InTech-Microstrip Antennas for Mobile Wireless Communication Systems

7/29/2019 InTech-Microstrip Antennas for Mobile Wireless Communication Systems

1/30

/KETQUVTKR#PVGPPCUHQT/QDKNG9KTGNGUU%QOOWPKECVKQP5[UVGOU

:


+DOD(OVDGHN

(OHFWURQLFV5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH0LFURVWULS'HSDUWPHQW&DLUR(J\SW

+PVTQFWEVKQP

+PVTQFWEVKQPVQOQDKNGEQOOWPKECVKQPU

,Q WKH ODVW IHZ \HDUV WKH WUHQG RI WKH PRELOH SKRQH WHFKQRORJ\ KDV EHHQ GUDPDWLFDOO\GHFUHDVHG WKH ZHLJKW DQG VL]H 'XH WRHQKDQFHPHQW LQ WKLV WUHQG WKH DQWHQQDVXVHG IRUPRELOHKDQGKHOGGHYLFHVKDYHWREHVPDOOOLJKWZHLJKWHGORZSURILOHDQGKDYHDQRPQLGLUHFWLRQDOUDGLDWLRQSDWWHUQLQWKHKRUL]RQWDOSODQH+RZHYHUVWLOOWKHUHDUHFKDOOHQJHVLQWKHDQWHQQDVSHUIRUPDQFHGXULQJLQWHUDFWLRQZLWKWKHXVHUVKHDGDQGKDQG7KHPRYHPHQWRIWKHXVHUGXULQJXVDJHRIWKHPRELOHKDQGKHOGGHYLFHRIWHQOHDGWRJDLQUDGLDWLRQSDWWHUQDQG LQSXW LPSHGDQFH FKDQJH 7KHUHIRUH DQWHQQDV XVHG LQ KDQGKHOG WUDQVFHLYHUV IRUSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQVKDYHEHHQUHFRJQL]HGDVFUXFLDOHOHPHQWVWKDWFDQHLWKHULPSURYH

RUOLPLWV\VWHPSHUIRUPDQFH7KLVLVSDUWLFXODUO\WUXHLQWHUPVRIEDQGZLGWKDQGHIILFLHQF\7KHUHIRUHWRFDUHIXOO\GHVLJQDKDQGVHWZLWKVXSHULRUSHUIRUPDQFHHQJLQHHUVQHHGWRJLYHDWWHQWLRQWRWKHGHVLJQRIWKHDQWHQQDV\VWHPVRIWKHPRELOHWUDQVFHLYHU

+PVTQFWEVKQPVQCPVGPPCU[UVGOUHQTOQDKNGYKTGNGUUEQOOWPKECVKQPU

0RQRSROHDQWHQQDVKDYHEHHQWKHEHVWZKHOPLQJFKRLFHIRUXVHLQYDULRXVDXWRPRELOHVDQGPRELOH HTXLSPHQWV 7KLV LV EDVLFDOO\ GXH WR LWV VLPSOLFLW\ LQ GHVLJQ DQG KDYLQJ WKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKDWDUHHVVHQWLDOIRUPRELOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ)RUDQWHQQDGHVLJQHUVWKHUHLVDOZD\VXQSUHFHGHQWHGGHPDQGWRFUHDWHFRPSDFWRUHYHQHOHFWULFDOO\VPDOODQWHQQDVWKDWDUHFRPSDWLEOHZLWKWKHPRGHPWHFKQRORJ\ZKLFKZLOORSHUDWHRQDVPDOOKDQGKHOGJURXQGSODQH DQG VDWLVI\ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH VSHFLILFDWLRQV SDUWLFXODUO\ ZLWK UHVSHFW WR EDQGZLGWK

DQGHIILFLHQF\7\SLFDODQWHQQDHOHPHQWVXVHGVRIDUIRUVPDOOPRELOHWHUPLQDOVDUHWKHPRQRSROH030'


2/30

/QDKNGCPF9KTGNGUU%QOOWPKECVKQPU0GVYQTMNC[GTCPFEKTEWKVNGXGNFGUKIP

/QDKNG#PVGPPC4GSWKTGOGPVUCPF%JCNNGPIGU

7KHH[SORVLYHJURZWKLQWKHGHPDQGIRUZLUHOHVVFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGLQIRUPDWLRQWUDQVIHU

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

/KETQUVTKR#PVGPPCU

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

www.intechopen.com


3/30


)LJ0LFURVWULSSDWFKDQWHQQDV0LFURVWULSDQWHQQDRIIHUVFHUWDLQDGYDQWDJHVDV

(DV\WRKDQGOHDQGLQH[SHQVLYHDVLWLVVPDOODQGOLJKW /RZSRZHUKDQGOLQJFDSDELOLW\RISULQWHGFLUFXLWV 7RSRORJLFDO &RQVLGHUDWLRQV LQWHJUDO ZLWK RWKHU FLUFXLW GHYLFHV KHQFH LPSURYLQJ

V\VWHPUHOLDELOLW\ 5HGXFWLRQLQ6L]HSULQWHGFLUFXLWVDUHWKLQDQGWKXVUHTXLUHOHVVYROXPHWKDQWKHLU

ZDYHJXLGHRUFRD[LDOOLQHFRXQWHUSDUWV /DUJH6FDOH)DEULFDWLRQRQFHWKHGHVLJQHUKDVGHYHORSHGWKHEDVLFFLUFXLWSDWWHUQ

UHDOL]HG D FLUFXLW DQG WHVWHG LW VXFFHVVIXOO\ DGGLWLRQDO FRSLHV FDQ EH SURGXFHGUDSLGO\DQGFRQVLVWHQWO\LQODUJHPDVVSURGXFWLRQ

2QWKHRWKHUKDQGLWVXIIHUVIURPVRPHGLVDGYDQWDJHVDV

1DUURZEDQGZLGWK /RZJDLQ /DUJHRKPLFORVVLQODUJHIHHGQHWZRUN 5DGLDWLRQIURPIHHGVFRQWULEXWHVWRWKHUDGLDWLRQSDWWHUQ ([FLWDWLRQRIVXUIDFHZDYHV /RZSRODUL]DWLRQSXULW\

#RRNKECVKQPU

0RVW RI WKH UDSLG DGYDQFHV LQ PLFURVWULS DQWHQQDV DQG DUUD\V WRRN SODFH LQ WKH V)LUVWO\ WKHVH ZHUH GULYHQ E\ GHIHQVH DQG VSDFH DSSOLFDWLRQV 7KHQ WKLV WHFKQRORJ\ LVJURZLQJUDSLGO\LQWKHFRPPHUFLDOVHFWRU6SHFLILFDWLRQVIRUGHIHQVHDQGVSDFHDSSOLFDWLRQ

DQWHQQDVW\SLFDOO\HPSKDVL]HPD[LPXPSHUIRUPDQFHZLWKOLWWOHFRQVWUDLQWRQFRVW2QWKHRWKHUKDQGFRPPHUFLDODSSOLFDWLRQVGHPDQGORZFRVWFRPSRQHQWVRIWHQDWWKHH[SHQVHRIUHGXFHGHOHFWULFDOSHUIRUPDQFH7KXVPLFURVWULSDQWHQQDVIRUFRPPHUFLDOV\VWHPVUHTXLUHORZFRVWPDWHULDOVVLPSOHDQGLQH[SHQVLYHIDEULFDWLRQWHFKQLTXHV6RPHRIWKHFRPPHUFLDOV\VWHPVWKDWSUHVHQWO\XVHPLFURVWULSDQWHQQDVDUHOLVWHGLQWKH7DEOH

www.intechopen.com


4/30


$SSOLFDWLRQ )UHTXHQF\*OREDO3RVLWLRQLQJ6DWHOOLWH 0+]DQG0+]*60 0+]DQG0+]:LUHOHVV/RFDO$UHD1HWZRUNV *+]DQG*+]&HOOXODU9LGHR *+]'LUHFW%URDGFDVW6DWHOOLWH *+]$XWRPDWLF7ROO&ROOHFWLRQ 0+]DQG*+]&ROOLVLRQ$YRLGDQFH5DGDU *+]*+]DQG*+]:LGH$UHD&RPSXWHU1HWZRUNV *+]

7DEOH0LFURVWULS$QWHQQD$SSOLFDWLRQV

&GUKIP6GEJPKSWGU

$QRWKHUDUHDRIUHVHDUFKZKLFKLVFORVHO\OLQNHGWRDGYDQFHVLQDQWHQQDGHYHORSPHQWLVWKH

ILHOGRIFRPSXWDWLRQDOHOHFWURPDJQHWLFV$VDQWHQQDVEHFRPHPRUHFRPSOH[WKHXVHRIVLPSOHDQDO\WLFDOPRGHOLQJWHFKQLTXHVVXFKDV7UDQVPLVVLRQOLQHPRGHODQGFDYLW\PRGHOLVQRWVXIILFLHQW DQ\PRUH 7KH XVH RI IXOOZDYH PRGHOLQJ WHFKQLTXHV KDV WKHUHIRUH EHFRPHLQHYLWDEOH 7KH PRVW FRPPRQO\ XVHG IXOOZDYH PRGHOLQJ WHFKQLTXHV DUH WKH 0HWKRG RI0RPHQW 0R0 WKH )LQLWH (OHPHQW PHWKRG )(0DQG WKH )LQLWH 'LIIHUHQFH 7LPH 'RPDLQ)'7'

/KETQUVTKRCPVGPPCUVTWEVWTG

$PLFURVWULSVWUXFWXUHLVLOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJXUH

)LJ0LFURVWULSFRQVWUXFWLRQ

9CXGUKPOKETQUVTKRUVTWEVWTG'HSHQGLQJRQWKHGLUHFWLRQWRZDUGZKLFKZDYHVDUHWUDQVPLWWHGZDYHVLQPLFURVWULSIDOOZLWKLQIRXUGLVWLQFWFDWHJRULHV:6WX]PDQ*7KHLOH 6SDFHZDYHV:DYHVWUDQVPLWWHGXSZDUGZLWKHOHYDWLRQDQJOHVEHWZHHQDQG S

PRYH WRZDUG IUHH RSHQ VSDFH WKXV UDGLDWHG ZLWK ILHOG DPSOLWXGHV GHFUHDVLQJ ZLWKGLVWDQFHIURPDQWHQQD,QWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHVDQGFLUFXLWV WKH\DUHXQGHVLUDEOHDV WKH\SURGXFH VSXULRXV OHDNDJH KRZHYHU WKH\ FRQWULEXWH GLUHFWO\ WR DQWHQQD UDGLDWLRQHIILFLHQF\DVLQILJXUHD

www.intechopen.com


5/30


*XLGHGZDYHVWKH\DUHWUDSSHGEHWZHHQWKHXSSHUDQGORZHUFRQGXFWRUV7KH\SURYLGHWKHQRUPDORSHUDWLRQIRUWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHVDQGFLUFXLWVEXWLWLVQRWIDYRUDEOHIRUSDWFKDQWHQQDVDVLQILJXUHE

/HDN\ ZDYHV WKH\ DUH GLUHFWHG PRUH VKDUSO\ GRZQZDUG ZLWK T O\LQJ EHWZHHQDUFVLQ UHS DQG S 7KHVH ZDYHV FRQWULEXWH WR UDGLDWLRQ WKXV WKH\ DUH

XVHIXOIRUDQWHQQDVDVLQILJXUHF 6XUIDFH ZDYHV WKH ZDYHV WUDQVPLWWHG VOLJKWO\ GRZQZDUG KDYLQJ HOHYDWLRQ DQJOHV

EHWZHHQ S DQG DUFVLQ UHS H[SHULHQFH WRWDO UHIOHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH WZR

FRQGXFWLQJ SODWHV 7KH ILHOGV UHPDLQ PRVWO\ WUDSSHG ZLWKLQ WKH GLHOHFWULF GHFD\LQJH[SRQHQWLDOO\DERYHWKHLQWHUIDFHDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHG6XUIDFHZDYHVWDNHXSVRPHSDUWRIWKHVLJQDOVHQHUJ\WKXVUHGXFHVWKHDQWHQQDHIILFLHQF\

STHS DUFVLQU

DUFVLQU

HSTS

)LJ:DYHVLQPLFURVWULS

/KETQUVTKRCTTC[

0LFURVWULSSDWFKDQWHQQDLVLPSRUWDQWDVVLQJOHUDGLDWLQJHOHPHQWEXWWKHPDMRUDGYDQWDJHVDUH UHDOL]HG LQ DSSOLFDWLRQV WKDW UHTXLUH PRGHUDWH VL]H DUUD\ DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ :KHQGLVFUHWHUDGLDWRUVDUHFRPELQHGWRIRUPDQDUUD\VRPHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVFDQEHDFKLHYHGRUHQKDQFHGVXFKDVKLJKJDLQDQGEHDPVFDQQLQJ

www.intechopen.com


6/30


7KHPLFURVWULSDQWHQQDDUUD\VFDQEHFODVVLILHGZLWKGLIIHUHQWFULWHULD7KHHOHPHQWVRIWKHDUUD\FDQEHGLVWULEXWHGWRIRUPOLQHDUSODQDURUYROXPHDUUD\6HYHUDOZD\VRIIHHGLQJFDQEHXVHGWRREWDLQFHUWDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFV7KHIHHGQHWZRUNRISKDVHGDUUD\VRU6,62DUUD\V

6LQJOH,QSXW6LQJOH2XWSXWFDQEHFDWHJRUL]HGLQWRSDUDOOHODQGVHULHVIHHG7KHSDUDOOHOFRUSRUDWH IHHG KDV VLQJOH LQSXW SRUW DQG PXOWLSOH IHHG OLQHV ,I WKH DUUD\ KDV PXOWLSOHLQSXWVDQGPXOWLSOHRXWSXWSRUWVVRLWLVFDOOHG0XOWLHOHPHQWDUUD\0($RU0,02DUUD\V'03R]DU'+6FKDXEHUW

D E F

)LJ 0LFURVWULS DQWHQQD DUUD\ D SKDVHG DUUD\ E VHULHVIHG DUUD\ F 0XOWL(OHPHQW$UUD\0($

%QORCEVCPF/WNVKDCPF/KETQUVTKR#PVGPPCU

+PVTQFWEVKQPVQEQORCEVCPFOWNVKDCPFCPVGPPCU

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

TXLWH OLPLWHG ZKLOH LW UHVHUYHV WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI PXOWLEDQG OLJKW ZHLJKW ORZ FRVWUREXVWQHVV GLYHUVLW\ SDFNDJLQJ FDSDELOLWLHV DQG DELOLW\ IRU 0(0V LQWHJUDWLRQ IRU VPDUWDQWHQQD V\VWHPV 6HYHUDO UHVHDUFKHV LQ OLWHUDWXUH FRQFHQWUDWH RQ WKHVHDQWHQQD W\SHV DQGWKHLUGHYHORSPHQWV,QWKLVSDUWWKHDXWKRUZLOOWU\WRKLJKOLJKWWKHLPSRUWDQWUHVXOWVDQGVHYHUDOFRUUHVSRQGLQJVKDSHV)DPRXV WHFKQLTXHV IRU DQWHQQD VL]H UHGXFWLRQ LQFOXGH GLHOHFWULF ORDGLQJ WR UHGXFH WKHHOHFWULFDOVL]HWRSKDWORDGLQJDQGXVHRIVKRUWLQJSLQVRUSODWHVDUHVXPPDUL]HGLQWDEOH'DOLD 1DVKDDW HW DO 'LHOHFWULF ORDGLQJ XVXDOO\ LV DFFRPSDQLHG E\ EDQGZLGWKUHGXFWLRQDQGFRVWLQFUHDVHVRLWLVQRWDOLNHO\DSSURDFK7KXVZHZLOOLQYHVWLJDWHDQWHQQDVZLWKWRSKDWORDGLQJDQGVKRUWLQJSLQVRUSODWHVHLWKHUVHSDUDWHO\RULQFRPELQDWLRQ

www.intechopen.com


7/30


3HUIRUPDQFH'RZQVL]LQJWHFKQLTXH

*HRPHWULFDOVL]HUHGXFWLRQZLWKUHVSHFWWR

FRQYHQWLRQDOUHVRQDQWVL]H

&LUFXLWDOLPSHGDQFHEDQGZLGWK

HQKDQFHPHQWUDWLR

5DGLDWLRQSDWWHUQV\PPHWU\YVORZFURVVSRODUL]DWLRQ

0DWHULDOKLJKGLHOHFWULFVORZZDYHHWF

KLJK

6KRUWLQJSODQHV:DOOVSLQVHWF

ORZ

3DWFKHWFKLQJVOLWVVORWVQRWFKHVHWF

PHGLXP

0XOWLOD\HUHGIROGEHQGVWDFNHWF

KLJK

7DEOH'RZQVL]LQJWHFKQLTXHVDQGSHUIRUPDQFHDIIHFWLQJRQDQWHQQDV%QORCEVUOCNNCPVGPPCFGHKPKVKQP7KH PLQLDWXUL]DWLRQ RI DQWHQQD VWUXFWXUH LV XVXDOO\ OLPLWHG E\ SK\VLFDO ODZV RI QDWXUH8VXDOO\WKHVL]HUHGXFWLRQLVRQWKHH[SHQVHRIRWKHUDQWHQQDFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDVEDQGZLGWK%: JDLQ J HWF )RU VPDOO VL]H DQWHQQDV WKHUH LV DOZD\V D WUDGHRII DPRQJ DQWHQQDUDGLDWLRQTXDOLW\IDFWRU4%:DQGHIILFLHQF\K&3+XDQJ'DOLD1DVKDDWHWDO7KHUXOHRIWKXPELV

%:

9

K

&RQVWDQW :KHUH %: LV WKH DQWHQQD EDQGZLGWK K LV WKH DQWHQQD HIILFLHQF\ DQG 9 LV WKH DQWHQQDYROXPH

%: .D 4K# #

:KHUH D LV D UDGLXV RI VSKHUH WKDW FDQ LQFOXGH WKH VPDOO DQWHQQD )RUP (TXDWLRQ LWLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHVPDOOHUWKHDQWHQQDWKHKLJKHUWKH46RWKH PLFURVWULSDQWHQQDFDQ EHFRQVLGHUHGVPDOOLI LWV ODUJHVWGLPHQVLRQ LVOHVVWKDQRUHTXDOWRDZKHUH

D N O S :KHUH O LV WKH ZDYHOHQJWK RI WKH HOHFWURPDJQHWLF ILHOGV UDGLDWHG E\ WKH DQWHQQD )RU

H[DPSOH IRU DQWHQQD RSHUDWHV DW *+] OPP VR D# PP ZKLFK PHDQV WKDW WKHDQWHQQDFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGVPDOOLILWVGLPHQVLRQVDUHOHVVWKDQPP

www.intechopen.com


8/30


2+(#CUEQORCEVOWNVKDCPFCPVGPPC

3,)$ LV ZHOONQRZQ DV WHUPLQDO DQWHQQD GHVLJQ 7KHVH DQWHQQDV RIIHU UHGXFHG VL]H RYHUWUDGLWLRQDOPLFURVWULSDQWHQQDVEHFDXVHWKHUHVRQDQFHIUHTXHQF\LVDWDERXWTXDUWHUZDYH

UDWKHUWKDQDWKDOIZDYHLQFRQYHQWLRQDORQHVGXHWRWKHVKRUWLQJSLQVZDOOVLQLWVVWUXFWXUHDVVKRZQLQILJXUH77DJD

)LJ&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQFRQYHQWLRQDOPLFURVWULSSDWFKDQWHQQDDQGFRQYHQWLRQDO3,)$DQWHQQD

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

3DUDPHWHUV (IIHFW+HLJKW &RQWUROEDQGZLGWK

:LGWK &RQWUROLPSHGDQFHPDWFKLQJ

/HQJWK ,QFUHDVH LQGXFWDQFH RI WKH DQWHQQD DQG GHWHUPLQH UHVRQDQFHIUHTXHQF\

:LGWKRIVKRUWVWULS $IIHFWRQWKHDQWLUHVRQDQFHDQGLQFUHDVHEDQGZLGWK

)HHG SRVLWLRQ IURPVKRUWVWULS

$IIHFWRQUHVRQDQFHIUHTXHQF\DQGEDQGZLGWK

7DEOH7KHHIIHFWRI3,)$SDUDPHWHUVRQLWVFKDUDFWHULVWLFV

6KRUWLQJZDOO

www.intechopen.com


9/30


2+(#UVTWEVWTGUHQTOWNVKDCPFCPFEQORCEVUK\GCRRNKECVKQPU4GEVCPIWNCT2+(#UJCRGYKVJ7UJCRGFUNQVU

$SUDFWLFDOPHWKRGWRGHVLJQDVLQJOHIHHGPXOWLEDQG3,)$WKDWFRYHUVERWKWKHFHOOXODUDQG

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

)LJ*HRPHWULFDOGLPHQVLRQVRIWKHIDEULFDWHGTXDGEDQGDQWHQQD7KHUXOHRIWKXPELQDQWHQQDGHVLJQLV

LL

L:/

FI

7KH OHQJWK /L DQG ZLGWK :L DUH UHSODFHG E\ / DQG : PPPP RI WKH 3,)$UHFWDQJXODUUDGLDWLQJVXUIDFHWRGHWHUPLQHWKHILUVWUHVRQDQFHIUHTXHQF\I *+]:KLOH/L :L DUH UHSODFHG E\ WKH GLPHQVLRQV RI WKH ODUJHVW 8VORW / :PPPP WR

D

/

/

*URXQG3ODQH

:

6KRUWLQJZDOO

&DSDFLWRUSODWH

::F

/F

***

3UREHIHHG

6ORWVZLGWK*

www.intechopen.com


10/30


JHQHUDWHWKHVHFRQGUHVRQDQFHIUHTXHQF\I*+]7KH\DUHDOVRUHSODFHGE\WKHOHQJWK/ : PPPPRI WKH PLGGOH 8VORW WR JHW WKH WKLUG UHVRQDQFH IUHTXHQF\ I*+])LQDOO\/ L: LDUHUHSODFHGE\/:PPPPRIWKHVPDOOHVW8VORWWR

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

VL]H WR EH DERXW 7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH VWUXFWXUH VLPXODWLRQV DV ZHOO DV H[SHULPHQWDOPHDVXUHPHQWVDUHLOOXVWUDWHGLQIROORZLQJWKUHHILJXUHV

)LJ 7KH VLPXODWHG UDGLDWLRQ SDWWHUQ RI TXDGEDQG 3,)$ ZLWK 3) VKRUWLQJ FDSDFLWRUSODWH DW IRXU GLIIHUHQW UHVRQDWLQJ IUHTXHQFLHV D DW SDUDOOHO (SODQH DW SKL DQG E DWSHUSHQGLFXODU+SODQHDWSKL

)LJ&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQPHDVXUHGDQGVLPXODWHGUHIOHFWLRQFRHIILFLHQWVRITXDGEDQG3,)$ZLWKWKUHH8VKDSHGVORWVDWRSHUDWLQJIUHTXHQFLHVRIDQG*+]UHVSHFWLYHO\

5HWXUQORVVRI3,)$

ZLWK4XDGEDQG

VLPXODWHG

PHDVXUHG5HWXUQ/RVVLQG%

)UHTXHQF\LQ*+]

)LJ7KHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQFDSDFLWRUORDGLQ3)DQGDQWHQQDSHUFHQWDJHUHGXFWLRQUDWLRFRPSDUHGWRFRQYHQWLRQDO3,)$

7KHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQFDSDFLWDQFH

ORDGDQGUHGXFWLRQUDWLR5HGXFWLRQUDWLR

&DSDFLWDQFHORDG3)

D E

+3ODQH

DW*+=

DW*+]

DW*+]

DW*+]

(3ODQH

DW*+]

DW*+]

DW*+]

DW*+]

www.intechopen.com


11/30


%QORCEV2+(#UK\GYKVJ'UJCRGFTCFKCVQT

8OWUDFRPSDFW3,)$ZLWKGXDOEDQGUHVRQDQWIUHTXHQFLHVDUHLQYHVWLJDWHG+DOD(OVDGHN7KHDQWHQQDLVGHVLJQHGDQGIDEULFDWHGRQERWKIRDPDQG)5FKHDSVXEVWUDWHVZLWK

GLHOHFWULFFRQVWDQWV UH DQGUHVSHFWLYHO\2YHUUHGXFWLRQLQWKHDQWHQQDVL]HLVDFKLHYHGIURPFRQYHQWLRQDO

O UHFWDQJXODU3,)$UHVRQDWLQJDWVDPHIUHTXHQFLHV7KLVLV

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

D E)LJ3KRWRRIIDEULFDWHG(VKDSHG3,)$RQFRPPHUFLDO)5VXEVWUDWHDQGEFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQVLPXODWHGDQGPHDVXUHGDQWHQQDUHIOHFWLRQFRHIILFLHQWV

/

*URXQG3ODQH

:

K6KRUWLQJZDOO

&DSDFLWRU

SODWH

3UREHIHHG

/ /::

K K

)LJ(VKDSHG3,)$DQWHQQDJHRPHWU\

7KUHHOD\HU(VKDSHG3,)$

RQ)5VXEVWUDWH

VLPXODWHG

PHDVXUHG

6LQG%

)UHTXHQF\LQ*+]

www.intechopen.com


12/30


$TQCFDCPFCPF79$#PVGPPCU

+PVTQFWEVKQPVQDTQCFDCPFCPF79$CPVGPPCU

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

&KHHGTGPVV[RGUQHDTQCFDCPFCPVGPPCU

0DQ\ GHVLJQV KDYH EHHQ LQYHVWLJDWHG LQ OLWHUDWXUH IRU EURDGHQLQJ WKH EDQGZLGWK RIDQWHQQDV7KLVFDQEHDFKLHYHGE\XVLQJGLIIHUHQWSUREHIHHGLQJVKDSHVDV/VKDSHDGGLQJSDUDVLWLFHOHPHQWVWRWKHUDGLDWRUIROGLQJWKHJURXQGSODQHHWF)DQ


13/30


ORZ SURILOHHDVH RI LQWHJUDWLRQ DQG YHU\ZLGHEDQGZLGWK1H[W VHFWLRQZLOO IRFXVRQ WKH8:%SULQWHGPRQRSROHDQWHQQD

79$CPVGPPC&GUKIP

6RPHFRQVLGHUDWLRQVVKRXOGEHWDNHQIRU8:%DQWHQQDGHVLJQVXFK+XQJ-XL/DP,WVKRXOGKDYHEDQGZLGWKUDQJLQJIURP*+]WR*+]LQZKLFKUHDVRQDEOHHIILFLHQF\LVVDWLVIDFWRU\,QWKLVXOWUDZLGHEDQGZLGWKDQH[WUHPHO\ORZHPLVVLRQSRZHUOHYHOVKRXOGEHHQVXUHG,QWKH)HGHUDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ&RPPLVVLRQ)&&KDVVSHFLILHGWKHHPLVVLRQOLPLWVRIG%P0+]7KHDQWHQQDSURSDJDWHVVKRUWSXOVHVLJQDOZLWKPLQLPXPGLVWRUWLRQRYHUWKHIUHTXHQF\UDQJH

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

EDQGZLGWKFDVH,IWKHVHKLJKHURUGHUPRGHVDUHFORVHWRHDFKRWKHUWKHRYHUDOOEDQGZLGWKLVXOWUDZLGHEDQG $QRWKHU H[SODQDWLRQ IRU WKH SULQWHG PRQRSROH WKDW LW FRXOG EH VHHQ DV

FRQYHQWLRQDO PRQRSROH EXW ZLWK WKH F\OLQGULFDO PHWDOOLF URG IODWWHG WR EH SODQH RI DQ\GLIIHUHQWVKDSHV.35D\UHFWDQJXODUFLUFXODUHOOLSWLFDVLWLVNQRZQWKDWLPSHGDQFHEDQGZLGWKLQFUHDVHE\LQFUHDVLQJWKHGLDPHWHURIWKHPHWDOOLFURG7KHSULQWHGSODQHWKDWDOWHUQDWH WKH PHWDOOLF URG LV FRQVLGHUHG RI GLDPHWHU H[WHQGHG WR LQILQLW\ H[FLWLQJ KLJKHURUGHU PRGHVRI ODUJHEDQGZLGWK 8SRQ RSWLPL]LQJ WKH GLPHQVLRQV RI WKH DQWHQQD WKHVHKLJKHURUGHUPRGHVFRXOGEHFORVHWRHDFKRWKHUVWR\LHOGYHU\EURDGEDQGZLGWKDVZLOOEHHODERUDWHGLQQH[WVHFWLRQV

)LJ*HRPHWU\RIWKHUHFWDQJXODUSULQWHGPRQRSROHDQWHQQD

www.intechopen.com


14/30


#PCN[UKU

$VPHQWLRQHGLQSUHYLRXVVHFWLRQSULQWHGPRQRSROHDQWHQQDLVDQDORJWRWKHZLUHTXDUWHUZDYHPRQRSROHDQWHQQD7KLVFRXOGEHXVHGWRDQDO\WLFDOO\GHVLJQWKHDQWHQQDIRUWKHORZHU

HGJH IUHTXHQF\ E\HTXDWLQJ LWV DUHD LQ WKLV FDVH UHFWDQJXODUPRQRSROH WRDQHTXLYDOHQWF\OLQGULFDOPRQRSROHDQWHQQDRIVDPHKHLJKW/DQGHTXLYDOHQWUDGLXVUDVIROORZLQJ U/ :/S 7KHLQSXWLPSHGDQFHRIWKLQPRQRSROHLVKDOIWKHLQSXWLPSHGDQFHRIWKLQGLSROHDQGHTXDOLVVOLJKWO\OHVVWKDQTXDUWHUZDYHOHQJWKDQGJLYHQE\

/ .

ZKHUH

. / U / U / / U

/ U

WKHUHIRUH

F [ I / U *+]

O / U

u u

3UHYLRXVHTXDWLRQGRHVQW DFFRXQW IRU WKH GLVWDQFHEHWZHHQ WKH UDGLDWRUDQG WKH JURXQGSODQHK

OI / U K *+]

ZKHUHDOOGLPHQVLRQVDUHLQPLOOLPHWHUV7KLVDQDO\VLVLVYDOLGIRUIUHHVSDFHEXWLQRXUFDVHZKHUHDQWHQQD LVSULQWHGRQ DGLHOHFWULF VXEVWUDWH ZKLFKGHFUHDVHWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIWKHZDYHOHQJWKJ0RGLILFDWLRQRQWKHORZHUHGJHIUHTXHQF\LVUHTXLUHGDQGFDQEHJLYHQE\

OI / U K N *+] u ,WLVZRUWKZKLOHWRPHQWLRQDOWKRXJKSUHYLRXVDQDO\VLVZDVRQUHFWDQJXODUVKDSHSULQWHGPRQRSROH LW LV YDOLG RQ RWKHU YDULRXV VKDSHV RI UDGLDWRUV EXW RQO\ / DQG U ZLOO GLIIHUDFFRUGLQJWRWKHJHRPHWU\RIWKHVKDSH.35D\$IWHULQVSHFWLQJWKHORZHUHGJHIUHTXHQF\ZHQHHGWRFRQWUROWKHEDQGZLGWKRIWKHDQWHQQD

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

www.intechopen.com


15/30


PRQRSROH ,W LV RPQL LQ WKH +SODQH DQG HLJKW VKDSHG LQ WKH (SODQH )ROORZLQJ DUHH[DPSOHVDERXWEURDGEDQGDQG8:$DQWHQQDGHVLJQV

'ZCORNGUQPDTCQFDCPFCPF79$OKETQUVTKRCPVGPPCFGUKIPU$TQCFDCPFCPVGPPC

7KHJHRPHWU\RIWKHSURSRVHGDQWHQQDVLVDVVKRZQLQILJXUH7KHDQWHQQDFRQVLVWVRI9VKDSHG SDWFKZLWK9 XQHTXDODUPVZLWKGLPHQVLRQV/ :DQG/ :7KHLVRVFHOHVWULDQJXODUDQWHQQDLVZLWKGLPHQVLRQV/7:77KHVKRUWLQJZDOOZLGWKLVHTXDOWR:7IRUPD[LPXPVL]HUHGXFWLRQ+DOD(OVDGHNDQG'DOLD1DVKDDW7KHJURXQGSODQHLVZLWKUHFWDQJXODUVKDSHRIGLPHQVLRQV/J :J7KHWZR SDUWVRI WKH VWUXFWXUH 9VKDSHGSDWFKDQG WULDQJXODU 3,)$DUH FRXSOHG WKURXJKD 9VKDSHG VORWZLWKXQHTXDO DUPVZLWKVORWVOHQJWKVDQGZLGWKVDUH/V:VDQG/V:V7KHWZRDUPVRIWKH9VKDSHGSDWFKH[FLWH70PRGH7KHOHQJWKRIWKHWZRDUPVRIWKH9VKDSHGSDWFKLVGLIIHUHQWLQRUGHUWRH[FLWHWZRGLIIHUHQWVWDJJHUHGUHVRQDQWPRGHV7KHXQHTXDOVSDFLQJZLGWKVEHWZHHQWKHFRD[LDOO\IHG WULDQJXODU VKRUWHG SDWFKDQG WKH 9VKDSHGSDWFKDUH IRU GLIIHUHQW YDOXHV RIFRXSOLQJWKXVH[FLWHWZRPRUHGLIIHUHQWPRGHV7RDGGWZRPRUHUHVRQDWLQJPRGHVHTXDODUPV9VKDSHGVORWFDQEHORDGHGRQWKHWULDQJXODUSDWFKUDGLDWLRQVXUIDFH7KHVXEVWUDWHLVIRDP

ZLWK GLHOHFWULF FRQVWDQW UH DQG VXEVWUDWH KHLJKW KPP 7KH DQWHQQD JHRPHWU\ LV

LOOXVWUDWHGLQILJXUH:KHQWKHJURXQGSODQHVL]HLVUHGXFHGWRFHUWDLQSURSHUYDOXHWKHDQWHQQDEHKDYLRUFKDQJHVWREHZLGHEDQGZLGWKDQWHQQDUDWKHUWKDQPXOWLEDQGDQWHQQD7KH UHVRQDWLQJ IUHTXHQFLHV FDQ EH DSSUR[LPDWHO\ GHWHUPLQHG IURP IROORZLQJ HTXDWLRQ


16/30


SRVLWLRQ 7KH KLJKHU UHVRQDQFH EDQGZLGWK LV DW *+] )LJXUH SUHVHQWV WKHFRPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ WKH VLPXODWHG DQG PHDVXUHG UHVXOWV RI WKH ZLGHEDQG DQWHQQDVWUXFWXUH

)ROGLQJ WKH VKRUWLQJ ZDOO RI WKH WULDQJXODU 3,)$ DV LQ ILJXUH FRQYHUWV WKH DQWHQQD WR8:%ZLWKEDQGZLGWKRIDWVDPHUHVRQDWLQJIUHTXHQF\*+]7KHDQWHQQDJDLQLVG%L

)LJ &RPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ VLPXODWHG DQG

PHDVXUHGUHVXOWVRIWKHPXOWLEDQGDQWHQQD

)LJ &RPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ VLPXODWHG

DQG PHDVXUHG UHVXOWV RI EURDG EDQGDQWHQQD

79$CPVGPPC

&RQVLGHUZHKDYHVXEVWUDWHPDWHULDORI UH DQGKPPDQGZHQHHGWRGHVLJQ

SULQWHGUHFWDQJXODUPRQRSROHVKRZQLQILJXUHVRZHQHHGWRNQRZWKHYDOXHV/:+IRUREWDLQLQJ ORZHU HGJH UHVRQDQFH IUHTXHQF\ DW *K] DQG REWDLQ %: DV :LGH DV SRVVLEOH)URP DERYH HTXDWLRQV LQ VXEVHFWLRQ WR VDWLVI\ *+] D ORW RI VROXWLRQV FRXOG EHREWDLQHG IRU / : KEXW QRW DOO RI WKHP ZLOO JLYH WKH PD[LPXP %: VR RSWLPL]DWLRQ LV

)LJ &RQILJXUDWLRQ RI WKH SURSRVHG DQWHQQD RI 9VKDSHG SDWFK ZLWK XQHTXDO DUPVFRXSOHGWRLVRVFHOHVWULDQ XODU3,)$WKURX K9VKDSHGVORWRIXQHTXDODUPV

GI

:7

//

/7

: :

:J

:V

/V

:V

&RD[LDOIHHGLQJ

7ULDQJXODU3,)$

9VKDSHGSDWFKZLWKXQHTXDODUPV

*URXQGSODQH

)ROGHG VKRUWLQJZDOOIRU8:%

K 6KRUWLQJZDOO

UHIOHFWLRQFRHIILFLHQW

VLPXODWHG

PHDVXUHG

KLJKHUIUHTXHQF\EDQGZLGWK

5HWXUQ/RVVLQG%

)UHTXHQF\LQ*+]

0XOWLEDQGDQWHQQDFRQILJXUDWLRQ

VLPXODWHG

PHDVXUHG

5HWXUQ/RVVLQG%

)UHTXHQF\*+]

www.intechopen.com


17/30


QHHGHGIRUREWDLQLQJWKHRSWLPXPGLPHQVLRQV3DUDPHWULFDQDO\VLVIRUWKHHIIHFWVRIWKHVHWKUHHGLPHQVLRQVRQ EDQGZLGWK LVVKRZQ LQILJXUHV+DNLP $LVVDW DWHO 0LQ

+DX +R DW HO 6WDUWLQJ ZLWK /: UH PP DQG KPP )URP WKH WKUHH

ILJXUHVEHORZWKHRSWLPXPGLPHQVLRQVDUH:/DQG+

)LJ7KHHIIHFWRI

FKDQJLQJ:RQWKHUHWXUQ/RVVDW/PPDQGKPP

)LJ7KHHIIHFWRI

FKDQJLQJ/RQWKHUHWXUQORVVDW:PPDQGKPP

)LJ7KHHIIHFWRI

FKDQJLQJKRQWKHUHWXUQORVVDW:PPDQG/PP

4GEQPHKIWTCDNGOKETQUVTKRCPVGPPC

+PVTQFWEVKQPVQTGEQPHKIWTCDNGCPVGPPCU[UVGO'XH WR WKH LQFUHDVLQJ GHPDQG RI PXOWLSXUSRVH DQWHQQDV LQ WKH PRGHUQ ZLUHOHVVFRPPXQLFDWLRQGHYLFHVDQGUDGDUV\VWHPVUHFRQILJXUDEOHDQWHQQDVKDYHDWWUDFWHGDORWRIUHVHDUFKHUVDWWHQWLRQ2QHW\SHRIWKHVHDQWHQQDVFDSDEOHIRURSHUDWLRQDWPXWOLEDQGVDQGKHQFH FRXOG LQWHUFHSW YDULRXV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ V\VWHPV .3&6:L0$;*60:&'0$

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

FRPPXQLFDWLRQV\VWHPVOLNH0,02DQGFRJQLWLYHUDGLR$OVRIURPIXWXUHSRWHQWLDOIRUWKHLQWURGXFWLRQ RI VPDUWQHVV DQG LQWHOOLJHQFH WR WKH KDQGKHOG WHUPLQDOV 6ZLWFKLQJ DQGRUWXQLQJWDNHVSODFHZLWKWKHDLGRI3,1GLRGHVRU0(0VVZLWFKHVRUYDUDFWRUVDGRSWHGZLWKWKH DQWHQQD VWUXFWXUH 3LQ GLRGHV DUH UHOLDEOH DQG H[SHULHQFH KLJK VZLWFKLQJ VSHHG EXWLQWURGXFHQRQOLQHDULW\DQGQHHGFRPSOH[ELDVFLUFXLWU\WREHLQWHJUDWHGZLWKWKHDQWHQQD2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG 0(0V KDYH ORZHU LQVHUWLRQ ORVV HDVLHU LQ LQWHJUDWLRQ QR QHHG IRUELDVLQJFLUFXLWU\OHVVVWDWLFSRZHUFRQVXPSWLRQDQGKDYHKLJKHUOLQHDULW\EXWLWQHHGVKLJKVWDWLFELDVYROWDJH$FFRUGLQJWRWKHYDULRXVDGYDQWDJHVRIUHFRQILJXUDEOHDQWHQQDVWKH\DUHFXUUHQWO\ SDUW RI PDQ\ PRGHUQ ZLUHOHVV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ V\VWHPV VXFK DV'&6*60:&'0$%OXHWRRWK:/$1 KDQG KHOG *36DQG RWKHU QDYLJDWLRQ V\VWHPV

www.intechopen.com


18/30


0,02 6\VWHPV DQG VWHHUDEOH DUUD\V ,Q WKH IROORZLQJ GLIIHUHQW H[DPSOHV DQG NLQGV RIUHFRQILJXUDEOHDQWHQQDVZLOOEHSUHVHQWHG

2QNCTK\CVKQP&KXGTUKV[

7KHZRUNSURSRVHGE\+DNLP$w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


19/30


4CFKCVKQPRCVVGTP5VGGTKPI

$GDSWLYHEHDPVSLUDODQWHQQDIRXQGLQWKHZRUNGRQHLQ*UHJ++XIIHWDO7KHJHRPHWU\RIWKHDQWHQQDLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHZKHUHSRVLWLRQLQJRIRSHQFLUFXLWLQWKHVSLUDO

DUPFKDQJHFXUUHQWGLVWULEXWLRQOHDGLQJWRVWHHULQJWKHEHDPGLUHFWLRQ7ZRVZLWFKHVDUHXVHGWRRSHQFORVHWKHRSHQFLUFXLWLQWKHVSLUDODUPDQGKHQFHWKHSDWWHUQGLUHFWLRQLVWZRELWFRQWUROODEOH,Q


20/30


)LJ*HRPHWU\RIEDQGQRWFKPRQRSROHDQWHQQD )LJ&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQVLPXODWHGDQGPHDVXUHGUHWXUQORVVRIWKH21VWDWH

)LJ&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQVLPXODWHGDQGPHDVXUHGUHWXUQORVVRIWKH2))VWDWH

)LJ$QWHQQDJDLQLQWKHRQDQGRIIVWDWHV

$VPHQWLRQHGDERYHUHFRQILJXUDELOLW\FRXOGEHDFKLHYHGXVLQJ5)0LFUR(OHFWUR0HFKDQLFDO0(0VVZLWFKHVRUDFWXDWRUV$QH[DPSOHIRUDIUHTXHQF\WXQDEOHDQWHQQDVXLQJ0(0VPLFURPDFKLQLQJLVSURSRVHGLQ5$O'DKOHKHWDO,WLVVLPSOHSDWFKSULQWHGRQ6LOLFRQ

XVLQJ9/6,PLFRUHOHFWURQLFVWHFKQRORJ\DQG$LUJDSLVEHQHDWKWKHSDWFK0(0VDFWXDWRULVWR FKDQJH WKH WKLFNQHVV RI WKH DLU JDS EHQHDWK WKH SDWFK KHQFH FKDQJLQJ WKH HIIHFWLYHVXEVWUDWHGLHOHFWULFVRWKHUHVRQDQFHIUHTXHQF\LVFKDQJHG7KHDQWHQQDVWUXFWXUHLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH7KLVNLQGRIDQWHQQDVLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWIRUDQWHQQDRQFKLSDQGPRGHUQ6RFWHFKQRORJ\WKDWDUHYLWDOIRUFRPSDFWKDQGKHOGGHYLFHV

6LPXDOWHG

0HDVXUHG

* * * *

6LPXDOWHG

0HDVXUHG

6ZLWFKHV21

6ZLWFKHV2))

0D

[LPXP*

DLQG%L

)UHTXHQF\

www.intechopen.com


21/30


)LJ6FKHPDWLFRIWKHIUHTXHQF\WXQDEOHPLFURVWULSSDWFKDQWHQQDVKRZLQJWKH0(0VPHPEUDQHLQWKHJURXQGSODQHEHORZWKHDQWHQQD

5OCTV/KETQUVTKR#PVGPPCU

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

www.intechopen.com


22/30


5YKVEJGFDGCOUOCTVCPVGPPCU[UVGO

6ZLWFKHGEHDPDQWHQQDV\VWHPVIRUPPXOWLSOHIL[HGEHDPVZLWKKHLJKWHQHGVHQVLWLYLW\LQSDUWLFXODU GLUHFWLRQV 7KHVH DQWHQQD V\VWHPV GHWHFW VLJQDO VWUHQJWK FKRRVH IURP RQH RI

VHYHUDO SUHGHWHUPLQHG IL[HG EHDPV DQG VZLWFK IURP RQH EHDP WR DQRWKHU DV WKH XVHUPRYHVWKURXJKRXWWKHVHFWRU,QWHUPVRIUDGLDWLRQSDWWHUQVWKHVZLWFKHGEHDPDSSURDFKVXEGLYLGHV PDFURVHFWRUV LQWR VHYHUDO PLFURVHFWRUV DV D PHDQV RI LPSURYLQJ UDQJH DQGFDSDFLW\(DFKPLFURVHFWRUFRQWDLQVDSUHGHWHUPLQHGIL[HGEHDPSDWWHUQZLWKWKHJUHDWHVWVHQVLWLYLW\ORFDWHGLQWKHFHQWHURIWKHEHDPDQGOHVVVHQVLWLYLW\HOVHZKHUH

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

)LJD%HDPIRUPLQJOREHVDQGQXOOVLQVZLWFKHGDQGDGDSWLYHDUUD\V\VWHPVJUHHQOLQHVDUH WKH UHTXLUHG XVHU GLUHFWLRQ DQG \HOORZ OLQHV DUH IRU FRFKDQQHO LQWHUIHUHQFH DQG EFRYHUDJHSDWWHUQVIRUVZLWFKHGEHDPVDQGDGDSWLYHDUUD\DQWHQQDV

#FXCPVCIGUCPFFKUCFXCPVCIGUQHUOCTVCPVGPPCU[UVGO#FXCPVCIGU7KHGXDOSXUSRVHRIDVPDUWDQWHQQDV\VWHPLVWRDXJPHQWWKHVLJQDOTXDOLW\RIWKHUDGLREDVHGV\VWHPWKURXJKPRUHIRFXVHGWUDQVPLVVLRQRIUDGLRVLJQDOVZKLOHHQKDQFLQJFDSDFLW\WKURXJK IUHTXHQF\ UHXVH 7KH PDLQ DGYDQWDJHV RI WKH VPDUW DQWHQQD V\VWHP DQG WKHLUUHIOHFWHGHIIHFWRQV\VWHPSHUIRUPDQFHDUHOLVWHGLQWDEOHEHORZ0LFKDHO&KU\VVRPDOOLV5DSSDSRUW767VRXORV*9

DE

8VHUGLUHFWLRQ8VHUGLUHFWLRQ

,QWHUIHUHHGLUHFWLRQ,QWHUIHUHHGLUHFWLRQ

www.intechopen.com


23/30


)HDWXUH %HQHILW6LJQDOJDLQ,QSXWVIURPPXOWLSOHDQWHQQDVDUH FRPELQHG WR RSWLPL]H DYDLODEOH SRZHU

UHTXLUHG WR HVWDEOLVK UHTXLUHG OHYHO RIFRYHUDJH

%HWWHU UDQJHFRYHUDJH)RFXVLQJWKHHQHUJ\LQFUHDVHV WKH EDVH VWDWLRQ FRYHUDJH UDQJH

/RZHU SRZHU UHTXLUHPHQWV DOVR HQDEOH DJUHDWHU EDWWHU\ OLIH DQG VPDOOHUOLJKWHUKDQGVHWVL]H

,QWHUIHUHQFHUHMHFWLRQ$QWHQQDSDWWHUQFDQEHJHQHUDWHGWRZDUGFRFKDQQHOLQWHUIHUHQFHVRXUFHV WKXV LPSURYLQJ WKH VLJQDOWRLQWHUIHUHQFHUDWLRRIWKHUHFHLYHGVLJQDOV

,QFUHDVH FDSDFLW\ 3UHFLVH FRQWURO RI VLJQDOQXOOV DQG PLWLJDWLRQ RI LQWHUIHUHQFH DOORZVIRULPSURYLQJFDSDFLW\

6SDWLDO GLYHUVLW\ &RPSRVLWH LQIRUPDWLRQIURP WKH DUUD\ LVXVHG WRPLQLPL]H IDGLQJDQG RWKHU XQGHVLUDEOH HIIHFWV RI PXOWLSDWKSURSDJDWLRQ

+LJKHUELWUDWHVWUDQVIHUPXOWLSDWKUHMHFWLRQUHGXFHV WKH HIIHFWLYH GHOD\ VSUHDG RI WKHFKDQQHOZKLFKDOORZVIRUKLJKHUELWUDWHVWREHVXSSRUWHG

3RZHU HIILFLHQF\ ,W FRPELQHV WKH LQSXWVIURP PXOWLSOH HOHPHQWV WR RSWLPL]HDYDLODEOH SURFHVVLQJ JDLQ LQ WKH GRZQOLQNWRZDUGWKHXVHU

5HGXFH H[SHQVH /RZHU DPSOLILHU FRVWVUHGXFH SRZHU FRQVXPSWLRQ DQG LQFUHDVHUHOLDELOLW\

7DEOH%HQHILWVRIVPDUWDQWHQQDV\VWHP

&KUCFXCPVCIGU

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

#RRNKECVKQPUQHUOCTVCPVGPPCU[UVGOU6PDUW DQWHQQD WHFKQRORJ\ FDQ VLJQLILFDQWO\ LPSURYH ZLUHOHVV V\VWHP SHUIRUPDQFH DQGHFRQRPLFVIRUDUDQJHRISRWHQWLDOXVHUV,WHQDEOHVRSHUDWRUVRI3&6FHOOXODUDQGZLUHOHVVORFDOORRS://QHWZRUNVWRUHDOL]HVLJQLILFDQWLQFUHDVHVLQVLJQDOTXDOLW\FDSDFLW\DQGFRYHUDJH$GDSWLYHDQWHQQDVKDYHEHHQXVHGLQDUHDVVXFKDVUDGDUVVDWHOOLWHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVUHPRWH

VHQVLQJ DQG GLUHFWLRQ ILQGLQJ WR QDPH D IHZ )RU LQVWDQFH UDGDU DQG VHFXUHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV V\VWHPV WDNH DGYDQWDJH RI WKH DELOLW\ RI WKHVH DQWHQQDV WR DGDSW WR WKHRSHUDWLQJ HQYLURQPHQW WR FRPEDW MDPPLQJ 6DWHOOLWH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ V\VWHPV KDYH XVHGPXOWLSOH EHDP DQG VSRW EHDP DQWHQQDV WR WDLORU WKHLU FRYHUDJH WR VSHFLILF JHRJUDSKLFORFDWLRQV.DZDOD3DQG8+6KHLNK

(WVWTGRGTURGEVKXGUHQTUOCTVCPVGPPCUU[UVGOU$FFRUGLQJWRUHFHQWVWXGLHVVPDUWDQWHQQDWHFKQRORJ\LVQRZGHSOR\HGLQRQHRIHYHU\EDVHVWDWLRQVLQWKHZRUOGDQGWKHGHSOR\PHQWRIVPDUWDQWHQQDV\VWHPVZLOOJURZE\SHUFHQW LQ WKH QH[W IRXU \HDUV ,W ZDV VKRZQ LQ WKH VDPH VWXG\ WKDW VPDUW DQWHQQD

www.intechopen.com


24/30


WHFKQRORJ\ KDV EHHQ VXFFHVVIXOO\ LPSOHPHQWHG IRU DV OLWWOH DV SHUFHQW PRUH FRVW WKDQVLPLODUEDVHVWDWLRQVZLWKRXWWKLVWHFKQRORJ\6PDUWDQWHQQDVDUHDOUHDG\SDUWRIFXUUHQWUHOHDVHVRI*VWDQGDUGVDQGPRUHVRSKLVWLFDWHG

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

VKRZHG WKDW VPDUW DQWHQQD WHFKQLTXHV DUH NH\ WR VHFXULQJ WKH ILQDQFLDO YLDELOLW\ RIRSHUDWRUVEXVLQHVVZKLOHDWWKHVDPHWLPHDOORZLQJIRUXQLWSULFHHODVWLFLW\DQGSRVLWLYHQHWSUHVHQWYDOXH7KH\DUHFUXFLDOIRURSHUDWRUVWKDWZDQWWRFUHDWHGHPDQGIRUKLJKGDWDXVDJHDQGRUJDLQKLJKPDUNHWVKDUH%DVHGRQWKLVW\SHRIDQDO\VLVWHFKQRORJ\URDGPDSVDORQJZLWKWKHLUDVVRFLDWHGULVNVFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKDWHQDEOHDSSURSULDWHWHFKQRORJ\LQWHUFHSWSRLQWVZLOOEHGHWHUPLQHGUHVXOWLQJLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWHFKQRORJLHVDSSURSULDWHIRUHDFKDSSOLFDWLRQDUHD

#EMPQYNGFIOGPV

7KHDXWKRUZRXOGOLNHWRDFNQRZOHGJH(QJ$KPHG.KLGUHIRUKLVHIIRUWDQGVXSSRUWLQ

GLVFXVVLRQV FROOHFWLQJ OLWHUDWXUH PDWHULDO DQG HGLWLQJ LVVXHV WKDW KHOS LQ FRPSOHWH WKLVUHVHDUFKZRUN

4GHGTGPEGU

$KPHG (O]RRJKS\ 6PDUW DQWHQQD HQJLQHHULQJ $UWHFK +RXVH ,QF 0RELOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVHULHV

$KPHG.KLGUH+DOD(OVDGHNDQG+DQL)LNU\5HFRQILJXUDEOH8:%SULQWHGDQWHQQDZLWKEDQG UHMHFWLRQ FRYHULQJ ,(((DK ,((( ,QW 6\PS RQ DQWHQQDV DQGSURSDJDWLRQ6RXWK&DUROLQD-XQH

$QJHOLNL $OH[LRX DQG 0DUWLQ +DDUGW 6PDUW DQWHQQD WHFKQRORJLHV IRU IXWXUH ZLUHOHVV

V\VWHPVWUHQGVDQGFKDOOHQJHV,(((FRPPXQLFDWLRQPDJD]LQH6HSSS$3=KDRDQG-5DKROD4XDUWHUZDYHOHQJWKZLGHEDQGVORWDQWHQQDIRU*+]PRELOH

DSSOLFDWLRQV,((($QWHQQDV:LUHOHVV3URSDJ/HWWYROSS%OXHWRRWKLQIRUPDWLRQZHEVLWHZZZDQ\FRPFRP%OXHWRRWK#DQ\FRPFRP&$%DODQLV$QWHQQDVWKHRU\$QDO\VLVDQG'HVLJQVHFRQGHGLWLRQ-RKQ:LOH\6RQV

86$FK&3+XDQJ$QDO\VLVDQGGHVLJQRISULQWHGDQWHQQDVIRUZLUHOHVVFRPPXQLFDWLRQVXVLQJ

WKH ILQLWH GLIIHUHQFH WLPH GRPDLQ WHFKQLTXH 3K' 'LVVHUWDWLRQ (OHFWULFDO(QJLQHHULQJ'HSDUWPHQW8QLYHUVLW\RI0LVVLVVLSSL'HFHPEHU

www.intechopen.com


25/30


&55RZHOODQG5'0XUFK$FDSDFLWLYHO\ORDGHG3,)$IRUFRPSDFWPRELOHWHOHSKRQHKDQGVHWV,(((7UDQV$QWHQQDV3URSDJDWYROQRSS0D\

'DOLD1DVKDDWKDOD(OVDGHNDQGKDQL*KDOL6LQJOH)HHGFRPSDFWTXDGEDQG3,)$DQWHQQD

IRU ZLUHOHVV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ $SSOLFDWLRQV ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ $QWHQQD DQG3URSDJDWLRQ9RO1R$XJ33

'DOLD1DVKKDW+DOD(OVDGHNDQG+DQL*KDOL$:LGHEDQG&RPSDFW6KRUWHG5HFWDQJXODU0LFURVWULS 3DWFK $QWHQQD ZLWK 86KDSHG 6ORW ZLOO EH SXEOLVKHG LQ WKH3URFHHGLQJVRI,((($QWHQQDDQG3URSDJDWLRQ6\PSRVLXP&ROXPEXV2KLR-XQH

' 0 3R]DU DQG '+ 6FKDXEHUW 0LFURVWULS $QWHQQDV 7KH $QDO\VLV DQG 'HVLJQ RI0LFURVWULS$QWHQQDVDQG$UUD\V,(((3UHVV1HZ


26/30


- (OOLQJ 0 *HQWVFK DQG - 7RIWJUG $QDO\VLV RI ,QWHJUDWHG DQWHQQDV (OVHYLHU IRUSHUVRQDO FRPPXXLFDWLRXD PDVWHUV WKHVLV $DOERUJ 8QLYHUVLW\ 'HQPDUN -XQH

- 5 -DPHV DQG 3 6 +DOO +DQGERRNRI 0LFURVWULS$QWHQQDV/RQGRQ3HWHU 3HUHJLQXV/WG

.DZDOD 3 DQG 8 + 6KHLNK $GDSWLYH PXOWLEHDP DUUD\ IRU ZLUHOHVV FRPPXQLFDWLRQV3URF ,QVW (OHFW (QJ WK ,QW &RQI $QWHQQDV DQG 3URSDJDWLRQ (GLQEXUJK6FRWODQGSS

. )XMLPRWR $ +HQGHUVRQ . +LUDVDZD DQG - 5 -DPHV 6PDOO $QWHQQDV 5HVHDUFK6WXGLHV3UHVV/,'

.)XMLPRWRDQG-5-DPHV0RELOH$QWHQQD6\VWHPV+DQGERRN$UWHFK+RXVH

.&KRDQG


27/30


7VRXORV*9$GDSWLYHDQWHQQDVIRUZLUHOHVVFRPPXQLFDWLRQV,(((SUHVV7 7DJD $QDO\VLV RI SODQDU LQYHUWHG) DQWHQQDV DQG DQWHQQD GHVLJQ IRU SRUWDEOH UDGLR

HTXLSPHQW LQ . +LUDVDZD DQG 0 +DQHLVKL (GV $QDO\VLV 'HVLJQ DQG

0HDVXUHPHQW RI VPDOO DQG /RZ3URILOH $QWHQQDV SS 1RUZRRG 0$$UWHFK+RXVH

:6WX]PDQ*7KHLOH$QWHQQD7KHRU\DQG'HVLJQ QGHGLWLRQ-RKQ:LOH\6RQV86$


28/30


www.intechopen.com


29/30

Mobile and Wireless Communications Network Layer and Circuit

Level Design

Edited by Salma Ait Fares and Fumiyuki Adachi

ISBN 978-953-307-042-1

Hard cover, 404 pages

Publisher InTech

Published online 01, January, 2010

Published in print edition January, 2010

Mobile and wireless communications applications have a clear impact on improving the humanity wellbeing.

From cell phones to wireless internet to home and office devices, most of the applications are converted from

wired into wireless communication. Smart and advanced wireless communication environments represent the

future technology and evolutionary development step in homes, hospitals, industrial, vehicular andtransportation systems. A very appealing research area in these environments has been the wireless ad hoc,

sensor and mesh networks. These networks rely on ultra low powered processing nodes that sense

surrounding environment temperature, pressure, humidity, motion or chemical hazards, etc. Moreover, the

radio frequency (RF) transceiver nodes of such networks require the design of transmitter and receiver

equipped with high performance building blocks including antennas, power and low noise amplifiers, mixers

and voltage controlled oscillators. Nowadays, the researchers are facing several challenges to design such

building blocks while complying with ultra low power consumption, small area and high performance

constraints. CMOS technology represents an excellent candidate to facilitate the integration of the whole

transceiver on a single chip. However, several challenges have to be tackled while designing and using

nanoscale CMOS technologies and require innovative idea from researchers and circuits designers. Whilemajor researchers and applications have been focusing on RF wireless communication, optical wireless

communication based system has started to draw some attention from researchers for a terrestrial system as

well as for aerial and satellite terminals. This renewed interested in optical wireless communications is driven

by several advantages such as no licensing requirements policy, no RF radiation hazards, and no need to dig

up roads besides its large bandwidth and low power consumption. This second part of the book, Mobile and

Wireless Communications: Key Technologies and Future Applications, covers the recent development in ad

hoc and sensor networks, the implementation of state of the art of wireless transceivers building blocks and

recent development on optical wireless communication systems. We hope that this book will be useful for

students, researchers and practitioners in their research studies.

How to reference

In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:

Hala Elsadek (2010). Microstrip Antennas for Mobile Wireless Communication Systems, Mobile and Wireless

Communications Network Layer and Circuit Level Design, Salma Ait Fares and Fumiyuki Adachi (Ed.), ISBN:

978-953-307-042-1, InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/mobile-and-wireless-

communications-network-layer-and-circuit-level-design/microstrip-antennas-for-mobile-wireless-

communication-systems

www.intechopen.com


30/30

InTech Europe

University Campus STeP Ri

Slavka Krautzeka 83/A

51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Phone: +385 (51) 770 447

Fax: +385 (51) 686 166

www.intechopen.com

InTech China

Unit 405, Office Block, Hotel Equatorial Shanghai

No.65, Yan An Road (West), Shanghai, 200040, China

Phone: +86-21-62489820

Fax: +86-21-62489821

Documents

InTech-Microstrip Antennas for Mobile Wireless Communication Systems