substances into drinking water or substances which

have an otherwise negative impact on drinking water;

f) faulty discharge of waste water, emission of flue gases or faulty disposal of solid

or liquid waste;

g) Dampness in parts of the construction works or on surfaces within the

construction works.








4. Safety and accessibility in use. The construction works must be designed

and built in such a way that they do not present unacceptable risks of accidents

or damage in service or in operation such as slipping, falling, collision, burns,

electrocution, and injury from explosion and burglaries. In particular,

construction works must be designed and built taking into consideration

accessibility and use for disabled persons.

5. Protection against noise. The construction works must be designed and built

in such a way that noise perceived by the occupants or people nearby is kept to

a level that will not threaten their health and will allow them to sleep, rest and

work in satisfactory conditions.

6. Energy economy and heat retention. The construction works and their

heating, cooling, lighting and ventilation installations must be designed and built

in such a way that the amount of energy they require in use shall be low, when

account is taken of the occupants and of the climatic conditions of the location.

Construction works must also be energy-efficient, using as little energy as

possible during their construction and dismantling.








7. Sustainable use of natural resources. The construction works must be

designed, built and demolished in such a way that the use of natural resources

is sustainable and in particular ensure the following:

a) re-use or recyclability of the construction works, their materials and

parts after demolition;

b) durability of the construction works;

c) use of environmentally compatible raw and secondary materials in the

construction works.

The design team should consider these requirements during:- Preliminary design- Final project- Use of the building- During decommissioning







According to the Whole Building Design Guide, the design objectives must be

considered in concert and in balance with each other (alphabetical order):1. Accessibility: Pertains to building elements, heights and clearances implemented to

address the specific needs of disabled people.

2. Aesthetics: Pertains to the physical appearance and image of building elements and

spaces as well as the integrated design process.

3. Cost-efficiency: Pertains to selecting building elements on the basis of life-cycle costs

(weighing options during concepts, design development and value engineering) as

well as basic cost estimating and budget control.

4. Functionality/Operation: Pertains to functional programming – spatial needs and

requirements, system performance as well as durability and efficient maintenance of

building elements.

5. Historic Preservation: Pertains to specific actions within a historic district or affecting a

historic building whereby building elements and strategies are classifiable into one or

for approaches: preservation, rehabilitation, restoration, or reconstruction.

6. Productivity: Pertains to occupants’ well-being – physical and psychological comfort –

including building elements such as air distribution, lighting, workspaces, systems….

7. Security/Safety: Pertains to the physical protection of occupants and assets from

man-made and natural hazards

8. Sustainability: Pertains to environmental performance of building elements and

strategies.







Whole Building Design Guide, performance objectives:

Whole Building Design provides the strategies to achieve a true high-performance building: one that is cost-effective over its entire life cycle, safe, secure, accessible, flexible, aesthetic, productive, and sustainable.







Performance approach in design (Chartered Institute of Building):

Performance requirements in building express in measurable, solution

independent terms the properties of a building, space or building part that are

required to facilitate the intended use.

The Performance-Based Design PBD is defined as “a building design that is

based on a set of dedicated performance requirements and that can be

evaluated on the basis of performance indicators”. Steps in PBD:

1. Develop a vision statement for the building project to act as a guide for the design,

construction, and operation of the building.

2. Divide the vision statement into topic and subtopic areas to address specific details.

3. Define objectives of the building project for each of the subtopic areas.

4. Establish clear and measurable goals (may be an iterative process).

5. Define performance metrics to measure the progress toward achieving the goals.

6. Develop and carry out a plan for monitoring the building performance throughout the

design and operation of the building.

Some essential aspects of design, such as architectural and cultural value, cannot be expressed in measurable performance requirements but should be considered otherwise.







Performance approach in design (Chartered Institute of Building):

The Performance-Based Building PBB focuses on the target performance

required for the business processes and the needs of the users. It is about the

defining of the requirements and fitness for purpose of a building, constructed

asset or facility.

The main drivers for PBD and PBB are requirements by clients and in legislation. Clients andusers more and more demand value for money and expect the building industry to be customer focused. In order to be able to meet the clients requirements, it is essential that:- the clients really know and understand what they require, why they require it and that

they state their requirements clearly, explicitly and comprehensively;- building process participants understand what is required, can create optimal solutions

that comply with these requirements and can prove compliance on beforehand.

The overall or ‘total’ building performance depends on a complex interaction of

different systems of a building.







PBD: From requirements towards evaluation

The performance characteristics can be organised hierarchically. Through a

hierarchy, a building concept can be qualitatively described and technical and/or

economic target specifications established.

Performance analysis may be used as an integrative platform for different

experts to make common decisions







The hierarchical division of building’s properties is based on three main

categories:

- Conformity (A)

- Performance (B)

- Cost and environmental properties (C)







The subdivision of main categories is divided further into sub-objectives when

necessary.

The regulated requirements of a building have to be incorporated in the performance analysis such asthe safety and comfort of a building for its users and neighborhood

Minimum levels for design are given for different technical properties.







Holistic sustainability assessment

In a holistic sustainability assessment of a building, the requirements are

organized according to environmental, functional, economic and social criteria.

Cultural and social indicators are often combined in sustainability evaluation. This tells on the one handabout their interrelation and, on the other hand, about the difficulties to find agreement.







The European Thematic Network on Construction and City Related

Sustainability Indicators CRISP presented the sustainability issues as follows:

1. Environmental: Natural raw materials including use of water. Bio-diversity.

Energy. Environmental pollution. Land use.

2. Economic: Economic development and finance; indicators dealing with costs,

productivity, profitability. Production and consumption; indicators describe the

quantity or quality of production or consumption. Urban and community

services and responses; indicators dealing with economic responses etc.

3. Social: Access; access to buildings and built environment, barrier-free use,

access to information, affordability. Safety and security; including crime, fear

of crime, home safety, road safety, fire safety, industrial hazard, natural

hazard, natural catastrophe. Health and comfort including sense of well-being

(with regard to housing etc.). Community responses; including social support,

social exclusion, vitality of city/community/centre, stewardships, education for

and understanding of sustainable development with regards to buildings and

built environment, adaptive management ability, environmental management,

spatial segregation, equity of minorities with regard to housing etc. Cultural

heritage.

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Integrated Design of Buildings · Integrated Design of Buildings Integrated Design of Buildings The Integrated Design Process (IDP) is a method for realizing high performance buildings