INSTYTUT PROBLEMÓW J

INSTYTUT PROBLEMÓW JĄDROWYCH im. Andrzeja Sołtana

The Andrzej Sołtan INSTITUTE FOR NUCLEAR STUDIES

ANNUAL REPORT 2006

PL-05-400 OTWOCK-ŚWIERK, POLAND tel.: 048 22 718 05 83 fax: 048 22 779 34 81 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.ipj.gov.pl

Editors: D. Chmielewska E. Infeld P. Żuprański Secretarial work and layout: A. Odziemczyk K. Traczyk Cover design G. Karczmarczyk On the front cover (from left to right): * The design of 16 cameras for the "π of the Sky" project [Contrib. 6.14] * Chamber of Titanium Nitride Coating Device * X-ray frame image showing two dense plasma regions [Contrib.5.6] * The assembled first module of the ALICE-PHOS photon spectrometer [Contrib.6.6] * Temporal evolution of deuterium and impurity lines from the plasma pinch column [Contrib. 5.6] Printed by Stanisław Fuksiewicz Usługi Wydawniczo-Poligraficzne ISSN 1232-5309

Annual Report 2006

3

CONTENTS I. GENERAL INFORMATION....................................................................................................... 7

1. LOCATIONS........................................................................................................................... 7

2. MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE ................................................................................ 7

3. SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL ......................................................................................................... 8

4. DEPARTMENTS OF THE INSTITUTE ................................................................................ 9

5. SCIENTIFIC STAFF OF THE INSTITUTE......................................................................... 10

6. VISITING SCIENTISTS....................................................................................................... 12

7. GRANTS ............................................................................................................................... 14

8. PARTICIPATION IN NATIONAL CONSORTIA AND SCIENTIFIC NETWORKS ....... 17

9. DEGREES ............................................................................................................................. 18

10. EDUCATION ........................................................................................................................ 19 II. REPORTS ON RESEARCH BY DEPARTMENT .................................................................... 21

1 NUCLEAR REACTIONS ..................................................................................................... 21

2. INTERDYSCYPLINARY APPLICATIONS OF PHYSICS................................................ 39

3. DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS............................................................... 61

5. PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY........................................................................ 79

6. HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS................................................................................................. 103

7. COSMIC RAY PHYSICS ................................................................................................... 129

8. THEORETICAL PHYSICS ................................................................................................ 141

9. MATERIAL STUDIES ....................................................................................................... 161

10. ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY ......................................................... 169

11. TRAINING AND CONSULTING...................................................................................... 179

12. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ..................................................................................... 183

13. NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT "HIGH TECHNOLOGY CENTER-HITEC" .......................... 187 III. OBITUARIES............................................................................................................................195 IV. AUTHOR INDEX .....................................................................................................................199

Annual Report 2006 4

Annual Report 2006

5

FOREWORD

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

publ

icat

ions

Last year was a year of solid good work. The number of publications has grown again, as shown in the graph. With 276 papers in 2006 produced by 134 scientists, we crossed the point of 2 papers per scientist. This might be easy to achieve in a small, exclusive institute, but in the case of a large national laboratory it requires maintaining a high level in all its departments. Our scientific achievement over the last few years was appreciated by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education awarding IPJ the first category among physics institutes.

This report briefly describes all scientific activities of IPJ in 2006. One of the most interesting

results is the first observation of spectral lines in a pure tungsten plasma using a RPI-IBIS device at Świerk [contrib. 5.8]. Another important achievement is solving the puzzle of U4O9 crystal structure [contrib.1.11]. Most work, however, concentrated on long term projects which are expected to bring important results in the future. The first to come will be the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Our Institute participates in three experiments: CMS, LHCb and ALICE. Almost 18 years designing, prototyping and constructing of the muon trigger for the CMS in collaboration with Warsaw University and Warsaw University of Technology began to pay off. A cosmic ray test of the full chain of the apparatus has proved that the device can work correctly and will soon be ready to trigger the first interesting events in the LHC. In 2006 we joined T2K - the world-largest neutrino experiment, to be built in Japan. Nuclear physics in the next decade will concentrate on a number of experiments to be built at the FAIR facility at GSI in Darmstadt. Another great international lab - DESY in Hamburg – plans an X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL). The Institute coordinates an XFEL-Polska consortium and will contribute to the construction of the XFEL accelerator. Research in plasma physics has the goal of building a thermonuclear reactor, ITER in Cadarache (France). One step on this way is the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, under construction in Greifswald. Our Institute will contribute to the construction of the Neutral Beam Injection plasma heating system.

Structural funds of EU for Poland in 2007-2013 also offer an opportunity to build large

infrastructures for science and its applications in our country. We actively participate in three large consortia: “National Center for Hadron Therapy”, “High Temperature Reactor in Poland”, and “Sieroszowice Underground Laboratory SUNlab”. Our institute also leads several national scientific networks: “Polish Astroparticle Physics Network”, “Polish Neutrino Physics Network” and others. New challenges require larger “critical mass” and close collaboration of several institutes. For this reason the “Atomic Center CeAt” has been created – a consortium of IPJ, Institute of Atomic Energy, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microsynthesis, led by our Institute.


The plans mentioned above are often addressed to the next generation of physicists. Today, they are still in school and we perform many activities to attract them to physics and science in general. This effort has been appreciated by nominating us to the “Educator of the year” award.

Last year also marks a beginning of reforms in Polish science. In this context we are often asked if

IPJ is a “pure science” or “applied science” institute. In my opinion such a division would be somewhat artificial. “There can be no applied science unless there is science to apply”1. On the other hand, any “pure science” research will sooner or later pay off in everyday live. A good example is furnished by medical accelerators produced by our Department of Nuclear Equipment. Experience in scientific experiments made our Institute one of the five producers of such apparatus in the world. In 2006 we obtained a CE certificate for Coline accelerators for cancer therapy.

A dark shadow upon our successes in 2006 was the death of our Director, Professor Ziemowid

Sujkowski. We lost a distinguished scientist, solicitous preceptor of students, our colleague and friend. He led the institute over a very difficult period. In spite of severe budget cuts and required personnel reduction, he managed to save the Institute without serious damage with a still growing scientific output measured e.g. in the number of publications. Now, it seems that science in Poland has new, bright perspectives. I am sure that we will catch the wind in our sails and we will be facing a wonderful time of exciting scientific adventures.

Dr. hab. Grzegorz Wrochna

1 Walter C. Mendenhall, 1928.

Annual Report 2006

7

I. GENERAL INFORMATION The Institute is a state owned laboratory. It conducts pure and applied research on subatomic physics, i.e. elementary particle, astroparticle, plasma physics, low and high energy nuclear physics, and related fields. The Institute specializes in accelerator physics and technology, material research with nuclear techniques, the development of spectrometric techniques, nuclear electronics and also in applications of nuclear techniques to environmental research, nuclear medicine etc. Apart from scientific departments, there is a separate production unit operating within the Institute - ZdAJ (the Establishment for Nuclear Equipment). This unit specializes in medical equipment, notably in the production of linear electron accelerators for oncology and in the production of linear accelerators for industry. 1. LOCATIONS Main site: Warsaw site: Łódź site: 30 km SE from Warsaw (departments P-I, P-VI, P-VIII) (department P-VII) Świerk, 69 Hoża street 5 Uniwersytecka street 05-400 Otwock 00-681 Warsaw 90-950 Łódź 2. MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE Director (till June 30) Professor Ziemowid SUJKOWSKI phone: (22) 718-05-83 e-mail: [email protected] Deputy Director (since April 18) Associate Professor Grzegorz WROCHNA Director (since October 25) phone: (22) 553-22-54, 718-05-83 e-mail: [email protected] Deputy Director, Research and Development Professor Marek MOSZYŃSKI phone: (22) 718-05-86 e-mail: [email protected] Scientific Secretary Dr. Danuta CHMIELEWSKA phone: (22) 718-05-85 e-mail: [email protected] Spokesman Dr. Marek Pawłowski phone: (22)553-22-36 e-mail: [email protected]


3. SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL The Scientific Council was elected on the 28th of October 2003 by the scientific, technical and administrative staff of the Institute. The Council has the right to confer PhD and habilitation degrees in physics (DSc). Representatives of scientific staff: Helena Białkowska, Assoc.Prof., Deputy Chairperson Krzysztof Rusek, Assoc. Prof. Ludwik Dobrzyński, Professor Adam Sobiczewski, Professor Marian Jaskóła, Professor Ryszard Sosnowski, Professor, Chairman Rościsław Kaczarowski, Assoc.Prof. Ziemowid Sujkowski, Professor † Robert Kiełsznia, Dr. Sławomir Wronka, Dr. Ryszard Kisiel, Dr. Janusz Wilczyński, Professor, Leszek Łukaszuk, Professor, Deputy Chairman Deputy Chairman Marek Moszyński, Professor Janusz Zabierowski, Assoc. Prof. Jan Nassalski, Professor (since October 17) † deceased July 9 Representatives of technical personnel: Robert Hornung, MSc. Jacek Pracz, MSc. Jan Kopeć, Eng. Krystyna Traczyk, MSc. Jerzy Marjanowski, MSc. External members: Andrzej Budzanowski, Professor - Institute of Nuclear Physics, (IFJ-PAN), Cracow Katarzyna Chałasińska-Macukow, Professor - Rector of the Warsaw University, Institute of Geophysics Tomasz Czosnyka, Assoc.Prof. † - Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw University Danuta Kisielewska, Professor - University of Minning and Metalurgy, Cracow Wojciech Królikowski, Professor - Institute of Theoretical Physics, Warsaw University Zbigniew Kulka, Professor - Institute of Radioelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology Julian Malicki, Assoc. Prof. - Greatpoland Cancer Center, Poznań Marek Pajek, Professor - Institute of Physics, Świętokrzyska Academy, Kielce Stanisław Rohoziński, Professor - Institute of Theoretical Physics, Warsaw University Michał Waligórski, Professor - Institute of Oncology, Cracow † deceased October 19

Annual Report 2006

9

4. DEPARTMENTS OF THE INSTITUTE - NUCLEAR REACTIONS (P-I) Head of Department – Assoc. Prof. Krzysztof RUSEK - INTERDYSCYPLINARY APPLICATIONS OF PHYSICS (P-II) Head of Department – Dr. Piotr SZYMAŃSKI - DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS (P-III) Head of Department – Assoc. Prof. Zbigniew GUZIK - PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY (P-V) Head of Department - Professor Marek SADOWSKI - HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS (P-VI) Head of Department - Professor Helena BIAŁKOWSKA - COSMIC RAY PHYSICS (P-VII) Head of Department – Dr. Jacek SZABELSKI - THEORETICAL PHYSICS (P-VIII) Head of Department – Professor Grzegorz WILK - MATERIAL STUDIES (P-IX) Head of Department – Assoc. Prof. Zbigniew WERNER - ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY (P-X) Head of Department – Dr. Eugeniusz PŁAWSKI - TRAINING AND CONSULTING Director of Department - Professor Ludwik DOBRZYŃSKI Other units: - DIVISION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Head of Division – MSc. Eng. Jacek SZLACHCIAK phone: (22) 718-05-35 - DEPARTMENT FOR NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT “HIGH TECHNOLOGY CENTER – HITEC” Director, MSc. Jacek PRACZ phone: (22) 718-05-00, 718-05-02 - TRANSPORT DIVISION (ZTS) Director, Civ. Eng. Bogdan GAS phone: (22) 718-06-16


5. SCIENTIFIC STAFF OF THE INSITUTE PROFESSORS 1. BIAŁKOWSKA Helena High Energy Nuclear Physics 2. BŁOCKI Jan (**) Theoretical Nuclear Physics 3. DĄBROWSKI Janusz (**) Theoretical Nuclear Physics 4. DOBRZYŃSKI Ludwik Solid State Physics 5. INFELD Eryk Plasma Physics and Nonlinear Dynamics 6. JASKÓŁA Marian Low Energy Nuclear Physics 7. ŁUKASZUK Leszek Particle Physics 8. MARCINKOWSKI Andrzej Low Energy Nuclear Physics 9. MOSZYŃSKI Marek Nuclear Electronics, Technical Physics 10. MRÓWCZYŃSKI Stanisław (**) Particle Physics 11. NASSALSKI Jan Particle Physics 12. PIEKOSZEWSKI Jerzy Solid State Physics

13. RONDIO Ewa Particle Physics 14. SADOWSKI Marek Plasma Physics 15. SIEMIARCZUK Teodor Particle and High Energy Nuclear Physics

16. SOBICZEWSKI Adam Theoretical Physics, Member of the Polish Academy of Sciences 17. SOSNOWSKI Ryszard Particle Physics, Member of the Polish Academy of Sciences 18. STEPANIAK Joanna High Energy Nuclear Physics 19. SUJKOWSKI Ziemowid (†) Nuclear and Particle Physics 20. SZEPTYCKA Maria Particle Physics 21. TUROS Andrzej (**) Solid State Physics 22. WILCZYŃSKI Janusz Low Energy Nuclear Physics 23. WILK Grzegorz Particle Physics 24. WYCECH Sławomir Nuclear and Particle Physics (†) deceased July 9 ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS and DSc

1. DELOFF Andrzej (**) Particle Physics 2. GUZIK Zbigniew Nuclear Electronics 3. JAGIELSKI Jacek (**) Solid State Physics 4. KACZAROWSKI Rościsław Low Energy Nuclear Physics 5. KIEŁCZEWSKA Danuta (**) Particle Physics 6. PATYK Zygmunt 7. PIASECKI Ernest 8. PIECHOCKI Włodzimierz Cosmology 9. RUSEK Krzysztof Low Energy Nuclear Physics 10. SANDACZ Andrzej Particle Physics 11. SKALSKI Janusz Theoretical Nuclear Physics 12. SŁAPA Mieczysław (**) Solid State Physics 13. SPALIŃSKI Michał Particle Physics and Cosmology 14. SZCZEKOWSKI Marek Particle Physics 15. SZYMANOWSKI Lech Theoretical Nuclear Physics 16. TRIPPENBACH Marek(**) Quantum and Nonlinear Optics

Annual Report 2006

11

17. WERNER Zbigniew Solid State Physics 18. WIBIG Tadeusz (**) Cosmic Ray Physics 19. WIŚLICKI Wojciech Particle Physics 20. WROCHNA Grzegorz Particle and Astroparticle Physics 21. ZABIEROWSKI Janusz Cosmic Ray Physics 22. ZWIĘGLIŃSKI Bogusław Nuclear Physics 23. ŻUPRAŃSKI Paweł High Energy Nuclear Physics

RESEARCH STAFF

1. ADAMUS Marek 2. AUGUSTYNIAK Witold 3. BARLAK Marek (**) 4. BATSCH Tadeusz 5. BIEŃKOWSKI Andrzej (**) 6. BLUJ Michał 7. BOIMSKA Bożena 8. BORSUK Stanisław 9. CHMIELEWSKA Danuta 10. CHMIELOWSKI Władysław (*) 11. CZARNACKI Wiesław 12. GIERLIK Michał 13. GOKIELI Ryszard 14. GOLDSTEIN Piotr 15. GÓRSKI Maciej 16. Hoffman Julia (*) 17. JAKUBOWSKI Lech (**) 18. KAPUSTA Maciej (*) 19. KARPIO Krzysztof 20. KORMAN Andrzej 21. KOWAL Michał 22. KOWALIK Katarzyna (*) 23. KOZŁOWSKI Tadeusz 24. KUPŚĆ Andrzej (*) 25. KUREK Krzysztof 26. LANGNER Jerzy (†) 27. MAJCZYNA Agnieszka 28. MARCINIEWSKI Paweł (*) 29. MARIAŃSKI Bogdan 30. NAWROCKI Krzysztof 31. NAWROT Adam (**) 32. NIETUBYĆ Robert 33. NOWICKI Lech

34. PAWŁOWSKI Marek 35. PŁAWSKI Eugeniusz 36. POLAŃSKI Aleksander (*) 37. PSZONA Stanisław 38. RABIŃSKI Marek 39. ROŻYNEK Jacek 40. RUCHOWSKA Ewa 41. RZADKIEWICZ Jacek 42. SENATORSKI Andrzej (**) 43. SERNICKI Jan 44. SHVEDOV Leonid 45. SKŁADNIK-SADOWSKA Elżbieta (**) 46. SKORUPSKI Andrzej (**) 47. SMOLAŃCZUK Robert 48. SOWIŃSKI Mieczysław (**) 49. STONERT Anna 50. ŚWIDERSKI Łukasz 51. SZABELSKA Barbara 52. SZABELSKI Jacek 53. SZLEPER Michał (*) 54. SZYDŁOWSKI Adam 55. SZYMAŃSKI Piotr 56. SZYMCZYK Władysław 57. TRACZYK Piotr 58. TRZCIŃSKI Andrzej 59. UTYUZH Oleg 60. WINCEL Krzysztof 61. WOJTKOWSKA Jolanta (**) 62. WOLSKI Dariusz 63. WYSOCKA Anna 64. ZALEWSKI Piotr 65. ZYCHOR Izabella

(†) deceased Aug. 28 (*) on leave of absence (**) part-time employee


6. VISITING SCIENTISTS 1. Koshchy E. Kharkiv State University, Kharkiv, Ukraine Jan.15 - Feb.5 P-I

2. Ponkratenko O. Inst. for Nucl. Research, Kiev, Ukraine Jan.15 - Feb.5 P-I

3. Baronowa E. RRC Kurchatov Institute, Moscow Russia Jan.16 - Feb.5 P-V

4. Chomaz P. GANIL, France Jan. 17–24 P-I

5. Klamra W. Royal Inst. of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden Jan.30 – Feb.3 P-III

6. Tsarenko A. Institute of Physics, Ukraine March 13-April 12 P-V

7. Sarma A.S.N. Advanced Systems Laboratory, Hyderbad, India March 27-31 ZAJ

8. Bhatt M. Advanced Systems Laboratory, Hyderbad, India March 27-31 ZAJ

9. Rai A. Advanced Systems Laboratory, Hyderbad, India March 27-31 ZAJ

10. Capdevielle J.N. Collège de France, Paris, France April 9-14 P-VII

11. Bero S.R. Integrated Test Range, Balasore, India May 5–19 ZAJ

12. Sivarao G.V. Integrated Test Range, Balasore, India May 5–19 ZAJ

13. Luhose S.N. Integrated Test Range, Balasore, India May 5–19 ZAJ

14. Ghose B. Integrated Test Range, Balasore, India May 5–19 ZAJ

15. A. Haungs Forschunscentrum Karlsruhe, Germany May 8–12 P-VII

16. Chubenko A. Physical Inst. of Russian Academy of Sciences May 22-26 P-VII

17. Lebedev P.N. Physical Inst. of Russian Academy of Sciences May 22-26 P-VII

18. Kemper K.W. Floryda State University, Tallahassee, USA May 27-28 P-I

19. Baronowa E. RRC Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia June 2-18 P-V

20. Kemper K.W. Floryda State University, Tallahassee, USA June 4-10 P-I

21. Keeley N. CEA Saclay, Saclay, France June 5-12 P-I

22. Klamra W. Royal Inst. of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden June 12–22 P-III

23. Marchenko A. Institute of Physics Ukraine June 19-24 P-V

24. Garrido F. Centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de July 3–21 P-I

Spectrométrie de Masse, Orsay, France

25. Zinovjev G. Academy of Science, Kiev, Ukraine July 16-19 P-VI

26. Dopel A. University of Lvov, Ukraine July 21-24 P-VI

Annual Report 2006

13

27. Tazzari S. Instituto Tor Vergata, Italy Sept. 8-9 P-V

28. Grosswendt B. Die Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Oct. 8-12 P-II

Brunschweig, Germany

29. Capdevielle J.N. Collège de France, Paris, France Oct. 16-20 P-VII

30. Morsch P. FZ, Jülich, Germany Oct. 23-24 P-III

31. Gast W. FZ, Jülich, Germany Oct. 23-24 P-III

32. Pathak A. Univ. of Hydarabad, Hydarabad, India Nov.15 - Dec.3 P-I

33. Abrasimov V. Inst. For Nuclear Research, Kiev, Ukraine Nov. 20-24 P-II

34. Sadeghi T. Gholamhassan Hoseinzed Ashiki, Nov. 21-24 ZAJ

Shala Parto Cooperative, Ardabil, Iran

35. Klamra W. Royal Inst. of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden Dec. 11-20 P-III

36. Glinka Ł. Joint Institute for Nuclear Physics, Dubna, Russia Dec. 15-31 P-VIII


7. GRANTS LIST OF RESEARCH PROJECTS (GRANTS) REALIZED IN 2006 Granted by Ministry of Science and Information Technology (former KBN)

1. INVESTIGATION OF COSMIC RADIATION IN THE PRIMARY ENERGY RANGE 1015 – 5x1017 eV WITH EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS REGISTERED BY KASKCADE-GRANDE EXPERIMENT, OPERATING IN FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM IN GERMANY Principal Investigator: Assoc. Prof. J. Zabierowski No. 1P03B03926

2. A STUDY OF NEUTRINO PROPERTIES IN THE SUPER-KAMIOKANDE DTECTOR Principal Investigator: Assoc. Prof. D. Kiełczewska No. 1P03B03826

3. STUDY OF ENERGY RESOLUTION OF SCINTILLATION DETECTORS FOR NUCLEAR RADIATION Principal Investigator: Prof. M. Moszyński No. 3T10C01026

4. SYNTHESIS AND FISSION DYNAMICS OF THE HEAVIEST NUCLEI Principal Investigator: Assoc. Prof. J. Skalski No. 1P03B06427

5. K-FRAGMENTS Principal Investigator: Prof. S. Wycech No. 1P03B04229

6. SEARCH FOR HEAVY RANDALL-SUNDRUM REASONANCES OF GRAVITON IN THE CMS EXPERIMENT AT THE LHC ACCELERATOR Principal Investigator: Assoc. Prof. G. Wrochna No. 1P03B13629

7. SEARCHES FOR CORRELATIONS OF EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS WITH GAMMA RAY BURSTS AND RELATED PHENOMENA Principal Investigator: Dr. T. Wibig No. 1P03B10329

8. THE USE OF ION IMPLANTATION AND PULSED PLASMA TECHNIQUES IN MODIFICATION OF THE NEAR SURFACE LAYER OF CARBON AND CARBON SILICIDE TO INDUCE THEIR GOOD WETTABILITY WITH COOPER Principal Investigator: Dr. M. Barlak No. 3T08C01129

9. SUPERCONDUCTING PROPERTIES OF THIN MgB2 LAYERS MANUFACTURES BY A NEW METHOD USING ION IMPLANTATION AND INTENSE PULSED PLASMA TWCHNIQUES Principal Investigator: Prof. J. Piekoszewski No. 3T08C01229

10. ISOPTIN EFFECTS IN MULTIFRAGMENTATION AND THEIR ROLE IN THE LIQUID-GAS PHASE TRANSITION IN FINITE NUCLEAR SYSTEMS Principal Investigator: Assoc. Prof. B. Zwięgliński No. 1P03B10528

Annual Report 2006

15

11. STUDIES ON THE SPECTRA OF ELEMENTARY ELECTRIC CHARGES INDUCED IN NANOSTRUCTURES. MEASURING SET UP AND EXPERIMENT FOR 1-30 NM NANOSITES Principal Investigator: Dr. S. Pszona No. 3T10C00830

12. RELATIVISTIC ION PHYSICS: FROM ELEMENTARY TO NUCLEAR COLLISIONS AND FROM SPS ENERGIES (NA49) TO THE LHC Principal Investigator: Prof. H. Białkowska No. 1P03B00630

13. STRUCTURE OF INTERACTION OF FEW-ELECTRON HIGH-Z IONS IN RELATIVISTIC COLLISIONS Principal Investigator: Dr. J. Rzadkiewicz No. 1P03B04730

14. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF HEAVIEST ATOMIC NUCLEI Principal Investigator: Prof. A. Sobiczewski No. 1P03B04230

15. INFLUENCE OF WEAK COUPLINGS ON THE STRUCTURE OF COULOMB BARRIER DISTRIBUTION: APPLICATION OF COUPLED CHANNEL METHOD Principal Investigator: Dr. E. Piasecki No. N20215231/2796

16. STUDY OF SHORT TIME SCALE ASTROPHYSICS PHENOMENA Principal Investigator: Dr. G. Wrochna No. N20205231/2798

17. SINGLE-PARTICLE EFFECTS IN THE PROPERTIES OF HEAVY AND SUPERHEVY ATOMIC NUCLEI Principal investigator: Prof. A. Sobiczewski No. N20200231/0053

18. STUDIES ON TRACK STRUCTURES OF LOW ENERGY ELECTRONS UP TO 3000 eV Principal Investigator: Dr. S. Pszona No. COST/6/2005

In addition to the above, several of our scientists are principal investigators in grants coordinated by other institutions. RESEARCH PROJECTS GRANTED BY FOREIGN INSTITUTIONS 1. COLLABORATION IN THE THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF SUPERHEAVY

NUCLEI Principal Investigator: Prof. A. Sobiczewski JINR Dubna, Order 438, 18, Russia

2. PARTICIPATION IN DESIGNING AND TESTING OF PHOTOMULTIPLIERS

Principal Investigator: Prof. M. Moszyński Contract of PHOTONIS, Brive, France

3. ADDITIONS AND MODIFICATIONS OF THE MICROSTRIP DETECTOR ASSEMBLIES

Principal Investigator: Dr. T. Batsch Order No. 125/41780516, Germany


4. OPTYMIZING THE TYPE OF PHOTON DETECTOR TO BE USED WITH THE MATERIALS LaC13 AND LaBr3 Principal Investigation: Prof. M. Moszyński Contract IAEA, No. 12596/RO, Austria

5. INVESTIGATION OF COMPACT DETECTOR CONFIGURATIONS FOR GAMMA SPECTROSCOPY

WITH LaBr3 (Ce3+) SCINTILLATORS Principal Investigator: Prof. M. Moszyński Contract with Target Systemelectronic GmbH, Solingen, Germany

6. DESIGN REVIEW, ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT, REALISATION AND DELIVERY OF THE

FIRST MODULE OF THE INTERMEDIATE ENERGY BOOSTER OF THE TOP LINAC (TOP - TERAPIA ONCOLOGIA CON PROTONI) Principal Investigator: Dr. E. Pławski Order No. Prot. ENEA/2005/14909 FIS-stg., Italy

RESEARCH PROJECTS (INDIRECT ACTIONS) GRANTED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 1. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON SUPERCONDUCTING RADIO-FREQUENCY

TECHNOLOGY FOR ACCELERATOR APPLICATION “CARE” Task Leader: Dr. J. Langner/MSc. Eng. P. Strzyżewski Responsible for the work: Prof. M. Sadowski Contract No. RII3-CT-2003-506395, The 6th Framework Programme of EU

2. RECOIL DETECTOR PROTOTYPE FOR COMPASS “HADRON PHYSICS”

Task Leader and responsible for the work: Prof. J. Nassalski Contract No. RII3-CT-2004-506078/JRA5:GPD, The 6th Framework Programme of EU

3. MOLECULAR IMAGING FOR BIOLOGICALLY OPTIMIZED CANCER THERAPY “BIO-CARE”

Responsible for the work: Prof. M. Moszyński Contract No. LSHC-CT-2004-505785, The 6th Framework Programme of EU

4. EUROPEAN ILLICIT TRAFFICKING COUNTERMEASURES KIT “EURITRACK”

Responsible for the work: Prof. M. Moszyński Contract No. STREP-2004-511471, The 6th Framework Programme of EU

5. PROTOTYPE OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC CALORIMETER FOR THE PANDA DETECTOR

“HADRON PHYSICS” Responsible for the work: Assoc. Prof. B. Zwięgliński Contract No. RII3-CT-2004-506078/JRA2:Fast EM, The 6th Framework Programme of EU

6. PANDA4:FEASIBILITY STUDY TO DEMONSTRATE THE PHYSICS PERFORMANCE OF PANDA

„DIRACSECONDARY-BEAMS” Responsible for the work: Assoc. Prof. B. Zwięgliński Contract No. 515873 (RIDS), The 6th Framework Programme of the EU

7. DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELECTED DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES (CHERENKOV DETECTORS,

SSNTD, AND FUSION NEUTRON DETECTORS) WITHIN A FRAME OF EURATOM NUCLEAR FUSION PROGRAMME “EURATOM” Responsible for the work: Prof. M. Sadowski Contract No. FU06-CT-2004-00081, The 6th Framework Programme of the European Atomic Energy Community

Annual Report 2006

17

8. PARTICIPATION IN NATIONAL CONSORTIA AND SCIENTIFIC NETWORKS

NATIONAL CONSORTIUM: Institute representative: 1.* Nuclear Science Center G.Wrochna Consortium for common work of 5 institutions: Institute for Nuclear Studies Institute of Atomic Energy Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion POLATOM Spółka z o.o. 2.* National Consortium “XFEL-POLAND” G. Wrochna/Z. Werner for collaboration with the European X-ray Free Electron Laser - Project XFEL 3. National Consortium “High Temperature Nuclear Reactor in Poland” G. Wrochna/M. Pawłowski 4. National Consortium “FEMTOFIZYKA” B. Zwięgliński for collaboration with the FAIR project in GSI Darmstadt 5. National Consortium “COPIN” K. Rusek for the scientific collaboration with France (IN2P3 Institute) 6. Agreement for scientific collaboration in theoretical research on: W.Piechocki “Particles-Astrophysics-Cosmology” 7. National Consortium for Hadron Radiotherapy (NCRH) G. Wrochna/A. Wysocka-Rabin 8. National Consortium of scientific Network “Polish calculation system W. Wiślicki for experiments at LHC-POLTIER”

SCIENTIFIC NETWORK: Institute representative: 1.* Polish Astroparticle Physics Network G. Wrochna 2.* Polish Neutrino Physics Network D. Kiełczewska 3. Polish Nuclear Physics Network D. Chmielewska 4. Polish Network of Physics of Relativistic Ion Collisions St. Mrówczyński 5. Integrated Large Infrastructure for Astroparticle Science (ILIAS) W. Piechocki European Network for Theoretical Astroparticle Physics (ENTApP) * Coordinator: The Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies (IPJ)


9. DEGREES Professor title 1. JANUSZ BRAZIEWICZ (Institute of Physics, Świętokrzyska Academy, Kielce) DSc theses 1. ZYGMUNT PATYK (Institute for Nuclear Studies, Otwock-Świerk) Determination and properties of atomic mass for nuclei far from stability line 2. ANDRZEJ KORDYASZ (Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw University) Design of unique silicon detectors and their application in physic and environment PhD theses 1. LEONID SHVEDOV (Institute for Nuclear Studies, Otwock-Świerk) Nuclear dynamics in the macroscopic model 2. ADAM MIELECH (Institute for Nuclear Studies, Otwock-Świerk) Evaluation of ∆G/G from D0 and D* meson production at COMPASS experiment 3. MACIEJ RYBCZYŃSKI (Institute of Physics, Świętokrzyska Academy, Kielce) Multiplicity fluctuations in relativistic heavy ion collisions 4. MICHAŁ BLUJ (Institute for Nuclear Studies, Otwock-Świerk) Search for Higgs boson in LEP and LHC accelerators 5. PIOTR TRACZYK (Institute for Nuclear Studies, Otwock-Świerk) Search for massive Randall-Sundrum graviton excitations in the CMS experiment at the LHC 6. ABDUL TAWWAB (Institute for Nuclear Studies, Otwock-Świerk) Ion beam modification of biocompatible polymers 7. SERGIY MEZHEVYCH (Institute for Nuclear Studies, Otwock-Świerk) Scattering of 11B nuclei from carbon isotopes

Annual Report 2006

19

10. EDUCATION 1. CONTINUOUS ACTIVITY OF THE TRAINING AND CONSULTING DEPARTMENT:

POPULARIZATION OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY

More than 6 thousand students visited exhibitions and workshops organized by the Training and Consulting Department in 2006. Further information is given in section 11. 2. PROJECTS AND WORKSHOPS FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS „The Roland Maze Project – cosmic ray detectors network in high schools”

The idea of the project is to construct a large area network of cosmic ray detectors using the town infrastructure of high schools in Łódź. The main goal of the experiment to study of extensive air showers of cosmic rays at the highest observed energies (above 1018 eV). Introducing high school students to the project will have an important educational impact and seems to be an efficient way of science popularization. Students from 40 high schools involved in the project build detectors and electronics, and organize scientific sessions with scientists. European Masterclasses for high school students “Hands on Particle Physics”

Each year about 3000 high school students in 18 countries all over Europe particiapate in this activity organized by the European Particle Physics Outreach Group. Lectures given by active scientists give insight on topics and methods of basic research on the fundaments of matter and forces, enabling students to perform measurements on real data from particle physics experiments. At the end of each day, like in international research collaboration, the participants join in a video conference for discussion and their results. IPJ has organized Masterclasses in three high schools in Łódź. About 200 students took part in our workshops in 2006. “Hands on Universe” project and “Telescopes in education”

The activity is a part of the EU project coordinated by our group (in collaboration with the Centre for Theoretical Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences). High school students participating in the project carry out „professional” astronomical observations using internet cameras and have remote access to some large scientific facilities in the world (including the Hubble telescope). 3. STUDENT COMPETITIONS IN GENERAL PHYSICS Polish-Ukrainian Physics Competition “Lwiątko” (“Lion Cub”)

The competition took place in schools from all over Poland and Ukraine and is organized in Poland by the 1st Community High School in Warsaw in collaboration with IPJ. Participants in five age groups were set 30 test problems. In 2006 “Lion Cub” had over 24 000 Polish participants. In addition to prizes awarded by the Organizing Committee, the winners were given the opportunity of an excursion to a few laboratories of the Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies (IPJ) and to the “Maria” research nuclear reactor at the Institute of Nuclear Energy (IEA). Student competition “Physical Paths”

The competition is organized for high school students from Poland. Participants were to prepare research in physics, essays on relations between physics, culture and civilization, or propositions of physical demonstrations. The works selected by the jury from more than 60 submitted contributions are to be presented at special seminar session in Warsaw. The competition is organized in collaboration with the Center of Theoretical Physics of Polish Academy of Sciences. Winners of the 2006 competition published their work in an international educational journal and visited laboratories of JINR in Dubna.


4. SHOWCASES AND FESTIVALS OF SCIENCE

Our Institute made a number of showcases, lectures, workshops and festival lessons at the Warsaw Science Festival. Our two expositions were shown at the Scientific Picnic in Warsaw – one of the largest open air scientific events in the world. Our showcases were also presented within the framework of the EU project “Wonders” in Barcelona and Helsinki.

Several thousands people visited our events during the year.

DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS

21

II. REPORTS ON RESEARCH 1 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS

Head of Department: Assoc. Professor Krzysztof Rusek phone: (22) 621-38-29 e-mail: [email protected]

Overview

The scientific activity of our department is traditionally focused on nuclear physics, atomic physics and material research. Our interest in nuclear physics is broad, ranging from the structure of a nucleon to the structure of the nucleus.

The spin structure of a nucleon has been investigated within the HERMES Collaboration which comprises 32 institutions from 11 countries. The collaboration performs experiments at Deutches Elektronen-Synchrotron in Hamburg.

Another large-scale international collaboration we are participating in is PANDA. The PANDA (antiProton ANnihilation at DArmstadt) experiment will be installed at the High Energy Storage Ring for antiprotons of the future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) in Darmstadt. Our colleagues, led by Dr. B. Zwięgliński, have been working on the concept of a calorimeter, testing different scintillators.

Many experiments in low energy nuclear physics were performed in collaboration with University of Jyväskylä, the Institute of Nuclear Research of the Ukrainian Academy of Science and Heavy Ion Laboratory of the Warsaw University. They were devoted to studying nucleus-nucleus interactions near the Coulomb barrier.

This year, atomic studies focused on the L-shell ionisation of some heavy elements by silicon ions accelerated to the energy of 8.5-36 MeV. The results are presented in this report and are compared to different model calculations.

Finally, I take great pleasure in congratulating Dr. L. Nowicki, whose study of uranium oxide structure, performed in collaboration with Centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse in Orsay, was chosen as an important scientific achievement of our Institute in 2006.

Apart from purely scientific activities, a few of our colleagues have been involved in education, giving lectures to students from high schools in Warsaw and Warsaw University. R. Ratajczak contributed to the 10th Science Festival, an event organized for the general public every year.

Assoc. Prof. Krzysztof Rusek


1.1 Levels in 149Nd Studied Using the (d,t) and (d,p) Reactions by M.Jaskóła

The 149Nd nucleus with 89 neutrons is of special

interest since it lies in a region where the deformation is increasing rapidly with neutron number. This nucleus was studied previously with (3He,α) and (d,t) reactions [1, 2] and by a decay of 149Pr [3]. The results of previous studies are summarized in Nuclear Data Sheets [4], where a more complete list of references can be found. In order to construct the nuclear model for an 149Nd nucleus, good experimental data are needed, such as energies, spins, parities, spectroscopic factors, etc. In the present measurement, states of an 149Nd nucleus have been populated via the 150Nd(d,t)149Nd and 148Nd(d,p)149Nd reactions using a 12.1 MeV deuteron from a tandem accelerator located at the Niels Bohr Institute. The excited states up to an excitation energy of about 2 MeV were investigated with energy resolution of about 5-10 keV. The outgoing protons and tritons were analyzed in a magnetic spectrograph and detected with a photographic emulsion. Triton spectra have been measured at 13 reaction angles from 5o to 125o and protons were measured at three angles: 60o, 90o and 125o only. The (d,t) angular distributions and ratios of (d,t) and (d,p) cross sections at selected angles were used to determine l-values for about 30 transitions. To allow extracting spectroscopic information from the experimental data a series of DWBA, calculations were performed in the finite-range approximation with DWUCK code. Comparison between experimental and calculated shapes of the angular distributions allows the assignment of transferred angular momentum values. The measured triton angular distributions are well described by a DWBA calculation and on this basis it was possible to give unambiguous assignments for a numbers of levels. Representative experimental angular distributions for triton groups with l=0 and 2 are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. With respect to the adopted levels [4], 8 levels have been observed for the first time and identified l-values and parities, 17 levels have been confirmed and 5 ambiguities removed. The data were obtained some time ago as part of a nuclear structure programme in the neodymium isotopes performed at the Niels Bohr Institute at Risø-Kopenhagen. [1] [2] [3] [4]

D.G.Burke et al., Can. J. Phys. 51(1973)455 L.Haugen et al., Can. J. Phys. 59(1981)1183 J.A.Pinston et al., Z. Phys. A282(1977)303 B.Sing, Nucl. Data Sheets 102(2004)4

Fig. 1 Angular distributions for triton groups with l=0. The solid lines show the results of DWBA calculations.

Fig. 2 Angular distributions for triton groups with l=2. The solid lines show the results of DWBA calculations.


23

1.2 7Li + 10B Elastic and Inelastic Scattering by A.T.Rudchik1), V.O.Romanyshyn1), E.I.Koshchy2), A.Budzanowski3), K.W.Kemper4), K.Rusek, V.D.Chesnokova1), J.Choiński5), B.Czech3), T.Czosnyka5), L.Głowacka6), S.Kliczewski3), V.M.Kyryanchuk1), S.Yu.Mezhevych1), A.V.Mokhnach1), O.A.Momotyuk1), O.A.Ponkratenko1), R.Siudak3), I.Skwirczyńska3), and A.Szczurek3,7)

Angular distributions of 7Li + 10B elastic and

inelastic scattering were measured at energy Elab(10B) = 51 MeV (21 MeV c.m.) at the Warsaw University cyclotron C-200P. The ∆E-E-telescopes with silicon detectors were used. Figure 1 shows a typical ∆E(E)-spectrum of the 7Li(10B, X) reaction products. The measured angular distribution of the 7Li + 10B elastic scattering is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 1 Typical ∆E(E)-spectrum from the 7Li(10B, X) reactions at energy Elab(10B) = 51 MeV for the angle θlab = 17O.

The data were analyzed within the optical model (OM) and coupled-reaction-channels method (CRC). The transitions to the excited states of 7Li and 10B were calculated within the collective model. The most important one- and two-step transfers were also included in the calculations.

A Woods-Saxon potential with volume absorption was used in the calculations. The potential parameters were fitted to the data for both the entrance and exit channels. In Fig. 2, the curves <Ai> (i =2–15) represent the calculated cross sections with these parameters.

In order to compare this with the previously investigated 7Li + 11B scattering [1], the OM- and CRC-calculations with energy dependent parameters of 7Li + 11B scattering potential were also performed. The results are plotted in Fig. 2 by curves <Bi>.

We found that potential scattering (curves<OM>) dominate at the forward angles. Large angle scattering is mainly caused by the reorientations of 7Li and 10B (curves <r.7Li> and <r.10B>, respectively). The transfer contributions (see curves <pp>, <nn> etc. in Fig. 2) to the elastic scattering are small. The parameters of the 7Li + 11B scattering potential fail in the description of the 7Li + 10B scattering data (scattering isotopic effect).

Fig. 2 Angular distributions of the 7Li(10B, 10B) elastic scattering at the energy Elab(10B) = 51 MeV.

This work was supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Education (MNiSW), Joint Projects with Ukraine No. 1243 and 2689. [1]

1) 2) 3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

A.A.Rudchik, A.T.Rudchik, G.M.Kozeratscka, O.A.Ponkratenko, E.I.Koshchy, A.Budzanowski, B.Czech, S.Kliczewski, R.Siudak, I.Skwirczyńska, A.Szczurek, S.Yu.Mezhevych, K.W.Kemper, J.Choiński, T.Czosnyka, L.Głowacka, Phys. Rev. C 72, 034608 (2005)

Institute for Nuclear Research, Kyiv, Ukraine Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine H.Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Cracow, Poland Physics Department, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA Heavy Ion Laboratory of Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland Institute of Applied Physics, MUT, Warsaw, Poland University of Rzeszόw, Poland


1.3 Fusion Barrier Distributions by E.Piasecki1,2), Ł.Świderski2), J.Jastrzębski1), M.Kisieliński1), A.Kordyasz1), M.Kowalczyk1,2), T.Krogulski3), M.Mutterer4), K.Piasecki2), K.Rusek, P.Russotto5), A.M.Stefanini6), N.Rowley7)

To check our hypothesis on the importance of the

neutron-transfer channels for barrier height distributions [1], we performed, under the same experimental conditions, measurements of the barrier height distributions for the 20Ne + 90,92Zr systems. According to the systematic of Rehm et al. [2], the precision should be, however, checked experimentally, for the 90Zr target the neutron-transfer probability should be only slightly larger than for Ni (for which we observed the barrier structure [3]), while being considerably smaller than for the 118Sn target (for which the structure is absent [1]). In the other case, for the 92Zr target, the n-transfer probability should be similar to that for the 118Sn target. Thus, if our hypotheses (and the Rehm systematics) are correct, we should expect a structured barrier distribution for the 90Zr target, while in the case of 92Zr we expect the distribution to have its structure considerably smoothed out. On the other hand, the structure of both Zr nuclei is so similar that, if one excludes the transfer channels, according to the coupled-channels calculations one should not expect any difference between the two distributions.

The method and experimental set-up was similar to that described in Ref. [4]. That is, we measured quasi-elastic large-angle scattering excitation functions using thirty 10x10 mm PIN diodes placed at 130o, 140o and 150o in the laboratory system and two “Rutherford” semiconductor detectors (of 6 mm diameter) placed at 35o with respect to the beam. The 20Ne beam, with an intensity of a few pnA from the Warsaw Cyclotron, bombarded 100 µg/cm2 targets of 90,92Zr (enriched to 98%) on 20 µg/cm2 C backings. As energy degraders we used nickel foils. Together with measurements performed at different angles, these enabled us to obtain an excitation function with very small energy intervals (see Fig. 1). The energy resolution was continuously monitored during the experiment using the energy spectra measured in the forward detectors, and turned out not to exceed 1.15 MeV [FWHM], being very similar for both Zr targets.

As can be seen in Fig. 1, in agreement with our expectations, the barrier distributions for 20Ne + 90,92Zr differ: the former seems to be structured, while the latter is structureless. The latter is also wider: dispersions (r.m.s.) are correspondingly equal to: 3.034 ± 0.045 and 3.271 ± 0.026.

At the moment our speculations concerning the reasons for the absence of structure are rather tentative

and await further experimental and theoretical investigation.

42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 620.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.2042 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

92Zr

D

qe

Eeff [MeV]

90Zr

Dqe

Fig. 1 Experimental barrier distributions for 20Ne + 90,92Zr. [1] [2] [3]

[4] [5]

1)

2)

3) 4)

5) 6) 7)

E.Piasecki et al., Phys. Lett. B 615, 55 (2005) K.E.Rehm et al., Phys. Rev. C 42, 2497 (1990) Ł.Świderski., Int. Journ. Mod. Phys. E 14, 341 (2005) E.Piasecki et al., Phys. Rev. C 65, 054611 (2002) E.Piasecki et al., accepted for publication in Int. Journ. Mod. Phys. E

Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw University, Poland Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, Poland University in Białystok, Poland Institut fűr Kernphysik, Technische Universität, Darmstadt, Germany Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Legnaro, Italy Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France


25

1.4 Energy Dependence of the Coulomb Barrier for 20Ne + 208Pb by K.Rusek

We have investigated barrier distribution for

20Ne+208Pb scattering system by means of coupled-channel (CC) calculations. The barrier distribution, Dque(E), could be extracted from quasielastic scattering cross section calculated at backward angles, in the following way [1],

Dque = - d/dE (σque / σR ), where σR is the Rutheford cross section. In the CC calculations we have included coupling between the ground state (0+) and the first excited state (2+, Ex=1.633 MeV) of 20Ne, as well as the quadrupole reorientation of the latter assuming simple rotational model of this nucleus. Thus, the calculated quasielastic cross section comprised of the elastic scattering cross section and inelastic scattering cross section representing excitation of the projectile to the first excited state. The diagonal optical model potential was taken from ref. [2].

In a series of CC calculations, we could fit the experimental angular distributions of the elastic and inelastic scattering cross sections measured at an incident energy of 131 MeV [3] with the two parameters, Coulomb matrix element M(E2;0+→2+)=18 efm2 and nuclear deformation lenght δ2 = 1.56 fm. The matrix element can be related to the reduced transition probability B(E2;0+→2+) within the rotational model, B(E2;0+→2+)=[M(E2;0+→2+)]2. Thus, our value of the reduced transition probability is close to that known from the tables (340 e2fm4) while the value of the nuclear deformation length is close to that used by Gross et al. [2] (1.61 fm).

Fig. 1 Energy distribution of the Coulomb barrier from CC calculations performed at backward scattering angle of 140 deg. See text for details.

With these parameters we have performed CC calculations at many energies around the barrier. The Coulomb barrier distribution extracted from the calculated, at scattering angle θc.m. = 140 deg, quasielastic scattering cross section is plotted in Fig. 1.

This work was supported by the grant MNiSW N202 152 31/2796. [1] [2] [3]

E.Piasecki et al., Phys. Rev. C 65(2002)054611 E.E.Gross et al., Phys. Rev. C 29(1984)459 E.E.Gross et al., Phys. Rev. C 17(1978)1665

1.5 Coupled-Channel Calculations for 11Be + 209Bi Quasielastic Scattering at 40 MeV by L.Acosta1) and K.Rusek

We performed coupled-channel (CC) calculations

for quasielastic scattering of 11Be from bismuth target at incoming energy of 40 MeV. The experimental data were published recently by Mazzocco et al. [1]. The projectile is a weakly bound halo nucleus, with one neutron separation energy of 0.503 MeV. Its first excited state is bound by only 0.183 MeV. Because of that the elastic scattering and inelastic scattering leading to this state could not be separated in the experiment.

In the calculations we used a single particle model of 11Be, with 10Be as a core. The ground state of 11Be was assumed to be pure 2s1/2 while the excited state was 1p1/2, with spectroscopic amplitudes set to unity. The potential binding the neutron to the 10Be core was

of Woods-Saxon shape with parameters adopted from P. Capel et al. [2]. In the course of the calculations we found that such geometry corresponds to the reduced transition probability B(E1; 2s1/2→1p1/2) = 0.26 e2fm2, much larger than 0.1 e2fm2 found by T. Nakamura et al. [3] from Coulomb excitation studies. In order to reduce the calculated value, we reduced the diffuseness of the 10Be + n binding potential from 0.6 fm to 0.1 fm. The value of the calculated reduced transition probability dropped down to 0.15 e2fm2.

All the central and coupling potentials were derived from empirical 10Be + 208Pb [4] and n + 209Bi [5] optical model potentials by means of single-folding method.


Fig. 1 Results of CC calculations. The data are from [1]. Solid curve shows results for quasielastic scattering while the results for elastic scattering are plotted by a dashed curve.

The results of the CC calculations for quasielastic scattering (elastic+inelastic) are plotted by the solid curve in the Fig. 1. The calculated inelastic cross section is very large, σin = 3678 mb, more than an order of magnitude larger than that calculated by Mazzocco et al. [1]. However, it is in good agreement with the predictions plotted in Fig. 3 of Nakamura et al. [6]. The dashed curve in Fig. 1 shows results for elastic scattering. At backward angles, the quasielastic cross section is dominated by inelastic scattering. The total reaction cross section from our CC calculations is 4300 mb. The difference between the total reaction cross section and the inelastic cross section can be

attributed to other processes like breakup and fusion of 11Be from 209Bi is 622 mb, about two times larger than the reaction cross section reported for 9Be + 209Bi at the same energy [7-9]. Because of that we do not support the conclusion of Mazzocco et al. [1] that the halo structure of 11Be does not have a big influence on the reaction dynamics at the Coulomb barrier. We are going to study the effect of couplings to the unbound states of 11Be on the process of elastic scattering by means of more sophisticated continuum – discretized coupled – channel calculations. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

[8] [9]

1)

[1]

M.Mazzocco et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 28 (2006) 295 P.Capel et al., Phys. Rev. C 70 (2004) 064605 T.Nakamura et al., Phys. Lett. B 394 (1997) 11 J.J.Kolata et al., Phys. Rev. C 69 (2004) 047601 R.L.Varner et al., Phys. Rep. 201 (1991) 57 T.Nakamura et al., Phys. Lett. B 394 (1997) 11 C.Signorini et al., Phys. Rev. C 61 (2000) 061603(R) W.Y.So et al., Phys. Rev. C 72 (2005) 064602 A.Gómez-Camacho et al., Nucl. Phys. A762 (2005) 216

Departamento de Fisica Aplicada, Universidad de Huelva, Spain

1.6 The Hermes Collaboration*) Reports:

1.6.1 Longitudinal Spin Transfer to the Λ Hyperon in Semi-inclusive Deep-inelastic Scattering by W.Augustyniak, B.Mariański, A.Trzciński, P.Żuprański

The transfer of polarization from a high-energy

positron to a Λ0 hyperon produced in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering has been measured. The measurement is sensitive to two unknowns: the spin structure of the lightest hyperon, and the spin-dependent dynamics of the fragmentation process in deep-inelastic scattering.

The polarization of final-state Λ0 hyperons can be measured via the weak decay channel Λ0 → pπ− through the angular distribution of final-states particles:

dN/dΩp ∝1+αPΛ•Kp Here dN/dΩp is the angular distribution of the

protons, α=0.642 ± 0.013 is the asymmetry parameter of the parity- violating weak decay, PΛ is the polarization of the Λ0, and Kp is the unit vector along the proton momentum in the rest frame of the Λ0. Because of the parity-violating nature of this decay, the proton is preferentially emitted along the spin

direction of its parent, thus offering access to spin degrees of freedom in the deep-inelastic scattering final state. The spin transfer coefficient DLL’ describes the probability that the polarization of the struck quark is transferred to the Λ0 hyperon along the quantization axis L’.

The data were obtained by the HERMES experiment at DESY using 27.6 GeV longitudinally polarized positron beam of the HERA collider and unpolarized gas targets internal to the positron (electron) storage ring [1]. The longitudinal spin transfer coefficient is found to be DLL=0.11± 0.10 (stat) ± 0.03 (syst) at an average fractional energy carried by the Λ0 hyperon <z>=0.45.

A.Airapetian et al., Phys. Rev. D 74(2006)072004 *) The HERMES Collaboration comprises 32 institutions from 11 countries at Deutches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg.


27

1.6.2 Precise Determination of the Spin Structure Function g1 of the Proton, Deuteron and Neutron by W.Augustyniak, B.Mariański, A.Trzciński, P.Żuprański

Precise measurements of the spin structure

functions of the proton g1p(x,Q2) and deuteron

g1d(x,Q2)are presented over the kinematics range

0.0041 ≤ x ≤ 0.9 and 0.18 ≤ Q2 ≤ 20 GeV2. [1] The data were collected at the HERMES experiment at DESY, in deep-inelastic scattering of 27.6 GeV longitudinally polarized positrons off longitudinally polarized hydrogen and deuterium gas targets internal to the HERA storage ring. (Fig. 1) The neutron spin structure function g1

n has been extracted by combining proton and deuteron data and employing the equation:

g1d = ½ (g1

p +g1n)(1-3/2ωD),

where ωD takes into account the D-state admixture to the deuteron wave function.

A value of ωD=0.05 ± 0.01 is used, which covers most of the available estimates.

Contribution ∆Σ of quark helicities to the nucleon helicity has been determined to be:

∆Σ = 0.330±0.011 (theo) ± 0.025 (exp) ± 0.028 (evol),

where the errors correspond to experimental (exp), theoretical (theo) and Q2 evolution (evol) ones.

The HERMES data therefore suggest that the quark helicities contribute a substantial fraction to the nucleon helicity, but there is still a need for a major contribution from gluons and/or angular momenta. [1] A.Airapetian et al., Phys. Rev. D75(2007)012007

Fig. 1 HERMES results on g1

p and g1d vs x, shown on separate

panels, compared to data from SMC, E143, E155 and COMPASS, in the HERMES x-range. For the HERMES data the closed (open) symbols represent values derived by selecting events with Q2>1 GeV2 and (Q2 < 1 GeV2).

1.6.3 The Beam-charge Azimuthal Asymmetry and Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering by W.Augustyniak, B.Mariański, A.Trzciński, P.Żuprański

The Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS),

i.e. the hard exclusive leptoproduction of a real photon (ep → epγ) provides, among all practical probes, the cleanest access to Generalized Parton Distributions (GPD). These distributions generalize the Parton Distribution Functions which have been traditionally used to describe the partonic structure of the nucleon.

Strong interest in the formalism of GPDs emerged after GPDs had been found to offer the first possibility to reveal the total angular momentum carried by the quarks in the nucleon. Direct access to the DVCS

amplitudes is provided by the interference between the DVCS and Bethe-Heitler (BH) processes. The cross section depends on the azimuthal angle φ between the plane containing the incoming and outgoing leptons and the plane defined by the virtual and real photon. It introduces a dependence on the beam charge, which is a rare phenomenon normally confined to processes involving the weak interaction. The first observation of such an azimuthal asymmetry with respect to the charge of the incoming lepton beam has been made in the HERMES experiment in which the 27.6 GeV


electron and positron beam are scattered off an unpolarized hydrogen gas target. The beam-charge asymmetry AC is evaluated as

))(N)((N))(N-)((N)(A -

C

ϕφϕϕϕ

−+

+

+=

where N+(φ) and N−(φ) represent the single-photon yields per φ bin, normalized to the number of detected inclusive events using the positron and electron beam, respectively.

The observed asymmetry, shown in Fig. 1, is attributed to the interference between the DVCS and BH processes.

Fig. 1 Beam-charge asymmetry AC for the hard electroproduction of photons off protons as a function of the azimuthal angle φ. Statistical uncertainties are shown. The solid curve represents the four parameter fit: (−0.011±0.019) + (0.060±0.027)cos φ + (0.016±0.026)cos 2φ + (0.034±0.027)cos 3φ.The dashed line shows the pure cos φ dependence.

1.7 Monte-Carlo Simulations of Two-gluon Fields, Confinement and the QCD Gluon Propagator by H.P.Morsch1), P.Żuprański

The decay of a colour neutral 2-gluon system in

qq⎯ and 2q2q⎯ has been simulated with the Monte-Carlo method, taking into account a 1-gluon exchange interaction between the emitted quarks folded with a 2-gluon density determined self-consistently. Finite 2-gluon densities are formed with a mean square radius < r2 > of about 0.4-0.5 fm2. By solving the relativistic Schrödinger equation, the binding potential of the 2-gluon system is computed. This is consistent

with the confinement potential from lattice QCD. The deduced momentum distributions give a good account of the tensor and scalar part of the gluon propagator determined from a lattice gauge calculations, indicating that this important quantity of QCD is directly related to the 2-gluon densities discussed. 1) Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany

1.8 Improvements in Particle Identification Algorithms for the S254 Software by A.Mykulyak and B.Zwięgliński for the ALADIN 2000 Collaboration at GSI-Darmstadt

The growing interest in isospin effects in nuclear

reactions is motivated by an increasing awarness of the importance of the symmetry term in the nuclear equation of state, in particular for astrophysical applications. Supernova simulations or neutron star models require inputs for the nuclear equation of state at extreme values of density and neutron-proton asymmetry (see e.g. [1]). Four different beams 107Sn, 124Sn, 124La, and 197Au, all with incident energy of 600 A MeV have been used in the S254 experiment to shed more light on this issue.

The experimental setup incorporated the ALADiN spectrometer with an upgraded detection system (see Fig. 1), the fragment separator (FRS) to produce the unstable beams 107Sn and 124La and the large neutron detector LAND. The detection system consists of a series of ionization chambers (ICs) and proportional counters (PCs) mounted vertically on both sides of the cathode. Each PC is divided into three sections. The intrinsic gain mechanism involved in PCs permitted to lower the detection threshold of the combined system down to Z = 2.


29

Beamdirection

Proportionalcounters

Anode8-packs

200 cm

100 cm

160

cm

Cathode

A. Mykulyak, 2006

X ZY

Fig. 1 The MUSIC IV detection system consisting of 6 anode 8-packs (ICs) and 8 proportional counters (PCs).

The initial version of the track reconstruction software detected hits from particle trajectories separately in each PC section. This resulted in a loss of particles whose trajectories passed nearly along the counter edges (~5-10% of the total, with higher percentage of loss for low Z values). In the course of improvement, the identification algorithm was modified so that it uses information from both adjacent sections of PCs to reconstruct particle tracks.

Another direction of improvement was an adjustment of the Pad Response Function (PRF) aiming at better amplitude estimation for light particle hits. Several functions have been tried e.g. exponential, gaussian, Lorentzian. The best results were achieved with the Gaussian PRF plus some background (due to pad cross-talk).

The third major issue was a correction of the hit baseline for light particles for those hits in particular, in which the light particle "sits" on the tail of a heavy fragment. In the corrected version of the software the

baseline parameters are estimated in a different way, which depends on the hits present in the signal.

CPY, mm-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400

Cou

nts

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Statistics for IDd hits, 3rd plane right

QaD

Corr. + Gauss PRF

MiddleBottom Top

Fig. 2 Number of correctly identified hits as a function of the Y-coordinate in one of the PCs. The limits of individual sections are indicated. Black dots correspond to the data obtained with initial (QaD) software, while the solid line – to the software with “border hit”, “optimal PRF” and the “adaptive baseline” corrections.

Fig. 2 demonstrates the combined effect of all three modifications, including the "edge-effect", the "optimal PRF" and the "adaptive baseline" corrections. One may note that filling the dips around the PC section edges at ±120mm is the major improvement introduced by the new software. Note that the abscissa in Fig. 2 is the Y-coordinate determined with the charge division method in the resistor chain running along the vertical direction in Fig. 1. [1] J.M.Lattimer and M.Prakash, Phys. Rep. 333

(2000) 121

1.9 Set-up for Amplitude- and Time-response Studies of Cooled, Large-size PWO Scintillators in the Gamma-ray Energy Range 4 - 20 MeV (I) by D.Melnychuk, W.Czarnacki, G.Kęsik, A.Korman, T.Kozłowski, A.Mykulyak, J.Wojtkowska, and B.Zwięgliński for the ECAL-PANDA Collaboration at GSI

The PANDA experiment with its high luminosity

and compact design requires the use of PbWO4 (PWO, lead tungstate) crystals for its electromagnetic calorimeter. The crystals have a high density and can tolerate the expected radiation and particle rate levels. Although PWO crystals have been developed and will be used for high energy physics experiments, like CMS or ALICE, the requirements for the PANDA experiment are more stringent [1]. To allow the measurement of photon energies as low as few MeV a large R&D program was performed to achieve the highest possible light output. The successful result is the development of a new type of crystals named PWO-II with a factor of two higher light output than previously available PWO crystals. In addition it was shown that we can gain up to a factor of four in light

output by operating the scintillators at a temperature of -25° C. On the readout side large area avalanche photodiodes (LAAPDs) will be used. Up to now, radiation hard LAAPDs of 10x10 mm2 active area, a factor of four larger than those installed in CMS have been developed with Hamamatsu Photonics Inc.

The expected performance of the calorimeter is evaluated by performing test measurements with the scintillator matrices at various accelerator facilities, such as ELSA, MAMI or MAXLAB providing high-energy tagged photon beams. The lowest energy of about 15 MeV (with a resolution of about 500 keV) is achieved by scattering a laser beam off relativistic electrons at MAXLAB [2]. Our setup is designed to cover the 4 - 20 MeV range with a much better definition of photon energies. We intend to utilize


(p,γ) reactions on several light nuclei with protons accelerated with the SINS/UW Van-de-Graaff accelerator to overlap MAXLAB and extend the results down to minimum energies of interest. The reactions T(p,γ)4He, 7Li(p,γ)8Be, 11B(p,γ)12C and 19F(p,α)16O*→ γ +16Og.s. are of primary interest. In the reporting period natB and T targets have been developed and their in-beam tests performed using a simple setup consisting of a water-cooled target holder, a large NaI(Tl) detector φ 4"x4", and a conical lead collimator, allowing us to illuminate the circular region of about 15mm in diameter on the front face of NaI(Tl). natB targets are prepared by evaporating natural boron on Mo backings 0.5 mm thick, using the electron bombardment of a boron pellet in a Ta boat, as described in [3]. The thickness of the B layer thus obtained was about 2 µm, corresponding to ~ 100 keV energy losses for 1 MeV protons. The target holder is constructed so that the back surface of the Mo backing is water cooled. It is tilted 45°, while the axis of the Pb collimator is at 90° to the beam direction. Fig. 1 shows the NaI(Tl) spectrum accumulated during ~1 hour of bombardment with 10-15 µA proton beam at 670 keV. The two high energy lines originating from the transitions from the capturing state to the ground state and the 4.43 MeV first excited states in 12C are clearly seen in the spectrum. Unfortunately, the peaks corresponding to the transition 4.43 MeV→g.s., which would be also useful for the PWO response studies, are obscured by the 19F contaminant. A well resolved line at 20.4 MeV is also observed with the tritium target dissolved in a layer of Ti. However the low yield of gammas at Ep=950 keV requires a target with a larger tritium content, which is an expensive investment.

The second part of our activities in 2006 consisted in construction of the cryostat permitting us to

measure the response of 20x20x200 mm PWO scintillators at temperatures down to -30° C. The scintillator tested, the S6884-1010 sensors and the preamps are located in a compartment filled with dry He gas, the latter being in thermal contact with a reservoir through which the cooling liquid (THERMAL H5S) is circulated from the cooler JULABO F32-ME. The Pt-100 thermometer immersed in H5S provides for the cooler a reference temperature to stabilize it at the predetermined level. Another Pt-100 is in thermal contact with the scintillator and gives its actual temperature.

Fig. 1 Amplitude spectrum from the φ 4"x4" NaI(Tl) scintillator detecting capture gamma-rays from 11B+p at Ep=670 keV. Arrows show the identified peaks due to 12C (see the inset) and 19F contaminants. [1]

[2] [3]

M.Kotulla et al., PANDA Collaboration, Technical Progress Report for: PANDA- Strong Interaction Studies with Antiprotons, p. 177 B.Schroeder, private communication J.R.Erskine and D.S.Gemmel, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 24(1963)397

1.10 Coupling and Binding-saturation Effects in L-subshell Ionization of Heavy Atoms by 0.3–1.3 MeV/amu Si Ions by I.Fijał-Kirejczyk1), M.Jaskóła, W.Czarnacki, A.Korman, D.Banaś2), J.Braziewicz2), U.Majewska2), J.Semaniak2), M.Pajek2), W.Kretschmer3), T.Mukoyama4), D.Trautmann5), G.Lapicki6)

Coupling and binding effects have been studied in

L-subshell ionization of Au, Bi, Th and U atoms by an impact of 28Siq+ ions in the energy range of 8.5-36.0 MeV. The L x-ray spectra measured were analyzed taking into account the multiple ionization effects in outer M- and N-shells. The L-subshell ionization cross sections have been obtained from measured x-ray production cross sections using the L shell fluorescence and Coster-Kronig yields which were modified for a reduced number of electrons and closed Coster-Kronig transitions in the multiply ionized atoms [1]. The results are compared with the calculations based on the semiclassical approximation (SCA) within the united atom limit (SCA-UA) [2] as well as the plane-wave Born approximation (PWBA).

We demonstrate that, for silicon ion impact, these approaches have to be modified to include the L-subshell coupling effect using the “coupled subshell model” (CSM) as well as the saturation of the binding effect at the united atom limit. The calculations modified for both effects are in much better agreement with the experimental data. In particular, an order-of-magnitude improvement of agreement between the data and the proposed SCA-CSM calculations including the binding-saturation effect is reported for low-energy Si ions for the L2-subshell. The results are also compared with the predictions of the PWBA based ECPSSR theory [3] treating the binding effect within the perturbation approach and the ECUSAR theory [4] additionally describing the binding-


31

saturation effect and the correction for the coupling effect obtained using the CSM model.

In order to demonstrate the importance of the L-subshell coupling and binding-saturation effects in detail, the ratios of measured L-subshell ionization cross sections for Si-ions and the predictions of the SCA and ECUSAR theories, both in original and CSM modified versions, are shown in Fig. 1 as a function of the relative projectile velocity v1/v2. These figures clearly demonstrate a drastic improvement of the theoretical predictions in particular for the L2-subshell. [1]

[2] [3] [4]

1) 2)

3)

4) 5) 6)

M.Pajek et al., Phys. Rev. A68(2003)022705

D.Trautmann et al., NIM 214(1983)21 W.Brandt et al., Phys. Rev. A23(1981)1717 G.Lapicki et al., Phys. Rev. A70(2004)062718

Institute of Atomic Energy, Świerk, Poland Institute of Physics, Świętokrzyska Academy, Kielce, Poland Physikalisches Institut, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany Kansai Gaidai University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan Institüt für Physik, Universität Basel, Switzerland Department of Phys., East Carolina University, Greenville, USA

Fig. 1 The ratios of experimental to theoretical ionization cross sections for L1, L2 and L3 subshells of Au, Bi, Th and U atoms bombarded by energetic siliconions plotted versus relative projectile-L-shell electron velocity v1/v2.

1.11 On the Determination of U4O9 Crystal Structure by L.Nowicki, F.Garrido1), L.Thomé1), A.Turos, A.Stonert, R.Ratajczak

U4O9 is produced during oxidation of UO2 when

the intake of the oxidant is limited. During over 50 years of structural studies of U4O9 it was found that this compound is a structural derivative of UO2. Diffractometry (X-ray, neutron, electron) was the main basic technique used in these studies. The atomic structure of U4O9 is still controversial: many structural models were published; however, none of them can explain the whole set of available experimental data.

Recently S.D.Conradson et al. published [1] results of structural U4O9 studies performed with Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure analysis (EXAFS). The method is frequently used to investigate the vicinity of atoms and to determine interatomic distances in a-few-hundred picometer range. The authors presented and tried to justify a thesis that U4O9

is not a fully crystalline compound; this statement was based on the interpretation of the EXAFS results on investigated powder samples. Conradson et al. stated that part of the U4O9 structure has no long-range atomic order. Calling this phase “a glassy part” they stated that it was not noticed in the previous studies due to the blindness of the diffraction techniques on non-crystalline regions. Moreover, Conradson et al. postulated that some U-O interatomic distances in U4O9 are shorter than 200 pm. The image of U4O9 drawn by Conradson et al. differs very much from views presented in previous studies on U4O9.

Two experimental techniques, neutron diffraction and ion channelling, were used in order to verify the theses of Conradson et al.; results of these studies


were published in [2] and [3], respectively. The principal findings of these works are described below.

Neutron-diffraction study. High resolution power diffractometry (HRPD) and neutron diffraction with registration in an almost 4π solid angle (GEM, General Materials Diffractometer) were used. The first method, owing to a specially applied calibration technique, showed that the registered neutron-diffraction peaks originate from the whole powder of U4O9

studied; hence the material does not contain any amorphous part. The second technique enabled determination of the pair correlation function and showed that the shortest distances have more than 200 pm, as stated in earlier studies.

Channelling study. Ion-channelling experiments were performed on U4O9 single crystals by using a 3085 keV 4He++ beam from the Aramis tandem accelerator at CSNSM Orsay. Channelling spectra at <001>, <011> and <111> axes and angular scans along low-index crystallographic planes and off such planes were registered. It was shown that atomic ordering in the crystalline structure of U4O9 leads to peculiar ion-channelling characterized by a special shape of oxygen scans close to the main crystallographic axes. Examples of such scans are shown in Fig. 1. The spectra and scans for U4O9 were compared with corresponding data for UO2. In order to perform detailed quantitative analysis of the U4O9 and UO2 channelling data, the Monte Carlo code McChasy was used [4]. The code was developed at SINS and can be used for many crystalline structures including crystalline phases with large unit cells. The analysis led to the conclusions that (i) ion-channelling occurs in U4O9 like in UO2 and the U4O9 channelling data can be interpreted as a result of clustering of oxygen atoms in multi-atomic aggregates, (ii) interatomic distances U-O shorter than 200 pm are absent in U4O9, (iii) the structural U4O9 model based on spatial arrangement of 13-atomic cuboctahedral oxygen clusters [5] is the most probable since it shows clear convergence with the channelling data. It should be stressed that the channelling study provided data

which are independent on any kind of diffraction analysis.

It has been shown there the postulate of “glassy part” of U4O9 posed by Conradson et al., should be excluded.

Tilt angle (deg)-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

N o

r m

a l

i z e

d

y i

e l d

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2 along (110)

along (111)

_

Fig. 1 Angular scans measured across the [011] axis along two crystallographic planes. The solid lines are used to show a Monte Carlo simulation based on the cuboctahedral cluster model [5]. [1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

1)

S.D.Conradson et al., J. Inorg. Chem. 43 (2004) 6922 F.Garrido, A.C.Hannon, R.M.Ibberson, L.Nowicki, B.T.M.Willis, J. Inorg. Chem. 45 (2006) 8408 F.Garrido, L.Nowicki, L.Thomé, Phys. Rev. B74 184114 L.Nowicki, A.Turos, R.Ratajczak, A.Stonert, F.Garrido, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 240(2005)277 D.J.M.Bevan, I.E.Grey and B.T.M.Willis, J.Solid State Chem. 61(1986)1

Centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse, Orsay, France


33

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

MASS AND ISOSPIN DEPENDENCE IN MULTIFRAGMENTATION C. Sfienti, ... , A. Mykulyak, B. Zwięgliński, ... et al. Acta Phys. Pol. A Vol. 37 (2006) 193 A SEMICLASSICAL ANALYSIS OF THE He + Pb ELASTIC SCATTERING6 208 A.M. Sanchez-Benitez, J. Rodriguez-Quintero, I. Martel, K. Rusek, J. Gomez-Camacho, M. Alvarez Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 1 (2006) pp. 219-224 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONDITION OF DEPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF W-Ti-N THIN FILMS PREPARED BY REACTIVE MAGNETRON SPUTTERING A.V. Kuchuk, V.P. Kladko, O.S. Lytvyn, A. Piotrowska, R.A. Minikayev, R. Ratajczak Adv. Eng. Mater. Vol. 8 No 3 (2006) pp. 209-212 TIME-INTEGRATED MEASUREMENTS OF FUSION-PRODUCED PROTONS EMITTED FROM PF-FACILTIES A. Malinowska, ... , A. Szydłowski, J. Żebrowski, M.J. Sadowski, P. Karpiński, M. Jaskóła, A. Korman, ... et al. AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 812 (2006) 237-240 ON MULTISTEP DIRECT EMISSION AND THE MORE COMPLICATED DIRECT PROCESSES THAT FOLLOW A. Marcinkowski, P. Demetriou AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 831 (2006) 499 STUDY OF SPECTATOR TAGGING IN THE REACTION NP › PP WITH A DEUTERON BEAM M. Abdel-Bary, ... , P. Żuprański, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. A Vol. 29 No 3 (2006) pp. 353-361 SINGLE-PION PRODUCTION IN PP COLLISIONS AT 0.95GeV/c (I) P. Żuprański, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. A Vol. 30 No 2 (2006) 443 NEUTRON DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF U O : COMPARISON WITH EXAFS RESULTS 4 9 F. Garrido, A.C. Hannon, R.M. Ibberson, L. Nowicki, B.T.M. Willis Inorg. Chem. Vol. 45 (2006) 8408 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NEAR-SURFACE LAYERS OF CARBON STEELS MODIFIED BY INTERACTION WITH INTENSE PULSED PLASMA BEAMS: SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY INVESTIGATIONS B. Sartowska, J. Piekoszewski, L. Walis, J. Stanisławski, L. Nowicki, R. Ratajczak J. Microsc. Vol. 224 No 1 (2006) 114-116 Ta-Si CONTACTS ON-SiC FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE DEVICES M. Guziewicz, ... , A. Stonert, A. Turos, ... et al. Mat. Sci. Eng. B Vol. 135 (2006) 289 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF RADIATION-INDUCED DISORDER IN SPINEL CRYSTALS L. Thome, J. Jagielski, A. Gentils, L. Nowicki, F. Garrido Nucl. Instr. Meth. B Vol. 242 No 1-2 (2006) pp. 643-645 4He CHANNELLING STUDIES OF U O4 9 F. Garrido, L. Nowicki, A. Stonert, A. Pietraszko, E. Wendler Nucl. Instr. Meth. B Vol. 249 No 1-2 SPEC. (2006) 497-50 THE EFFECTS OF ION BOMBARDMENT OF ULTRA-HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE A. Turos, A.M. Abdul-Kader, D. Grambole, J. Jagielski, A. Piatkowska, N.K. Madi, M. Al-Maadeed Nucl. Instr. Meth. B Vol. 249 No 1-2 SPEC. ISS. (2006) pp. 660-664 BIMODALITY: A POSSIBLE EXPERIMENTAL SIGNATURE OF THE LIQUID-GAS PHASE TRANSITION OF NUCLEAR MATTER M. Pichon, ... , B. Zwięgliński, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. A Vol. 779 (2006) 267-296 THE Li EXCLUSIVE BREAKUP ON Si AT 13 MeV6 28 A. Pakou, ... , K. Rusek, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B Vol. 633 No 6 (2006) pp. 691-695 TARGET STRUCTURE INDEPENDENT POLARIZED Li ELASTIC SCATTERING AT LOW MOMENTUM TRANSFERS7 O.A. Momotyuk, ... , K. Rusek, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B Vol. 640 No 1-2 (2006) pp. 13-17 M-SHELL IONIZATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS BY 0.1-1.0 MeV/amu H AND He IONS1,2 3,4 M. Pajek, ... , A. Bieńkowski, M. Jaskóła, A. Korman, ... et al. Phys. Rev. A Vol. 73 (2006) 012709


CHANNELING INVESTIGATION OF THE CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF U O4 9-y F. Garrido, L. Nowicki, L. Thome Phys. Rev. B Vol. 74 (2006) 184114 RADIAL SENSITIVITY OF ELASTIC SCATTERING AT NEAR BARRIER ENERGIES FOR WEAKLY BOUND AND TIGHTLY BOUND NUCLEI D. Roubos, A. Pakou, N. Alamanos, K. Rusek Phys. Rev. C Vol. 73 No 5 (2006) art. no. 051603 SPECTROSCOPY OF Sn VIA THE HIGH-RESOLUTION Sn(p,t) Sn REACTION110 112 110 P. Guazzoni, ... , M. Jaskóła, ... et al. Phys. Rev. C Vol. 74 (2006) 054605 LONGITUDINAL SPIN TRANSFER TO THE Λ HYPERON IN SEMIINCLUSIVE DEEP-INELASTIC SCATTERING A. Airapetian, ... , W. Augustyniak, B. Mariański, A. Trzciński, P. Żuprański, ... et al. Phys. Rev. D Vol. 74 No 7 (2006) 072004 DOUBLE- HADRON LEPTOPRODUCTION IN THE NUCLEAR MEDIUM W. Augustyniak, ... , B. Mariański, A. Trzciński, P. Żuprański, ... et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 96 (2006) 162301 MEASUREMENTS OF ION MICRO-BEAMS IN RPI-TYPE DISCHARGES AND FUSION PROTONS IN PF-1000 EXPERIMENTS A. Malinowska, ... , K. Malinowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, M.J. Sadowski, A. Szydłowski, K. Czaus, M. Jaskóła, A. Korman, ... et al. Phys. Scr. Vol. 73 (2006) 104-111 ION IMPLANTATION FOR SURFACE MODIFICATION OF BIOMATERIALS J. Jagielski, A. Piatkowska, P. Aubert, L. Thome, A. Turos, A. AbdulKader Surf. Coat. Technol. Vol. 200 No 22-23 SPEC. ISS. (2006) 6355-6361 ANTI-DIFFUSION BARRIERS FOR GOLD-BASED METALIZATION TO p-GaN A. Piotrowska, ... , A. Stonert, A. Turos, ... et al. Acta Crystallogr. A (in press) ION-BEAM MODIFIED POLYMERS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS J. Jagielski, A. Turos, D. Bielinski, A.M. Abdul-Kader, A. Piatkowska Nucl. Instr. Meth. B (in press) PHASE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF UNALLOYED STEELS SURFACES MODIFIED BY INTENSE PLASMA PULSES WITH VARIOUS REACTIVE GAS FLUENCES B. Sartowska, ... , J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, L. Nowicki, R. Ratajczak, W. Szymczyk, ... et al. Plasma Processes and Polymers (in press) STRUCTURAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEELS MODIFIED BY PLASMA PULSES CONTAINING THE INERT AND ACTIVITE IONS B. Sartowska, ... , J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, L. Nowicki, R. Ratajczak, M. Barlak, ... et al. Surf. Coat. Technol. (in press) ION BOMBARDMENT OF POLYETHYLENE. INFLUENCE OF POLYMER STRUCTURE D.M. Bielinski, P. Lipinski, D. Tranchida, J. Jagielski, A. Turos Vacuum (in press) THERMAL STABILITY OF THE PHASES FORMED IN THE NEAR-SURFACE LAYERS OF CARBON STEELS BY NITROGEN PULSED PLASMA TREATMENT B. Sartowska, ... , J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, L. Nowicki, R. Ratajczak, ... et al. Vacuum (in press) POLISH CREATORS OF SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS (BOOK) A. Strzałkowski... M. Jaskóła, ... et al. Polish Academy of Learning (in press)

PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS

Invited Talk HEAVY ION REACTIONS WITH POLARIZED AND UNPOLARIZED BEAMS K.W. Kemper, O.A. Momotyuk, N. Keeley, B.T. Roeder, K. Rusek Current Problems in Nuclear Physics and Atomic Energy (Kiev, Ukraine, 2006-05-29 - 2006-06-03)


35

ION-BEAM MODIFIED POLYMERS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS J. Jagielski, A. Turos, D. Bielinski, A.M. Abdul-Kader, A. Piatkowska 19th International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry CAARI 2006 (Fort Worth, Texas, USA, 2006-08-20 - 2006-08-25) Nucl. Instr. Meth. B (in press) ION BOMBARDMENT OF POLYETHYLENE. INFLUENCE OF POLYMER STRUCTURE D.M. Bielinski, P. Lipinski, D. Tranchida, J. Jagielski, A. Turos ION 2006 (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-06-18 - 2006-06-22) Vacuum (in press) SURVEYING SPECTATOR FRAGMENTATION AT RELATIVISTIC ENERGIES C. Sfienti, ... , A. Mykulyak, B. Zwięgliński XLIV Int. Winter Meeting on Nucl. Phys. (Bormio, Italy, 2006-01-29 - 2006-02-04) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano No.Suppl. #125 (2006) p. 229 GROSS PROPERTIES AND ISOTOPIC PHENOMENA IN SPECTATOR FRAGMENTATION C. Sfienti, ... , A. Mykulyak, B. Zwięgliński Int. Conf. on Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006-08-28 - 2006-09-01) Nucl. Phys. A (2006) COULOMB BARRIER DISTRIBUTIONS: PUZZLES AND PLANNED EXPERIMENTS E. Piasecki Arctic Spring Workshop 2006 - JYFL Users Meeting (Saariselka, Finland), 2006-04-24 - 2006-04-27) Oral Presentation STRUCTURE OF BARRIER DISTRIBUTIONS; PROBING THE ROLE OF NEUTRON-TRANSFER CHANNELS E. Piasecki, Ł. Świderski, K. Rusek, M. Kisieliński, J. Jastrzębski, A. Kordyasz, M. Kowalczyk, M. Mutterer, T. Krogulski, K. Piasecki, P. Russotto, A.M. Stefanini, N. Rowley XIII Nuclear Physics Workshop (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-09-23 - 2006-09-26) CLUSTER STRUCTURE OF He FROM p+ He EXPERIMENTS6 6 K. Rusek, L. Giot, K.W. Kemper, P. Roussel-Chomaz Current Problems in Nuclear Physics and Atomic Energy (Kiev, Ukraine, 2006-05-29 - 2006-06-03) ON ESTIMATION OF THE IMPURITY LEVELS AND THE LIFE TIME OF THE POLYAMIDE FOILS IRRADIATED BY THE CHARGED PROJECTILES M. Jaskóła, A. Korman, A. Stolarz 23rd World Conf. on the Int. Nuclear Target Development Society (Tsukuba, Japan, 2006-10-16 - 2006-10-20) Nucl. Instr. Meth. B (2007) NEW RESULTS ON SPIN DENSITY MATRIX ELEMENTS FOR ρ AT HERMES0 B. Mariański DIS2006. XIV International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering (Tsukuba, Japan, 2006-04-20 - 2006-04-24) Singapur No. (2007) Poster ELASTIC AND INELASTIC SCATTERING OF Li + O VERSUS Li + O7 18 7 16 A.A. Rudchik, .... , K. Rusek, ... et al. Current Problems in Nuclear Physics and Atomic Energy (Kiev, Ukraine, 2006-05-29 - 2006-06-03) ISOTOPIC EFFECTS IN THE Li + B ELASTIC AND INELASTIC SCATTERING7 10,11 V.O. Romanyshyn, .... , K. Rusek, … et al. Current Problems in Nuclear Physics and Atomic Energy (Kiev, Ukraine, 2006-05-29 - 2006-06-03) THE LI + O ELASTIC SCATTERING CROSS SECTION AND ANALYZING POWERS IN THE COUPLED-REACTION-CHANNELS APPROACH

7 16

A.T. Rudchik, .... , K. Rusek, ... et al. Current Problems in Nuclear Physics and Atomic Energy (Kiev, Ukraine, 2006-05-29 - 2006-06-03) MEASUREMENTS OF FUSION-REACTION PROTONS IN TEXTOR TOKAMAK PLASMA BY MEANS OF SOLID-STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS OF THE CR-39 TYPE A. Szydłowski, A. Malinowska, M.J. Sadowski, M. Jaskóła, A. Korman, G. VanWassenhove, B. Schweer 23rd Int. Conf. on Nuclear Tracks in Solids (Pekin, China, 2006-09-11 - 2006-09-15) MEASUREMENTS OF FUSION-PRODUCED PROTONS BY MEANS OF SSNTD A. Malinowska, A. Szydłowski, J. Żebrowski, M.J. Sadowski, , M. Scholz, M. Paduch, M. Jaskóła, A. Korman 23rd Int. Conf. on Nuclear Tracks in Solids (Pekin, China, 2006-09-11 - 2006-09-15)


PHASE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEELS SURFACES MODIFIED BY INTENSE PLASMA PULSES WITH VARIOUS REACTIVE GAS FLUENCES B. Sartowska, J. Piekoszewski, L. Waliś, J. Senatorski, J. Stanisławski, L. Nowicki, R. Ratajczak, M. Kopcewicz, W. Szymczyk, A. Nowotnik 10th International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering PSE 2006 (Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany), 2006-09-10 - 2006-09-15) THERMAL STABILITY OF THE PHASES FORMED IN THE NEAR SURFACE LAYERS OF CARBON STEELS BY NITROGEN PULSED PLASMA TREATMENT B. Sartowska, J. Piekoszewski, L. Waliś, J. Stanisławski, L. Nowicki, R. Ratajczak, M. Kopcewicz, J. Senatorski 6th International Conference on Ion Implantation and other Applications of Ions and Electrons (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29)

LECTURES, COURSES AND EXTERNAL SEMINARS

Reactions with light, loosely bound nuclei a K. Rusek Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-01-20 Barrier height distributions: puzzles and recent experimentsa E. Piasecki Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University , 2006-01-25 Accelerators in materials researcha A. Turos Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 2006-03-15 Modern applications of ion acceleratorsa A. Turos Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-04-14 Coulomb barrier distributionsa E. Piasecki Katowice, University of Silesia, 2006-05-09 Barrier height distributions; is the puzzle solved? a E. Piasecki Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-10-20 The recent puzzles in the Coulomb barrier distributions a E. Piasecki Warsaw, Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw University, 2006-11-23 Virtual excitations in nuclear reactionsa K. Rusek Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-11-29 Status of phi meson analysisb W. Augustyniak Hamburg, DESY, 2006-03-13 Comparison of 23 SDME's with 15 SDME's extracted for q ,t' , and xbj bins2 b B. Mariański Hamburg, DESY, 2006-03-14 Ionization of the K-, L- and M--shells of heavy elements by charged projectilesb M. Jaskóła Basel, Inst. of Physics, Basel University, 2006-05-23 Phi meson analysis -determination of backgroundb W. Augustyniak Hamburg, DESY , 2006-07-03 Helicity transfer amplitudes fo rho production0 b B. Mariański Hamburg, DESY, 2006-07-04 SDME's for exclusive phi meson productionb W. Augustyniak Hamburg, DESY Vector Meson Week, 2006-11-06


37

Studies of SDME's dependences on subtracted background in four q bins2 b B. Mariański Hamburg, DESY, 2006-11-06 Application of the solid state nuclear tracke detectors (SSNTDs)b M. Jaskóła Milano, Inst. of Physics, Milano University, 2006-11-21 Study of level structure in neodymium isotopes by means of one nucleon transfer reactionb M. Jaskóła Milano, National Institute of Nuclear Physics, 2006-11-23 SDME's for exclusive phi meson productionb W. Augustyniak Hamburg, DESY , 2006-11-27 Studies of SDME's and isotropic angular distribution dependences on RHOMC input parametersb B. Mariański Hamburg, DESY, 2006-11-27 a) in Polish b) in English

INTERNAL SEMINARS

Studies of antiproton annihilations with protons and nuclei with the PANDA detector at the future accelerator facility FAIR at GSI-Darmstadta B. Zwięgliński Świerk/Otwock, The Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 2006-04-27 a) in Polish

DIDACTIC ACTIVITY

B. Mariański - Lectures and exercises of mathematics and statistic at Warsaw Agricultural University. Lectures and exercises of econometrics at Warsaw Management School K. Rusek - Supervison of a PhD student (Mr Luis Acosta, Univ. of Huelva) B. Zwięgliński - Supervison of a PhD thesis (A.Mykulyak) B. Zwięgliński - Supervison of a PhD thesis (D.Melnychuk)

PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC COUNCILS, ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZING COMMITTEES

M. Jaskóła Member of the Polish Physical Society Member of the Scientific Council of the Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw University Member of the Scientific Council of the Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies A. Marcinkowski Member of the Advisory Board of the International Conference on Nuclear Reaction Mechanism E. Piasecki Member of the Scientific Council of the Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw University K. Rusek Deputy chairman of the Scientific Council of the Heavy Ion Laboratory of Warsaw University Member of the Scientific Council of the Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies A. Turos Session chairman on 19th International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry CAARI 2006 in Fort Worth, Texas, USA Session chairman on ION 2006 in Kazimierz Dolny Member of Advisory Board on ION 2006 in Kazimierz Dolny Member of the Materials Research Society P. Żuprański Member of the Scientific Council of the HERMES Collaboration at DESY


PERSONNEL

Research scientists Witold Augustyniak, Dr. Andrzej Bieńkowski, Dr. on leave Marian Jaskóła, Professor Andrzej Korman, Dr. 3/5* Andrzej Marcinkowski, Profesor 1/2* from 1 March Bohdan Mariański, Dr. Lech Nowicki, Dr. 1/2* from 5 April

Ernest Piasecki, Assoc. Professor 1/5* from 16 Jan. Krzysztof Rusek, Assoc. Prof. Anna Stonert, Dr. Andrzej Trzciński, Dr. Andrzej Turos, Professor 3/4*

Paweł Żuprański, Professor Bogusław Zwięgliński, Assoc. Prof.

PhD students Dmytro Melnychuk, MSc. Karolina Pągowska, MSc. Andriy Mykulyak, MSc Technical and administrative staff Dorota Dobrowolska Ryszard Kacprzak Grażyna Kęsik, Eng. Władysław Mielczarek 1/2*

Wiesław Pietrzak 1/5* Renata Ratajczak, MSc. Zbigniew Szczepaniak

* part-time employee

DEPARTMENT OF INTERDYSCYPLINARY APPLICATIONS OF PHYSICS 39

2 DEPARTMENT OF INTERDYSCYPLINARY APPLICATIONS OF

PHYSICS

Head of Department: Dr. Piotr Szymański phone: (22) 718-04-63 e-mail: [email protected]

Overview The activities of the Department in 2006 were focused on the following areas of application of physics:

• medical physics: - a new version of brachytherapeutical system with X-ray generator (Photon Needle) was developed; - the Photon Needle was clinically tested (sterilization process); - the Photon Needle dosimetry report consistent with the TG-43 report (AAPM Radiation Therapy

Committee Task Group No. 43 Report) was elaborated; - preliminary test of new X-ray generators for applications in medicine and industry; - new methods of production of pure medical radioisotopes were studied using our proton cyclotron;

• environmental physics: - the measurements of the concentration of PM10 dust in the air in Świerk, Otwock and Karczew were

continued; - work on short- and middle term air pollution prediction methods using neural networks and wavelet

analysis was continued; - monitoring of the radionuclides concentration in soil and air was continued; Basic research was realized in the fields of:

• elementary particle physics: - participation in the experiment at FZ-Jülich and the first observation of a particularly interesting baryonic

state Λ(1405) in pp collisions; - participation in the ICARUS experiment to study neutrino physics; - participation in the experiments at PSI Villigen devoted to the precision measurements of the decay

properties of pion; - study of the ionization clusters produced by low energy electrons (100÷2000 eV) using the unique

“Jet Counter” facility; - study of some spectrometric properties of Parallel Plate Avalanche Counters;

• nuclear physics: - modelling of the synthesis of super-heavy nuclei; - participation in studies of the mechanism of nucleus-nucleus collisions at low and intermediate energies at

LNS Catania; - modelling of the proton induced spallation processes was continued in the experiments at JINR-Dubna; - nuclear spectroscopy;

• high energy atomic physics: - study of the intra-shell transitions in berylliumlike uranium in the experiments at GSI-Darmstadt. We collaborate among others with Collegium Medicum of the Jagiellonian Univ., CERMET and Cracow

Technical Univ., Oncology Institute in Warsaw, Radioisotope Center POLATOM, local authorities in Karczew and Otwock, AIRCLIM Network, Warsaw Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection, Institutes of Physics, Geophysics, Mineral and Energy Economy Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physics Warsaw Univ., ARMAAG Foundation in Gdańsk, Regional Inspectors for Environment Protection in Gdańsk and Warsaw, FZ-Jülich, INFN, PSI Villigen, Interdisciplinary Center for Mathematical and Computational Modelling of Warsaw Univ., LNS Catania, Univ. of Virginia, COST P9, PTB Braunchweig, LNL Legarno, LBNL Berkeley, JINR Dubna, Heavy Ion Laboratory of Warsaw Univ., Uppsala Univ., ANL Argonne, CERN, GSI-Darmstadt and also Organizational Units of our Institute.

Dr. Piotr Szymański

Annual Report 2006

40

2.1 Λ(1405) Production in pp Collisions by I.Zychor for the ANKE Collaboration (COSY – Jülich, Germany)

The Λ(1405) is a particularly interesting baryonic

state because its structure is not yet understood and is difficult to be explained in quark models. The Λ(1405) can be the spin-multiplet partner of JP=3/2-

Λ(1520), or a meson-baryon resonance, or NK quasibound state. The first indication of a resonance now known as the Λ(1405) was presented in 1960 [1].

In 1985 after the measurement of the Λ(1405) in K -p

reactions [2] there was a hope that "the debate as to whether the Λ(1405) is a pure quark state or a NK bound state may soon be clarified". Recent theoretical investigations based on chiral dynamics predict two poles for the Λ(1405), one with a mass 1390 MeV/c2 and a width of about 130 MeV/c2 coupled strongly to πΣ states and the other one with a mass around 1425 MeV/c2 and a width of about 30 MeV/c2 coupled mostly to NK states [3]. Earlier references could be found in the Review of Particle Physics 2000 Edition [4].

We report on measurements done with the ANKE spectrometer at COSY-Jülich. The reaction pp → pK+Y 0* was studied at a beam momentum of 3.65 GeV/c to investigate the production of excited hyperon resonances Y 0* decaying via π 0Σ 0. In case of Λ(1405) production in pp collisions there are two protons, one positively charged kaon and negatively charged pion in the final state: pp → pK+Λ(1405) → pK+Σ 0π 0 → pK+Λγπ 0 → pK+pπ -γπ 0. At ANKE those particles are measured with different parts of the detection system: a positively charged kaon is registered in a telescope, a vertex proton in a forward detector, a decay proton in a positive-side detector (telescope or side-wall counter) and a negatively charged pion in a negative counter. In Fig. 1 the missing–mass distribution MM(pFDK+) vs MM(pK+pπ −) is shown for the 3.65 GeV/c pp collisions.

Fig. 1 The missing–mass distribution MM(pFDK+) vs MM(pK+pπ - ) for the 3.65 GeV/c pp collisions.

The triangular shape of the distributions is due to the combination of kinematics and ANKE acceptance.

The missing and invariant mass techniques are used to identify the Λ(1405) resonance. Cutting on the invariant mass of pπ - we detect protons and negative pions from Λ decay. Furthermore we request the missing mass MM(pK+pπ −) to be higher than a mass of π 0 to separate the Λ(1405) hyperon.

In Fig. 2 the missing–mass MM(pFDK+) spectrum measured under above conditions is shown. The position of the most prominent peak is at a mass of the Λ(1405).

Fig. 2 The missing–mass MM(pFDK+) distribution measured in pp collisions at a beam momentum of 3.65 GeV/c.

It is the first observation of the direct production of Λ(1405) in pp collisions decaying via π0Σ0. Preliminary number of events in the Λ(1405) peak is 250 ± 50. In the next step, the missing–mass spectra of both MM(pFDK+) and MM(pK+pπ-) will be analysed and compared with extensive Monte Carlo simulations. The phase-space distribution as well as the Λ(1405) mass distribution for the π0Σ0 decay channel obtained in a chiral unitary model [5] will be exploited. [1]

[2] [3]

[4] [5]

R.H.Dalitz and S.F.Tuan, Annals of Physics 3 (1960) 307 R.J.Hemingway, Nucl. Phys. B 253 (1985) 742 V.K.Magas et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005) 052301 D.E.Groom et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 15 (2000) 1 J.C.Nacher et al., Phys. Lett. B 455 (1999) 55


2.2 Fusion Hindrance Model Extrapolated to a Symmetric 136Xe + 136Xe System by K.Siwek-Wilczyńska1), I.Skwira-Chalot1), J.Wilczyński

Synthesis cross sections σsyn for production of

super-heavy nuclei of 102 ≤ Z ≤ 113 in cold fusion one-neutron-out (1n) reactions, had been measured in the new-elements discovery experiments at GSI [1] (Z≤112) and RIKEN [2]. In these experiments closed-shell 208Pb and 209Bi target nuclei were bombarded with projectiles ranging from 48Ca to 70Zn. By calculating the survival probabilities of super-heavy compound nuclei Psurv and the capture cross sections σcap for these reactions, one can determine "empirical" values of the fusion hindrance Pfus:

Pfus= σsyn/(σcap • Psurv) (1)

On the other hand, Pfus can be calculated theoretically using a model based on the Smoluchowski diffusion equation. It is assumed in this model that after overcoming the Coulomb barrier (the "capture" stage) a rapid growth of the neck between the colliding nuclei brings the system to the injection point in the asymmetric fission valley – outside the saddle configuration. Starting from the injection point, the system may diffuse uphill and overcome the saddle due to thermal shape fluctuations. The probability of this process is given by the diffusion formula [3, 4] containing two phenomenological parameters [5] characterizing the injection point: the degree of equilibration of the entrance-channel mass asymmetry f and the separation distance s. Values of these two parameters have been determined using empirical values of Pfus [Eq. (1)] obtained from the analysis of the mentioned above cold fusion reactions.

It is very important to verify validity of the diffusion formula for fusion hindrance in case of heavy symmetric systems, for which much stronger effect of fusion hindrance is expected. In the present work [6] we carried out calculations for the symmetric 136Xe + 136Xe system. We found that fusion for this system may be severely hindered by several orders of magnitude, especially at low excitation energies when thermal fluctuations that help the colliding system to fuse are small. Nevertheless, the expected formation cross sections, σsyn=σcap•Pfus•Psurv are still of measurable magnitude (see Fig. 1) owing to the fact that the Coulomb interaction barrier for such heavy symmetric systems is low with respect to the ground state energy of the compound nucleus and thus the capture cross section gets reasonably large even for 1n reaction channel.

As seen from Fig. 1, we predict that evaporation residue cross sections for production of 271Hs and 270Hs isotopes in 1n and 2n channels of the 136Xe+136Xe reaction are of an order of 10 pb at an energy Ec.m.=320 MeV [E*(274Hs) = 20 MeV]. The

cross section for the 1n channel is predicted to be still larger at somewhat lower energies of about Ec.m.=315 MeV, but this increase is less certain because this is the region just above the energy threshold of Pfus.

Fig. 1 Predictions of the cross sections for 1n, 2n and 3n evaporation channels in the 136Xe+136Xe reaction leading to formation of 271Hs, 270Hs and 269Hs isotopes, respectively.

We have carried out the above calculations anticipating results of an experiment on the 136Xe+136Xe reaction that has been scheduled to be done at Dubna [7]. The cross sections measured in this experiment will immediately verify validity of extrapolation of our diffusion-model of fusion hindrance from the region of moderately asymmetric reactions (where it was tested on cold fusion data) to the most symmetric systems. [1] [2] [3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

1)

S.Hofmann, Rep. Prog. Phys. 61 (1938) 639 K.Morita et al., J. Phys. Japan 73 (2004) 1738 W.J.Świątecki, K.Siwek-Wilczyńska, J.Wilczyński, Acta Phys. Pol. B 34 (2003) 2049 Y.Abe, D.Boilley, G.Kosenko, C.Shen, Acta Phys. Pol. B 34 (2003) 2091 K.Siwek-Wilczyńska, W.J.Świątecki, J.Wilczyński, unpublished K.Siwek-Wilczyńska, I.Skwira-Chalot, J.Wilczyński, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E, in press Yu.Oganessian, AIP Conf. Proc. 853 (2006) 216

Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland

Annual Report 2006

42

2.3 Effect of Shell Structure on Saddle Point Masses by W.J.Świątecki1), K.Siwek-Wilczyńska2), J.Wilczyński

For nuclei in the range of atomic numbers from Z=71 to Z=120 we present [1] a survey of experimental and theoretical deviations of ground state and fission saddle point masses from their respective macroscopic approximations. The mass deviations (related to shell effects) are an order of magnitude smaller for saddles than for ground states. This can be understood on the basis of the "topographic theorem".

Fig. 1 summarizes information, both experimental and theoretical, concerning the trends in ground state and saddle masses in the range of atomic numbers Z=71-120 and neutron numbers N=102-184. The theoretical mass deviations should not be taken at face value as representations of shell effects, since some modifications are expected and, in addition, there is an ambiguity concerning the separation of shell and pairing corrections. The overall message of this compilation is, nevertheless, the relative smoothness of saddle point masses compared to ground state masses. The challenge is to make less ambiguous the remaining irregularities and to provide, if possible, an understanding of their overall features.

There is one practical lesson that we would like to stress. The large number of current numerical studies of masses of heavy and superheavy nuclei, usually list calculated ground state masses and fission barriers (sometimes only one or the other), but do not list or display the saddle point masses themselves. Now ground state masses and fission barriers, taken separately, are "jagged" functions of N and Z, subject to large shell effect irregularities. But their sums, the saddle masses, are much smoother objects, which are easier to parameterize and extrapolate. Bearing in mind that it is the saddle mass for fission, Mf, and not the fission barrier that is needed in estimating the relative probability for a nucleus to survive fission, it would be well if Mf, a basic datum of fission physics, were accorded the same prominence in the presentation of calculations as the nuclear ground state mass.

An additional plea to those who study nuclear masses using the macroscopic-microscopic approach:

please provide the macroscopic saddle point masses as well as the saddle masses with shell effects included. Compared to the latter, macroscopic saddle masses are almost trivial to determine, but they are essential for isolating and understanding the nature of the residual shell effects on saddle masses.

Fig. 1 The black circles represent deviations of measured ground state masses from masses of the spherical configuration, Mmacro(sphere), calculated using the Thomas-Fermi theory with shell and pairing corrections. The gray/red circles represent deviations of measured saddle masses from calculated saddle masses Mmacro(saddle) obtained by adding to Mmacro(sphere) Thomas-Fermi fission barriers calculated according to [2]. Lines show theoretical predictions of the Warsaw group [3-5].

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

1)

2)

W.J.Świątecki, K.Siwek-Wilczyńska, J.Wilczyński, Acta Phys. Pol. B, in press W.D.Myers, W.J.Świątecki, Phys. Rev. C 60 (1999) 014606 I.Muntian, Z.Patyk, A.Sobiczewski, Acta Phys. Pol. B 32 (2001) 691; Acta Phys. Pol. B 34 (2003) 1359 I.Muntian, A.Sobiczewski, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 14 (2005) 417; Acta Phys. Pol. B 36 (2005) 1359 Z.Patyk, A.Sobiczewski, private communication

Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, Poland

2.4 Energy-angle Correlation in Binary Partitions of the 197Au + 197Au System at 15 MeV·A by I.Skwira-Chalot1), K.Siwek-Wilczyńska1), J.Wilczyński, J.Błocki and CHIMERA Collaboration2,3)

197Au + 197Au collisions at 15 MeV/nucleon were

studied using the multidetector array CHIMERA and heavy ion beams from the superconducting cyclotron of LNS Catania. The experiment was aimed at

studying the mechanism of energy dissipation in collisions of very heavy systems. In Ref. [1] we reported on a part of our study concentrated on a subject of basically binary damped collisions, in


which only two main fragments are formed prior to secondary deexcitation processes. Such "binary" events were selected by using complete information from the exclusive-type data (including all Z ≥ 3 fragments) obtained with the CHIMERA multidetector. Results are compared with predictions of a classical dynamical model of Błocki et al. [2], in which both scenarios of energy dissipation, one-body or two-body dissipation mechanisms, are assumed.

The energy-angle distribution in Fig. 1 shows two branches of the reaction partners undergoing a considerable damping of the kinetic energy. Both branches (of projectile- and target-like fragments) extend to the lowest relative kinetic energies corresponding to the complete damping of the available energy.

In the first stage of theoretical analysis, the measured energy-angle correlations in the 197Au+197Au reaction are compared with predictions of a simple deterministic dynamical model [2]. Such a deterministic model can predict only the most probable trajectories for a given value of angular momentum. Therefore only localization of the "ridge" of the maximum intensity in the measured energy-angle distribution can be compared with these theoretical predictions. Calculations were done for two extreme situations regarding the nature of the energy dissipation mechanism: the one-body dissipation in form of the "wall-plus-window formula" and the hydrodynamic two-body dissipation with the viscosity assumed to be a free parameter. Calculations were done for two values of the dissipation coefficient: µ=0.015TP and 0.030 TP.

As seen from Fig. 1, the two different mechanisms of energy dissipation lead to qualitatively different predictions: in case of one-body dissipation a clear effect of orbiting towards negative scattering angles and the second rainbow at θc.m.≈ 25o is expected, while in case of two-body dissipation the positive-angle scattering (no orbiting) with incomplete dissipation of the available kinetic energy is predicted.

Our experimental data do not show evidence for the orbiting predicted by the deterministic one-body dissipation model [2]. However, the angular limitations of the experiment (see dashed regions in Fig. 1) do not allow us to make this conclusion firm. It is possible, however, that the question of discrimi-nation between the two extreme approximations to the

mechanism of energy dissipation (one-body or two-body dissipation) can be more convincingly resolved in analysis of ternary (instead of binary) events, which are reported separately in this Annual Report.

Fig. 1 Energy-angle correlation for "binary" events collected in an exclusive (nearly 2π) 197Au + 197Au experiment at 15 MeV/nucleon.

More information on the dynamical evolution of the studied super-heavy system 197Au + 197Au will be obtained from comparisons with predictions of the stochastic BNV model [3] and molecular dynamics QMD-CHIMERA model of Łukasik [4]. [1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

1)

2)

3)

I.Skwira-Chalot, K.Siwek-Wilczyńska, J.Wilczyński et al., Acta Phys. Pol. B, in press J.Błocki, O.Mazonka, J.Wilczyński, Z.Sosin, A.Wieloch, Acta Phys. Pol. B 31 (2000) 1513; L.Shvedov, Ph.D. Thesis, SINS, Świerk, 2006 V.Baran, M.Collonna, M. Di Toro, Nucl. Phys. A 730 (2004) 329 J.Łukasik, Ph.D. Thesis, Cracow, 1993; J.Łukasik, Z.Majka, Acta Phys. Pol. B 24 (1993) 1959; J.Łukasik, private communication

Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, Poland INFN, Sezione di Catania and Universitŕ di Catania, Italy INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy

2.5 Ternary Partitions of the 197Au + 197Au System at 15 MeV·A by I.Skwira-Chalot1), K.Siwek-Wilczyńska1), J.Wilczyński and CHIMERA Collaboration2,3)

Ternary events originating from 197Au + 197Au

collisions at 15 MeV/nucleon, studied by using the multidetector array CHIMERA at LNS Catania, have been collected in almost complete forward hemisphere

of the CHIMERA multidetector – thus extending the angular range of our previously reported [1] preliminary data. Energy- and time calibrations for heavy fragments at large angles were supplemented

Annual Report 2006

44

with an analysis of coincidence events of binary strongly damped reactions.

In the present analysis [2] we selected a class of almost completely reconstructed three-main-fragments events in which a small missing charge and mass can be attributed presumably to evaporation of light particles of Z ≤ 2 from primary excited fragments. (In the experiment all charged particles of Z ≥ 3 were detected and included in the mass balance.)

The ternary events were selected under the condition of nearly complete balance of mass (allowing for about 18% of the total mass to be lost due to evaporation of undetected nucleons from the excited primary fragments).

In order to reject incomplete or incorrectly reconstructed events, conditions on the balance of longitudinal and transversal momenta were imposed. The lower limit for the longitudinal momentum was consistent with the loss of mass allowed for evaporation.

As compared with the previous preliminary report [1], the region of large angles 70o < θlab < 86o became available for analysis. Many undetected previously target-like fragments (TLF) are observed at this angular range enabling one to widen the class of completely reconstructed binary [3] and ternary events. This is especially important for correct estimates of the contribution of the TLF sequential fission to the total yield of ternary events.

Fig. 1 shows a two-dimensional plot illustrating the correlation between the mass numbers of two fragments Ai and Aj (i,j=1,2,3; i≠j) for the selected ternary events. Contrary to the previous (incomplete) data, Fig. 1 shows a region of enhanced intensity of events along the locus Ai + Aj ≈ 200, a clear signature of the sequential fission following the primary deep-inelastic scattering (two fragments from the fission of one Au-like nucleus accompanied by an Au-like fragment).

Presence of a second class of ternary events, in which a middle fragment of a mass number of about 20-20 may be formed in the neck region between two main fragments during the re-separation of the system, is also clearly seen in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Correlation between mass numbers for pairs of fragments Ai and Aj in ternary events.

Both types of reactions involving three massive fragments, the sequential fission and the massive neck-remnant formation, are predicted in the QMD model of Łukasik [4]. The massive neck remnant formation is predicted also by the stochastic BNV model [5]. Quantitative comparisons of our data with these theoretical models are in progress.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

1)

2)

3)

I.Skwira-Chalot, K.Siwek-Wilczyńska, J.Wilczyński et al., Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 15 (2006) 495 I. Skwira-Chalot, K.Siwek-Wilczyńska, J.Wilczyński et al., Int. J. Mod. Phys. in press I. Skwira-Chalot, K.Siwek-Wilczyńska, J.Wilczyński et al., Acta Phys. Pol. B, in press J.Łukasik, Ph.D. Thesis, Cracow, 1993; J.Łukasik, Z.Majka, Acta Phys. Pol. B 24 (1993) 1959; J.Łukasik, private communication V.Baran, M.Collonna, M. Di Toro, Nucl. Phys. A 730 (2004) 329

Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, Poland INFN, Sezione di Catania and Universitŕ di Catania, Italy INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy

2.6 Study of the Intra-L Shell Transitions in Be-like Uranium by J.Rzadkiewicz, D.Chmielewska, A.Gójska, Z.Sujkowski, Th.Stohlker1,2), A.Gumberidze1,2), C.Kozhuharov1), R.Reuschl1,2), U.Spillmann1,2), S.Tachenov1,2) and S.Trotsenko1,2)

In collisions of few electron heavy ions with low-

Z target atoms, the projectile may lose or capture an electron into a bound state. While the K-shell ionization of high-Z Li-like ions in fast collisions turns out to be a highly selective mechanism for the population of the 1s2s 1S0 and 1s2s 3S1 states [1], the

electron capture into the 2p3/2 orbital can populate the 2s2p3/2 1P1 and 2s2p3/2 3P2 magnetic substates of Be-like uranium. Only the first one (J=1) can deexcitate to the 1s22s2 ground state of the berylliumlike uranium by the E1 transition (see Fig. 1).


0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

~~

Ener

gy [k

eV] 4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

0.0

]22[ 1J 2/32/111

=psP ]22[ 2J 2/32/12

3=psP

0J 2

01 ]2[ =sS

1J 2/12/113 ]22[ =psP

0J 2/12/103 ]22[ =psP

0J 2

2/101 ]2[ =pS

1.2[14]

9[8]

3[11]

3[9]

2[11]

1[11]

1[10]

Fig. 1 Diagram of the levels of berylliumlike U88+.

However if the [2s2p3/2]J=2 state is formed, the de-excitation to the 1s22s2 ground state is not dipole-allowed. Such states can deexcitate via 2p3/2 - 2p1/2 M1 transition. The intensities of the other deexcitation channels (E2 and M2) are two orders of magnitude smaller than that of the M1 decay.

The studies of the E1 2p3/2-2s1/2 and M1 2p3/2-2p1/2 transitions are interesting in several respects. Firstly, x-ray transitions in berylliumlike ions are sensitive to both intrashell and innershell interactions. For the ∆n=0 transitions the relative QED contributions to the total transition energy are much higher (~10%) than for the K x-ray transitions (0.5%) [2]. Therefore in recent years the ∆n=0 transitions in few electron ions were subject of intensive studies [2-4]. Finally, the 2p3/2-2s1/2 and 2p3/2-2p1/2 transitions give direct quantitative information of the magnetic sublevel production in the electron capture process.

In order to investigate the intra-L shell deexcitation decays of the magnetic substates 1P1 and 3P2 produced in electron capture, the measurements of the x-ray spectra induced in collisions of 100-MeV/u Li-like uranium with the gaseous N2 target have been performed. The projectiles that captured one electron were registered in a particle detector. The emitted x-rays were registered in coincidence with down-charged Be-like uranium ions by an array of germanium detectors mounted at observation angles in the range from 35o to 120o with respect to the beam direction. The x-ray spectrum recorded by the Ge(Li) detector placed at 35 degree is shown in Fig. 2.

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200

500

1000

1500

20003P2 ->3P1

1P1 ->1S0

Balmer transitions

100 MeV/u U89+-> N2

Cou

nts

Energy [keV] Fig. 2 The x-ray spectrum of Be-like uranium ions measured in coincidence with electron capture in collisions of 100-MeV/u U89+ with a N2 target.

In the low energy region of the spectrum one can see well separated x-ray lines which correspond to intra-L shell transitions. These ∆n=0 transitions to the deexcitation of the 2s2p3/2 1P1 and 2s2p3/2

3P2 magnetic sublevels to the 1s22s2 1S0 ground state and 2s2p1/2 3P1 excited state of berylliumlike uranium, respectively. In order to obtain relative probabilities for the formation of the P-states in electron capture process we have analyzed the intensity ratio of the intra-L shell E1 2p3/2-2s1/2 and M1 2p3/2-2p1/2 transitions. We have found that the relative probabilities for the formation of the 1P1 and 3P2 states following electron capture process are close to the ratio of statistical population 2J+1. [1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

1)

2)

J.Rzadkiewicz et al., Phys. Rev. A 74 (2006) 012511 M.S.Safronova et al., Phys. Rev. A 53 (1996) 4036 P.Beiersdorfer et al., Phys. Rev. A 58 (1998) 1944 P.Beiersdorfer et al., Phys. Rev. A 71 (1993) 3939

Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Frankfurt, Germany

2.7 Study of a Possibility of Exploitation of Subcritical Assembly with the Electron Beam by A.Polański, S.Petrochenkov1)

Possibility of exploitation SAD system [1,2] using

electrons beam was investigated. Replaceable spallation targets of different materials – W, Pb, C, Be – were considered.

Energetic distribution of neutron flux was calculated near the target irradiated by 200 MeV

electron beam. The electron beam power was 10 kW and total power of the system was 20 kW. In this case it offers the possibility to apply the installation as a powerful neutron source. The spectrum of neutrons in the experimental channel located near various targets irradiated by 200 MeV electrons is shown in Fig. 1.

Annual Report 2006

46

Fig. 1 Comparison of neutron spectra in experimental channel near different targets. The points have shown a spectrum of neutrons for lead target irradiated by a 660 MeV protons beam.

Fig. 2 The activity evolution of tungsten target irradiated by 200 MeV electron beam. The points have shown the results of FLUKA calculations.

The results of calculation indicate that it is possible to change the neutron spectrum from fast neutrons (which are useful for study of transmutation of actinides) to resonance neutrons (good for studying transmutations of fission products) [3].

The activity evolution of tungsten target irradiated by 200 MeV electron beam is presented in Fig. 2. Calculation of radioactive isotopes production in tungsten target was performed with MCMPX and FLUKA programs. Time dependent activity during irradiation and cooling of the tungsten target was calculated by two methods. First method was elaborated in JINR [4], while the second method is based on FLUKA code.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

1)

A.Polański, S.Petrochenkov, V.Shvetsov, W.Gudowski, P.Seltborg, Power upgrade of the subcritical assembly in Dubna (SAD) to 100 kW, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 562 (2006) 879 W.Gudowski, V.Shvecov, A.Polański; The Subcritical Assembly in Dubna (SAD), Part II: Research program for ADS-demo experiment, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 562 (2006) 887 S.A.Petrochenkov, A.Polański, The possibility of SAD exploitation with the electron beam, Bulletin of PFUR (2007) in press S.Petrochenkov, Simulation of activity evolution of lead target for the subcritical assembly, Bulletin of PFUR v. 4, No 1 (2005) Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia

2.8 Formation of Ion Clusters by Low-energy Electrons in Nanometric Targets - Further Experimental Results by A.Bantsar, B.Grosswendt1), J.Kula and S.Pszona

Fig. 1 Schematic view of the Jet Counter. Configuration for the experiments with a single electron. GEN – generator, EG - electron gun, BEAM.CH. – beam chopper, PZ - piezoelectric valve, Ch1 - electron detector, EA - electron analyzer, DM205IG - ion detector, IC - interaction chamber.

The first experimental data on the distribution of ionization cluster size produced by low energy electrons in a target cylinder of nitrogen, 3.4 nm in diameter at unit density, being equivalent to about 2 nm in liquid water is presented. In the experiment, nanometric targets were simulated in the so-called Jet-Counter [1, 2]. It consists of a pulse-operated valve which injects an expanding jet of nitrogen into an interaction chamber (IC) where a cylindrical sensitive volume (SV) is created. This SV was irradiated by electrons at 100, 200, 300, 500, 1000 and 2000 eV, emitted by an electron gun (EG). The distribution of ionization cluster size was measured using the single-ion-counting method and compared with the results of the Monte Carlo simulation. Method for measuring of ion cluster size spectra

Single electrons from the EG, controlled by the beam chopper (BEAM CH), pass through an orifice in a Mylar wall of the IC. Then they intersect the SNS


chamber (along its diameter) at half of its height and is registered by a Ch1 detector. The ions created by a single electron along its path within the SNS (as well as by delta electrons), are removed by an electric field of a grid, G, and are then guided through G1 to the DM205IG detector. The pulses from this detector are amplified by the fast preamplifier VT 120 and enter the 10 ns resolution multiscaler, MCS, type 914T ORTEC. The associated electronic set up, as well as the timing chart of the experiment for registering the signal clusters is shown in Figure 1. Results

The size of the SNS is derived from an exponential attenuation of the electron beam, resulting in a mean area density of 0.09 µg/cm2 (0.9 nm at a density of 1g/cm3) and 0.206 µg/cm2. The cluster size distributions, for these two nanometer sites have been measured for 100, 200, 300, 500, 1000 and 2000 eV monoenergetic electrons and the results (preliminary) are shown in Figures 2.

[1]

[2]

1)

S.Pszona, J.Kula and S.Marjańska, A New Method for Measuring Ion Clusters Produced by Charge Particles in Nanometre Track Section Of DNA Size. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A447(2000)601 A.Bantsar, B.Grosswendt, J.Kula and S.Pszona, Clusters of Ionization in Nanometric Targets for Propane – Experiments with a Jet Counter, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 110(2004)845

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, Germany

A.

B.

Fig. 2 Cluster-size frequency due to electrons in a sensitive volumes with an area density in nitrogen of 0.09 µg/cm2 (A) and 0.206 µg/cm2 (B) for 50% detection efficiency for 2 keV, 1 keV, 500 eV, 300 eV, 200 eV and 100 eV electrons with mean number of gun electrons of Nmean = 1.

2.9 MCNP Calculations of Neutron Field Generated by PF-1000 Facility by K.Wincel and B.Zaręba

The MCNP5 [1] Monte Carlo code with

MCNP5DATA [2] cross section library was used to calculate neutron and gamma energy distributions outside the chamber of PF-1000 facility at the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion in Warsaw. Based on [3] a geometrical model of the PF-1000 facility was prepared for neutron transport Monte Carlo calculations by MCNP code. Concrete structure of the hall, chamber, and electrode set, detectors with moderators were fully modeled. Monte Carlo simulations were performed for 2.5 MeV neutrons and neutrons produced by Am-Be source. Neutron and gamma fluxes were calculated using track length estimation tally. The number of simulated histories for each neutron source was 200 millions. The estimated relative errors achieved for the calculated results are usually below 3% and frequently below 1%.

Neutron energy spectra were calculated for five positions of detectors corresponding to experimental set. Fig. 1 presents neutron spectra calculated for

detector located at height of extremity of the main electrode.

1,00E-08

1,00E-07

1,00E-06

1,00E-05

1,00E-04

1,00E-03

1,00E-02

1,00E-01

1,00E+00

1,00E-05 1,00E-04 1,00E-03 1,00E-02 1,00E-01 1,00E+00 1,00E+01

Energy [MeV]

Nor

mal

ized

neu

tron

spe

ctru

m

[n/(M

eV*c

m2)

]

2,5 MeV

Am-Be

Fig. 1 Neutron energy distribution calculated for 2.5 MeV neutrons and neutrons produced by Am-Be source.

Calculated neutron thermal fluxes were used to find TSF (Thermal Source Factor) defined as ratio of neutron thermal flux calculated for 2.5 MeV source to neutron thermal flux calculated for Am-Be source.

Annual Report 2006

48

The upper energy range of thermal neutrons was assumed to be 10 keV. TSF values as a function of detector position are presented on Fig. 2.

0,8

0,9

1

1,1

1,2

1,3

1,4

1,5

TSF

30 90 130 149 180

Detector angular position [deg] Fig. 2 TSF (Thermal Source Factor) as a function of detector angular position. TSF=thermal flux (2.5 MeV)/thermal flux (Am-Be).

The MCNP code was run on the cluster of the two dual 2.6 GHz processor workstations with Message Passing Interface software.

[1]

[2]

[3]

MCNP–A general Monte Carlo N–Particle Transport Code, Version 5, X-5 Monte Carlo Team LANL, 2003 MCNP5DATA: Standard Neutron Photoatomic, Photonuclear, and Electron Data Libraries for MCNP5 (CCC-710) M.Scholz, R.Miklaszewski, V.Gribkov et al., Nukleonika 45 (2000) 155

2.10 Adaptation of the Photon Needle System to Clinical Use Requirements by M.Słapa, M.Traczyk, M.Karwowski, M.Snopek, M.Talejko

Prototype of the system for brachytherapy of brain

tumors with Photon Needle (PN) developed in our lab was tested in clinical environment. The tests revealed some deficiencies that had to be eliminated before the system might be used in a clinic.

Prior to treatment, each PN must be sterilized in ethylene oxide. However, the prototype PN design was not robust enough to guarantee reliable operation of the PN after a few cycles of the sterilization process, and had to be modified. The improved PN was sterilized several times at the Orthopedic Clinic of the Adam Gruca CMKP Medical Center in Otwock and no short-term/long-term negative effects were observed.

Accuracy of positioning the PN within the stereotactic frame had also to be improved. To this end the PN fixing mechanical elements were re-designed. The new design was tested in a simulated brachytherapy process and found useful.

Technical documentation of the entire system for brachytherapy with PN was developed. Radiation field generated around the PN was measured and a dosimetry report compatible with the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group 43 (TG43) dosimetry protocol was worked out.

The improved system for brachytherapy of brain tumors with Photon Needle has been submitted for evaluation to the Bioethics Commission, whose permit is indispensable to use the system in clinical practice.

2.11 TG 43 Protocol for a Photon Needle by S.Pszona and M.Traczyk

The dosimetric parameters characterizing the

radiation field of a photon needle, IF, from the point of view of radiation therapy, have been determined. The formalism of TG-43 report (AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group No. 43 Report) [1] has been applied and the results are presented below.

According to this report absorbed dose rate D(r,θ) at point P(r,θ) equals to:

),()(),(

),(),(00

θθθθ rFrg

rGrGSrD k Λ=

Fig. 1 Radial co-ordinate definition.


The distance, r, is taken as a distance between point P and an effective center of a photon needle. It was estimated that an effective center is placed on symmetry axis at 1.4 mm from the outer surface of needle.

Experimental Methods and Results All measurements were carried out for 40 kV and

40 µA. Kerma rate in air was determined with window

less ionization chamber, type NP01 with the following results: Sk = 16,92 cGy·m2⋅h-1.

Absorbed dose rate in water was determined by AP 1.1 ionization chamber. Dose rate in water at reference point (r0=1 cm, θ0=0) attained: D(r0, θ0) = 7485 cGy/h.

The dose rate constant: Λ = 0,04424 cm-2. The geometry function: G(r,θ)/G(r0, θ) = (r0/r)2. Radial Dose Function, g(r), which includes the

geometry function and attenuation of absorbed dose in water can be expressed as:

g(r) = 16,26×r-1,2109

Ionization chambers used in this protocol were calibrated at SSDL in Oncology Center.

Anisotropy function, F(r,θ), was determined from measurements of dose in water at different distances from the effective point of IF using Gafchromic foils MD55 type. The results are shown in Figure 2. [1] R.Nath et al., Med. Phys. 22, Issue 2 (1995) 209

Fig. 2 Anisotropy functions for three distances r.

The absorbed dose in water as a function of distance r is shown in Figure 3.

Fig. 3 Absorbed dose in water as a function of distance r.

2.12 An Attempt to Obtain Pure Medical Radioisotopes with Cyclotron C-30 by M.Matul, S.Mikołajewski, E.Rurarz and J.Wojtkowska

With an increasing development and use of

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) there is the growing requirement to find methods to produce large number of positron emitting isotopes needed for labelling of radiopharmaceuticals. Recently, four β+ emitters produced on small cyclotrons are routinely applied. They are: 11C(T1/2= 20.4 m), 13N(T1/2= 10m), 15O(T1/2= 2m) and 18F(T1/2= 1.8h).

However, the short half-lives of these radionuclides limit their use when the labelling procedure is time consuming or a waiting period between the injection of radiopharmaceutical and the imaging occurs. The 1.8h half-life of 18F is too short to study with PET the slow processes requiring several hours. Thus the demand for longer lived β+ emitters has been increasing in recent years.

In this regard the isotopes 61Cu(T1/2= 3.4h, β+ 62%, EC 38%) and 66Ga(T1/2=9.4h, β+ 57%, EC 43%) seem to be useful labels. They can be produced in the

following reactions with protons: 64Zn (p,α)61Cu and 66Zn(p,n)66Ga. Both reactions have maxima of excitation functions for protons energy below 16 MeV. For natural and highly enriched 64Zn(96,9%) targets in a form of ZnO the yield of 61Cu and 66Ga production is now under evaluation. Most interesting is 61Cu isotope because the abundance of 64Zn in natural zinc is high (48.9%) and therefore zinc enriched in 64Zn is relatively cheap. In addition the 61Cu isotope is produced as a by-product during the production of 66Ga via 66Zn(p,n)66Ga reaction when natural zinc is used as target material.

The cyclotron C-30 at our Department was used to study the production of these isotopes. With an initial proton beam energy of 20 MeV reduced to 16 MeV by Al absorber, the natural and enriched zinc targets (ZnO) were irradiated with beam current of 100 nA.

The chemical 66Ga/Zn and 61Cu/Zn separations were performed in our Radiochemical Laboratory using the ion exchange chromatography for 66Ga and

Annual Report 2006

50

the diisopropyl ether extraction for 61Cu separation. The levels of impurities by another activity were continuously analysed.

Using proton beam of energy 20 MeV the radioactive isotope 172Lu (T1/2=6.7d) was produced (via the reaction 172Yb(p,n)) in the compound of Yb: YbAl3C3.

In the decay of 172Lu to 172Yb, two γ cascades: 91-1094 keV and 1094-79 keV, give the possibility of

using 172Lu as a PAC (Perturbed Angular Correlation) probe for investigation of different physical properties of ytterbium compounds. In particular, the 172Lu PAC probe is applied to the studies of Yb atom charge states in solids, paramagnetic fluctuations and quadrupole interaction in excited states. These studies are being carried out in the Institute of Physics of Jagiellonian University in Cracow.

2.13 Forecasting of Daily Meteorological Pollution Using Wavelets and Neural Networks by M.Sowiński, K.Garanty1), K.Szymańska2), T.Kołakowski2)

The method of daily air pollution forecasting using

neural networks – Support Vector Machine (SVM) and wavelet decomposition was studied [1]. Using the data on NO2, CO, SO2, dust and prognostic meteorological parameters, like wind, temperature, humidity, and pressure, collected in the past years a forecasting approach has been proposed employing, the neural network of SVM type, in the regression mode [2]. To obtain acceptable accuracy of forecasting the measured time series data were decomposed into wavelet representation and then the wavelet coefficients were predicted. On the basis of so predicted values the final forecast has been prepared.

The results of numerical experiments were obtained on the basis of the measurements made by monitoring stations situated in the northern region of Poland – Gdańsk Metropolitan Area.

It was shown that the network which had been taught with the data from one station could be a good predictor for other stations and other contaminants.

The method was tested using measured daily time series data of suspended dust and meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, wind direction). Works aimed to improve accuracy of prediction for 1-hour and 3-hour time intervals are continued.

Fig. 1 The details of tracing the destination values of NO2 concentration (solid line) by SVM (dashed line) and MLP (dash-dot line). [1] [2]

1) 2)

M.Sowiński et al., INS Ann. Rep. 2004, p.47 M.Sowiński, K.Garanty, INS Ann. Rep. 2005, p.62

Warsaw University of Technology, Poland ARMAAG Foundation – Agency of Regional Air Quality Monitoring in Gdańsk Metropolitan Area, Poland

2.14 On Some Properties of Conventional Avalanche Counters by J.Sernicki

At present, only insufficient data on spectrometric

properties of avalanche counters are available and hence no complex evaluation is feasible yet. Therefore, investigation of the spectrometric properties of avalanche counters is interesting also from a cognitive point of view.

In general, the properties of avalanche counters depend upon the electrical field intensity and the gas pressure. It should be fully realized, however, that

some additional factors also affect the spectrometric properties of avalanche counters beside the basic ionization processes which determine the statistical fluctuations of the charge generated in the interelectrode space.

To provide evaluation of spectrometric properties of the transmission parallel-plate avalanche counters (PPAC), an analysis has been made for the spectral


distributions for the detected alpha particles, at a given specific ionization in n-heptane.

The energy resolution for the voltages corresponding to the linear part of gas gain characteristics (in a semilogarithmic coordinate system) for various gas pressures (p) has been determined for the detector electrode sets [1]. Then, the results for a given electrode set (see Fig. 1) were averaged within the individual n-heptane pressures. The results for the mentioned electrode sets obtained in this way enabled the relative energy-resolution variation for a PPAC detector to be evaluated as shown in Fig. 2.

The progress of the gas gain process – with the primary ionization path remaining perpendicular to the counter electrode set – can be accompanied by a dynamic change of the electric field distribution in the interelectrode gap (d). First of all, the change should affect the electrons in the vicinity of the cathode, since this actual field may be in fact a result of the screening effects initiated by the column of charges in the gap [2, 3]. In turn, the radial spread of this column (which takes place in the process of the gas gain) is undoubtedly a function of the pd product [4]; the electron path deviations from the field direction will be progressively limited with the decrease of the pd. An increase in the statistical fluctuations of the charge generated in the gas gain process results as consequence of all these phenomena. The variation, however, does not only depend upon the specific ionization but also upon the length of the path on which the primary charge has been placed [5]. It explains the position of the curve for d=0.4 cm.

The obtained results show explicitly that – with the pressure rise – the energy resolution becomes a weaker and weaker voltage function within the linear part of the PPAC gas gain characteristics in the semilogarithmic plot. The elongation of plateau with rise of p and d results in a gas gain value at the end of the plateau approaching the critical value (see ref. [6]).

In general, the discussed results might be accepted as the performance of an avalanche counter in its spectrometric mode at moderate specific ionization. While the avalanche counters are claimed to be elementary detecting devices (see ref. [7]), they cannot beyond doubt compete except for their excellent timing properties with, and for example,

proportional counters as spectrometric detectors. What is more, there are no grounds to assume that parallel grid avalanche counters [8, 9] reveal much better spectrometric properties than the conventional counters under investigation.

Fig. 1 PPAC energy resolution curves for various n-heptane vapour pressures.

Fig. 2 The relative variation of the mean PPAC energy resolution vs n-heptane vapour pressure. [1] [2] [3]

[4]

[5] [6] [7] [8]

[9]

J.Sernicki, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A234(1985)527 G.Brunner, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 154(1978)159 M.A.Kazerouni, F.Käppeler, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 164(1979)439 C.S.Lakshminarasimha, J.Lucas, N.Kontoleon, J. Phys. D7(1974)2545 J.Sernicki, Nukleonika 40 (4) (1995)67 J.Sernicki, Nukleonika 45 (2) (2000)125 J.Sernicki, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A263(1988)446 G.Prete, G.Viesti, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A234(1985)276 D.Fabris, G.Fortuna, F.Gramegna, G.Prete, G.Viesti, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 216(1983)167

Annual Report 2006

52


ABSORPTION OF NEUTRAL PIONS PRODUCED IN SUBTHRESHOLD NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS K. Tymińska, T. Matulewicz, K. Piasecki Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 1 (2006) pp. 161-166 ISOSCALING IN NECK FRAGMENTATION E. DeFilippo, ... , J. Wilczyński, ... et al. Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 (2006) 199-205 ISOSPIN EFFECTS STUDIED WITH THE CHIMERA DETECTOR AT 35 MeV/NUCLEON R. Płaneta, ... , J. Wilczyński, ... et al. Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 (2006) 183-191 HIGH SPIN BANDS IN THE A ~ 130 NUCLEI: A “NON-CHIRAL” EXPLANATION R. Kaczarowski AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 819 (2006) 447-453 RAPIDITY DEPENDENCE OF BOSE-EINSTEIN CORRELATIONS AT SPS ENERGIES S. Kniege, ... , H. Białkowska, B. Boimska, P. Szymański, ... et al. AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 828 (2006) 473 FUSION-EVAPORATION CROSS SECTIONS IN REACTIONS LEADING TO PRODUCTION OF SUPER-HEAVY NUCLEI K. Siwek-Wilczyńska, I. Skwira-Chalot, J. Wilczyński AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 853 (2006) 265-270 MULTIPLE IONIZATION EFFECTS IN X-RAY EMISSION INDUCED BY HEAVY IONS M. Czarnota, ... , D. Chmielewska, J. Rzadkiewicz, Z. Sujkowski, ... et al. Brazil. J. Phys. Vol. 36 No 2 B (2006) 546-549 ACUTE LUMEN OVERDILATATION IMPROVES OUTCOME AFTER BRACHYTHERAPY OF IN-STENT RESTENOSIS A. Witkowski, ... , S. Pszona, ... et al. Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine Vol. 7 No 4 (2006) 202 LIFETIMES AND SIDE-FEEDING POPULATION OF THE YRAST BAND LEVELS IN La131 E. Grodner, ... , W.A. Płóciennik, A.A. Wasilewski, M. Kisieliński, R. Kaczarowski, E. Ruchowska, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. A Vol. 27 No 3 (2006) 325-340 RADIATIVE AND NON-RADIATIVE ELECTRON CAPTURE FROM CARBON ATOMS BY RELATIVISTIC HELIUM IONS A. Gójska, ... , D. Chmielewska, J. Rzadkiewicz, Z. Sujkowski, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. A Vol. 27 No SUPPL. 1 (2006) 181-185 RADIATIVE ELECTRON CAPTURE - A TOOL TO DETECT He++ IN SPACE D. Chmielewska, Z. Sujkowski Eur. Phys. J. A Vol. 27 No SUPPL. 1 (2006) 333-335 SEARCHING FOR MAJORANA NEUTRINOS WITH DOUBLE BETA DECAY AND WITH BETA BEAMS L. Łukaszuk, Z. Sujkowski, S. Wycech Eur. Phys. J. A Vol. 27 No SUPPL. 1 (2006) 63-66 SCALAR-ISOVECTOR KKBAR PRODUCTION CLOSE TO THRESHOLD A. Dzyuba, ... , I. Zychor, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. A Vol. 29 (2006) 245-251 INCLUSIVE PRODUCTION OF CHARGED PIONS IN P+P COLLISIONS AT 158-GeV/c BEAM MOMENTUM C. Alt, ... , H. Białkowska, B. Boimska, M. Kowalski, St. Mrówczyński, P. Szymański, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 45 (2006) 343 A SEARCH FOR µ-e CONVERSION IN MUONIC GOLD W. Bertl, ... , T. Kozłowski, I. Zychor, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 47 No 2 (2006) 337-346 CALCULATIONS OF FUSION-EVAPORATION CROSS SECTIONS IN THE Ca + Pb AND Ca + Pb REACTIONS48 206 48 208 K. Siwek-Wilczynska, I. Skwira-Chalot, J. Wilczyński Int. J. Mod. Phys. E Vol. 15 (2006) 405-409 DYNAMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE Au + Au SYSTEM AT 15 MeV/NUCLEON197 197 I. Skwira-Chalot, ... , J. Wilczyński, ... et al. Int. J. Mod. Phys. E Vol. 15 (2006) 495-499 DYNAMICAL FISSION IN THE Sn+Ni INTERACTION AT 35A MeV P. Russotto, ... , J. Wilczyński, ... et al. Int. J. Mod. Phys. E Vol. 15 (2006) 410-416


DYNAMICAL HINDRANCE OF FUSION OF SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI J. Błocki, L. Shvedov, J. Wilczyński Int. J. Mod. Phys. E Vol. 15 (2006) 426-431 ZASTOSOWANIE POMPY WIROWEJ DO WSPOMAGANIA PRACY SERCA M. Szwast, M. Świerczyński, W. Piątkiewicz Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna Vol. 45 (5s) (2006) 133 - 134 A STUDY OF Au + Au COLLISIONS AT 15 MeV/NUCLEON WITH CHIMERA MULTI-DETECTOR197 197 I. Skwira-Chalot, ... , J. Wilczyński, ... et al. Italian Phys. Soc. Conf. Proc. Vol. 91 (2006) 25-31 DYNAMICAL MULTI-BREAK PROCESSES IN THE Sn + Ni SYSTEM AT 35 MeV/NUCLEON AND COMD-II CALCULATIONS

124 64

M. Papa, ... , J. Wilczyński, ... et al. Italian Phys. Soc. Conf. Proc. Vol. 91 (2006) 399-408 IDENTIFICATION OF Be ISOTOPE IN CSI CHIMERA DETECTOR8 W. Zipper, ... , J. Wilczyński, ... et al. Italian Phys. Soc. Conf. Proc. Vol. 91 (2006) 115-121 ISOSPIN EFFECTS IN NEUTRON-RICH AND NEUTRON-POOR Sn + Ni SYSTEMS R. Płaneta, ... , J. Wilczyński, ... et al. Italian Phys. Soc. Conf. Proc. Vol. 91 (2006) 183-190 RECENT PROGRESS IN STUDYING DYNAMICAL FRAGMENT PRODUCTION WITH CHIMERA P. Russotto, ... , J. Wilczyński, ... et al. Italian Phys. Soc. Conf. Proc. Vol. 91 (2006) 13-24 STUDY OF THE QUASI-PROJECTILE IN Sn + Ni AND Sn + Ni REACTIONS124 64 112 58 E. Galichet, ... , J. Wilczyński, ... et al. Italian Phys. Soc. Conf. Proc. Vol. 91 (2006) 147-155 HIGH p(T) SPECTRA OF IDENTIFIED PARTICLES PRODUCED IN Pb+Pb COLLISIONS AT 158-A-GeV BEAM ENERGY T. Schuster, ... , H. Białkowska, B. Boimska, St. Mrówczyński, P. Szymański, W. Trubnikow, ... et al. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. Vol. 32 (2006) S479 STRANGENESS PRODUCTION AT SPS ENERGIES M.K. Mitrovski, ... , H. Białkowska, B. Boimska, M. Kowalski, St. Mrówczyński, P. Szymański, W. Trubnikow, ... et al. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. Vol. 32 (2006) S43 CHARACTERIZATION OF ETL 9357FLA PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES FOR CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS A. Ankowski, ... , D. Kiełczewska, T. Kozłowski, P. Przewłocki, E. Rondio, J. Stepaniak, M. Szeptycka, ... et al. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A Vol. 556 No 1 (2006) 146-157 POWER UPGRADE OF THE SUBCRITICAL ASSEMBLY IN DUBNA (SAD) TO 100 KW A. Polański, S. Petrochenkov, V. Shvetsov, W. Gudowski, P. Seltborg Nucl. Instr. Meth. A Vol. 562 No 2 (2006) 879-882 PROTON-INDUCED POLONIUM PRODUCTION IN MASSIVE LEAD-BISMUTH TARGET IRRADIATED BY 660 MeV PROTONS A. Polański, S. Petrochenkov, W. Pohorecki Nucl. Instr. Meth. A Vol. 562 No 2 (2006) 764-766 THE SUBCRITICAL ASSEMBLY IN DUBNA (SAD). PART II: RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR ADS-DEMO EXPERIMENT W. Gudowski, V. Shvetsov, A. Polański, C. Broeders Nucl. Instr. Meth. A Vol. 562 No 2 (2006) 887 ELLIPTIC FLOW OF LAMBDA HYPERONS IN Pb + Pb COLLISIONS AT 158-A GeV C. Alt, ... , H. Białkowska, B. Boimska, St. Mrówczyński, P. Szymański, W. Trubnikow, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. A Vol. 774 (2006) 499 HIGH p(T) SPECTRA OF IDENTIFIED PARTICLES PRODUCED IN Pb+Pb COLLISIONS AT 158-GeV/NUCLEON BEAM ENERGY C. Alt, ... , H. Białkowska, B. Boimska, St. Mrówczyński, P. Szymański, W. Trubnikow, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. A Vol. 774 (2006) 473 RESULTS FROM NA49 C. Hohne, ... , H. Białkowska, B. Boimska, M. Kowalski, St. Mrówczyński, P. Szymański, W. Trubnikow, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. A Vol. 774 (2006) 35

Annual Report 2006

54

REGISTRATION OF NEUTRONS WITHIN 2 MILLISECONDS AFTER EAS IMPACT K. Jędrzejczak, ... , J. Karczmarczyk, M. Kasztelan, A. Polański, J. Szabelski, T. Wibig, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Sup. Vol. 151 No 1 (2006) 329-33 AIR AEROSOL SAMPLING STATION AZA-1000 AT POLISH POLAR STATION IN HORNSUND, SPITSBERGEN B. Mysłek-Laurikainen, ... , M. Matul, S. Mikołajewski, H. Trzaskowska, ... et al. Nukleonika Vol. 51 No 2 (2006) 137-140 A0

+(980)-RESONANCE PRODUCTION IN THE REACTION pp -› dπ η CLOSE TO THE KKBAR THRESHOLD+ P.V. Fedorets, ... , I. Zychor, ... et al. Phys. Atom. Nucl. Vol. 69 No 2 (2006) 306-313 SELECTIVE POPULATION OF THE [1s2s] S01 AND [1s2s] S13 STATES OF HE-LIKE URANIUM J. Rzadkiewicz, ... , A. Gójska, ... et al. Phys. Rev. A Vol. 74 No 1 (2006) art. no. 012511 ENERGY AND CENTRALITY DEPENDENCE OF ANTI-P AND P PRODUCTION AND THE ANTI-LAMBDA/ANTI-P RATIO IN PB+PB COLLISIONS BETWEEN 20/A-GeV AND 158/A-Gev C. Alt, ... , H. Białkowska, B. Boimska, M. Kowalski, St. Mrówczyński, P. Szymański, ... et al. Phys. Rev. C Vol. 73 (2006) 044910 NUCLEAR STRUCTURE OF Th229 E. Ruchowska, ... , W.A. Płóciennik, R. Kaczarowski, A. Syntfeld, A.A. Wasilewski, ... et al. Phys. Rev. C Vol. 73 (2006) 044326 UPPER LIMIT OF D0 PRODUCTION IN CENTRAL PB-PB COLLISIONS AT 158-A-GEV C. Alt, ... , H. Białkowska, B. Boimska, M. Kowalski, St. Mrówczyński, P. Szymański, ... et al. Phys. Rev. C Vol. 73 (2006) 034910 EVIDENCE FOR AN EXCITED HYPERON STATE IN pp-›pK Y+ 0* I. Zychor, ... , ... et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 96 (2006) 012002 128Cs AS THE BEST EXAMPLE REVEALING CHIRAL SYMMETRY BREAKING E. Grodner, ... , M. Kisieliński, E. Ruchowska, W.A. Płóciennik, ... et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 97 No 17 (2006) art. no. 172501 THE BALMER SPECTRUM OF H-LIKE URANIUM PRODUCED BY RADIATIVE RECOMBINATION AT LOW VELOCITIES R. Reuschl, ... , J. Rzadkiewicz, ... et al. Radiat. Phys. Chem. Vol. 75 No 11 (2006)1740 DOSE DISTRIBUTION AROUND A NEEDLE-LIKE ANODE X-RAY TUBE: DYE-FILM VS. PLANAR THERMOLUMINESCENT DETECTORS M. Budzanowski, ... , M. Słapa, M. Traczyk, M. Talejko, ... et al. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. Vol. 120 No 1-4 (2006) 117-120 FACTORS AFFECTING DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS IN BRACHYTHERAPY OF CORONARY ARTERIES WITH P-32 LINEAR SOURCE S. Pszona, W. Bulski, C. Kępka, A. Witkowski, K. Wincel, B. Zaręba Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy Vol. 11 No 2 (2006) 77-80 DYNAMICS OF BINARY AU + AU COLLISIONS AS A TEST OF ENERGY DISSIPATION MECHANISM 197 197 I. Skwira-Chalot, ... , J. Wilczyński, J. Błocki, Ł. Świderski, ... et al. Acta Phys. Pol. B (in press) EFFECT OF SHELL STRUCTURE ON SADDLE POINT MASSES W.J. Świątecki, K. Siwek-Wilczyńska, J. Wilczyński Acta Phys. Pol. B (in press) NON-AXIAL HEXADECAPOLE DEFORMATIONS OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI L. Shvedov, A. Sobiczewski Acta Phys. Pol. B (in press) SEARCH FOR LESS IMPORTANT DEFORMATIONS IN THE SHAPES OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI A. Sobiczewski, M. Kowal, L. Shvedov Acta Phys. Pol. B (in press) MEASUREMENT OF THROUGH-GOING PARTICLE MOMENTUM BY MEANS OF MULTIPLE SCATTERING WITH THE ICARUS T600 TPC A. Ankowski, ... , D. Kiełczewska, T. Kozłowski, P. Mijakowski, P. Przewłocki, E. Rondio, J. Stepaniak, M. Szeptycka, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. C (in press)


ROLE OF MASS ASYMMETRY IN FUSION OF SUPER-HEAVY NUCLEI K. Siwek-Wilczyńska, I. Skwira-Chalot, J. Wilczyński Int. J. Mod. Phys. E (in press) TERNARY REACTIONS IN AU + AU COLLISIONS REVISITED 197 197 I. Skwira-Chalot, ... , J. Wilczyński, Ł. Świderski, ... et al. Int. J. Mod. Phys. E (in press) TEST OF APPROXIMATION USED IN DESCRIPTION OF NON-AXIAL HEXDECAPOLE SHAPES OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI A. Sobiczewski, L. Shvedov, M. Kowal Int. J. Mod. Phys. E (in press) STATE SELECTIVE FORMATION OF EXCITED L-SHELL LEVELS IN LI-LIKE URANIUM S. Trotsenko, ... , J. Rzadkiewicz, ... et al. Journal of Physics: Conference Series (in press) STUDY OF THE INTRA-L SHELL TRANSITIONS IN BE-LIKE URANIUM J. Rzadkiewicz, ... , A. Gójska, ... et al. Journal of Physics: Conference Series (in press) VACANCY REARRANGEMENT PROCESSES IN MULTIPLY IONIZED ATOMS M. Czarnota, ... , D. Chmielewska, J. Rzadkiewicz, Z. Sujkowski, ... et al. Journal of Physics: Conference Series (in press) ON SPECTROMETRIC PROPERTIES OF TRANSMISSION AVALANCHE COUNTERS AT MODERATE SPECIFIC IONIZATION J. Sernicki Nucl. Instr. Meth. A (in press) NEW METHOD OF PURE IN PRODUCTION BY PROTON-INDUCED NUCLEAR REACTIONS WITH ENRICHED SN111 112 E. Betak, E. Rurarz, S. Mikołajewski, J. Wojtkowska Nukleonika (in press) THE PROTON BEAM ENERGY MEASUREMENT BY TIME OF FLIGHT METHOD M. Kisieliński, J. Wojtkowska Nukleonika (in press) FORMATION OF ION CLUSTERS BY LOW-ENERGY ELECTRONS IN NANOMETRIC TARGETS:EXPERIMENT AND MONTE CARLO SIMULATION A. Bantsar, B. Grosswendt, S. Pszona Radiat. Prot. Dosim. (in press) IONIZATION CLUSTER SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR ALPHA PARTICLES:EXPERIMENT,MODELLING S. Pszona, A. Bantsar, H. Nikjoo Radiat. Prot. Dosim. (in press)

REPORTS

THE BARYON PRODUCTION AND BARYON NUMBER TRANSFER IN HADRON-HADRON, HADRON-NUCLEUS AND NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS P. Szymański The Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Świerk, Report SINS-31/II


Invited Talk ANTITERRORIST EUROPEAN PROJECTS P. Szymański Workshop – Neutrons Detection and Nuclear Techniques for the Country Border Inspection (Wilga, Poland, 2006-06-20 - 2006-06-21) MEASUREMENTS OF VELOCITY FIELDS OF BLOOD IN THE ARTIFICIAL HEART M. Szwast, M. Świerczyński, W. Piątkiewicz Young scientists towards the challenges of modern technique (Warsaw, Poland, 2006-09-25 - 2006-09-27) PROJECT OF POLISH CENTRIFUGAL ROTARY BLOOD PUMP M. Szwast, M. Świerczyński, W. Piątkiewicz International Conference BioMedTech Silesia Senior (Zabrze, Poland, 2006-03-17 - 2006-03-17)

Annual Report 2006

56

MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATIONS OF SPALATION NEUTRONS SPECTRUM A. Polański Workshop – Neutrons Detection and Nuclear Techniques for the Country Border Inspection (Wilga, Poland, 2006-06-20 - 2006-06-21) 3HE DETECTORS IN SPECIAL APPLICATIONS S. Pszona Workshop – Neutrons Detection and Nuclear Techniques for the Country Border Inspection (Wilga, Poland, 2006-06-20 - 2006-06-21) Oral Presentation Institute for Nuclear Studies in Świerk P. Szymański European Conference on Security Research (Vienna, Austria, 2006-02-19 - 2006-02-21) COMMENTS ON THE APPROACH TO SECURE THE REGION P. Szymański SecureMED (Valetta, 2006-11-16 - 2006-11-16) Kα X-RAY RADIATION OF THE SIO AEROGEL TARGET ALONG THE CA ION BEAM TRAJECTOry 2

48 J. Rzadkiewicz, A. Blazevic, V. Efremov, A. Faenov, A. Gójska, D. Hoffmann, S. Korostiy, S. Pikuz, T. Pikuz, M. Polasik, O. Rosmej, K. Słabkowska 6th International Workshop and Summer School towards Fusion Energy - Plasma Physics, Diagnostics, Spin-offs (Kudowa Zdrój, Poland, 2006-09-18 - 2006-09-22) HYPERON PRODUCTION AT ANKE I. Zychor CGSWHP06: SPIN in Hadron Physics - 2nd Caucassian-German School/Workshop on Hadron Physics (Tbilisi, Georgia, 2006-09-04 - 2006-09-08) MULTIPLICITY DISTRIBUTION OF NEUTRONS ORIGINATED IN MUON-LEAD INTERACTIONS IN UNDERGROUND LABORATORY J. Szabelski, Z. Dębicki, K. Jędrzejczak, J. Karczmarczyk, M. Kasztelan, S.A. Petrochenkov, A. Polański, B. Szabelska, T. Wibig 20thEuropean Cosmic Ray Symposium (Lisbon, Portugal, 2006-09-05 - 2006-09-08) BETA BEAMS - AN ALTERNATIVE TO DOUBLE BETA DECAY? L. Łukaszuk, Z. Sujkowski, S. Wycech The Euridice meeting: Effective theories of colours and flavours (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland,, 2006-08-24 - 2006-08-27) Acta Phys. Pol. B (2007) REGISTRATION OF NEUTRONS PRODUCED IN SECONDARY COSMIC RAY INTERACTIONS WITH LEAD K. Jędrzejczak, Z. Dębicki, J. Karczmarczyk, M. Kasztelan, S.A. Petrochenkov, A. Polański, B. Szabelska, J. Szabelski, T. Wibig 20thEuropean Cosmic Ray Symposium (Lisbon, Portugal, 2006-09-05 - 2006-09-08) THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ELECTRONUCLEAR SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION AND RADIOACTIVE WASTE TRANSMUTATION A. Polański International Meeting:Selected topics on nuclear methods for non-nuclear applications. (Varna, Bulgaria, 2006-09-27 - 2006-09-30) SIMULATION OF PROTON INDUCED REACTIONS BY THE QUANTUM MOLECULAR DYNAMICS METHOD A. Polański International Nucleus-Nucleus Conference (Rio - Brazil, 2006-08-28 - 2006-09-01) NEW DESCRIPTORS OF RADIATION QUALITY BASED ON NANODOSIMETRY, A FIRST APPROACH B. Grosswendt, S. Pszona, A. Bantsar Tenth Symposium on Neutron Dosimetry (Uppsala, Sweden, 2006-06-12 - 2006-06-16) Radiat. Prot. Dosim. (2007) NANODOSIMETRY OF LOW-ENERGY ELECTRONS A. Bantsar, B. Grosswendt, S. Pszona Radiation damage in molecular systems RADAM06 (Groningen, The Netherlands, 2006-06-06 - 2006-06-09) KVI Groningen No. (2006)


Poster ELECTRON CAPTURE PROCESSES FOR FAST HELIUM IONS IN SOLID TARGETS A. Gójska, D. Chmielewska, J. Rzadkiewicz, Z. Sujkowski, Th. Stöhlker 13th International Conference on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions (Queen's Park University Belfast, Northern Ireland, 2006-08-28 - 2006-09-01) VACANCY REARRANGEMENT PROCESSES IN MULTIPLY IONIZED ATOMS M. Czarnota, D. Banaś, M. Pajek, J.-Cl. Dousse, Y.-P. Maillard, O. Mauron, M. Berset, P.A. Raboud, D. Chmielewska, J. Rzadkiewicz, Z. Sujkowski, M. Polasik, K. Słabkowska, J. Hoszowska 13th International Conference on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions (Queen's Park University Belfast, Northern Ireland, 2006-08-28 - 2006-09-01) Journal of Physics: Conference Series (in press) STUDY OF THE INTRA-L SHELL TRANSITIONS IN BE-LIKE URANIUM J. Rzadkiewicz, Th. Stöhlker, D. Banaś, C. Brandau, H.F. Beyer, S. Fritzsche, A. Gumberidze, A. Gójska, S. Hagmann, C. Kozhuharov, T. Nandi, R. Reuschl, U. Spillmann, A. Surzhykov, S. Tashenov 13th International Conference on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions (Queen's Park University Belfast, Northern Ireland, 2006-08-28 - 2006-09-01) Journal of Physics: Conference Series (in press) CONCENTRATION OF COSMIC -ORIGIN AND ANTROPOGENIC RADIOISOTOPES IN GROUND -LEVEL AIR OF POLAR REGION BASED ON THE RESULTS OF AEROSOL SAMPLING STATION AZA-1000 AT HORSUND (SPITSBERGEN) M. Kubicki, B. Myslek-Laurikainen, H. Trzaskowska, M. Matul, S. Mikołajewski 5th International Conference on “Air Protection, Theory and Practice” (Zakopane, Poland, 2006-10-19 - 2006-10-21) SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVE AIR POLLUTION IN POLAND BASED ON THE RESULTS OF ASS-500 MONITORING NETWORK B. Myslek-Laurikainen, M. Biernacka, Z. Moroz, J. Wojtkowska, H. Trzaskowska, M. Matul, S. Mikołajewski 5th International Conference on “Air Protection, Theory and Practice” (Zakopane, Poland, 2006-10-19 - 2006-10-21) ATOMIC CHARGE EXCHANGE PROCESSES FOR FAST HELIUM IONS IN SOLIDS A. Gójska, D. Chmielewska, J. Rzadkiewicz, Z. Sujkowski 13th International Conference on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions (Queen's Park University Belfast, Northern Ireland, 2006-08-28 - 2006-09-01) STATE SELECTIVE FORMATION OF EXCITED L-SHELL LEVELS IN LI-LIKE URANIUM S. Trotsenko, Th. Stöhlker, D. Banaś, C.Z. Dong, S. Fritzsche, A. Gumberidze, S. Hagmann, S. Hess, P. Indelicato, C. Kozhuharov, M. Nofal, R. Reuschl, J. Rzadkiewicz, U. Spillmann, A. Surzhykov 13th International Conference on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions (Queen's Park University Belfast, Northern Ireland , 2006-08-28 - 2006-09-01) Journal of Physics: Conference Series (in press)


Search for superheavy elementsa J. Błocki Cracow, Poland, Jagiellonian University, 2006-01-19 Charged lepton flavor nonconservationa T. Kozłowski Warsaw, Poland, Warsaw University , 2006-10-20 Charged lepton flavour nonconservationa T. Kozłowski Warsaw, Poland, Warsaw University, 2006-12-13 Kα X-ray Radiation of the SiO Aerogel Target along the Ca Ion Beam Trajectory 2

48 b J. Rzadkiewicz Darmstadt, Germany, GSI , 2006-09-19 a) in Polish b) in English

INTERNAL SEMINARS

Nanodosimetry of low energy electronsb A. Bantsar Świerk, Poland, The Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 2006-09-12

Annual Report 2006

58

Properties of an isotopic ion sourceb J. Kula Świerk, Poland, The Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 2006-09-12 Measurements of velocity fields of blood in artificial heart a M. Świerczyński Warsaw, Poland, The Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 2006-09-21 Geoneutrinos - a new method to study of the Earth interiora T. Kozłowski Warsaw, Poland, The Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 2006-11-16 a) in Polish b) in English

DIDACTIC ACTIVITY

J. Błocki - supervision of the PhD thesis (Leonid Shvedov) A. Polański - supervision of the PhD thesis (S.A. Petrochenkov, LIT JINR, Dubna, Russia) S. Pszona - supervision of MSc thesis (M. Janecki, Physics Faculty, Warsaw University) J. Wilczyński - supervision of the research work of a PhD student in the CHIMERA Collaboration project


R. Kaczarowski Member of the American Physical Society; Member of the Scientific Council of the Radioisotope Center "Polatom" Member of the Scientific Council of the Institute for Nuclear Studies, Comissions: Doctoral; Economics and Finances A. Polański Deputy president, LIT JINR Commission of experts to analyze of published materials Member of the Scientific-Technical Council of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia Member of the Scientific-Technical Council of Laboratory of Information Technologies, JINR, Dubna, Russia Member of the Scientific-Technical Council of Laboratory of Particle Physics, JINR, Dubna, Russia J. Wilczyński Deputy Chairman of the Scientific Council of the SINS, Doctoral Comission


PERSONNEL

Research scientists Jan Błocki, Professor Aliaksandr Bantsar, MSc. 1/2* from 19 Feb. Danuta Chmielewska, Dr. Scientific Secretary of the Institute Aneta Gójska, MSc. from 18 Oct. Rościsław Kaczarowski, Assoc. Prof. Tadeusz Kozłowski, Dr. Jacek Kula, MSc. Bogumiła Mysłek-Laurikainen, Dr. till 30 June Aleksander Polański, Dr. on leave Stanisław Pszona, Dr. Ewa Ruchowska, Dr. Jacek Rzadkiewicz, Dr.

Jan Sernicki, Dr. Leonid Shvedov, MSc. from 11 Sept. Mieczysław Słapa, Assoc. Prof. 4/5* Mieczysław Sowiński, Assoc. Prof. 3/5* Ziemowid Sujkowski, Professor † Director of the Institute Piotr Szymański, Dr. Janusz Wilczyński, Prof. Krzysztof Wincel, MSc. Jolanta Wojtkowska, Dr. 3/4* Barbara Zaręba, MSc. Izabella Zychor, Dr.

Technical and administrative staff Adam Dudziński, Tech. Konrad Garanty, MSc. Stanisław Gębalski, MSc. Elżbieta Jaworska, Tech. Marcin Karwowski, MSc. till 15 Oct. Marek Kowalski, MSc. Alicja Kurdej 2/5* Marian Laskus, Tech. Maria Matul, MSc. 1/2*

Stefan Mikołajewski, Tech. Tomasz Pławski, Eng. on leave Mirosław Snopek, Tech. Maciej Świerczyński, MSc. from 1 July Marcin Talejko Marek Traczyk, MSc. Halina Trzaskowska, Tech. Katarzyna Tymińska, Dr. till 29 April

* part-time employee † deceased July 9

Annual Report 2006

60

DEPARTMENT OF DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS

61

3 DEPARTMENT OF DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS

Head of Department: Dr. Zbigniew Guzik phone: (22) 718-05-49 e-mail: [email protected]

Overview The basic activities of the Department of Nuclear Electronics in 2006 were concentrated on the following areas: • studies of new scintillation techniques and their application to nuclear medicine and border monitoring, • contribution to FWVI European projects, • scientific contracts with European industry in respect to detection techniques • electronics for experiments in High Energy Physics, • development of γ-ray spectrometry apparatus, • development of new generation State of the Art USB based multi-channel analyzers supplied with Ethernet

port and wireless connection, • development, investigation and production of silicon detectors • normalization activities.

Most of the scientific achievements of the Department were summarized in 27 publications (released or in press) and 8 submitted publications. The papers were published mainly in IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. and Nucl. Instr. Methods. Besides that, our scientists presented 20 contributions at international conferences - 6 presentations on IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging 2006 in San Diego, USA. Five invited talks were presented at International Conferences. Also normalization activities in preparation of the Polish versions of European Standards in the field of electronics were supported.

In the study of new scintillation techniques, the tests of energy resolution and non-proportionality were carried out for LGSO and CsI(Tl) scintillators, and in the case of NaI(Tl) at reduced temperatures down to -40°C. It shows more precisely an interesting observation of dependences of energy resolution and non-proportionality on a shaping time constant of the amplifier for scintillators with the light pulse consisting of two components. Within the studies addressed to the BioCare European project, realized within FWVI, the proposition of a new common PET/CT detector was developed. The further study of detectors for a Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography was also performed.

In the frame of the contract with Photonnis, France the contribution to the development of new photomultipliers for gamma spectrometry with LaBr3 crystals and new fast photomultipliers for time-of-flight PET were carried out.

A detector array assembly with lead collimators was designed, constructed and delivered to the EURITRACK project. The EURITRACK system has passed most of the tests in CAE Saclay before its moving to Rijeka harbour in Croatia for blind tests of real containers.

The Department was involved in scientific collaborations with a number of international centres, such as CERN, Royal Institute of Technology and Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, FZR Rossendorf, IKF Juelich, GSI Darmstadt, INFN Padova, CEA Saclay and Cadarache, IRB Zagreb, and companies as Saint-Gobain, Scionix in Holland, Photonis in France, ICX (former Target) in Germany, Siemens (former CTI) in USA and Hitachi Chemical, Japan. Additionally collaboration with IAEA in Vienna concerning monitoring of State borders was continued. Several scientific contracts were realized for European industry.

The collaboration with the High Energy Physics Department of our Institute was focused on the LHCb experiment in CERN. Our contribution was to design basic hardware modules concerning overall control of the apparatus. In 2006 the designed and produced modules (over 100 in total) were installed in LHCb pit in Meyrin. Also the special module for monitoring LHC beam phase and intensity was proposed and designed.

Our work on development of a new generation State of the Art USB based multi-channel analyzers are very promising. Our USB based device in the form of an autonomous miniature screened box was refined and finalized. It sold more than 20 copies all around the world. New project concerning new features of the device (Ethernet and wireless ports) is being designed and debugged.

In the field of semiconductor detectors, besides continuation of previous work, activities concentrated on ion implantation (using TITAN implanter) for production of new type semiconductor radiation detectors.

Dr. Zbigniew Guzik


3.1 Non-proportionality and Energy Resolution of CsI(Tl)* by A.Syntfeld-Każuch, Ł.Świderski, W.Czarnacki, M.Gierlik, W.Klamra1), M.Moszyński, P.Schotanus2)

Experimental studies of CsI(Tl) crystals with

different amounts of Tl activator are presented. Properties such as non-proportionality, energy resolution and the number of photoelectrons per 1 MeV-γ were inspected at two different shaping time constants, i.e. 3 and 12 µs. A CsI(Tl) crystal was coupled to the XP5212 PMT with a photocathode blue sensitivity of 12.2 µA/lmF. Six CsI(Tl) crystals of different sizes were tested. Among them, three samples were of known Tl concentration, which amounted roughly 0.05, 0.1 and 0.25 mol%. For the remaining three samples, the amount of Tl content was measured at our lab by means of a crystal excitation by a strong X-ray source.

A photoelectron number per MeV-γ, Nphe, was measured for each CsI(Tl) crystal and the values obtained for 661.6-keV photons from a 137Cs source are depicted in Table I. Table 1 Number of photoelectrons for CsI(Tl)

The light yield is sensibly independent of the Tl content for CTl between 0.05 and 0.11 m/o. The most interesting observation for us, concerning the non-proportionality dependence on the γ-energy, was that for a 12 µs shaping time constant, the CsI(Tl) crystal response is more proportional than that for the 3 µs in the energy region of tens of keV, as it is seen in Fig. 1. Such an improvement of the proportionality was observed for each CsI(Tl), independent of the Tl concentration. As a consequence of the more proportional character of the crystal response at 12 µs, an improvement of the measured intrinsic energy resolution of the CsI(Tl) crystals was found (see Fig. 2-inset).

Another interesting phenomenon was found for all tested samples regarding an intrinsic resolution dependence on the γ-energy (see Fig. 2.) The intrinsic resolution for γ- or X-ray energies above ∼35 keV (CsI(Tl) “0.25 m/o”) or ∼60 keV (CsI(Tl) “standard”) has a lower value for 12 µs than that calculated for a 3 µs shaping time constant. The contrary is true for γ- or X-radiation of lower energies below ∼20 (CsI(Tl)

“0.25 m/o”) or ∼35 keV (CsI(Tl) “standard”). This unexpected deterioration of the intrinsic resolution for low energy photons at 12 µs suggests a mechanism of the energy transfer which is different from that corresponding to high energy γ-rays absorbed in the crystal. It is most probable that the several keV X-rays interact within a scintillator material in a manner similar to ∼5 MeV α particles.

1 10 100 10000.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20

1.25

1.30

3 µs 12 µs

Light yield (normalized to 662 keV)

Eγ (keV)

Fig. 1 Light yield per 1 MeV as measured for the CsI(Tl) “9×9 mm” (0.06 m/o) crystal with shaping time constants of 3 and 12 µs. The data are normalized to the light yield obtained for 661.6 keV from 137Cs.

1 10 100 10000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

500 1000 1500 20002

3

4

5

6

7

8

Eγ (keV)

Intr. res.,

δ sc (%)

3 µs 12 µs

Intrinsic resolution, δ

sc (%)

Eγ (keV)

Fig. 2 Intrinsic resolution vs. γ-ray energy calculated for the CsI(Tl) “standard” crystal at 3 and 12 µs shaping time constants. The inset shows the intrinsic resolution dependences corresponding to higher energy γ rays.

Presented at the IEEE NSS-MIC Conference, San Diego, USA, October 2006, submitted to IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

1) The Royal Institute of Technology, Alba Nova,

106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. 2) SCIONIX Holland B.V., CC Bunnik, the

Netherlands. * - This work was partially supported by the Polish Committee for Scientific Research Grant No. 8 T10C 002 20 and SPUB No. 621/E-78/SPB/IAEA/0-13/DWM21/2004-2006.


63

3.2 Non-proportionality and Energy Resolution of NaI(Tl) at Wide Temperature Range (-40°C to +23°C) * by Ł.Świderski, M.Moszyński, W.Czarnacki, A.Syntfeld-Każuch and M.Gierlik

The performance of a NaI(Tl) crystal coupled to a

Large Area Avalanche Photodiode (LAAPD) was investigated as a function of temperature. The crystal and the LAAPD were cooled in a cryostat with a built-in Peltier element. The schematic drawing of the experimental setup, designed and made at the Department of Detectors and Nuclear Electronics of the Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies is shown on Fig. 1. The achievable temperatures ranged from +11ºC down to –40ºC and additionally measurements at room temperature (+23ºC) were done. The cryostat was equipped with a 120 µm thick beryllium entrance window, so even low energy X-rays were able to pass it through without loss of intensity.

Fig. 1 Schematic drawing of the detection system – a cryostat with NaI(Tl) crystal coupled to a LAAPD.

Fig. 2a presents the dependence of a number of e-h

pairs per 1 MeV produced by the NaI(Tl) crystal in the LAAPD versus temperature for the peaking times of 2 µs, 12 µs and 48 µs in the spectroscopy amplifier. The peaking time of about 2 µs is sufficient to collect all the light at room temperature (Fig. 2a), having even better energy resolution than for 12 µs (Fig. 2b). After decreasing the temperature below +10ºC, the number of e-h pairs is increasing at long peaking times. This confirms the increase of long decay mode intensity in a cooled down NaI(Tl), which makes it behave the way CsI(Tl) does at room temperature. Thus long peaking times are required to collect the entire light at low temperatures.

The intrinsic resolution of NaI(Tl) turned out to be independent of temperature if one collects the entire light emitted in the scintillation process. Fig. 3 shows a characteristic minimum in the intrinsic resolution around 100 keV, expected also from the calculation of the non-proportionality component of energy resolution originating from a stopping process of γ-rays.

-40 -20 0 200

2

4

6

8

15k

20k

25k

30k

35k

(b)

2 µs 12 µs 48 µs

Temperature (oC)

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

(%)

(a)

2 µs 12 µs 48 µsN

umbe

r of e

-h (e

h / 1

MeV

)

Fig. 2 Number of electron-hole pairs per 1 MeV (a) and total energy resolution (b) as a function of temperature. Error bars on panel (a) are within the size of the point.

10 100 10000

5

10

15

Energy (keV)

Intri

nisc

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

(%)

T = +23oC; τ = 2 µs T = -20oC; τ = 12 µs T = -40oC; τ = 48 µs

Fig. 3 Intrinsic energy resolution of NaI(Tl) crystal measured at –40°C, –20°C and +23°C for optimal peaking time.

Presented at the IEEE NSS-MIC Conference, San

Diego, USA, October 2006, submitted to IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. * - This work was supported in part by Polish Committee for Scientific Research, Grant No 3 T10C 010 26.


3.3 Energy Resolution of LGSO Scintillators* by M.Moszyński, A.Nassalski, W.Czarnacki, A.Syntfeld-Każuch, D.Wolski, T.Batsch, T.Usui1), S.Shimizu1), N.Shimura1), K.Kurashige1), K.Kurata1) and H.Ishibashi1)

Several LGSO samples with different Ce doping

were studied in comparison to GSO crystal. The light output, non-proportionality of the light response, energy resolution and intrinsic resolution were measured and compared to the intensity of the afterglow recorded in the second range of time. A high light output of 17000±1700 ph/MeV and a good energy resolution of 6.5±0.2% for 662 keV gamma rays from a 137Cs source were obtained for the best sample, doped with 1 mol% of Ce, see Table 1.

Table 1 Number of photoelectrons, light output and energy resolution of LGSO and GSO crystals measured at 662 keV gamma rays

Crystal/

Ce doping Phe number Light output Energy resolution

[mol%] [phe/MeV] [ph/MeV] [%]

LGSO/1 mol% 4100±100 17000±1700 6.5±0.2

LGSO/1.3 mol% 3800±100 15700±1600 8.2±0.3

LGSO/1.5 mol% 4030±100 16700±1700 7.2±0.2

LGSO/1.7 mol% 3880±100 16000±1600 7.5±0.2

LGSO/2 mol% 3490±90 14400±1500 8.3±0.3

LGSO/2 mol% (1) new 4200±100 17400±1700 9.8±0.4

LGSO/2 mol% (2) new 4000±100 16500±1700 10.8±0.5

GSO 2520±60 10400±1100 8.1±0.3

The energy resolution and, in particular the intrinsic resolution varied with the concentration of Ce in the tested crystals and were not correlated with their common non-proportionality characteristics.

Fig. 1 shows a comparison of the non-proportionality characteristics measured for all tested LGSO. The data presented in Fig. 1 exhibit a common dependence, not affected by the Ce doping. It suggests that other effects influence energy resolution.

Fig. 2 confirms that the spread of the measured energy resolution for different LGSO crystals is associated with their intrinsic resolution. For 662 keV gamma line the intrinsic resolution is varied between 4.5±0.3% for the LGSO doped with 1% of Ce to 6.5±0.5% for the crystal doped with 2%

In contrast, the observed correlation of the intrinsic energy resolution of the LGSO crystals and the intensity of their afterglow suggests that the energy

resolution of scintillation detectors may be affected by a strong afterglow of the crystals. Thus it suggests to the manufacturers to make more efforts to reduce afterglow in the crystals.

10 100 10000.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.0% Ce 1.3% Ce 1.5% Ce 1.7% Ce 2.0% CeL

ight

Yie

ld [f

ract

ion

of 6

62ke

V]

Energy [keV] Fig. 1 The non-proportionality characteristics of LGSO crystals with a different doping by Ce.

10 100 10001

10

100

1.0% Ce 1.3% Ce 1.5% Ce 1.7% Ce 2.0% CeIn

trin

sic

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

[%]

Energy [keV] Fig. 2 Intrinsic resolution versus energy of gamma rays for the studied LGSO crystals.

Presented at the IEEE NSS-MIC Conference, San Diego, USA, October 2006, submitted to IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 1) High Performance Material R&D Center, Hitachi

Chemical Co., Ltd., 48 Wadai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan

* This work was supported in part by Polish Committee for Scientific Research, Grant No 3 T10C 010 26 and SPUB 621/E-78/SPB/6. PR UE/DIE 458/2004-2007.


65

3.4 Investigation of Absolute Light Output Measurement Techniques by M.Gierlik, M.Moszyński, A.Nassalski, A.Syntfeld-Każuch, T.Szczęśniak, Ł.Świderski

The recently published work on new measurement

techniques of the scintillators’ absolute light yield triggered our response in the attempt to find a way to resolve the disagreements between the old, established technique [1], [2], and the emerging, new one [3]. The authors of the new approach argue that the conditions in which the photomultipliers photocathodes quantum efficiencies’ characteristics are being determined differ substantially from those present in assembled scintillation detectors. The suggested changes, such as resignation from applying an optical coupling, however, seem to overestimate the impact of some factors on derived absolute light yield. A series of measurements of BGO, CsI(Tl), NaI(Tl), LaCl3, and LaBr3 crystals of various sizes were performed in order to verify the credibility of the new method’s assumptions. The results seem to support the approved and broadly applied technique.

Our measurements revolved around comparing the number of photoelectrons yielded by different combinations of detector assemblies, i.e. when a crystal and a PMT remained the same but the method of assembling changed, see Fig 1.

Fig. 1 Various combinations of detector assemblies with or without the optical coupling and Teflon wrapping over PMT window. The crystal is always wrapped with light reflecting, Teflon tape.

The comparison, see Fig 2, was aimed at appraising two relevant effects. a. The percentage of light lost due to trapping inside

a scintillator. This was calculated by comparing the number of photoelectrons while using or skipping the application of coupling grease in detector assemblies with Teflon reflector (cases B and D from Fig. 1).

b. The percentage of light that escapes through the PMT window. This goal is achieved by comparing cases A with B, and C with D (look at Fig. 1 for the assembly modes). Additionally we could also take a closer look at whether the presence of the optical coupling affects the flux of light escaping a detector.

2 4 6 8 10

400

600

800

1000

0 2 4 6 8 102000

2400

2800

3200

3600

4000

4400

BGO

Ligh

t out

put (

phot

oele

ctro

ns/M

eV)

CsI(Tl) A B C D

Height (mm)

Fig. 2 Graphical presentation of photoelectron yields collated in Tables I and II.

0 2 4 6 85

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

10

CsI(Tl) BGO

Ligh

t los

ses (

%)

Height (mm) Fig. 3 Dependence of light losses occurring during the absence of optical coupling versus height of the crystal sample. Both CsI(Tl) and BGO cylindrical crystals have been cut from a single ingot.

The measured light losses due to trapping varied from 17% ± 5% and 19% ± 6% for the thin slices of BGO and CsI(Tl) respectively, up to 44% ± 4% for the encapsulated LaCl3 crystal. The effect is clearly visible in both figures, while Fig 3 presents its dependence on crystal size (or rather on the crystal volume-to-contact face ratio). The application of reflective cover is responsible for 4.7 % ± 1.7 % increase of the measured light output.

[1] I. Hall, E. Lorenz, and G. Mergas, “A measurement of the light yield of common inorganic scintillators”, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol 35, no. 1, pp. 105, Feb. 1988.

[2] M. Moszyński, M. Kapusta, M. Mayhugh, D. Wolski, and S. O. Flyckt, “Absolute Light Output of Scintillators”, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 1052-1061, June 1997.

[3] J. T. M. de Haas, P. Dorenbos, and C. W. E. van Eijk, “Measuring the absolute light yield of scintillators”, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., vol. A537, pp. 97-100, Aug. 1992.

Presented at the IEEE NSS-MIC Conference, San Diego, USA, October 2006, submitted to IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.


3.5 The Road to the Common PET/CT Detector * by A.Nassalski, M.Moszyński, T.Szczęśniak, D.Wolski, T.Batsch

Growing interest in the development of dual

modality positron emission / X-rays tomography (PET/CT) systems prompts researchers to face a new challenge: to acquire both the anatomical and functional information in the same measurement, simultaneously using the same detection system and electronics. The success of this research would eliminate the need to align images obtained sequentially by two different scanners.

The aim of this work was to study a detector consisting of LaBr3, LSO or LYSO pixel crystals coupled to an avalanche photodiode (APD). The measurements covered tests of the detectors in PET and CT modes, respectively.

The measurements included the determination of light output, energy resolution, the non-proportionality of the light yield and the time resolution for 511 keV annihilation quanta; analysis also included characterizing the PET detector, and determining the dependence of counting rate versus mean current of the APD in the X-ray detection.

In the present experiment, the use of counting and current modes in the CT detection increases the dynamic range of the measured dose of X-rays by a factor of 20, compared to the counting mode alone.

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS Testing the detectors in the CT mode was crucial.

Measurements were performed with a strong 241Am source (13.9 GBq). An APD gain of 200 was chosen and the timing signal of the preamp was optimized for an efficient detection of 59.6 keV gamma rays with the lowest possible dead time.

Fig. 1 presents the block scheme of the experimental arrangement used to simultaneously measure the counting rate at the APD output and its mean current.

Fig. 1 Experimental setup.

The energy signal was used for classical gamma-

ray spectroscopy. The anode current of the APD was recorded using a Keithley 480 Picoammeter and was correlated with the number of counts from the scaler.

RESULTS Fig. 2 presents the dependence of counting rate on

the mean current of the APD for all the tested crystals. It shows that the detectors work effectively in the

counting rate mode up to 4x106 c/s for LaBr3 and up to 2x106 c/s for the LSO, which reflects the speed of the decay times of the light pulses. For higher counting rates, dead time limits the proportionality of the counting rate on the APD current, representing, in fact, the recorded dose of X-rays.

0 500 1000 1500 2000

105

106

107

0,0

2,0x106

4,0x106

6,0x106

8,0x106

1,0x107

N

umbe

r of

cou

nts

I [nA]

LSO LYSO LaBr3

LSO LYSO LaBr3

Num

ber

of c

ount

s

Fig. 2 Counting rate versus a mean current of the APD measured with LaBr3, LSO and LYSO crystals.

CONCLUSIONS

These preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of the dual-modality PET/CT detector based on measurements of X-ray dose in both counting and current modes. It allows bypassing an influence of afterglow at low doses by counting mode and increasing the dynamic range, at high doses, by a current mode of the detector work. The idea of a dual modality PET/CT scanner based on the same detector seems to be more than ever real.

The time and energy resolution measurements of the detectors tested in the conditions fitted to the CT mode (a high gain of APD and low threshold leading-edge timing) confirmed the excellent performance of the detectors for PET requirements.

Presented at IEEE NSS-MIC 2006, San Diego,

USA, October 2006, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., in press. * This work was supported in part by EC FP6 funding, Contract no. LSHC-CT-2004-505785 and by SPUB 621/E-78/SPB/6 PR UE/DIE 458/2004-2007 of Polish Committee for Scientific Research


67

3.6 A Further Study of Timing with LSO on XP20D0 for TOF PET* by T.Szczęśniak, M.Moszyński, A.Nassalski, P.Lavoute1) and A.G.Dehaine1)

In our previous work, a good time resolution

recorded with a 4x4x20 mm3 LSO crystal coupled to a Photonis XP20D0 photomultiplier was shown, which suggests that TOF-PET based on the LSO is a realistic proposition. A further improvement of the time resolution, due to the common light readout by the cluster of PMTs in the block detector, proposed by Kuhn et al, triggered further study of the time resolution obtainable with the LSO crystals. In the present work, the optimization of timing using a leading-edge fast discriminator and a constant fraction discriminator was done and the results of the leading-edge timing were discussed in terms of the Hyman theory.

Fig. 1 Time resolution dependence due to a shaping delay of a constant fraction discriminator (upper panel) and due to threshold set on a fast leading-edge discriminator (lower panel).

In the second part of the study, the time resolution measurements and an optimization of the system realizing the light readout by two XP20D0 PMTs coupled to a common light diffuser were carried out for various positions of the 4x4x20 mm3 LSO crystal.

The experimental arrangement of the system is presented in Fig. 2. A finger-like 4x4x20 mm3 LSO crystal was placed in the centre of each PMT and in the middle of the system, between the PMTs, and light was collected via a light guide to both PMTs.

The measurements were carried out in three modes of PMT signal collection. In the first mode, the anode

signal was gathered separately giving individual time spectra of each PMT. In the second mode, the output signal was a sum of signals from both PMTs. To achieve a sum-signal, two cables with anode signals from each PMT were simply connected into one cable. Fig. 3 shows sample spectra for all acquisition modes for the LSO placed in the middle of the two PMTs.

Fig. 2 Positions of the LSO crystal and experimental arrangement of the light guide and PMTs.

Fig. 3 Time spectra for LSO placed in the center of the light guide, between PMTs.

The results show that using a sum of signals and,

in consequence, a better light collection from several PMTs improves timing and should allow good homogeneity of the time resolution over a whole surface of the detectors to be achieved.

Presented at the IEEE NSS-MIC Conference, San Diego, USA, October 2006, submitted to IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 1) Photonis. Av. Roger Roncier, B.P. 520, F 19106

Brive La Gaillarde Cedex, France * This work was supported in part by the UE FPVI funding, Contract RII3-CT-2004-506078 and Polish Committee for Scientific Research SPUB, no. 621/E-78/SPB/6.PR UE/DIE 378/20-04-2007


3.7 Implanted Silicon Spectrometric Detectors by W.Czarnacki, E.Belcarz, T.Sworobowicz, A.Kotlarski

The technology of fabricating implanted silicon

spectrometric detectors was developed using over 30 samples of mono-crystalline silicon of the following type and specific resistivity:

a) n-type 2000 - 4000 Ohm·cm b) n-type with 32 - 54 micrometer thick, about 100

Ohm·cm epi layer c) p-type HR above 40 000 Ohm·cm

MEVVA-type TITAN implanter operated in P9 Dept of our Institute was used. Sb ions were implanted as donors, Ga or Al ions – as acceptors. Ion energies were 20 - 65 keV, ion fluences 2 - 50x1013 ions/cm2. The implanted layers were characterized using RBS. A strongly defected silicon mono-crystal lattice was revealed, many Sb or Ga atoms was located at interstitial positions. Time and temperature of the process of annealing the defects was optimized within the 15 - 240 minutes and +400...+5500C range, respectively.

Fig. 1 Spectrum of α -particles from 239Pu, 241Am, and 244Cm sources. Top: n-type implanted silicon detector. Bottom: epi-layer implanted silicon detector.

Parameters of 3 detectors fabricated of n-type implanted silicon were: active area about 1 cm2, energy resolution 25 - 50 keV FWHM for 5.805 MeV alpha particles.

Parameters of 5 detectors fabricated of epi-layer implanted silicon were: active area about 1 cm2, energy resolution 75 - 120 keV FWHM for 5.805 MeV alpha particles.

Implanted HR-Si detector of about 30 mm2active area and about 3.5 mm active thickness was housed in a vacuum cryostat, cooled down to the LN2 temperature and exposed to X rays. The obtained energy resolution amounted to 470 eV FWHM for 16.6 keV X-rays (93Mo source) and to 790 eV FWHM for 59.5 keV γ-rays (241Am source) .

Fig. 2 Spectrum of 16.6 keV X-rays from 93Mo source taken with the help of an implanted HR-Si detector.

Fig. 3 Spectrum of 59.5 keV γ-rays from 241Am source taken with the help of an implanted HR-Si detector.

The above results substantiate our plans to continue research on application of our in-house implanter to fabricate various silicon spectrometric detectors.


69

3.8 Spectrometric Detectors of 252Cf Fission Fragments (and other heavy ions) by E.Belcarz, W.Czarnacki, A.Kotlarski, T.Sworobowicz

Two special phenomena manifest themselves in

spectra of 252Cf fission fragments recorded with the help of silicon surface-barrier detectors, namely (i) pulse height defect, and (ii) charge multiplication. None of these phenomena manifests itself in spectra recorded for light particles.

We investigated the latter effect using several silicon detectors with differently fabricated surface barriers on n-type 300 Ohm·cm material. The effect consists in dependence of amplitude of fission-

fragment-generated pulses on electric field strength within the detector active volume (practically on the detector bias voltage) and consequently in modification of shape (deformation) of spectrum of the fragments.

A new method of fabricating silicon surface barrier detectors exhibiting reduced charge multiplication effect for electric field strengths below 3x104 V/cm was developed.

Fig. 1 252Cf fission fragment spectra as a function of bias voltage of a typical silicon surface barrier detector.

Fig. 2 252Cf fission fragment spectra as a function of bias voltage of a modified silicon surface barrier detector.

3.9 EURITRACK - Contribution of IPJ Group in Second Work Period * by M.Moszyński, T.Batsch, M.Gierlik, J.Olszewski and D.Wolski

In the second year of working on the common

European EURITRACK antiterrorist project the contribution of our group covered following items:

1. A contribution to the tests of the gamma detectors in IRB laboratory,

2. A contribution to the acceptance tests of the neutron electronics,

3. Final tests of the neutron detector, 4. Design, production and a delivery of the

assembling system and lead shields of the detectors for the EURITRACK arrangement.

Ad 1: The quality tests of the twenty 5”x5”x10” NaI(Tl) detectors were performed. Energy resolution and efficiency were measured showing similar quality of all detectors. Sensitivity to “turn on – turn off” effects was found and the method to avoid problems was proposed. It was found that about 12 hours are needed to reach the full stabilization of gain. Long-term gain shifts together with a gain sensitivity to the metallic container filling were measured also. The results were summarized in the internal deliverable ID9.

Ad 2: In the reported period the front-end electronics for the neutron detector designed by IPJ in the form of “piggy back” card was mounted by CAEN in the V757 module. The final tests were done in Zagreb by D. Wolski (IPJ) together with C. Tintori (CAEN). The results were satisfactory.

Fig. 1 Safety check of the top detector set.


Ad 3: The neutron detector was delivered by Saint-Gobain to IPJ in January 2006. The results of tests performed in Świerk concerning efficiency, energy resolution and stability were found to be satisfactory. On the occasion of the neutron electronic tests the neutron detector was checked again in Zagreb. The results were consistent. Ad 4: After the general concept of detector arrays was worked out in cooperation with Dr G. Sannie (task

leader of WP 5 “Prototype”) and firm MV2 (subcontractor responsible for portal prototype construction) the detailed design was prepared. After discussion the minor changes were introduced, the design was accepted and the manufacturing ordered. The ready arrays were checked in presence of Dr G. Sannie, accepted and delivered to MV2 in Aix en Provence. * European project No. 511471

3.10 Beam Phase and Intensity Monitor for the LHCb Experiment by Z.Guzik and R.Jacobsson1)

The LHC bunch clock is transmitted over

kilometers of fibre to the experiments where it is distributed to thousands of front-end electronics boards. In order to ensure that the detector signals are sampled properly, their long-term stability with respect to the bunch arrival times must be monitored with a precision of <100 ps. In addition it is important to monitor the trigger conditions by measuring the intensity of each bunch locally in the experiment.

For this purpose, we designed a beam phase and intensity acquisition board (BPIM) for the Button Electrode Beam Pick-ups which will be installed on both sides of the LHCb interaction point. The board measures the two quantities per bunch, and processes the information in an onboard FPGA. The information is read-out by the Experiment Control System and is

directly fed to the LHCb Timing and Fast Control (TFC). In the TFC system the information is included in an event data bank but may also be used as a bunch crossing trigger or gate.

The acquisition board consists of a custom-made 6U VME board, currently one board per beam. The block diagram is shown in Figure 1. The analogue unit of the board consists of a separate circuit for the phase measurement and the intensity measurement. The board performs the intensity and the phase measurement continuously at 40 MHz and outputs the intensity information on the front-panel. Accumulation of data for all bunches of a full LHC turn (3564) may be triggered via the controls interface and synchronized on the following LHC orbit pulse.

NORMALIZATION

AMPLIFIER

FPGA

UPPER HALFRECTIFIER

ANALOG BUFFER

LOWER HALF

RECTIFIER

ACTIVEINTEGRATOR

THRESHOLDDAC

ZERO CROSSINGDETECTOR

THRESHOLDCOMPARATOR

PECLF/F

DATA

CLOCK

RESET

FPGA

ADC

TDC

PHASEFIFO

DELAYLEVEL CLOCK

LVPECL/LVTTL

FANOUTADAPTERPROGRAMMABLE

LVPECL/LVTTL

LVPECL/PECL

3 ns ONE SHOT(rising edge)

8/1 TDC STARTDIVIDER

2 ns delay

LEVELADAPTER

MAIN FPGA

GLUE CARD

CREDIT CARD PC

AUXILIARY FPGA

DRIVERS

LOCAL BUS

BEAM

BUNCHCLOCK

ORBIT

PULSE

ENCODE

DISCHARGE

STOP

START

VME BUS

ETHERNET

2 ns ONE SHOT(rising edge)

INTENSITYFIFO

LVPECL/LVTTL

LVPECL/LVTTL

LVPECL/LVTTL

LVPECL/LVTTLDIV BY 2

LVDS

DRIVERS

2 ns delay

BX_INFO

1 ns delay

Fig. 1 Complete block diagram of the Beam Phase and Intensity Monitor.

The acquisition board is capable of performing simultaneously measurements of the individual bunch intensities with a 12-bit resolution and the bunch arrival times with respect to the LHC clock with a precision of approximately 100 ps at 40 MHz. In addition to reading out the measurements via the

control interface, they are also output on the front-panel of the board at 40 MHz. 1) CERN, Geneva, Switzerland


71

3.11 Enhancements in the TUKAN Analyzers Hardware by Z.Guzik and S.Borsuk

During 2006, development work on enhancement

of TUKAN analyzers hardware was conducted. The following was accomplished: 1. Final version of TUKAN-8K-USB device in the form of screened box with 118 mm x 64 mm x 30 mm sizes (see Fig. 1 and 2),

Fig. 1 External view of the TUKAN-8K-USB device. 2. New version of TUKAN-8K-PCI device with embedded analog mezzanine and Cyclone FPGA (see Fig. 3), 3. Authorization dongle to protect Tukan-8k software, 4. Adaptation of the device FPGA firmware to the new Quartus 6.1 tool allowing more efficient and compact compilation of macrocells, 5. Refining and enhancement of the communication algorithms and user commands system.

Also development of the new device (TUKAN-8K-NET) equipped with two additional (besides USB) connection ports was started. These extra ports are: Ethernet Socket (allowing direct access to the Internet) and wireless connection based on 2.4 GHz radio transmission.

Fig. 2 View of the TUKAN-8K-USB hardware boards.

Fig. 3 External view of the TUKAN-8K-PCI device.

3.12 Modifications and Supplements to the Tukan 8k Software by R.Marcinkowski, M.Płomiński, K.Traczyk

The development of the software controlling

Tukan analyzers was continued during 2006. Latest activities can be distinguished into two: introducing new functions related to the hardware control and some improvements in mathematical analysis section, reports and spectra displaying.

In the part responsible for hardware control, among the others, the following was made: implementation of algorithms for controlling a new

version of TUKAN-8K-PCI analyzer. That device has the same functional parameters as its previous version, but highly differs in protocol communication with a host

modification of algorithms for controlling TUKAN-8K-ISA analyzer improving cooperation with computers with Windows XP installed

development and implementation of algorithms supporting hardware protection key. This key allows to run the program on those computers to

which no Tukan analyzer is plugged in. The key is made as a tiny USB device. In a future, a role of the key will be extended – it will be responsible for wireless communication between an analyzer adapted to such a kind of communication and a host

a new concept of external DLL units introduced. External DLL units are necessary for communication with different types of analyzers. Earlier, external units were linked in a “static” manner. This means, that when a unit was lacking a critical error has occurred. Improvement relies on “dynamically” linking, which means that the absence of libraries is reported only when the program tries to access them. In a part responsible for mathematical analysis

section, reports and spectra displaying, among the others, the following was made: functions of quantity analysis were enhanced.

Calibration standards editor was added. There were


introduced simple procedures of calculating activities and efficiency lines in calibration spectrum based on data of selected standard. Set of ROI parameters calculated in the program for selected lines was enhanced by addition of activity and concentration values

enhanced format of a spectrum being saved to disk was introduced. Parameters of acquisition path and parameters of examined sample are now added to a spectrum being saved

development of algorithms of spectra subtraction. New feature was added taking into account different duration of acquisition spectra being subtracted (Fig.1).

new features in Report Module were added. These are new functions for exporting report to a text file and to a HTML file. In addition, possibility of edition of an experimental spectrum was added.

A new, more precise help system was developed. Now it is based on HTML technology. The system is common for on-screen help and manual. Based on it, well illustrated and comprehensive manuals are generated and published. All these jobs are made for two language versions: Polish and English.

Activities mentioned above made possible to complete software development on a certain stage, fixed it with 1.70 version number and treat it as a finished, well tested version of the Tukan8k software available for users in the nearest period. Now, this version of the software together with an offer of different kind of analyzers represent commercial offer of our Institute and a handy utility for our physicists.

Fig. 1 Substracting and adding spectra dialog box.

It does not mean that Tukan8k software development process has finished. It has begun activities in two new domains, which will raise the software to absolutely new level: − adaptation of the software to remotely control

analyzers connected to another computers (see next article) via network

− adaptation of the software to control the newest, being already developed, TUKAN-8K-NET analyzer.

The newest version of an analyzer gives a user a possibility to communicate with the computer in one of three ways: USB cable, TCP/IP cable connection or wireless, when a USB dongle adopted for that kind of communication is necessary than.

3.13 Tukan 8k Software – Remote Control of the Measurement via Network by R.Marcinkowski, M.Płomiński and K.Traczyk

Having a concept to build a new, Ethernet

controlled, version of the TUKAN-8K-NET analyzer (see: TBD contribution) we started to investigate the new area of programming – network application. Not having a new - already designed - device, we decided to develop a system of applications that can control the measurement via network. Our first goal was to add a new module to current Tukan Software, being a network server and a client application connected to the server. We were searching for:

• standard solution, • implemented natively in Delphi environment, • having implementation on many software and

hardware platforms, • supporting internally authentication and network

safety. After study a few of proposition (RPC, XML-RPC,

direct TCP/IP connection with new, dedicated protocol, etc.) we have decided to use SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) [1] that covers all our wishes.

This choice has additional advantages: network activity generated by SOAP applications looks like HTTP (WWW) network traffic not being suspicious for network firewalls.

We defined a set of required SOAP interfaces useful with Tukan and implemented the main part of them. The current status of the network controlling of the measurement offers the following possibilities:

• login (and logout) from the client to the server (Tukan Software),

• sharing many acquisition paths with different permission rights for different sessions (clients),

• transition of the spectrum buffer, • compression of the data on-the-fly, • start, stop and reset of the measurement.

In the other words: the user having access to the network may run a client application and steer the Tukan analyzer (based physically on USB, PCI or ISA buses) connected to the computer with server


73

application. Server, equipped with an analyzer, should be connected to the network, of course.

In the nearest future we will put the client part, being currently a separate application, inside the Tukan Software and - after intensive network tests -

we plan to release new Tukan Software in the middle of 2007 and make it available for our clients. [1] http://www.w3.org/TR/soap12-part0/



GIANT DIPOLE RADIATION AND ISOSPIN MIXING IN HOT LIGHT NUCLEI E. Wojcik, M. Kicinska-Habior, O. Kijewska, M. Kowalczyk, M. Kisieliński, J. Choinski Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 1 (2006) pp. 207-212 GRB 030406 - AN EXTREMELY HARD BURST OUTSIDE OF THE INTEGRAL* FIELD OF VIEW R. Marcinkowski, M. Denis, T. Bulik, P. Goldoni, P. Laurent, A. Rau Astron. Astrophys. Vol. 452 No 1 (2006) pp. 113-117 LIFETIMES AND SIDE-FEEDING POPULATION OF THE YRAST BAND LEVELS IN LA131 E. Grodner, ... , W.A. Płóciennik, A.A. Wasilewski, M. Kisieliński, R. Kaczarowski, E. Ruchowska, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. A Vol. 27 No 3 (2006) pp. 325-340 GRB 061126: A GRB DETECTED OFF-AXIS BY INTEGRAL M. Denis, R. Marcinkowski, T. Bulik, P. Goldoni, P. Laurent GCN: The Gamma ray bursts Coordinates Network Vol. 2006 (2006) 5908 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LARGE NAL(TL) AND BGO SCINTILLATORS FOR THE EUROPEAN ILLICIT TRAFFICKING COUNTERMEASURES KIT PROJECT M. Gierlik, ... , T. Batsch, M. Moszyński, T. Szczęśniak, D. Wolski, ... et al. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. Vol. 53 No 3 (2006) art. no. 1645095 p. 1737 COMPARISON OF A LaBr (Ce) SCINTILLATION DETECTOR WITH A LARGE VOLUME CDZNTE DETECTOR3 A. Syntfeld-Każuch, ... , M. Moszyński, A. Nassalski, D. Wolski, ... et al. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. Vol. 53 No 6 (2006) 3938 NEW PROSPECTS FOR TIME-OF-FLIGHT PET WITH LSO SCINTILLATORS M. Moszyński, M. Kapusta, A. Nassalski, T. Szczęśniak, D. Wolski, L. Eriksson, C.L. Melcher IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. Vol. 53 No 5 (2006) art. no. 1710226 p. 2484 THE 75 MM DIAMETER PHOTONIS XP43D2 PHOTOMULTIPLIER WITH THE SCREENING GRID AT THE ANODE FOR TIMING EXPERIMENTS T. Szczęśniak, M. Gierlik, M. Kapusta, M. Moszyński, D. Wolski, P. Lavoute, E. Rossignol IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. Vol. 53 No 3 (2006) art. no. 1645068 p. 1540 TUKAN - AN 8K PULSE HEIGHT ANALYZER AND MULTI-CHANNEL SCALER WITH A PCI OR A USB INTERFACE Z. Guzik, S. Borsuk, K. Traczyk, M. Płomiński IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. Vol. 53 No 1 (2006) pp. 231-235 SEARCH FOR SHAPE COEXISTENCE IN EVEN - EVEN STABLE MOLYBDENUM ISOTOPES USING COULOMB EXCITATION METHOD K. Wrzosek, ... , M. Kisieliński, ... et al. Int. J. Mod. Phys. E Vol. 15 No 2 (2006) pp. 374-378 SUPPORT FOR THE CHIRAL INTERPRETATION OF PARTNER BANDS IN128Cs - THE ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES E. Grodner, ... , M. Kisieliński, ... et al. Int. J. Mod. Phys. E Vol. 15 No 2 (2006) pp. 548-552 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PP0275C HYBRID PHOTODETECTOR AND XP2020Q PHOTOMULTIPLIER IN SCINTILLATION DETECTION M. Moszyński, W. Klamra, D. Wolski, W. Czarnacki, M. Kapusta, M. Balcerzyk Journal of Instrumentation Vol. 1 No 1 (2006) pp. 1-11 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PP0275C HYBRID PHOTODETECTOR AND XP2020Q PHOTOMULTIPLIER IN SCINTILLATION DETECTION M. Moszyński, W. Klamra, D. Wolski, W. Czarnacki, M. Kapusta, M. Balcerzyk Journal of Instrumentation Vol. 1 (2006) P05001 NON-PROPORTIONALITY AND ENERGY RESOLUTION OF SCINTILLATION DETECTORS M. Moszyński NATO Security through Science Series B: Physics and Biophysics Vol. 0 (2006) pp. 293-315 NEW PHOTONIS XP20D0 PHOTOMULTIPLIER FOR FAST TIMING IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE M. Moszyński, M. Gierlik, M. Kapusta, A. Nassalski, T. Szczęśniak, Ch. Fontaine, P. Lavoute Nucl. Instr. Meth. A Vol. 567 No 1 SPEC. ISS. (2006) pp. 31-35 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCES OF LaBr (Ce), LaCl (Ce) AND NaI(Tl) SCINTILLATORS3 3 M. Moszyński, ... , A. Nassalski, A. Syntfeld-Każuch, T. Szczęśniak, W. Czarnacki, D. Wolski, ... et al. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A Vol. A568 (2006) 739 128Cs AS THE BEST EXAMPLE REVEALING CHIRAL SYMMETRY BREAKING E. Grodner, ... , M. Kisieliński, E. Ruchowska, W.A. Płóciennik, ... et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 97 No 17 (2006) art. no. 172501


75

OBSERVATION OF Ni54: CROSS-CONJUGATE SYMMETRY IN F7/2 MIRROR ENERGY DIFFERENCES A. Gadea, ... , M. Moszyński, ... et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 97 No 15 (2006) art. no. 152501 THE EURITRACK PROJECT: DEVELOPMENT OF A TAGGED NEUTRON INSPECTION SYSTEM FOR CARGO CONTAINERS B. Perot, ... , M. Moszyński, T. Batsch, M. Gierlik, D. Wolski, ... et al. Proc. SPIE Vol. 62 No 13 (2006) art. no. 621305 DYNAMICS OF BINARY Au + Au COLLISIONS AS A TEST OF ENERGY DISSIPATION MECHANism 197 197 I. Skwira-Chalot, ... , J. Wilczyński, J. Błocki, Ł. Świderski, ... et al. Acta Phys. Pol. B (in press) EXTREMELY HARD GAMMA-RAY SPECTRA OF THE GRBs DETECTED WITH INTEGRAL R. Marcinkowski, M. Denis, T. Bulik, P. Goldoni, P. Laurent, A. Rau ESA Special Publication (in press) FIRST CATALOGUE OF THE INTEGRAL OFF-AXIS GAMMA-RAY BURTS R. Marcinkowski, M. Denis, T. Bulik, P. Goldoni, P. Laurent, A. Rau ESA Special Publication (in press) SEARCH FOR ISOMERIC STATE IN Fr AT THE WARSAW IGISOL SYSTEM216 J. Kurcewicz, ... , W. Czarnacki, M. Kisieliński, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. A (in press) INVESTIGATION OF ABSOLUTE LIGHT OUTPUT MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES M. Gierlik, M. Moszyński, A. Nassalski, A. Syntfeld-Każuch, T. Szczęśniak, Ł. Świderski IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. (in press) TERNARY REACTIONS IN Au + Au COLLISIONS REVISITED 197 197 I. Skwira-Chalot, ... , J. Wilczyński, Ł. Świderski, ... et al. Int. J. Mod. Phys. E (in press) DEVELOPMENT OF THE EURITRACK TAGGED NEUTRON INSPECTION SYSTEM B. Perot, ... , M. Moszyński, T. Batsch, M. Gierlik, D. Wolski, ... et al. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A (in press) THE PROTON BEAM ENERGY MEASUREMENT BY TIME OF FLIGHT METHOD M. Kisieliński, J. Wojtkowska Nukleonika (in press)


Invited Talk COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NEW SCINTILLATION MATERIALS IN APPLICATION TO THE BORDER DETECTION EQUIPMENT M. Moszyński IAEA Meeting on Improvement of Technical Measures to Detect and Respond to Illicit Trafficking of Nuclear and Radioactive Materials (Vienna, Austria, 2006-04-24 - 2006-04-28) THE EURITRACK PROJECT: STATUS OF A TAGGED NEUTRON INSPECTION SYSTEM FOR CARGO CONTAINERS B. Perrot, G. Viesti, M. Moszyński, T. Batsch, M. Gierlik, D. Wolski IAEA Technical Meeting, Combined Devices for Humanitarian Demining and Explosive Detection (Padova, Italy, 2006-11-13 - 2006-11-17) NEW SCINTILLATORS FOR THE BORDER MONITORING EQUIPMENT M. Moszyński IAEA Technical Meeting, Combined Devices for Humanitarian Demining and Explosive Detection (Padova, Italy, 2006-11-13 - 2006-11-17) HIGH QE PHOTOMULTIPLIERS – AN OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE TRENDS M. Moszyński LIGHT06 - Large-area photon detectors workshop (Eilat, Israel, 2006-01-08 - 2006-01-12) NOVEL SCINTILLATOR MATERIALS – PRESENT AND FUTURE M. Moszyński LIGHT06 - Large-area photon detectors workshop (Eilat, Israel, 2006-01-08 - 2006-01-12)


Oral Presentation THE EURITRACK PROJECT: DEVELOPMENT OF A TAGGED NEUTRON INSPECTION SYSTEM FOR CARGO CONTAINERS B. Perrot, M. Moszyński, T. Batsch, M. Gierlik, D. Wolski SPIE Defense & Security Symposium, Non-Intrusive Inspection Technologies (Orlando, USA, 2006-04-17 - 2006-04-21) INVESTIGATION OF ABSOLUTE LIGHT OUTPUT MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES M. Gierlik, M. Moszyński, A. Nassalski, A. Syntfeld-Każuch, T. Szczęśniak, Ł. Świderski IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium & Medical Imaging Conference (San Diego, USA, 2006-10-29 - 2006-11-04) BEAM PHASE AND INTENSITY MONITOR (BPIM) FOR THE LHCB EXPERIMENT Z. Guzik, R. Jacobsson 12th Workshop on Electronics for LHC (Valencia, Spain, 2006-09-25 - 2006-09-29) Geneva, Switzerland No.CERN-2007-001 (2007) p. 121 STRUCTURE OF BARRIER DISTRIBUTIONS; PROBING THE ROLE OF NEUTRON-TRANSFER CHANNELS E. Piasecki, Ł. Świderski, K. Rusek, M. Kisieliński, J. Jastrzębski, A. Kordyasz, M. Kowalczyk, M. Mutterer, T. Krogulski, K. Piasecki, P. Russotto, A.M. Stefanini, N. Rowley XIII Nuclear Physics Workshop (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-09-23 - 2006-09-26) IBIS/INTEGRAL COMPTON MODE IMAGING ANALYSIS R. Marcinkowski Astro-PF Gamma-Ray Bursts workshop (CAMK, Warsaw, Poland, 2006-10-04 - 2006-10-06) THE EURITRACK PROJECT: EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF A TAGGED NEUTRON INSPECTION SYSTEM FOR CARGO CONTAINERS C. Carasco, B. Perot, M. Moszyński, T. Batsch, M. Gierlik, D. Wolski NEMEA, 3-rd Workshop on Neutron Measurements, Evaluation and Applications (Borovets, Bulgaria, 2006-10-28 - 2006-10-28) ENERGY RESOLUTION OF LGSO SCINTILLATORS M. Moszyński, A. Nassalski, W. Czarnacki, A. Syntfeld-Każuch, D. Wolski, T. Batsch, T. Usui, S. Shimizu, N. Shimura, K. Kurashige, K. Kurata, H. Ishibashi IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium & Medical Imaging Conference (San Diego, USA, 2006-10-29 - 2006-11-04) Poster THE ROAD TO THE COMMON PET/CT DETECTOR A. Nassalski, M. Moszyński, T. Szczęśniak, D. Wolski, T. Batsch IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium & Medical Imaging Conference (San Diego, USA, 2006-10-29 - 2006-11-04) A FURTHER STUDY OF TIMING WITH LSO ON XP20D0 FOR TOF PET T. Szczęśniak, M. Moszyński, A. Nassalski, P. Lavoute, A.G. Dehaine IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium & Medical Imaging Conference (San Diego, USA, 2006-10-29 - 2006-11-04) NON-PROPORTIONALITY AND ENERGY RESOLUTION OF CSI(TL) A. Syntfeld-Każuch, Ł. Świderski, M. Gierlik, W. Klamra, W. Czarnacki, M. Moszyński, P. Schotanus IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium & Medical Imaging Conference (San Diego, USA, 2006-10-29 - 2006-11-04) NON-PROPORTIONALITY AND ENERGY RESOLUTION OF NAI(TL) AT WIDE TEMPERATURE RANGE (-40°C TO +23°C) Ł. Świderski, M. Moszyński, W. Czarnacki, A. Syntfeld-Każuch, M. Gierlik IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium & Medical Imaging Conference (San Diego, USA, 2006-10-29 - 2006-11-04) EXTREMELY HARD GAMMA-RAY SPECTRA OF THE GRBS DETECTED WITH INTEGRAL R. Marcinkowski, M. Denis, T. Bulik, P. Goldoni, P. Laurent, A. Rau The 6th INTEGRAL Workshop, The Obscured Universe (Moscow, Russia, 2006-07-02 - 2006-07-08) ESA Special Publication (in press) FIRST CATALOGUE OF THE INTEGRAL OFF-AXIS GAMMA-RAY BURTS R. Marcinkowski, M. Denis, T. Bulik, P. Goldoni, P. Laurent, A. Rau The 6th INTEGRAL Workshop, The Obscured Universe (Moscow, Russia, 2006-07-02 - 2006-07-08) ESA Special Publication (in press) DEVELOPMENT OF THE EURITRACK TAGGED NEUTRON INSPECTION SYSTEM B. Perot, M. Moszyński, T. Batsch, M. Gierlik, D. Wolski 19th International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry CAARI 2006 (Fort Worth, Texas, USA, 2006-08-20 - 2006-08-25) Nucl. Instr. Meth. A (in press)


77


INTEGRAL - the GRBs detectora R. Marcinkowski Warsaw, Astronomical Observatory, Warsaw University, 2006-03-17 Space observation of the GRBs - INTEGRALa R. Marcinkowski Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-11-17 Proposal for a beam phase and intensity monitor for the LHCb experimentb Z. Guzik Switzerland, CERN , 2006-08-20 a) in Polish b) in English

INTERNAL SEMINARS

Tests of photomultipliers and light guides for COMPASS Recoil Detector - summaryb T. Szczęśniak Warsaw, The Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 2006-02-15 X and γ satellite mission in XXI century- reviewa R. Marcinkowski Warsaw, The Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 2006-11-10 a) in Polish b) in English


Z. Guzik Member of Polish CAMAC Committee Member of Polish Committee for Standardization M. Moszyński Session chairman on IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium & Medical Imagimg Conference in San Diego, USA Fellow of IEEE Nuclear and Plasama Science Society Member of TransNational Committee of IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Science Society Member of the Scientific Council of the Institute for Nuclear Studies A. Syntfeld-Każuch Session chairman on IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium & Medical Imagimg Conference in San Diego, USA Member of IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society K. Traczyk Member of the Scientific Council of the Institute for Nuclear Studies Ł. Świderski Member of IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society


PERSONNEL

Research scientists Tadeusz Batsch, Dr. Stanisław Borsuk, Msc. Eng. Wiesław Czarnacki, Dr. Michał Gierlik, Dr. Zbigniew Guzik, Assoc. Prof. Maciej Kapusta, Dr. on leave Łukasz Świderski, Dr. from 1 March

Marek Moszyński, Profesor Deputy Director Antoni Nassalski, MSc. Eng. Michał Płomiński, MSc. Eng. Agnieszka Syntfeld-Każuch, MSc. Tomasz Szczęśniak, MSc. Krystyna Traczyk, MSc. Dariusz Wolski, Msc. Eng.

Technical and administrative staff Eugeniusz Belcarz, MSc. Eng. Arkadiusz Chłopik, MSc. Eng. Andrzej Dziedzic, Tech. Urszula Firląg, Tech. 1/2* Maciej Kisieliński, MSc. Eng. Krzysztof Kostrzewa, Tech. 1/2*

Andrzej Kotlarski, MSc. Eng. Krzysztof Leśniewski, Tech. Radosław Marcinkowski, MSc. Tadeusz Sworobowicz, Tech. Marek Uzdowski, MSc. Eng. 1/2* Iwona Żawrocka, MSc.


DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY

79

5 DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY

Head of Department: Prof. Marek J. Sadowski phone: (22) 718-05-36 e-mail: [email protected]

Overview

In 2006 research activity of the P-V Department was concentrated on the continuation of previous studies in the field of plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion (CNF), but several new topics concerning plasma technology were also investigated. The main tasks of the research activities were as follows:

1. Studies of physical phenomena in pulsed discharges producing dense magnetized plasma; 2. Development of methods and tools for high-temperature plasma diagnostics; 3. Research in the field of plasma technologies. In a frame of the first task particular attention was paid to studies of X-ray pulses and fast electron beams

emitted from different Plasma-Focus (PF) facilities. The correlation of X-ray pulses with pulsed electron beams and other corpuscular emissions (i.e. accelerated primary ions and fusion reaction products) was investigated in the PF-360 device in Swierk. The X-ray and corpuscular emission was also studied in a PF-1000 facility at IPPLM in Warsaw. Separate efforts were devoted to the investigation of fast electrons escaping from Tokamak-type facilities. Such studies were carried out in a frame of the EURATOM program, using special Cerenkov-type detectors within the CASTOR tokamak, operated at IPP in Prague. Signals from the Cerenkov detector were recorded and interpreted. Other studies concerned the design and construction of a new 4-channel Cerenkov detection system for a TORE-SUPRA facility at CEA-Cadarache. Since thermal loads upon the Cerenkov probe within the TORE SUPRA facility can amount to 1 MW/cm2, it was necessary to perform detailed computations of heat transfer in various materials (i.e. diamond-radiators and the probe body).

Some efforts were devoted to the calibration of new nuclear track detectors (NTD) and their application for measurements of fusion-produced protons emitted from PF-360 and PF-1000 facilities. In frame of the EURATOM program the calibrated NTD were also applied for measurements of fusion-protons in a TEXTOR tokamak at FZ-Juelich.

In the frame of the development plasma diagnostic techniques, particular attention was paid to the time-resolved optical spectroscopy and its use for studies of dynamics and parameters of plasma during the free propagation of plasma-ion streams. Other studies concerned spectroscopic measurements of plasma formed during the interaction of pulsed plasma-ion streams with different targets within PF- and RPI-type facilities. The most important experiment concerned the interaction of the hydrogen plasma stream with a target made of pure tungsten. For the first time, some distinct spectral lines of tungsten (and particularly of WI and WII lines) were recorded. In some cases the use was also made of selected corpuscular diagnostic techniques. Other efforts concerned the theoretical analysis and summary of experimental studies of high-current discharges of PF and Z-pinch type. Acting in a frame of the EURATOM program, one experimental team was engaged in the development and application of activation methods for measurements of fusion neutrons in the PF-1000 facility and the JET tokamak in Culham. These techniques are very needed for further fusion-oriented studies.

In a frame of plasma technology many efforts were devoted to improvements of the deposition of thin superconducting layers, e.g. pure niobium (Nb) upon metal surfaces, by means of arc discharges under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions and at different cathode geometry. Special filters for the elimination of metal micro-droplets were designed and tested. The UHV arc facility with a planar cathode was also applied for the deposition of pure lead (Pb) layers which might be used as photo-cathodes in modern electron injectors. Other efforts were devoted to the application of pulsed plasma-ion streams (generated by RPI-type devices) for modifications of various materials (collaboration with Dept. P-IX). Computational studies of plasma dynamics and electrode erosion in the IPD coaxial-accelerator were also continued.

The most important achievements of the P-V Department in 2006 were as follows: 1. Study of the interaction of pulsed plasma streams with different targets, which was performed by means of optical spectroscopy and enabled the tungsten spectral lines to be for the first time recorded and identified; 2. Detailed measurements of the X-ray and corpuscular emission from PF-type discharges at various experimental conditions; 3. Computer modeling and design of special filters for the elimination of metal micro-droplets within UHV arc facilities, and the deposition of pure Pb-layers which appeared to be effective photo-cathodes for modern electron accelerators.

Prof. Marek J. Sadowski

mailto:[email protected]


5.1 Studies of X-ray Pulses and Fast Electron Beams Emission from PF-type Devices*) by J.Żebrowski, L.Jakubowski, M.J.Sadowski, M.Scholz1), E.O.Baronova2), P.Kubes3)

In 2006 research on dense magnetized plasma

within PF-type devices concerned three tasks: - Studies of discharge characteristics of X-ray and corpuscular emission in a PF-1000 facility within a frame of the scientific cooperation with IPPLM in Warsaw and CVUT in Prague; - Studies of anisotropy of the X-ray emission in MAJA-PF facility within a frame of the cooperation with NRC Kurchatov Institute in Moscow; - Studies of the correlation of X-ray pulses with pulsed electron beams and other corpuscular emission within the PF-360 device in Świerk.

Within the framework of the first task, there were performed extensive experimental studies of the correlation of different emissions [1] and studies of X-ray pulses delays in relation to the neutron emission within the PF-1000 facility [2]. It was concluded, that two neutron peaks observed in the most of PF-1000 discharges can be divided into high- and low-energetic parts. The analysis of data, which were obtained by means of 6 neutron probes and analyzed with the Monte Carlo method, suggested that the neutron pulses could in some cases precede the registered hard X-ray pulses. This might be explained only by a temporal separation of ion- and electron- acceleration processes. An example of the recorded traces is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Pulses of hard x-rays and neutrons from PF-1000 shot No. 4618, as recorded with detectors placed downstream at distances of 7.0 m (S1) and 16.3 m (S2), and from those placed upstream at distances of 7.0 m (S3), 16.3 m (S4), 30.3 m (S5), 44.3 m (S6) and 58.3 m (S7) from the electrode outlets [1].

The second task, which concerned measurements of the X-ray emission anisotropy, in particular of the He-like lines of argon ions, was realized within the MAJA-PF device at discharge currents amounting to 500 kA. The obtained results were compared with measurements of He-like lines of iron, which were performed within a vacuum spark at discharge currents of 150 kA, and finally with measurements of He-like argon lines emitted from the large Angara-5-1

machine at discharge currents amounting to 3 MA [3]. The authors of the paper tried to explain theoretically the lack of the X-ray lines polarization in the investigated Angara-5-1 discharges.

Within the framework of the third task, an extensive summary of the previous correlation studies of X-ray pulses, electron- and deuteron-beams, as well as fusion-produced neutrons within MAJA-PF and Pf-360 devices [4] was elaborated. The emission characteristics of the smaller PF devices were compared with data obtained within the PF-1000 facility. An example of traces is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Comparison of waveforms recorded in MAJA-PF device [4].

In 2006 we finished also the final editorial

elaboration of papers presenting results of the previous study on the X-ray pulse and corpuscular emission from PF-type devices, which was performed in 2005 [5-8].

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

1) 2) 3)

P.Kubes, J.Kravarik et al., IEEE Trans. on Plasma Sci. Vol. 34, Issue 5 (2006) 2349-2355 P.Kubes, J.Kravarik et al., Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 56, Suppl.B (2006) B273-B279 E.O.Baronova, M.M.Stepanenko et al., Nuclear Fusion (2006) – submitted for publication J.Zebrowski, M.J.Sadowski et al., Russian Physics Journal Vol. 49, No.11 (2006) 229–232 J.Zebrowski, M.J.Sadowski, L.Jakubowski, AIP CP Vol. 812 (2006) 229-232 P.Kubes, J.Kravarik et al., AIP CP Vol. 812 (2006) 233-236 L.Jakubowski, M.J.Sadowski et al., AIP CP Vol. 812 (2006) 260-263 L.Jakubowski, M.J.Sadowski, E.O.Baronova, AIP CP Vol. 875 (2006) 11-14

*) Collaboration with IPPLM in Warsaw, Kurchatov

Institute in Moscow and CVUT in Prague

IPPLM, Warsaw, Poland NRC Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia CVUT, Prague, Czech Republic


81

5.2 Studies of X-rays and Fast Electron Beams in Plasma Devices of Tokamak-type*) by L.Jakubowski, M.Rabiński, M.J.Sadowski, J.Stanisławski, J.Żebrowski, V.Weinzettl1), J.Stockel1)

Measurements of fast electron beams escaping

from tokamak-type facilities appeared to be of particular interest due to the fact that such electrons deliver information about non-linear processes occurring inside high-temperature plasma. In some cases such electron beams can cause the erosion of experimental chamber walls (see TORE SUPRA experiments).

To investigate fast electron beams within tokamaks, the IPJ team operating in a frame of the Association EURATOM/IPPLM, Poland, proposed to use probes based on the Cherenkov radiation, which may be induced by fast electrons in appropriate radiators. The Cerenkov detectors can have high spatial- and temporal resolutions. The radiation may be emitted almost immediately (with a delay < 0.1 ns), and its intensity may be very high. Appropriate Cerenkov radiators (e.g. diamonds) can detect electrons of energy above 50 keV. The main aim of our recent research was to develop a diagnostic technique applicable for measurements of fast electrons in the CASTOR tokamak at IPP in Prague and TORE-SUPRA facility in Cadarache.

On the basis of the earlier analyses, the IPJ team designed and constructed a prototype of the Cerenkov measuring head for experiments in CASTOR. It was installed at this tokamak and the Cerenkov signals were recorded by means of a fast data acquisition system, with the temporal resolution of 1 µs. Examples of traces, recorded for discharges performed at different magnetic fields are shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Comparison of Cerenkov signals with voltage signals and X-rays, as recorded within CASTOR device.

The measured dependence of the integrated intensity of the Cerenkov signal on the radial position of the detector is presented in Fig. 2.

60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

40

80

120

160

200

H = 0 .8T

H = 1 .3T

H = 1 .6T

Inte

gral

inte

nsity

[a.u

.]

R [m m ]Fig. 2 Total intensity of the Cerenkov signal as a function of the detector position on the minor radius of the CASTOR device, which was measured at different values of the magnetic field.

An analysis of the obtained experimental results demonstrated that relatively intense Cerenkov signals appear particularly during the final phase of the CASTOR discharge, when the expanding plasma column reaches the Cerenkov detector. The averaged values of the recorded signals depended on the radial position of the Cerenkov detection head in the edge plasma, and they increased strongly at the radial positions corresponding to the plasma confinement region.

This observation confirmed that the recorded signals corresponded to the appearance of the fast electrons in CASTOR plasma. Moreover, an anticipated dependence of such signals on the magnetic field, which was confirmed experimentally, delivered another experimental evidence of the fast electron generation within the CASTOR tokamak-facility.

Taking into account that thermal loads upon the Cerenkov probe, to be placed within the TORE SUPRA facility, can amount to 1 MW/cm2, it was necessary to perform detailed computations of heat transfer within materials used for such a probe. On the basis of these computations and detailed analyses, a new 4-channel Cerenkov detection system has just been designed, and its construction has been agreed upon with our French partners.

[1]

[2]

1)

L.Jakubowski, J.Stanislawski, M.J.Sadowski, J.Zebrowski, V.Weinzettl, J.Stockel, Czech. J. Phys. 56, Suppl. B (2006) B98-B103 L.Jakubowski, M.Rabinski, J.Stanislawski, M.J.Sadowski, J.Zebrowski, Report on EURATOM Task P-3 (Swierk, June 2006)

*) Collaboration with IPP-Prague and CEA-Cadarache in a frame of EURATOM IPP, CzAS, Prague, Czech Republic


5.3 Analysis of Thermal Effects in Cherenkov-type Detectors Designed for Measurements of Fast Electrons within Tokamaks*) by M.Rabiński

Measurements of fast electrons produced and

escaping from tokamak-type facilities appeared to be of particular interest due to the fact that such electrons inform about non-linear processes occurring inside plasma. The IPJ team, operating in a frame of the Association EURATOM/IPPLM, proposed Cherenkov-type probes for measurements of fast electrons within tokamaks because of their high spatial- and temporal-resolutions [1]. To lower the energy threshold of the electron detection the authors proposed to use radiators with the highest values of the refractive index. The practical application requires also the selection of appropriate radiators and consideration of geometrical as well as thermal limitations.

The design of Cherenkov-type detectors, which are to be exposed to intense electron streams within tokamaks, requires an analysis of thermal effects connected with the deposition and dispersion of relatively high power fluxes. Modelling of the transient temperature distributions in structural components of measurement head requires the use of a computational program [2]. Detailed computations of heat transport inside the Mo-foil filters, diamond radiators and shielding body were performed for the assumed power flux equal to 500 W/cm2. Different constructions of the detector head were considered [1].

Neglecting the anisotropy of the considered body in the direction perpendicular to the main heat-conduction gradient, the thermal problem can be reduced to a one-dimensional one nevertheless; thermal properties of the modelled structure are depth dependent. Since the majority of the heat dissipated in the structure will flow through the substrate into the heat sink located at the distant peripheries, the heat loss through the thermally isolated side surfaces may be assumed to be negligible. As result of that assumption the thermal system can be approximated by a one-dimensional slab sandwich composed of outer filter, diamond and bulk metal plate. The analysed sandwich plate is assumed to be insulated along the side surface, except for the heat source area at the front end and the bottom, where the radiative heat transfer boundary condition of Stefan-Boltzman type has been applied. The panchromatic emissivity of the surface was chosen to be of the order typical for oxidized metals (i.e. 0.6).

The presented analysis concerned the disk-shaped sandwich composed of a thin metallic filter of 100 µm in thickness, 1-cm-thick diamond plate and bulk metal (Mo), with the heat flux acting on the top surface.

An example of the numerical simulation of thermal effects for a sequence of six 0.5-second-long heat loads is presented in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Transient temperature distribution in the analyzed structure.

Nonlinearity of the heat conduction problem causes that with the shortest heat pulses one can observe the slightly lower temperatures achieved at the front end surface in comparison with one heat load lasting for 3 seconds, although energy passed to sandwich plate is the same. In general the simulations confirm the positive effect of the proposed solution. From the point of view of heat engineering it seems to be promising to replace the continuous Cherenkov measurement with a sequence of short pulses, i.e. to introduce and withdraw the detector from plasma. [1]

[2]

[3]

L.Jakubowski, M.Rabinski, J.Stanislawski, M.J.Sadowski, J.Zebrowski, Report on EURATOM Task P-3 (Świerk, June 2006) L.Jakubowski, M.Rabinski, J.Stanislawski, M.J.Sadowski, J.Zebrowski, Proc. 11th Intern. Conf. PPCF, Alushta, Ukraine, Sept. 2006, p. 9-1 M.Rabinski et al., INR 1917/XXIV/PP/A, Warsaw 1981

*) Collaboration with CEA - Cadarache in a frame of

EURATOM


83

5.4 Investigation of Characteristics of New Nuclear Track Detectors (NTD) and Applications of these Detectors for Measurements of Fusion Protons Emitted from Plasma-Focus Facilities*) by A.Malinowska, M.J.Sadowski, A.Szydłowski, M.Jaskóła, A.Korman, M.Scholz1)

Studies aimed at the mastering of the nuclear

fusion have entered a new era. Impressive achievements of different plasma experiments have formed the basis for the next step towards thermonuclear reactors. The design and construction of new large facilities (e.g. ITER and DEMO) require accurate data on nuclear fusion reactions occurring within high-temperature deuterium plasmas.

Acting in a frame of EURATOM program, our team has investigated nuclear fusion processes within PF-type experiments. The main advantage of such facilities is their relatively simple construction and low costs, as well as the possibility to generate plasma of thermonuclear parameters. The simple construction of the PF-type facilities makes possible to use different diagnostic techniques and to determine plasma parameters during single high-current discharges.

To measure accelerated primary deuterons as well as protons originated from D-D reactions, we applied solid-state nuclear track detectors of the PM-355 type. Before the use of such detectors in plasma experiments, each new batch of the detectors should be calibrated by means of mono-energetic ions, e.g. those available from particle accelerators.

The main aim of our calibration measurements was to observe changes of track dimensions as a function of ion energy and the etching time. After the irradiations the detector samples were etched under standard conditions (i.e., in a 6.25–N water solution of NaOH, at a temperature of 700 ± 10 C). The etching procedure was stopped every hour, and the samples were scanned with an optical microscope equipped with an automathic recording system.

In the previous year the calibrations of the PM-355 type detector samples from a new delivery were performed, using proton beams in an energy range from about 100 keV up to 2.0 MeV. The irradiation of the samples was performed using the electrostatic Van de Graaff accelerator operated at IPJ, Poland.

During the 2005-2006 breach we carried out additional calibration measurements in the range of higher proton energies (from 2 MeV to 5 MeV), using the TANDEM accelerator operated in Erlangen, Germany.

The calibrated PM-355 detectors were then applied for measurements of fusion-produced protons emitted from the PF-360 and PF-1000 facilities [1-3]. For time-integrated measurements of angular- and spatial- distributions of the fusion-reaction protons we used several ion pinhole cameras, which were equipped with the PM-355 detector samples.

In the second semester of 2006 on the basis of the collected characteristics of the fusion protons, as measured during the previous experiments, we initiated the verification of various theoretical models. These models are used to explain shapes of the proton energy spectra and the appearance of the so-called „energetic tails”, which are usually shifted towards higher energies, as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Protons spectra obtained on the basis of computations performed for a so-called „beam-target” model for deuterons of energies ranging from 50 keV to 1 MeV.

In addition to the computations described above we tried to explain the appearance of very fast deuterons which might be born during development of various instabilities inside dense plasmas [4-6]. [1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

1)

A.Malinowska, A.Szydlowski, et al., AIP 812 (2006) 237-240 A.Malinowska, K.Malinowski, et al., Phys. Scri. T123 (2006) 104-111 M.Scholz, et al., Russian Physics Journal 49, No.11 (2006) 161-164 A.Malinowska, A.Szydlowski, et al., Czech. J. Phys. 56, Suppl.B (2006) B303-308 M.J.Sadowski, A.Malinowska, Czech. J. Phys. 56, Suppl.B (2006) B364-370 A.Malinowska, A.Szydlowski, et al., Proc. 23rd Intern. Conf. on Nuclear Tracks in Solids, Beijing, China, September 2006, p. 248

*) Collaboration with IPPLM in Warsaw

IPPLM, Warsaw, Poland

PROTON ENERGY, MeV

ΘP,

DE

GR

EE

S

Ó

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

0

20

40

60

80

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

x 10-34

p


5.5 Studies of New Nuclear Track Detectors and Applications of these Detectors for Fast Ion Measurements in Various High-temperature Plasma Experiments*) by A.Szydłowski, A.Malinowska, M.J.Sadowski, A.Gałkowski1), G.Van Wassenhove2), B.Schweer3)

Solid state nuclear track detectors (NTDs) are

selectively sensitive to fast ions of energy ranging from about 50 keV up to tens of MeV. Therefore, they are very comfortable diagnostic tools in high-temperature plasma experiments. Such detectors have been used for many years at IPJ for corpuscular diagnostics in numerous plasma experiments, e.g. in PF facilities, laser-fusion experiments, and recently in tokamaks. In order to use the NTDs in the optimal way, especially for the determination of mass- and energy-spectra of the investigated ions, one should precisely calibrate each new detector batch.

In 2006 two batches of the PM-355 detectors were calibrated at IPJ. During those measurements several samples of the PM-355 detector were exposed to protons of different energy, ranging from 200 keV to 5 MeV, with a step of 200 keV. The irradiated samples were etched during the interrupted procedure identical with that used in tokamak experiments. i.e. the etching procedure was stopped every two hours and the craters diameters were measured with an optical microscope. After that the etching process was renewed for the next two hours. The obtained calibration diagrams show track diameters as a function of proton energy and the total etching time. The calibrated detectors were subsequently used to measure fusion-produced protons emitted from TEXTOR tokamak plasma [1-2]. To place the detectors inside the TEXTOR vacuum vessel the use was made of a small ion camera designed and constructed at IPJ. The camera was equipped with an input pinhole of 0.3 mm in diameter, and the detector sample was located inside it. The camera was then fixed upon a manipulator which was equipped with a cooling system and which enabled the measuring assembly to be located in a chosen position within the plasma boundary and at selected angles to the toroidal magnetic field. The first measurement was performed with the pinhole camera located at a distance of 49 cm from the plasma center, i.e. the pinhole was 4.4 cm from LCFS, as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Position of the pinhole camera within the TEXTOR vessel.

The preliminary measurements of fusion-reaction protons emitted from TEXTOR tokamak plasma have appeared to be successful, and the obtained results are very interesting. The craters induced by 3-MeV fusion protons are very regular in shape and well separated, due to their relatively low surface-density. Therefore, the proton flux distribution upon the detector sample surface could easily be determined, as presented in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Two-dimensional distributions of density of craters induced by fusion-reaction protons as measured upon the PM-355 detector.

Basing on the obtained calibration characteristics it was possible to discern tracks induced by 3-MeV protons from other micro-craters and to estimate proton energy spectra. The described proton measurements have been supported by computations of the magnetic field configurations, calculations of proton trajectories in the TEXTOR facility and of the detection efficiency of the applied detection set-up. The calculations will be continued because the final aim is to find a relation between the proton-picture recorded by the pinhole camera and the proton emission spatial distribution inside the investigated plasma. [1]

[2]

[3]

1) 2) 3)

A.Szydlowski, A.Malinowska, M.J.Sadowski, G.Van Wassenhove, B.Schweer and TEXTOR Team; Czech. J. Phys. 56, Supl. B (2006) B156-B161 A.Szydlowski, A.Malinowska, M.J.Sadowski, M.Jaskola, A.Korman, G. Van Wassenhove, B.Schweer; Proc. Intern. Conf. on Nucl. Tracks in Solid, Beijing, China 2006, p.246 G.Bonheure, A.Galkowski, K.Malek, A.Szydlowski; Czech. J. Phys. 56, Supl. B (2006) B61-B66

*) Collaboration with IPPLM-Warsaw, REM-

Brussels and FZ-Juelich in a frame of EURATOM IPPLM, Warsaw, Poland Royal Ecole Militaire, Brussels, Belgium Forschungszentrum, Juelich, Germany


85

5.6 Studies of Plasma Dynamics and Parameters of Plasma Discharges on the Basis of Time-resolved Optical Spectroscopy During Free Propagation of Plasma Streams*) by E.Składnik-Sadowska, K.Malinowski, M.J.Sadowski, M.Scholz1), A.K.Marchenko2)

Within a frame of the described task, during the

first semester of 2006 we finished the editorial elaboration of several publications presenting results of time-resolved spectroscopic measurements, which were performed within the PF-1000 facility previously. The results of those measurements were analyzed in close collaboration with a plasma team from the Institute of Plasma Physics at KIPT in Kharkov, Ukraine. In particular, the analyzed measurements concerned high-current PF-type discharges carried out with the deuterium or helium filling, as well as with a mixture of deuterium and helium [1-3].

The most important result was the experimental demonstration that the emitted visible radiation (VR) changes very strongly during the PF discharge. After the current peculiarity (dip) it contains mainly broad Balmer lines of the working gas (hydrogen or deuterium), but after about 1 µs there appear numerous lines of various impurity ions. It was proved that the most intense emission of the impurity lines occurs after about 6 µs and it disappears in about 100 µs, when one can still observe narrow Balmer lines of the working gas. It was also shown that the maximal electron concentration of the studied plasma within the “plasma-focus” region amounts to more than 1019 cm-3 and it can exist for a relatively long period (even 2-4 µs) after the discharge current peculiarity.

During subsequent experimental studies, which were carried out with the PF-1000 facility in 2006, particular attention was paid to measurements of plasma density along the z-axis of the PF discharges. Pictures taken in soft X-rays, which were obtained by means of a fast 4-frame camera, have demonstrated the appearance of the second maximum of the plasma concentration on the z-axis, at a distance of about 8 cm from the electrode outlet, as shown in Fig. 1.

E le c tro d e

~ 8 c m

S o ft X -R a y

S h o t 5 6 0 7

Fig. 1 X-ray frame image showing two dense plasma regions.

The spectroscopic measurements, which were performed by means of the optical spectrometer of the Mechelle®900 type, have confirmed that such a distinct increase in the plasma density appears very often in the investigated region.

The most important results of studies of the behavior of the selected spectral lines as a function of time, which had been carried out during a series of experiments within the PF-1000 facility at different distances from the electrode outlets (see Figs. 2 and 3), were presented at international conferences in Prague, Czech Republic, and in Visegrad, Hungary [4-5].

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

0.1

1

I Dβ (486 nm), a.u.

shots 5584 5585 5676 5583 5586 5587 5602

Ne,

1018

cm-3

z, cm

PF-1000 time to dip = 0 µs texp = 0.1 µs p = 3.5 Torr U = 27 kV

I cont. (589 nm), a.u.

Ne

Fig. 2 Plasma characteristics versus a distance from the anode end.

300 400 500 600 700 800

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0

2

3

5

8

10

12

15

30

Cu I

D gamma D alpha

time afte

r dip, µs

wavelength, nm

inte

nsity

, a.u

.

PF-1000U0 = 27 kV, P0 = 3.5 Torrz = 8 cm, texp = 1 µs

shots 5606-5608 5614-5616 5618,5619

D beta

Cu II

Fig. 3 Temporal evolution of deuterium- and impurity-lines emitted from the plasma pinch column, as measured at z = 8 cm from electrode outlet, with the exposition of 1 µs. [1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

1) 2)

A.V.Tsarenko, K.Malinowski, M.J.Sadowski, et al., AIP CP Vol. 812 (2006) 241-244 E.Skladnik-Sadowska, K.Malinowski, M.J.Sadowski, et al., AIP CP Vol. 812 (2006) 252-255 P.Barvir, P.Kubes, J.Kravarik, M.Scholz, et al., Phys. Scri. T123 (2006) 120-123 E.Skladnik-Sadowska, K.Malinowski, M.J.Sadowski, et al., Czech. J. Phys. 56, Suppl. B (2006) B383-B388 E.Skladnik-Sadowska, K.Malinowski, M.J.Sadowski, et al., Proc. 3rd Hungarian Plasma Phys. Workshop, Visegrad, Hungary, April, 2006

*) Collaboration with IPPLM in Warsaw and KIPT

in Kharkov

IPPLM, Warsaw, Poland IPP, KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine


5.7 Investigation of Dynamics and Parameters of Plasma Discharges on the Basis of Corpuscular Measurements During Free Propagation of Plasma Streams*) by K.Malinowski, E.Składnik-Sadowska, M.J.Sadowski, K.Czaus, M.Scholz1)

In the first quarter of 2006 we finished editorial

elaboration of two papers presenting a comparison of parameters of plasma produced within RPI- and PF-type facilities, which was studied in the cooperation with IFPiLM in Warsaw [1-2].

In subsequent studies we investigated the dynamics and parameters of plasma discharges, performed mainly at the pure deuterium filing by means of corpuscular diagnostics. Using the mass- and energy-analyzer of the Thomson type, the calibration measurements of solid-state nuclear track detectors of the PM-355 type were performed for low-energy (30-500 keV) deuterons, as shown in Fig. 1.

20 40 60 80 100 200 400

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13 tetch=8h

tetch=6h

tetch=3h

tetch=1h

Trac

k di

amet

er, u

m

Energy, keV

tetch=2h

PM-355Deuterons

Fig. 1 Calibration curves of the PM-355 track detector for deuterons of energies from 30 keV to 500 keV, at etching times ranging from 1 hour to 8 hours.

The results of those studies were reported at the international conference in Beijing, China [3].

We used solid-state nuclear track detectors for plasma-ion investigation, because they are sensitive selectively to heavy charged particles. Placing such detectors inside the Thomson-type spectrometer and ion-pinhole cameras, gave the possibility to perform detailed measurements of deuterium plasma-ion streams emitted from the RPI-IBIS facility.

The main aim of the recent studies was to determine the dependence of the energy distributions of the emitted ions and the spatial structure of ion streams on the experimental conditions applied within the RPI-IBIS facility [4]. Some examples of ion-pinhole images, as obtained within the RPI-IBIS facility, are presented in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Images of the deuteron beams emitted from the RPI-IBIS facility. Regions without any tracks are marked in dark blue, while the most intense deuteron beams (ca. 107 cm-2) are mark in red. Projections of the electrode ends are shown by broken lines.

In 2006 we also continued the design and construction of the miniature Thomson-type spectrometer, which can be applied for measurements of mass- and energy- distributions of ions inside various experimental facilities. That spectrometer was equipped with the additional input diaphragme, a miniature deflecting system and additional pumping channels, which enabled the elimination of the internal breakthrough discharges.

In order to perform test measurements of the designed spectrometer the use was made of pulsed plasma ion-streams generated within the RPI-IBIS facility [5].

Further constructional modifications of this miniature Thomson-spectrometer were aimed at its adaptation for plasma-focus experiments, e.g. in PF-1000 facility investigated in the collaboration with IPPLM in Warsaw.

Results of the studies described above were reported at international conference in Prague, Czech Rep., and published in two papers [4-5]. [1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

1)

K.Malinowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, et al., AIP 812 (2006) 256-259 A.V.Dubrovsky, E.V.Dyomina, et al., AIP 812 (2006) 461-464 K.Malinowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, et al., Proc. 23rd Intern. Conf. on Nuclear Tracks in Solids, Beijing, China, September 2006, p. 234 K.Malinowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, et al., Czech. J. Phys. 56, Suppl. B (2006) B309-B314 K.Czaus, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, et al., Czech. J. Phys. 56, Suppl. B (2006) B199-B-204

*) Collaboration with IPPLM in the Warsaw

IPPLM, Warsaw, Poland


87

5.8 Investigation of Plasma Dynamics and Parameters on the Basis of Time-resolved Optical Spectrometry During Interactions of Plasma Streams with Different Targets*) by E.Składnik-Sadowska, K.Malinowski, M.J.Sadowski, M.Scholz1), J.Wołowski1), A.K.Marchenko2)

In a frame of the described task during the first

semester of 2006 we finished the editioral elaboration of publications presenting results of the investigation of the PF-1000 facility at IPPLM, Warsaw, and interactions of plasma streams with different targets, e.g. with a CD2 target. The results of those studies were analyzed in the cooperation with a plasma team from KIPT in Kharkov, Ukraine [1-3].

In 2006 particular efforts were concentrated on the application of optical diagnostics methods for research on dynamics of pulsed plasma streams generated within the RPI-IBIS facility in Świerk, which is often used for research in the field of the material engineering. A separate task was the detailed study of different operational regimes of the RP-IBIS device, which was performed in a frame of the Polish-Ukrainian collaboration. The most important experiment concerned the interaction of the hydrogen plasma stream with a target made of pure tungsten. For the first time, some distinct spectral lines of tungsten (and particularly of WI and WII lines) were recorded and identified, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2.

Fig. 1 Picture of the ends of multi-rod electrodes and the tungsten target placed inside the RPI-IBIS chamber.

Fig. 2 Portion of the spectrum (360-405 nm) recorded at the exposition time equal to equal to 6 µs, which shows distinct tungsten (WI and WII) spectral lines.

Another experiment with the pure tungsten target was also performed at IPPLM in Warsaw, where the interaction of a pulsed laser beam with that target was investigated. Results of the preliminary analysis of the emission of the selected spectral lines of tungsten as a function of time were reported in two papers presented at the international symposium in Prague, Czech Rep. [4-5], and in a paper presented at the international conference in Alushta, Ukraine [6].

V+

V-

W-target

beam ofrepetitive laser

87 cm

Ion energyanalyzer

ioncollector

lens

140 cm

37 cm 32 degree

tospectrometer

Mechell

Fig. 3 Experimental arrangement.

4 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 4 2 0 0 4 3 0 0 4 4 0 0

4 0 0 0

5 0 0 0

0

5 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0

w a v e le n g th , A In

tens

ity, a

.u.

s p e c tru m 4 1 1 (C o u n ts ) W I 1 e V 8 *1 0 ^ 1 6 W II 1 e V 8 *1 0 ^ 1 6

Fig. 4 Recorded optical spectra and their fitting to those computed on from Saha-Boltzman equations for Te = 1 eV, Ne=8x1016 cm-3.

During two experimental sessions with PF-1000 facility in Warsaw, which were carried out in June and November 2006, detailed spectroscopic measurements of the VR lines as a function of time were performed. The main aim was the investigation of the interaction of a high-power stream of deuterium plasma with different materials, e.g. W, C, Al2O3, BN and Fe, which are of interest for the design of a future fusion reactor ITER in Cadarache, France. Preliminary results of those studies which had been performed at IPPLM in Warsaw [7-8] were presented at the international workshops of IAEA and ICDMP.

[1]

[2] [3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

1) 2)

E.Skladnik-Sadowska et al., AIP CP 808 (2006) 203-206 M.J.Sadowski et al., Phys. Scri. T123 (2006) 66 V.A.Gribkov et al., Czech J. Phys. 56 (2006) 1401-1416 M.J.Sadowski et al., Czech. J. Phys. 56, Suppl. B (2006) B550-B556 A.V.Tsarenko et al., Probl. Atom. Sci.& Techn. 6, Ser.: Plasma Phys. 12 (2006) 150-152 E.Skladnik-Sadowska et al., Probl. Atom. Sci. & Techn. 6, Ser.: Plasma Phys. 12 (2006) 135-137 E.Skladnik-Sadowska et al., Proc. IAEA 2nd Expert Meeting - Plasma Streams Interaction with Materials, Warsaw, Poland, Nov. 22-23, 2006 E.Skladnik-Sadowska et al., Proc. ICDMP Workshop, Warsaw, Poland, Nov. 29-30, 2006

*) Collaboration with IPPLM in Warsaw and KIPT

in Kharkov IPPLM, Warsaw, Poland IPP, NSC KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine


5.9 Theoretical Analysis and Summary of Experimental Studies of High-current Discharges of Plasma-Focus and Z-Pinch Type*) by M.J.Sadowski, M.Scholz1), W.Stępniewski1), M.Paduch1), H.Schmidt2), P.Kubes3)

The main aim of the described task was accurate

computer modeling of high-current discharges of the Plasma-Focus (PF) type. The most important result was the determination of spatial- and time- distributions of electrical field lines and plasma concentration, which corresponded to the breakdown phase (along the insulator surface) and the formation of a current sheath (CS) layer [1]. An example is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Contour plots of the two dimensional electron-density concentration at different instants: A - 15 ns, B - 30 ns after the start of the simulation. The number of the contour gives the exponent of the real density, e.g. number 6 corresponds to 106 cm-3. Contours differ by 1 order of magnitude.

During a new series of experiments on the PF-1000 facility, particular attention was paid to measurements of fast electron beams (of energies within the 50-150 keV range) and the determination of an instant when the emission of fast neutrons originating from nuclear fusion reactions appears [2].

During studies of plasma dynamics in PF-1000 discharges, which were performed by means of ultra-high speed photography, it was proved that a so-called “double pinch” phenomenon occurs very often in the investigated facility [3], as shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Streak camera picture (from shot 5055) demonstrating the double pinch effect.

More detailed theoretical and experimental studies of plasma dynamics within the PF-1000 helped to

develop a more accurate magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) model of such discharges and to obtain valuable information from measurements carried out with high-speed cameras [4].

In subsequent experimental studies particular attention was paid to the emission of fast neutrons from fusion reactions occurring within dense magnetized plasma. On the basis of those studies it was possible to identify the phase of the investigated PF discharges when the neutron emission takes usually place [5].

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

0.1

0.12

0.14

r

0.16

[m] K

AI1I

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

z [m]

0.1

0.12

0.14

r

The status of the experimental studies, which were carried out in a frame of the scientific collaboration of IPJ and IPPLM, was summarized in a review paper published in Nukleonika [6]. An extensive summary of plasma research, which goes on in the both collaborating institutes, was also given in a paper presented at the international conference in Houston, USA [7], as well as in two invited lectures given at the international plasma workshop in Visegrad, Hungary [8] and at the international conference in Alushta, Ukraine [9]. Those papers have already been published. [1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

1) 2)

3)

M.Scholz, W.Stepniewski, M.J.Sadowski et al., AIP CP Vol. 812 (2006) 57-63 P.Kubes, J.Kravarik, M.J.Sadowski et al., AIP CP 875 (2006) 15-18 M.Borowiecki, B.Bienkowska, M.J.Sadowski et al., Czech. J. Phys. 56, Suppl. B (2006) B184-B191 W.Stepniewski, M.Scholz, M.J.Sadowski et al., Czech. J. Phys. 56, Suppl. B (2006) B401-B405 H.Schmidt, P.Kubes, M.J.Sadowski, M.Scholz, IEEE Trans. PS Vol. 34, Issue 5 (2006) 2363-2367 M.Scholz, B.Bienkowska, M.J.Sadowski et al., Nukleonika 51, No. 1 (2006) 79-84 P.Kubes, J.Kravarik, M.J.Sadowski et al., Proc. Intern. Conf. on HED Lab. Astrophys., Houston, USA, March 2006 M.J.Sadowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, M.Scholz, J.Wolowski Proc. 3rd Hungarian PP. Workshop, Visegrad, Hungary, April 2006 M.J.Sadowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, M.Scholz, J.Wolowski, Prob. Atom. Sci. & Techn. No. 6, Series: Plasma Phys. No. 12 (2006) 213-235

*) Collaboration with IPPLM in Warsaw and CVUT

in Prague

IPPLM, Warsaw, Poland International Center for Dense Magnetized Plasmas, Warsaw, Poland CVUT, Prague, Czech Republic

0.16

[m] K

AI1I

A

B


89

5.10 Development and Application of Neutron Diagnostics Based on Activation Method for Magnetic Confinement Devices*) by A.Szydłowski, R.Prokopowicz1), M.Scholz1), S.Popovichev2)

Neutron measurements provide direct information

on nuclear fusion reactions occurring inside high-temperature deuterium plasma. In practice, it is possible to measure the total neutron yield, energy spectra and neutron emissivity from such a plasma. Basing on these data one can estimate the total number of nuclear reactions, the released fusion power, and the relative contribution of thermal- and acceleration- mechanisms to the total neutron yield, etc. However, special neutron diagnostic tools are needed for tokamak studies to operate in the harsh radiation environment and to cover a broad range of neutron yields (from 1010 to 1019 sec-1). In addition, the neutron measurements have to be made on a time-scale, which varies from 1 ms to several sec. The neutron activation technique seems to cope very well with these conditions. Therefore, it becomes recently to be of great importance.

To perform activation measurements small samples of suitable isotopes are placed close to plasma. After irradiation with neutrons from one or several plasma discharges, the samples are transported to a proper detector and activity of the produced radionuclide is measured. Taking into account geometry of the neutron source, the sample mass and its position, as well as the decay characteristics of the investigated isotope, one can estimate the total number of neutrons emitted from plasma. Moreover, activities induced in different isotopes (activators) permit the neutron energy spectrum to be determined. The activation methods provide also the calibration factor for other neutron detectors (e.g. for BF3 or 3He proportional counters, 235U fission chambers, etc.) and they deliver valuable tests for neutron transport calculations.

In practice, different groups of isotopes are used to measure 14.1 MeV neutrons, originating from d(t,n)4He reactions, as well as 2.5 MeV neutrons produced in d(d, n)3He reactions. One can select isotopes with suitable energy threshold values (Eth) of their cross sections for activation reactions, and an adequate dependence of their cross sections on neutron energy. However, in order to avoid influence of scattered neutrons, the Eth energy value should be possibly high. Besides that, the nuclear reaction should produce a daughter nuclide that decays through the energetic gamma (Eγ) emission with a half-live (T1/2) time in excess of a few minutes, but less than a few hours. Isotopes, which have too long decay half-lives, are rather unsuitable because they can not be reused in successive discharges, and the counting rate might be too low. Energetic gamma rays (e.g. 1.78 MeV γ-radiation from a decay of 28Al) are preferred because such quanta are easily measured with a NaI

detector, and they assure that the contamination of interfering (γ,γ’) reactions is very low.

The first set of activators selected in our lab included: 58Ni (Eth=1 MeV, T1/2=70.8 d, Eγ=810 keV), 115In (Eth=0.5 MeV, T1/2=4.5 h, Eγ=336 keV), 197Au (Eth=0.0 MeV, T1/2=2.3 d, Eγ – 6 lines of energy from 97 keV to 411 keV). In 2006 this set was tested in experiments performed within the PF-1000 facility. For those tests the activators were fixed in a special holder shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Assembling of activators for PF-1000 experiment [1].

The set of the activators was placed in the PF-1000 axis at a distance of 5 cm from the electrode outlet. Each sample was activated with neutrons emitted from two discharges (Yn varied from 2.2·1010 to 1.0·1011). The induced γ-activities of the samples were measured with a germanium detector. Numbers of activated nuclei was estimated on the basis of known characteristics of the isotopes decays. The estimated total neutron yields were comparable with those measured with the calibrated silver activation counters. The results obtained from the activated indium showed the largest difference. This discrepancy could be explained by the fact that indium is not a dosimetric standard and a cross section of the 115I(n,n)115mI reaction is poorly determined [1].

The preliminary activation measurements within the JET facility were performed in November and December 2006. The set of activators used previously in the PF-1000 experiment was supplemented by 180Hf (Eth=0.1 MeV, T1/2=5.5 h, Eγ=215, 332, and 443 keV) and 27Al(Eth=0.0 MeV, T1/2=135 s, Eγ=1179 keV). The obtained results are still being elaborated, but preliminary estimations revealed that the total neutron yield values inferred from the measured activities do not differ significantly from those obtained by means of fission chambers [2].

[1]

[2]

1) 2)

B.Bienkowska, L.Karpinski, A.Szydlowski et al., Czech J. Phys. 56, Supp. B (2006) B377-382 R.Prokopowicz, A.Szydlowski, M.Scholz, Report on the visit at JET (Oct.30–Dec.12, 2006)

*) Collaboration with IPPLM in Warsaw and JET in

Culham in a frame of EURATOM IPPLM, Warsaw, Poland Association EURATOM-UKAEA, JET, Culham, UK


5.11 Improvements of Technology of Thin Superconducting-films Deposition upon Metallic Surfaces by Means of UHV Cathodic Arc with Different Cathode Geometry by P.Strzyżewski, M.J.Sadowski, R.Mirowski, J.Witkowski, S.Tazzari1), J.Sekutowicz2)

A concept of the deposition of thin super-

conducting layers by means of cathodic arc-discharges under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions was developed several years ago. R&D work on that technology was undertaken in a framework of the collaboration between the IPJ, Tor Vergata University in Rome, and DESY in Hamburg. In 2006, research activities of the IPJ group were focused on two tasks: the realization of a CARE (Coordinated Accelerator Research in Europe) project, which included the deposition of pure niobium (Nb) layers upon surfaces of RF accelerator cavities, and the deposition of pure lead (Pb) layers, which are to be used as photo-cathodes in electron injectors. The both tasks were based on the UHV cathodic arc technology.

The realization of the CARE task was concentrated mainly on development of two filters designed for the elimination of micro-droplets emitted from the Nb cathode. Taking into account the cylindrical shape of the cathode it was necessary to design filters of the same geometry. The first version of filter was built of thin Cu-tubes, which might carry magnetizing currents and a cooling-water flow. The second version of the filter constituted a cylindrical Venetian-blind system (without any magnetizing current), as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 General view of the cylindrical Venetian-type micro-droplet filter, which was designed for the UHV linear-arc facility in Świerk.

In a frame of the same task, the UHV linear-arc device was equipped with a new Nb cathode. Its diameter was smaller that that of the previous cathode. It enabled the assembling of magnetic filters. The analyses of deposited Nb thin films, and in particular their surfaces (with a SIM method) and chemical compositions (with a ToF-SIMS technique) were also carried out. They showed that the amount of the deposited micro-droplets was reduced by a factor of 3

to 4. They also confirmed high cleanliness of the deposited layers. It enabled to achieve outstanding superconducting properties (RRR=48).

The realization of the second task was based on the use of an UHV planar-arc facility, and it concerned the deposition of pure Pb photo-cathodes. Such photo-cathodes can be applied in electron injectors for modern SRF accelerators. Their lower power dissipation and excellent thermal stability enables nearly 1-mA continues wave (cw) or near-cw beams with emittance below 1 µm to be formed. Preliminary measurements of Pb layers, as deposited by means of UHV cathodic arc, have already shown that such photo-cathodes demonstrate the best quantum efficiency as well as the highest purity and surface quality in a comparison with those obtained by means of other methods. [1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

1) 2)

P.Strzyzewski, L.Catani et al.; AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 812 (2006) 485-488 P.Strzyzewski, J.Langner et al.; Phys. Scri.T123 (2006) 135-139 J.Langner, M.J.Sadowski et al.; Proc. 2nd Intern. Congress, Tomsk, Russia, Sept. 2006; Russian Phys. Journal Vol.49, No. 8 (2006) 412-417 P.Strzyzewski, J.Langner et al.; Proc. 11th IC PP&T, Alushta, Ukraine, Sept. 2006, P. 8-39 J.Langner, R.Mirowski et al.; Vacuum 80 (2006) 1288-1293 R.Russo, A.Cianchi et al.; Proc. Intern. Conf. on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films, San Diego, Ca., USA, May 2006, p. 132 J.Sekutowicz, J.Inversen et al.; Proc. EPAC06, Edinburgh, UK, June 2006, pp. 3489-3491 A.Cianchi, L.Catani et al.; Proc. EPAC06, Edinburgh, UK, June 2006,pp. 453-455 P.Strzyzewski, J.Langner et al.; Proc. EPAC06, Edinburgh, UK, June 2006, pp. 3205-3207 G.Gatti, L.Cultrera et al.; Proc. EPAC06, Edinburgh, UK, June 2006, pp. 100-101 J.Langner, R.Mirowski et al.; Proc. 22nd ISDEIV, Matsue, Japan, Sept. 2006, Vol.2, pp. 535-538 M.Sadowski, J.Langner et al.; Proc. of Workshop on Thin Films, Legnaro, Italy, Oct. 2006, p. 51 L.Catani, A.Cianchi et al.; Proc. of Workshop on Thin Films, Legnaro, Italy, Oct. 2006, p. 52 P.Strzyzewski, J.Langner et al.; Proc. of Workshop on Thin Films, Legnaro, Italy, Oct. 2006, p. 53

Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy DESY, Hamburg, Germany


91

5.12 Application of Pulsed Plasma-ion Streams for Research on Modifications of Various Materials*) by J.Stanisławski, J.Piekoszewski, Z.Werner and M.Barlak

In the frame of this task we continued research on

the synthesis of superconducting layers made of magnesium-diboride (MgB2), using plasma generated by an Ionotron-type device. One of the known methods of the formation of such layers is based on implantation of magnesium ions into a boron sample and a synthesis of MgB2 by means of a plasma pulse which melts the surface of the implanted sample. In 2006 we performed detailed investigation of the obtained MgB2 layers, using different measuring techniques: SEM, RBS and measurements of electrical and magnetic properties. The superconducting layers were produced at experimental conditions, when average energy of ions was about 50 keV, the implanted ion dose amounted to (5-10)·1017 cm-2, and plasma energy flux was chosen to be 1.5 Jcm-2, 2 Jcm-2 or 2.5 Jcm-2. The best results were obtained when the thickness of the layer with the required stoichiometry NMg/NB ≈ 1:2 (determined from RBS measurements) was the largest, i.e. at the magnesium dose amounting to 5·1017cm-2 and average plasma energy flux equal to 2 Jcm-2. For such a layer it was possible to achieve critical temperature Tc = 33.8 K, ∆Tc = 3.3 K and a decrease in resistance equal to ∆R/Rmin = 18.5.

In 2006 we performed also studies aimed at the improvement of mechanical properties of stainless-steels using (instead of the conventional nitrification) the irradiation of steel samples with pulsed streams of nitrogen plasma. The surfaces of those samples were implanted with nitrogen ions and pulse-melted, what induced the formation of the extended austenite (γN) which improves the mechanical properties of the material considerably. The results of those studies can be summarized as follows: the content of γN phase can be increased with an increase in the nitrogen concentration, and if amounts to 1% at, this phase can amount to 18%; the large amount of chromium in the investigated steels reduces the concentration of the latler γN phase; the contents of the γC phase increases with an increase in the concentration of carbon, but it decreases with an increase in the concentration of nitrogen and chromium.

Taking into consideration a rising interest in permanent compounds of carbon and copper (particularly in fusion technologies), we have undertaken research on the modification of surfaces of different types of carbon, which might improve its wettability by liquid copper and facilitate soldering.

The studies were performed for CFC composite, pyrolitic graphite and glassy carbon. We selected the modification of surfaces by means of titanium (Ti), which can be easily connected with copper, and we applied two different techniques. The first method was based on the implantation of carbon with Ti-ions of an average energy of 35 keV (using the dose of 5x1017cm-2) and the successive deposition of a 1.5-µm-thick Ti-layer by means of an electrical arc (Arc PVD process). The preliminary tests have demonstrated a relatively good wettability of all carbon samples. The second method applied a pulsed stream of plasma emitted from the Ionotron device equipped with Ti electrodes and operated in the DPE mode. The deposited Ti-layers of about 10-20 nm in thickness were next coated with a 1.5-µm-thick Ti-layer deposited by means of the Arc-PVD. As a result most samples have shown wettability angles equal to 20-500. [1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

J.Piekoszewski, J.Stanislawski, et al., AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 812 (2006) 473-476 P.Konarski, J.Stanisławski et al., Appl. Surf. Sci. 252 (2006) 7078-7081 B.Sartowska, J.Stanisławski, et al., Journal of Microscopy Vol. 224 (2006) 114-116 F.A.Bonila, J.Stanislawski et al., Surf. Coat. Technol. 200 (2006) 4674-4683 F.A.Bonila, J.Stanislawski et al., Surf. Coat. Technol. 200 (2006) 4684-4692 B.Sartowska, J.Stanislawski et al., Surf. Coat. Technol. (2006) – accepted for publication J.Piekoszewski, J.Stanislawski et al., Surf. Coat. Technol. (2006) – accepted for publication M.Barlak, J.Stanislawski et al., Proc. 6th Intern. Conf. on Ion Implantation, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, June 2006, P-Wc-8 J.Piekoszewski, J.Stanisławski et al., Proc. 6th Intern. Conf. Ion Implantation, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, June 2006, P-Wc-3 J.Piekoszewski, J.Stanisławski et al., Proc. 6th Intern. Conf. Ion Implantation, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, June 2006, Wc-1 B.Sartowska, J.Stanislawski et al.,Proc. 10th Intern. Conf. Plasma Surface Engin., Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Sept. 2006, Po1099 M.Barlak, J.Stanislawski et al., Proc. 24th Symp. on Fusion Technology, Warsaw, Poland, Sept. 2006, P4-I-190

*) Collaboration with Dept. P-IX in Świerk


5.13 Computational Studies of Plasma Dynamics and Electrode Erosion in IPD Coaxial Accelerator*) by M.Rabiński and K.Zdunek1)

During the impulse plasma deposition (IPD)

process, plasma is generated in the working gas due to a high-voltage high-current pulse discharge, ignited within an inter-electrode region of a coaxial accelerator [1]. A plasma discharge is applied for synthesizing the amorphous and nanostructured high-melting materials as thin layers deposited on different substrates. Coatings made of a diamond-like carbon, titanium nitride TiN, multi-component metallic alloys and aluminium oxide Al2O3 have been obtained when implementing this surface engineering technique.

In earlier studies [2-3] a simplified snow-plow approach to the dynamic phenomena in the IPD accelerator was proposed. In the present work, the complete two-dimensional two-fluid magneto-hydrodynamic model was applied to investigate the sweeping of the working gas by the moving layer, as well as the details of phenomena those take place

behind the discharge region. The modified and extended version of the two-dimensional two-fluid magneto-hydrodynamic code [4] was used to study the electrode erosion in the IPD accelerator. [1]

[2] [3]

[4]

1)

M.Sokołowski, A.Sokołowska, J. Cryst. Growth. 57 (1982) 185 M.Rabiński, K.Zdunek, Vacuum 64 (1997) 715 M.Rabiński, K.Zdunek, AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 812 (2006) 453-456 M.Rabiński, K.Zdunek, Surf. Coat. Technol 201 (2007) 5438-5441

*) Collaboration with Warsaw University of

Technology, Poland

Warsaw University of Technology, Poland


93


SUPERCONDUCTING REGIONS AND KONDO EFFECT OF MGB FORMED BY IMPLANTATION OF MAGNESIUM IONS INTO BORON SUBSTRATE

2

Z. Trybuła, ... , J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, M. Barlak, ... et al. Acta Phys. Pol. A Vol. 109 No 4-5 (2006) 657-660 CHARACTERISTICS OF NEUTRON PULSES AT PF-1000 P. Kubes, ... , M.J. Sadowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, L. Jakubowski, A. Szydłowski, A. Malinowska, K. Malinowski, ... et al. AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 808 (2006) 195-198 RECENT RESULTS OF MJ PLASMA-FOCUS EXPERIMENT M. Scholz, ... , M.J. Sadowski, L. Jakubowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, A. Szydłowski, A. Malinowska, ... et al. AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 808 (2006) 207-210 TIME-RESOLVED OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY OF PLASMA INTERACTION WITH CD FIBER IN PF-1000 FACILITY2 E. Składnik-Sadowska, P. Kubes, K. Malinowski, M.J. Sadowski, M. Scholz, A.V. Tsarenko AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 808 (2006) 203-206 ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE OF ION MICRO-BEAMS EMITTED FROM RPI- AND PF-TYPE FACILITIES K. Malinowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, M.J. Sadowski, M. Scholz, H. Schmidt, K. Czaus AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 812 (2006) 256-259 BEHAVIOUR OF GAS CONDITIONS DURING VACUUM ARC DISCHARGES USED FOR DEPOSITION OF THIN FILMS P. Strzyżewski, ... , J. Langner, R. Mirowski, M.J. Sadowski, J. Witkowski, ... et al. AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 812 (2006) 485-488 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN OPTICAL- AND CONSTRUCTIVE-MATERIALS IRRADIATED BY POWERFUL PLASMA-ION STREAMS GENERATED WITHIN RPI- AND PF-DEVICES A.V. Dubrovsky, ... , A. Malinowska, K. Malinowski, M.J. Sadowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, ... et al. AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 812 (2006) 461-464 CORRELATION OF NEUTRON EMISSION WITH OTHER CORPUSCULAR AND X-RAY PULSES IN DIFFERENT PLASMA-FOCUS EXPERIMENTS J. Żebrowski, M.J. Sadowski, L. Jakubowski AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 812 (2006) 229-232 CORRELATION OF RADIATION AND ELECTRON AND NEUTRON SIGNALS AT PF-1000 P. Kubes, ... , M.J. Sadowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, L. Jakubowski, A. Szydłowski, A. Malinowska, K. Malinowski, ... et al. AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 812 (2006) 233-236 DIAGNOSTICS OF PF-1000 FACILITY OPERATION AND PLASMA CONCENTRATION ON THE BASIS OF SPECTRAL MEASUREMENTS E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski, M.J. Sadowski, M. Scholz, A.V. Tsarenko AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 812 (2006) 252-255 PROGRESS IN NUMERICAL MODELING OF PLASMA-FOCUS DISCHARGE M. Scholz, ... , M.J. Sadowski, ... et al. AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 812 (2006) 57-63 PULSED PLASMA TREATMENT OF MAGNESIUM DIBORIDE SYSTEM FOR FORMATION OF SUPERCONDUCTING REGIONS J. Piekoszewski, ... , J. Stanisławski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, M. Barlak, ... et al. AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 812 (2006) 473-476 SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DEUTERIUM-, HELIUM- AND GAS-MIXTURE-DISCHARGES WITHIN PF-1000 FACILITY A.V. Tsarenko, K. Malinowski, M.J. Sadowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, M. Scholz, M. Paduch, K. Tomaszewski AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 812 (2006) 241-244 STUDIES OF DISCHARGE PARAMETERS INFLUENCE ON THE IPD PLASMA DEPOSITION PROCESS M. Rabiński, K. Zdunek AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 812 (2006) 453-456 TIME-INTEGRATED MEASUREMENTS OF FUSION-PRODUCED PROTONS EMITTED FROM PF-FACILTIES A. Malinowska, ... , A. Szydłowski, J. Żebrowski, M.J. Sadowski, P. Karpiński, M. Jaskóła, A. Korman, ... et al. AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 812 (2006) 237-240 TIME-RESOLVED MEASUREMENTS OF POLARIZED X-RAY SPECTRAL LINES EMITTED FROM DISCHARGES OF PLASMA-FOCUS TYPE L. Jakubowski, M.J. Sadowski, J. Stanisławski, E.O. Baronova AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 812 (2006) 260-263


PLASMA AND BEAMS DYNAMICS IN PF-1000 DEVICE UNDER THE FULL-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE V.A. Gribkov, ... , A. Malinowska, L. Jakubowski, M.J. Sadowski, A. Szydłowski, ... et al. AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 875 (2006) 5-10 STUDIES OF X-RAY SPECTRAL LINES POLARIZATION IN CORRELATION WITH THE EMISSION OF SUPRA-THERMAL ELECTRONS IN PLASMA-FOCUS DISCHARGES L. Jakubowski, M.J. Sadowski, E.O. Baronova AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 875 (2006) 11-14 TIME OF NEUTRON PRODUCTION ON Z-PINCH AND PLASMA FOCUS DEVICES P. Kubes, ... , M.J. Sadowski, ... et al. AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 875 (2006) 15-18 SIMS CHARACTERISATION OF SUPERCONDUCTIVE MGB LAYERS PREPARED BY ION IMPLANTATION AND PULSED PLASMA TREATMENT

2

P. Konarski, M. Cwil, J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski Appl. Surf. Sci. Vol. 252 No 19 (2006) pp. 7078-7081 CORPUSCULAR DIAGNOSTICS OF DEUTERIUM-PLASMA STREAMS FROM RPI-IBIS DISCHARGES K. Malinowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, M.J. Sadowski, K. Czaus Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 56 No Suppl. B (2006) B309-B314 DESIGN AND TESTS OF CHERENKOV DETECTOR FOR MEASUREMENTS OF FAST ELECTRONS WITHIN CASTOR TOKAMAK L. Jakubowski, J. Stanisławski, M.J. Sadowski, J. Żebrowski, V. Weinzettl, J. Stockel Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 56 No Suppl.B (2006) B98-B103 FORMATION AND ROLE OF FILAMENTS IN HIGH-CURRENT DISCHARGES OF THE PINCH TYPE M.J. Sadowski, A. Malinowska Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 56 No Suppl. B (2006) B364-B370 FUSION-REACTION PROTONS MEASUREMENTS WITHIN TEXTOR BY MEANS OF SOLID-STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS A. Szydłowski, A. Malinowska, M.J. Sadowski, G. VanWassenhove, B. Schweer Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 56 No SUPPL. 2 (2006) pp. B156-B161 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUSION-NEUTRON EMISSION FROM MEGAJOULE PLASMA-FOCUS FACILITY M. Scholz, ... , M.J. Sadowski, A. Szydłowski, ... et al. Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 56 No Suppl. B (2006) B243-B249 IN-LINE AND FOLLOWING-UP TESTS OF PERSPECTIVE FUSION-REACTOR MATERIALS IN PLASMA FOCUS DEVICES V.A. Gribkov, ... , K. Malinowski, M.J. Sadowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, P. Strzyżewski, ... et al. Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 56 (2006) 1401-1416 INVESTIGATION OF FUSION-REACTION PROTONS FROM PF-DISCHARGES A. Malinowska, ... , A. Szydłowski, K. Malinowski, M.J. Sadowski, ... et al. Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 56 No Suppl. B (2006) B303-B308 INVESTIGATION OF PINCH DYNAMICS IN PLASMA-FOCUS DISCHARGES BY MEANS OF FAST-STREAK-AND FAST-FRAME-CAMERAS M. Borowiecki, B. Bienkowska, S. Jednorog, L. Karpinski, M. Paduch, M. Scholz, M.J. Sadowski Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 56 No Suppl. B (2006) B184-B191 MEASUREMENTS OF NEUTRON YIELD FROM PF-1000 DEVICE BY ACTIVATION METHOD B. Bienkowska, L. Karpinski, M. Paduch, M. Scholz, K. Pytel, R. Prokopowicz, A. Szydłowski Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 56 No Suppl. B (2006) B377-B382 MINIATURE THOMSON-TYPE SPECTROMETER FOR MASS-AND ENERGY-ANALYSIS OF PULSED PLASMA-ION STREAMS K. Czaus, E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski, M.J. Sadowski Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 56 No Suppl. B (2006) B199-B204 MODELLING OF FUSION-REACTION PROTONS MEASUREMENTS WITHIN TEXTOR FACILITY G. Bonheure, A. Gałkowski, K. Małek, A. Szydłowski Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 56 No SUPPL. 2 (2006) pp. B61-B66 OBSERVATION OF TUNGSTEN SPECTRAL LINES DURING INTERACTION OF LASER BEAM WITH TUNGSTEN TARGET M.J. Sadowski, ... , E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski, ... et al. Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 56 No Suppl. B (2006) B550-B556 TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL MEASUREMENTS OF PLASMA ELECTRON-DENSITY FROM LINEAR-STARK BROADERING OF D (486 NM) IN PF-1000 EXPERIMENTΒ E. Składnik-Sadowska, ... , K. Malinowski, M.J. Sadowski, ... et al. Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 56 No Suppl. B (2006) B383-B388


95

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PLASMA DYNAMICS IN PF-1000 FACILITY W. Stępniewski, M. Scholz, B. Bienkowska, I.M. Ivanova-Stanik, M. Paduch, M.J. Sadowski Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 56 No Suppl. B (2006) B401-B405 TIME DELAY OF THE HARD X-RAY AND NEUTRON EMISSION AT PF 1000 FACILITY P. Kubeš, ... , M.J. Sadowski, ... et al. Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 56 No Suppl. B (2006) B273-B279 CORRELATION OF RADIATION WITH ELECTRON AND NEUTRON SIGNALS TAKEN IN A PLASMA-FOCUS DEVICE P. Kubes, ... , M.J. Sadowski, ... et al. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. Vol. 34 No 5 III (2006) 2349-2355 NEUTRON EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF PINCHED DENSE MAGNETIZED PLASMAS H. Schmidt, P. Kubes, M.J. Sadowski, M. Scholz IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. Vol. 34 No 5 (2006) 2363-2367 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NEAR-SURFACE LAYERS OF CARBON STEELS MODIFIED BY INTERACTION WITH INTENSE PULSED PLASMA BEAMS: SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY INVESTIGATIONS B. Sartowska, J. Piekoszewski, L. Walis, J. Stanisławski, L. Nowicki, R. Ratajczak J. Microsc. Vol. 224 No 1 (2006) 114-116 EVOLUTION OF THE CURRENT CHANNEL OF THE HIGH ENERGY DISCHARGE AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE P. Barvir, P. Kubes, J. Kravarik, M. Scholz, L. Karpinski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski J. Phys. IV France Vol. 133 No 0 (2006) pp. 767-769 MEASUREMENTS OF HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS AT PF-1000 J. Kravarik, ... , L. Jakubowski, M.J. Sadowski, ... et al. J. Phys. IV France Vol. 133 (2006) 771-773 THE Cu SPECTRA AS A TOOL FOR LATE PLASMA FOCUS DIAGNOSTICS O. Djilianova, M.J. Sadowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski, M. Scholz, A. Blagoev, K. Paskalev Journal of Physics: Conference Series Vol. 44 No 1 (2006) art. no. 024 pp. 175 STATUS OF A MEGA-JOULE SCALE PLASMA-FOCUS EXPERIMENTS M. Scholz, ... , M.J. Sadowski, A. Szydłowski, ... et al. Nukleonika Vol. 51 No 1 (2006) 79-84 APPLICATION OF INTENSE PLASMA-ION STREAMS EMITTED FROM POWERFUL PF-TYPE DISCHARGES FOR MATERIAL ENGINEERING M.J. Sadowski, ... , K. Malinowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, J. Żebrowski, ... et al. Phys. Scr. Vol. 73 (2006) 66-78 MAGNETIC FILTERS IN UHV ARC-DISCHARGES: CONSTRUCTIONS, FIELD MODELLING AND TESTS OF EFFICIENCY P. Strzyżewski, J. Langner, R. Mirowski, M.J. Sadowski, S. Tazzari, J. Witkowski Phys. Scr. Vol. 73 (2006) 135-139 MEASUREMENTS OF ION MICRO-BEAMS IN RPI-TYPE DISCHARGES AND FUSION PROTONS IN PF-1000 EXPERIMENTS A. Malinowska, ... , K. Malinowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, M.J. Sadowski, A. Szydłowski, K. Czaus, M. Jaskóła, A. Korman, ... et al. Phys. Scr. Vol. 73 (2006) 104-111 DEVELOPMENT OF CURRENT CHANNELS IN DISCHARGES AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE P. Barvir, P. Kubes, J. Kravarik, M. Scholz, L. Karpinski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski Phys. Scr. Vol. T23 (2006) 120-123 CATHODIC ARC GROWN NIOBIUM FILMS FOR RF SUPERCONDUCTING CAVITY APPLICATIONS L. Catani, ... , J. Lorkiewicz, P. Strzyżewski, M.J. Sadowski, ... et al. Physica C Vol. 441 No 1-2 (2006) 30-133 ANALYSIS OF TUNGSTEN SPECTRAL-LINES RECORDED FROM LASER-TARGET EXPERIMENT A.V. Tsarenko, ... , M.J. Sadowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski, ... et al. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology Vol. 12 No 6 (2006) 150-152 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF PLASMA STREAM INTERACTION WITH TUNGSTEN TARGET WITHIN RPI-IBIS FACILITY E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski, M.J. Sadowski, K. Czaus, A. Marchenko, A.V. Tsarenko Problems of Atomic Science and Technology Vol. 12 No 6 (2006) 135-137 PROGRESS IN PLASMA RESEARCH AT IPJ AND IPPLM, POLAND M.J. Sadowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, M. Scholz, J. Wolowski Problems of Atomic Science and Technology Vol. 12 No 6 (2006) 231-235


RESEARCH ON CORRELATION OF X-RAY PULSES WITH ELECTRON-, ION- AND NEUTRON-EMISSION FROM HIGH-CURRENT PF-DISCHARGES J. Żebrowski, M.J. Sadowski, L. Jakubowski, M. Scholz, P. Kubes Russian Physics Journal Vol. 49 No 11 (2006) 165-168 STATUS OF RESEARCH ON DEPOSITION OF THIN SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS FOR RF ACCELERATING CAVITIES J. Langner, ... , M.J. Sadowski, P. Strzyżewski, J. Witkowski, J. Lorkiewicz, ... et al. Russian Physics Journal Vol. 49 No 8 (2006) 412-417 STUDIES OF PINCH DYNAMICS AND FUSION-PRODUCTS EMISSION WITHIN MEGA-JOULE PLASMA-FOCUS FACILITY M. Scholz, ... , A. Malinowska, M.J. Sadowski, A. Szydłowski, ... et al. Russian Physics Journal Vol. 49 No 11 (2006) 161-164 CORROSION RESISTANT Ti-Pd SURFACE ALLOYS PRODUCED BY HIGH INTENSITY PULSED PLASMA BEAMS: PART 1. DEPOSITION BY PULSED EROSION AND VACUUM EVAPORATION/PULSED IMPLANTATION DOPING MODES F.A. Bonilla, ... , J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, ... et al. Surf. Coat. Technol. Vol. 200 No 16-17 (2006) pp. 4674-4683 CORROSION RESISTANT Ti-Pd SURFACE ALLOYS PRODUCED BY HIGH INTENSITY PULSED PLASMA BEAMS: PART II. DEPOSITION BY PULSED IMPLANTATION DOPING MODE WITH PALLADIUM IMPLANTATION USING A MEVVA SOURCE F.A. Bonilla, P. Skeldon, G.E. Thompson, J. Piekoszewski, A.G. Chmielewski, B. Sartowska, J. Stanisławski Surf. Coat. Technol. Vol. 200 No 16-17 (2006) pp. 4684-4692 DEPOSITION OF SUPERCONDUCTING NIOBIUM FILMS FOR RF CAVITIES BY MEANS OF UHV CATHODIC ARC J. Langner, ... , R. Mirowski, M.J. Sadowski, P. Strzyżewski, J. Witkowski, J. Lorkiewicz, ... et al. Vacuum Vol. 80 No 11-12 (2006) 1288-1293 X-RAY POLARIMETRY TO STUDY ELECTRIC FIELDS AND ELECTRON BEAMS, GENERATED IN Z-PINCH PLASMA E.O. Baronova, M.M. Stepanenko, G.V. Sholin, L. Jakubowski, T. Fujimoto, V.I. Zaitsev, G.S. Volkov Nucl. Fusion (in press) PHASE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF UNALLOYED STEELS SURFACES MODIFIED BY INTENSE PLASMA PULSES WITH VARIOUS REACTIVE GAS FLUENCES B. Sartowska, ... , J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, L. Nowicki, R. Ratajczak, W. Szymczyk, ... et al. Plasma Processes and Polymers (in press) FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DESIGN OF CHERENKOV-TYPE DETECTORS FOR MEASUREMENTS OF FAST ELECTRONS WITHIN TOKAMAKS L. Jakubowski, M. Rabiński, J. Stanisławski, M.J. Sadowski, J. Żebrowski Problems of Atomic Science and Technology (in press) ULTRA HIGH VACUUM CATHODIC ARC FOR DEPOSITION OF SUPERCONDUCTING LEAD PHOTO-CATHODES P. Strzyżewski, J. Langner, R. Mirowski, M.J. Sadowski, J. Witkowski Problems of Atomic Science and Technology (in press) COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES OF PLASMA DYNAMICS IN IMPULSE PLASMA DEPOSITION COAXIAL ACCELERATOR M. Rabiński, K. Zdunek Surf. Coat. Technol. (in press) FORMATION OF SUPERCONDUCTING REGIONS OF MgB BY IMPLANTATION OF MAGNESIUM IONS INTO BORON SUBSTRATE FOLLOWED BY INTENSE PULSE PLASMA TREATMENT

2

J. Piekoszewski, ... , J. Stanisławski, M. Barlak, J. Jagielski, Z. Werner, ... et al. Surf. Coat. Technol. (in press) STRUCTURAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEELS MODIFIED BY PLASMA PULSES CONTAINING THE INERT AND ACTIVITE IONS B. Sartowska, ... , J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, L. Nowicki, R. Ratajczak, M. Barlak, ... et al. Surf. Coat. Technol. (in press) AUSTENIZATION OF CARBON AND ALLOYED STEELS BY INTENSE PLASMA PULSES: ROLE OF CARBON CHROMIUM AND NITROGEN J. Piekoszewski, ... , M. Barlak, J. Stanisławski, Z. Werner, ... et al. Vacuum (in press) SUPERCONDUCTING AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF Mg-B STRUCTURES FORMED BY IMPLANTATION OF MAGNESIUM IONS INTO THE BULK BORON FOLLOWED BY PULSE PLASMA TREATMENT J. Piekoszewski, ... , M. Barlak, J. Stanisławski, Z. Werner, ... et al. Vacuum (in press) THE EFFECT OF TITANIUM ION IMPLANTATION INTO CARBON CERAMICS ON ITS WETTABILITY BY LIQUID COPPER M. Barlak, ... , J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, K. Borkowska, Z. Werner, J. Jagielski, ... et al. Vacuum (in press)


97

THERMAL STABILITY OF THE PHASES FORMED IN THE NEAR-SURFACE LAYERS OF CARBON STEELS BY NITROGEN PULSED PLASMA TREATMENT B. Sartowska, ... , J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, L. Nowicki, R. Ratajczak, ... et al. Vacuum (in press)

REPORTS

Report on the P-3 Task concerning Cerenkov detectors for fast electron measurements; New diagnostics for CASTOR and Tore Supra L. Jakubowski, ... , M. Rabiński, M.J. Sadowski, J. Stanisławski, J. Żebrowski, K. Czaus, K. Malinowski, M. Jakubowski, P. Karpiński, A. Wiraszka, ... et al.


Invited Talk SUPERCONDUCTING AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MG-B STRUCTURES FORMED BY IMPLANTATION OF MAGNESIUM IONS INTO THE BULK BORON FOLLOWED BY PULSE PLASMA TREATMENT J. Piekoszewski, W. Kempiński, M. Barlak, J. Kaszyński, J. Stanisławski, B. Andrzejwski, Z. Werner, L. Piekary-Sady, E. Richter, J. Stankowski, R. Grotzschel, Sz.. Łoś 6th International Conference on Ion Implantation and other Applications of Ions and Electrons (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) STATUS OF RESEARCH ON DEPOSITION OF THIN SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS FOR RF ACCELERATING CAVITIES J. Langner, M.J. Sadowski, P. Strzyżewski, J. Witkowski, S. Tazzari, L. Catani, A. Cianchi, J. Lorkiewicz, R. Russo 2nd International Congress on Radiation Phys., High-Current Electronics and Modifications of Materials (Tomsk, Russia, 2006-09-10 - 2006-09-15) PROGRESS IN PLASMA RESEARCH AT IPJ AND IPPLM, POLAND M.J. Sadowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, M. Scholz, J. Wolowski 11th International Conference and School on Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion & 2nd Alushta International Workshop on the Role of Electric Fields in Plasma Confinement in Stellarators and Tokamaks (Alushta (Crimea) Ukraine, 2006-09-11 - 2006-09-16) RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS OF PLASMA RESEARCH AT IPJ AND IPPLM, POLAND M.J. Sadowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, M. Scholz, J. Wolowski 3rd Hungarian Plasma Phys. Workshop (Visegrad, Hungary, 2006-04-20 - 2006-04-21) Oral Presentation

UHV ARC FOR HIGH QUALITY FILM DEPOSITION R. Russo, A. Cianchi, Y.H. Akhmadeev, L. Catani, J. Langner, R. Pollini, B. Ruggiero, M.J. Sadowski, S. Tazzari, N.N. Koval International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films (San Diego, Ca., USA, 2006-05-01 - 2006-05-05) (CARE-JRA1-SRF) WP4 – THIN FILM CAVITY PRODUCTION M.J. Sadowski, J. Langner, P. Strzyżewski, S. Tazzari CARE-JRA1 Working Meeting (Frascati, Italy, 2006-11-14 - 2006-11-14) TIME DELAY OF THE HARD X-RAY AND NEUTRON EMISSION AT PF-1000 P. Kubes, J. Kravarik, D. Klir, K. Rezac, M. Stransky, M. Scholz, M. Paduch, K. Tomaszewski, I. Ivanova-Stanik, B. Bienkowska, L. Karpinski, M.J. Sadowski, H. Schmidt 22nd Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technol. (Prague, Czech Rep., 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) SPACE- AND TIME-RESOLVED OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY OF PLASMA-ION STREAMS IN PULSED HIGH-CURRENT DISCHARGES E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski, M.J. Sadowski, M. Scholz, M. Paduch, L. Karpinski, P. Kubes, A. Marchenko, A. Tsarenko 3rd Hungarian Plasma Phys. Workshop (Visegrad, Hungary, 2006-04-20 - 2006-04-21) PRELIMINARY STUDY OF PLASMA STREAM INTERACTION WITH TUNGSTEN TARGET WITHIN RPI-IBIS FACILITY E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski, M.J. Sadowski, K. Czaus, A. Marchenko, A.V. Tsarenko 11th International Conference and School on Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion & 2nd Alushta International Workshop on the Role of Electric Fields in Plasma Confinement in Stellarators and Tokamaks (Alushta (Crimea), Ukraine, 2006-09-11 - 2006-09-16) MODELIROVANYE DINAMIKI SVECHENYA LINII GELIEPODOBNOGO IONA E.O. Baronova, V.V. Vikhrev, G.V. Sholin, L. Jakubowski Russkiy Pinch Seminar (Moskva, Russia, 2006-03-13 - 2006-03-15) RESEARCH ON CORRELATION OF X-RAY PULSES WITH ELECTRON-, ION- AND NEUTRON-EMISSION FROM HIGH-CURRENT PF-DISCHARGES J. Żebrowski, M.J. Sadowski, L. Jakubowski, M. Scholz, P. Kubes 2nd International Congress on Radiation Phys., High-Current Electronics and Modifications of Materials (Tomsk, Russia, 2006-09-10 - 2006-09-15)


OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY OF PULSED PLASMA-ION STREAMS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH DIFFERENT TARGETS E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski, M.J. Sadowski, L. Karpiński, R. Miklaszewski, M. Paduch, M. Scholz IAEA IInd Expert Meeting on Plasma Streams Interaction with Materials (Warsaw, Poland, 2006-11-22 - 2006-11-23) INVESTIGATION OF PULSED PLASMA-ION STREAMS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH TARGETS IN DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTS (2005-2006) E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski, M.J. Sadowski, L. Karpinski, R. Miklaszewski, M. Paduch, M. Scholz ICDMP Workshop (Warsaw, Poland, 2006-11-29 - 2006-11-30) FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DESIGN OF CHERENKOV-TYPE DETECTORS FOR MEASUREMENTS OF FAST ELECTRONS WITHIN TOKAMAKS L. Jakubowski, M. Rabiński, J. Stanisławski, M.J. Sadowski, J. Żebrowski 11th International Conference and School on Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion & 2nd Alushta International Workshop on the Role of Electric Fields in Plasma Confinement in Stellarators and Tokamaks (Alushta (Crimea), Ukraine, 2006-09-11 - 2006-09-16) PROGRESS IN USE OF ULTRA-HIGH VACUUM CATHODIC ARCS FOR DEPOSITION OF THIN SUPERCONDUCTING LAYERS J. Langner, M.J. Sadowski, P. Strzyżewski, R. Mirowski, J. Witkowski, S. Tazzari, L. Catani, A. Cianchi, J. Lorkiewicz, R. Russo, T. Paryjczyk, J. Rogowski, J. Sekutowicz 22nd International Symposium on Discharges in Vacuum (Matsue, Japan, Sept. 25-29, 2006-09-25 - 2006-09-29) FORMATION AND ROLE OF FILAMENTS IN HIGH-CURRENT DISCHARGES OF THE PINCH TYPE M.J. Sadowski, A. Malinowska 22nd Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technol. (Prague, Czech Rep., 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) PROGRESS IN RESEARCH ON DEPOSITION OF THIN SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS BY MEANS OF ULTRA-HIGH VACUUM ARC DISCHARGES M.J. Sadowski, J. Langner, P. Strzyżewski, R. Mirowski, J. Witkowski, S. Tazzari, L. Catani, A. Cianchi, J. Lorkiewicz, R. Russo International Workshop on Thin Films and New Ideas for Pushing the Limits of RF Superconductivity (Padua-Legnaro, Italy, 2006-10-09 - 2006-10-12) THE UHV CATHODIC ARC: RESULTS ON NB FILMS AND PLASMA TRANSPORT FOR CAVITY COATING L. Catani, A. Cianchi, J. Lorkiewicz, S. Tazzari, J. Langner, R. Mirowski, M.J. Sadowski, P. Strzyżewski, J. Witkowski, B. Ruggiero, R. Russo International Workshop on Thin Films and New Ideas for Pushing the Limits of RF Superconductivity (Padua-Legnaro, Italy, 2006-10-09 - 2006-10-12) DEPOSITION OF PURE LEAD PHOTO-CATHODES BY MEANS OF UHV CATHODIC ARC P. Strzyżewski, J. Langner, M.J. Sadowski, J. Witkowski, J. Sekutowicz, T. Rao, J. Smedley, P. Kneisel, L. Cultrera, G. Gatti, F. Tazzioli International Workshop on Thin Films and New Ideas for Pushing the Limits of RF Superconductivity (Padua-Legnaro, Italy, 2006-10-09 - 2006-10-12) GENERACJA I POMIARY IMPULSOWYCH STRUMIENI SZYBKICH NEUTRONÓW Z REAKCJI SYNTEZY JĄDROWEJ W UKŁADACH PLAZMOWYCH A. Szydłowski Workshop – Neutrons Detection and Nuclear Techniques for the Country Border Inspection (Wilga, Poland, 2006-06-20 - 2006-06-21) STUDIES OF PINCH DYNAMICS AND FUSION-PRODUCTS EMISSION WITHIN MEGAJOULE PLASMA-FOCUS FACILITY M. Scholz, B. Bienkowska, I.M. Ivanova-Stanik, L. Karpinski, M. Paduch, W. Stepniewski, E. Zielinska, J. Kravarik, P. Kubes, A. Malinowska, M.J. Sadowski, A. Szydłowski 2nd International Congress on Radiation Phys., High-Current Electronics and Modifications of Materials (Tomsk, Russia, 2006-09-10 - 2006-09-15) Poster METAL FILM PHOTOCATHODES FOR HIGH BRIGHTNESS ELECTRON INJECTORS G. Gatti, L. Cultrera, F. Tazzioli, C. Vicario, A. Perrone, C. Ristoscu, J. Langner, M.J. Sadowski, P. Strzyżewski, S. Orlanducci, A. Fiori 10th European Particle Accelerator Conf. (EPAC-2006) (Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-30) MINIATURE THOMSON-TYPE SPECTROMETER FOR MASS- AND ENERGY-ANALYSIS OF PULSED PLASMA-ION STREAMS K. Czaus, E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski, M.J. Sadowski 22nd Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technol. (Prague, Czech Rep., 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) MEASUREMENTS OF FUSION-REACTION PROTONS IN TEXTOR TOKAMAK PLASMA BY MEANS OF SOLID-STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS OF THE CR-39 TYPE A. Szydłowski, A. Malinowska, M.J. Sadowski, M. Jaskóła, A. Korman, G. Van Wassenhove, B. Schweer, A. Gałkowski, K. Małek 23rd Int. Conf. on Nuclear Tracks in Solids (Pekin, 2006-09-11 - 2006-09-15)


99

CORPUSCULAR DIAGNOSTICS OF DEUTERIUM-PLASMA STREAMS FROM RPI-IBIS DISCHARGES K. Malinowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, M.J. Sadowski, K. Czaus 22nd Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technol. (Prague, Czech Rep., 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) MEASUREMENTS OF FUSION-PRODUCED PROTONS BY MEANS OF SSNTD A. Malinowska, A. Szydłowski, J. Żebrowski, M.J. Sadowski, M. Scholz, M. Paduch, M. Jaskóła, A. Korman 23rd Int. Conf. on Nuclear Tracks in Solids (Pekin, 2006-09-11 - 2006-09-15) PHASE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEELS SURFACES MODIFIED BY INTENSE PLASMA PULSES WITH VARIOUS REACTIVE GAS FLUENCES B. Sartowska, J. Piekoszewski, L. Waliś, J. Senatorski, J. Stanisławski, L. Nowicki, R. Ratajczak, M. Kopcewicz 10th International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering PSE 2006 (Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany), 2006-09-10 - 2006-09-15) CALIBRATION OF PM-355 NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS FOR LOW-ENERGY DEUTERONS K. Malinowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, M.J. Sadowski, K. Czaus 23rd Int. Conf. on Nuclear Tracks in Solids (Pekin, 2006-09-11 - 2006-09-15) INVESTIGATION OF PINCH DYNAMICS IN PLASMA-FOCUS DISCHARGES BY MEANS OF FAST-STREAK- AND FAST-FRAME-CAMERAS M. Borowiecki, B. Bienkowska, S. Jednorog, L. Karpiński, M. Paduch, M.J. Sadowski, M. Scholz 22nd Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technol. (Prague, Czech Rep., 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) THERMAL STABILITY OF THE PHASES FORMED IN THE NEAR SURFACE LAYERS OF CARBON STEELS BY NITROGEN PULSED PLASMA TREATMENT B. Sartowska, J. Piekoszewski, L. Waliś, J. Stanisławski, L. Nowicki, R. Ratajczak, M. Kopcewicz, J. Senatorski 6th International Conference on Ion Implantation and other Applications of Ions and Electrons (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL MEASUREMENTS OF PLASMA ELECTRON-DENSITY FROM LINEAR-STARK BROADENING OF D (486 NM) IN PF-1000 EXPERIMENTΒ E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski, M.J. Sadowski, P. Kubes, M. Scholz, M. Paduch, L. Karpinski, A. Marchenko, A. Tsarenko 22nd Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technol. (Prague, Czech Rep., 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE NEUTRON EMISSION FROM MJ PLASMA-FOCUS DEVICE M. Scholz, B. Bienkowska, I.M. Ivanova-Stanik, L. Karpinski, M. Paduch, E. Zielinska, J. Kravarik, P. Kubes, M.J. Sadowski, A. Szydłowski, H. Schmidt 22nd Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technol. (Prague, Czech Rep., 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) THE EFFECT OF TITANIUM ION IMPLANTATION INTO CARBON CERAMIC ON ITS WETTABILITY BY LIQUID COPPER M. Barlak, J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, K. Borkowska, B. Sartowska, Z. Werner, M. Miśkiewicz, J. Jagielski, W. Starosta 6th International Conference on Ion Implantation and other Applications of Ions and Electrons (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) SOURCES OF PLASMA-ION STREAMS FOR STUDIES OF PLASMA-TARGET INTERACTIONS E. Składnik-Sadowska, M.J. Sadowski, K. Malinowski, K. Czaus, M. Scholz, L. Karpinski, I.E. Garkusha, A.K. Marchewko, V.I. Tereshin Days NOTUS-2006 (Białystok, Poland, 2006-12-05 - 2006-12-07) OBSERVATION OF TUNGSTEN SPECTRAL-LINES DURING INTERACTION OF LASER- BEAM WITH TUNGSTEN-TARGET M.J. Sadowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski, J. Wołowski, A. Czarnecka, P. Gąsior, P. Parys, M. Rosiński, A.K. Marchenko, A.V. Tsarenko 22nd Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technol. (Prague, Czech Rep., 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE PLASMA DYNAMICS IN PF-1000 MJ PLASMA-FOCUS W. Stepniewski, M. Scholz, B. Bienkowska, I.M. Ivanova-Stanik, M. Paduch, M.J. Sadowski 22nd Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technol. (Prague, Czech Rep., 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) AUSTENIZATION OF CARBON AND ALLOYED STEELS BY INTENSE PLASMA PULSES: ROLE OF CARBON, CHROMIUM AND NITROGEN J. Piekoszewski, L. Dąbrowski, B. Sartowska, L. Waliś, M. Kopcewicz, J. Kalinowska, M. Barlak, J. Stanisławski, Z. Werner, A. Barcz 6th International Conference on Ion Implantation and other Applications of Ions and Electrons (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) ANALYSIS OF TUNGSTEN SPECTRAL-LINES RECORDED FROM LASER-TARGET EXPERIMENT A.V. Tsarenko, A.K. Marchenko, M.J. Sadowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski, J. Wołowski, A. Czarnecka, P. Gasior, P. Parys, M. Rosinski 11th International Conference and School on Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion & 2nd Alushta International Workshop on the Role of Electric Fields in Plasma Confinement in Stellarators and Tokamaks (Alushta (Crimea), Ukraine, 2006-09-11 - 2006-09-16)


NOVEL DEVELOPMENT ON SUPERCONDUCTING NIOBIUM FILM DEPOSITION FOR RF APPLICATIONS A. Cianchi, L. Catani, D. DiGiovenale, J. Lorkiewicz, B. Ruggiero, R. Russo, J. Langner, M.J. Sadowski, P. Strzyżewski, V. Merlo, M. Salvato, S. Tazzari 10th European Particle Accelerator Conf. (EPAC-2006) (Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-30) DEPOSITION OF LEAD THIN FILMS USED AS PHOTO-CATHODES BY MEANS OF CATHODIC ARC UNDER UHV CONDITIONS P. Strzyżewski, J. Langner, M.J. Sadowski, J. Witkowski, S. Tazzari, R. Russo, J. Sekutowicz, J. Smedley, T. Rao 10th European Particle Accelerator Conf. (EPAC-2006) (Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-30) THE EFFECT OF INTENSE PLASMA PULSE PRE-TREATMENT IN WETTABILITY IN CERAMIC-COPPER SYSTEM M. Barlak, J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, K. Borkowska, M. Chmielewski, B. Sartowska, Z. Werner, M. Miskiewicz, J. Jagielski, W. Starosta 24th Symposium on Fusion Technology (Warsaw, Poland, 2006-09-11 - 2006-09-15) DESIGN AND TESTS OF CHERENKOV DETECTOR FOR MEASUREMENTS OF FAST ELECTRONS WITHIN CASTOR TOKAMAK L. Jakubowski, J. Stanisławski, M.J. Sadowski, J. Żebrowski, V. Weinzettl, J. Stockel, P. Pavlo 22nd Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technol. (Prague, Czech Rep., 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) NB-PB SUPERCONDUCTING RF-GUN J. Sekutowicz, J. Iversen, D. Kostin, W.-D. Moeller, I. Ben-Zvi, T. Rao, J. Smedley, M. Ferrario, P. Kneisel, K. Szałowski, A. Lipski, K. Ko, L. Xiao, J. Langner, P. Strzyżewski 10th European Particle Accelerator Conf. (EPAC-2006) (Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-30) METAL-BASED PHOTOCATHODES FOR HIGH-BRIGHTNESS RF PHOTOINJECTORS L. Cultrera, G. Gatti, F. Tazzioli, A. Perrone, P. Miglietta, C. Ristoscu, S. Orlanducci, A. Fiori, J. Langner, P. Strzyżewski Linear Accelerator Conference, LINAC06 (Knoxville, TN, USA, 2006-08-21 - 2006-08-25) ULTRA HIGH VACUUM CATHODIC ARC FOR DEPOSITION OF SUPERCONDUCTING LEAD PHOTO-CATHODES P. Strzyżewski, J. Langner, M.J. Sadowski, J. Witkowski, J. Sekutowicz 11th International Conference and School on Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion & 2nd Alushta International Workshop on the Role of Electric Fields in Plasma Confinement in Stellarators and Tokamaks (Alushta (Crimea), Ukraine, 2006-09-11 - 2006-09-16) MODELLING OF FUSION-REACTION PROTONS MEASUREMENTS WITHIN TEXTOR FACILITY G. Bonheure, A. Gałkowski, K. Małek, A. Szydłowski 22nd Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technol. (Prague, Czech Rep., 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) INVESTIGATION OF FUSION-REACTION PROTONS FROM PF-DISCHARGES A. Malinowska, A. Szydłowski, K. Malinowski, M.J. Sadowski, M. Scholz, M. Paduch 22nd Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technol. (Prague, Czech Rep., 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) FUSION-REACTION PROTONS MEASUREMENTS WITHIN TEXTOR BY MEANS OF SOLID-STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS A. Szydłowski, A. Malinowska, M.J. Sadowski, G. Van Wassenhove, B. Schweer 22nd Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technol. (Prague, Czech Rep., 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES OF PLASMA DYNAMICS AND ELECTRODE EROSION INTERDEPENDENCE IN THE IPD COAXIAL ACCELERATOR M. Rabiński, K. Zdunek 10th International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering PSE 2006 (Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany), 2006-09-10 - 2006-09-15) OBSERVATION OF FAST ELECTRONS AND IONS IN PLASMA FOCUS DISCHARGE P. Kubes, J. Kravarik, D. Klir, K. Rezac, M. Scholz, M. Paduch, K. Tomaszewski, I. Ivanova-Stanik, B. Bienkowska, L. Karpinski, M.J. Sadowski, H. Schmidt 6th International Conference on High Energy Density Laboratory Astrophysics (Houston, USA, 2006-03-11 - 2006-03-14)


Studies of plasma discharges on the basis of optical spectroscopy measurements during free propagation of pulsed plasma streams and their interaction with different targetsa E. Składnik-Sadowska Warsaw, IPPLM, 2006-01-06 Modern techniques of projects managementa P. Strzyżewski Warsaw, EURATOM-IPPLM, 2006-01-19 Progress in studies of controlled nuclear fusion - Prospects of thermonuclear power plantsa M.J. Sadowski Lublin, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 2006-02-23


101

Thermonuclear fusiona M. Rabiński Warsaw, Institute of Heat Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 2006-05-08 Plasma - why we investigate it?a J. Żebrowski Warsaw, 10th Science Festival - Warsaw, 2006-09-21 Plasma - the fourth state of mattera M. Rabiński Warsaw, 10th Science Festival - Warsaw, 2006-09-23 Plasma - the fourth state of mattera M. Rabiński Białystok, Faculty of Physics, University of Białystok, 2006-11-18 Cerenkov-type detectors od charged particles; physical principles and capabilitiesb M.J. Sadowski Cadarache (France), CEA-Cadarache, 2006-07-06 Design of a Cherenkov-type detector for Tore Supra experimentb J. Stanisławski Cadarache (France), CEA-Cadarache (France), 2006-07-06 Preliminary measurements of fast electrons with a Cherenkov-type detector in the CASTOR experimentb J. Żebrowski Cadarache (France), CEA-Cadarache (France), 2006-07-06 a) in Polish b) in English

DIDACTIC ACTIVITY

M. Rabiński - Operational Research (lectures) - University for Economic Activity


M. Rabiński Member of the Board of the Polish Nuclear Society, Head of the Information Committee Member of the European Nuclear Society Member of the Board of the Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy - Poland (treasurer) Member of the Editorial Board of the Advances of Nuclear Technique, National Atomic Energy Agency Member of the Editorial Board of the Nucleonics Bulletin, Polish Nuclear Society M.J. Sadowski Fellow of the Institute of Physics, London, UK Member of the European Physical Society (Plasma Physics Division) Member of the Polish Physical Society Member of the Polish Society of Applied Electromagnetics Member of the Editorial Board of Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion Research, IOP Member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Advanced Materials, Cambridge International Science Publishing Member of the Scientific Council of the Space Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences Member of the Scientific Council of the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion


PERSONNEL

Research scientists Krzysztof Czaus, BSc.E.E. 3/5* Lech Jakubowski, Dr. 3/5* Jerzy Langner, Dr. † Aneta Malinowska, MSc. Karol Malinowski, MSc. Robert Nietubyć, Dr. Marek Rabiński, Dr.

Marek Sadowski, Professor Elżbieta Składnik-Sadowska, Dr. 3/5* Jacek Stanisławski, MSc. Paweł Strzyżewski, MSc.E.E. Adam Szydłowski, Dr. Jan Witkowski, BSc.E.E. 3/5* Jarosław Żebrowski, MSc.

Technical and administrative staff Krzysztof Gątarczyk Alicja Gawrońska Krzysztof Gniadek Marcin Jakubowski Marek Jędrzejczyk Paweł Karpiński

Bernard Kołakowski Mirosław Kuk Robert Mirowski, MSc.E.E. Andrzej Trembicki Andrzej Wiraszka

* part-time employee † deceased August 28

DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS

103

6 DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS

Head of Department: Prof. Helena Białkowska phone: (22) 621-28-04 e-mail: [email protected]

Overview

The activities of the Department can be grouped into four parts: I. An ongoing analysis of the data from large accelerator facilities:

1. At CERN: - Delphi experiment on e+e- collisions. - NA48/1 experiment on weak decays of strange particles. - NA49 and WA98 experiments on relativistic ion collisions. - The COMPASS experiment continues the analysis of data from previous runs on muon-proton and muon-deuteron collisions, studying the spin structure of the proton, and in particular the gluon polarization. Preparations are under way for new data in 2007.

2. At HERA, Hamburg: An analysis of proton structure functions and diffractive interactions from the Zeus experiment continues. Preparations for participation in the planning for a future collider are under way.

3. At Celsius (data taking finished) and COSY (start of data taking) WASA experiment studies near threshold resonance production.

II. Within the newly formed Laboratory for Astrophysical Apparatus, an extension and development program of

the “Pi of the Sky” experiment is under way. This experiment searches for optical signals associated with Gamma Ray Bursts.

III. The neutrino program has now entered a new stage. Data analysis from SuperKamiokande and K2K experiments continues, and so does participation in the ICARUS program at CERN. A major program of participation in the T2K experiment, using the neutrino beam from a future Tokai high intensity proton accelerator, has been undertaken.

IV. Preparations for the soon-to-start operation of the Large Hadron Collider Three teams work on the planned participation in the LHC experiments:

- CMS - LHCb - ALICE In particular, a major experimental effort is being put into the commissioning of the CMS muon trigger, after

the successful cosmic ray test run. A collaboration with the Division of Particles and Elementary Interactions from the Institute of Experimental

Physics of Warsaw University is maintained. This also involves supervising students preparing seminars and diplomas.

A group of 15 PhD students work under the supervision of physicists from our Department, within the Institute for Nuclear Studies Graduate School.

Prof. Helena Białkowska


6.1 The DELPHI Experiment by M.Bluj, R.Gokieli, J.Hoffman, K.Nawrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Szczekowski, M.Szeptycka, P.Zalewski

In 2006, the DELPHI experiment continued the

analysis of data and publishing results. There were 9 papers published during that year. Some of these papers have been based exclusively on the DELPHI results. Other papers presented the combined results from all four LEP experiments. Some papers included also results from the SLD at SLAC.

One may expect that the collaboration will be officially dissolved in one or two years. However, nothing is decided as yet and the decision will depend on the status of the above mentioned work on the analysis and publications.

The effort continues to preserve the DELPHI data for the analysis even in a relatively remote future.

6.2 ZEUS Experiment in 2006 by M.Adamus

The activities related to the VETO WALL detector

in 2006 were the continuation of a fifteen year effort to keep the detector in good shape. Due to ageing of scintillators, photomultipliers and electronics, the list of known problems (see e.g. Annual Report 2005) still increases. A new most serious problem was the failure of second level trigger electronics.

From the point of view of VETO WALL hardware the electron and proton beams optics during the

HERA injection and luminosity setting get worse because of significant counter rates increase (Fig. 1). These effects cause a lot of HV trips and damages of the next photomultipliers. As the end of operation of the ZEUS detector is scheduled the middle of 2007 for, there is still a chance that VETO WALL will survive in working condition for data taking.

Fig. 1 Increase of VETO WALL rates during HERA injection and luminosity setting.

6.3 R&D on Vertex Detector for ILC 2006 by M.Adamus

The radiation tolerance investigation was a

continuation of the previous research of MIMOSA-5 chip [1] performed within the framework of cooperation between DESY, University of Hamburg, Warsaw and Łódź Universities and the Institute for Nuclear Studies. Two of four matrices of prototype were irradiated by 10 MeV electrons beam from Darmstadt S-DALINIAC. The matrices obtained doses of approximately 230 krad and 70 krad. Then the irradiated chip was tested at the DESY-II beam-test area. Experimental setup can be found in [1, 2].

Cooling was provided to the pixel sensor. The measurements were done at 320 C on the chip. It turned out that the more irradiated sensor was out of order. Some characteristics of the second irradiated chip are shown in Fig. 1 in comparison to identical but not irradiated one. [1]

[2]

D.Contarato et al.,Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A565 (2006) 119-125 Annual Report 2005


105

Fig. 1 Comparison between not irradiated and irradiated MIMOSA-5 prototypes. Charge deposit distribution in seed pixel (a and c) and spatial resolution (b and d) due to passage of 6 GeV electron for not irradiated (a and b) and irradiated (c and d) sensors.

6.4 Investigation of Weak Decays of Neutral Kaons and Hyperons in Experiments NA48 and NA48/1 at CERN by J.Nassalski, E.Rondio, M.Szleper, W.Wiślicki and S.Wronka

Experiment NA48 at CERN was originally

designed for measurement of direct CP-violation in neutral kaon decays. Two high-intensity beams of KS and KL were used simultaneously and both charged and neutral decay products were detected in the magnetic and neutral spectrometers located downstream to the common decay region. In addition, decays of hyperons produced by protons on the production target can be easily detected without upgrading the spectrometers.

In ref. [1], a detailed documentation of the experiment is given, including the beam line consisting of two beams: the KS and KL, magnetic spectrometer consisting of the 2.5 T bending magnet and four drift chambers, neutral spectrometer containing the high-precision liquid-krypton calorimeter, three-level triggering systems for charged and neutral decays, and specialized triggers, the data acquisition systems capable high-rate readout and off-line data processing.

Search for the CP-violating decay KS→3π 0 was done using lifetime distributions of 5.5 millions

decays of 000 3/ π→KK [2]. Both the real and imaginary parts of the decay amplitude were found consistent with zero within one standard deviation and the upper limit on the branching fraction 7.5x10-7 at 90% confidence level was determined. The result was also used to improve limits on CPT invariance using Bell-Steinberger relation.

An event sample of 5.6 million of reconstructed KL→πeν decays was used [3] to determine the form factors and their slopes for the vector ( f+-),scalar ( fS) and tensor ( fT) interactions by fitting the Dalitz plot. Scalar and tensor form factors were found consistent with zero within one standard deviation. A similar decay channel but with a muon in the final state was investigated in ref. [4] using 2.3 millions events. The scalar and tensor form factors were not determined but the vector one was measured up to a quadratic term.


Rare decay channels Ξ→Λee and Ξ→Σeν were measured in refs [5, 6] with samples of 412, 215 and 136 events. The branching ratios for these processes were found to be (7.6±0.6)x10-6 and (2.51±0.04)x10-4, respectively. [1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

NA48: V.Fanti et al., submitted to Nucl. Instr. Meth. A

NA48: A.Lai et al., eta000, submitted to Phys. Lett. B NA48: A.Lai et al., Ke3br, submitted to Phys. Lett. B NA48: A.Lai et al., Kmu3ff, submitted to Phys. Lett. B NA48/1: J.R.Batley et al., Xi0L, submitted to Phys. Lett. B NA48/1: J.R.Batley et al., Xi0sigma, submitted to Phys. Lett. B

6.5 Study of Elementary and Nuclear Collisions at the CERN SPS: the NA49 Experiment by H.Białkowska, B.Boimska, W.Trubnikow

The NA49 experiment studies hadron production

in elementary and nuclear collisions at several energies, up to a maximum of 158 GeV/c. The data taking is finished, but a large ammount of data is still a subject of in-depth analysis.

Of the 9 papers of the Collaboration published this year,(see the full list of 2006 Institute publications), two are particularly connected with ongoing work of the Warsaw group.

The first [1] is a comprehensive study of identified pi meson production in pp collisions at 158 GeV/c. The data, of unprecedented precision and phase space coverage, offer a possibility of several models checks, and will serve as a reference for all nucleus-nucleus studies at this energy.

As an illustration, in Fig. 1 we show the distribution of the local slope of the pion transverse mass distributions at midrapidity - this quantity is often (erronously!) assumed to be constant.

The second topic of particular interest is the continued study of transverse phenomena in nuclear collisions. The NA49 experiment has already observed an onset of large transverse momentum spectra suppression for pions and kaons [2].

A new study of baryon to meson ratio [2], illustrated in Fig. 2, reflects the higher (than at RHIC)

value of this ratio, but similar dependence of the shape of the ratio as a function of transverse momentum. This still awaits a satisfactory theoretical explanation.

Fig. 1 Local slope of the transverse mass distribution as a function of mT-mπ for identified pions at midrapidity (from proton-proton collisions). [1]

[2]

C.Alt et al., (H.Bialkowska, B.Boimska, W.Trubnikow) Eur. Phys. J. C45 (2006) 343-381 T.Schuster et.al, (H.Bialkowska, B.Boimska, W.Trubnikow) J. Phys. G32 (2006) S479-S482

Fig. 2 The baryon/meson ratios for nuclear collisions measured at S 17.2 GeV by NA49, compared to RHIC results at S 200 GeV.


107

6.6 Status Report on the ALICE-PHOS Photon Spectrometer at LHC by A.Deloff, T.Marszał, T.Siemiarczuk and G.Wilk for the ALICE-PHOS Collaboration

The first module of the PHOS spectrometer [1, 2]

has been assembled and tested at the CERN PS-T10 beam (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 The assembled first module of the PHOS photon spectrometer.

The PHOS module being a matrix of 56x64 channels based on the lead-tungstate crystals of dimensions 2.2x2.2x18 cm3 with APD’s as a photo-readout consists of the following subsystems: • 3584 detector units each consisting of a crystal

with an APD coupled to a low-noise preamplifier. 16 detector units are assembled into a strip unit

which is a basic assembly unit of the PHOS detector.

• A mechanical structure, which is divided into a “cold” volume housing a matrix of the detector units, being cooled down to -25°C, and a “warm” volume, housing plates of the Front-End Electronics.

• A cooling/thermo-stabilization system. During the beam tests, the balance ratio of

0.99±0.02 for different APD channels was determined from 2 calibration runs under the condition that the module was warmed up and cooled down again. The energy and position resolution were found to be <σE/E>~3 % and < σx > ~2.7 mm, respectively. The resolution of the PHOS time of flight measurement with the 6 GeV electron beam was found to have σ~0.5 ns for E>1.5 GeV using the standard start-stop method with an external trigger. The π° mass resolution determined for photon energies 5<E1+E2<6 GeV was found to be σ(mπ°)~4.7 MeV. The PHOS module will be installed in ALICE for the fist pp run in 2007. In the meantime the 2nd and the 3rd PHOS modules will be assembled and installed in the ALICE pit during the first winter shutdown of the LHC after the pp run.

[1]

[2]

[1]

G.Dellacasa et al., Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), ALICE TDR 2, CERN/LHCC 99-4, 1999 P.Cortese et al., J. Phys. G32 (2006) 1295

6.7 Pion Freeze-out in Pb+Pb Collisions at 158 A GeV/c Studied via π-π+ and K-K+ Ratios by K.Karpio and T.Siemiarczuk for WA98 Collaboration

The effect of the final state Coulomb interaction

on particles produced in Pb+Pb collisions at 158 GeV/c has been investigated in the WA98 experiment through the study of the π-π+ and K-K+

ratios measured as a function of transverse mass [1]. While the ratio for kaons shows no significant transverse mass dependence, the π-π+ ratio is enhanced at small transverse mass values with an enhancement that increases with centrality. A silicon pad detector located near the target is used to estimate the

contribution of hyperon decays to the π-π+ ratio. The comparison of results with predictions of the RQMD model in which the Coulomb interaction has been incorporated allows us to place constraints on the time of the pion freeze-out.

M.M.Aggarwal et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 48 (2006) 343


6.8 Lepton Decay of η Meson by M.Berłowski, M.Jacewicz, A.Kupść, A.Nawrot, P.Marciniewski, J.Stepaniak; CELSIUS/WASA Collaboration

The experiment devoted to the study of η meson

decays was performed at the CELSIUS storage ring using the WASA detector (Fig. 1). The eta mesons were produced in pd→3Heη reaction close to the reaction threshold. The trigger was based on observation of the helium ions in zero degree spectrometer.

Fig. 1

Momentum of charged meson decay products was measured in a cylindrical drift chamber embedded in a coaxial 1T magnetic field produced by a superconducting coil. Energies of the photons and leptons were measured in a CsI(Na) calorimeter.

Experimental information on the eta decays with ee pair(s) is scarce. The main mechanism is conversion of a virtual photon into a lepton pair. The BR for double Dalitz decay was not measured and the present experimental value for η→π+π-e+e- was based on the world statistic of 5 events. There is no experimental limit on the rare η→e+e- decay. Even the BR for single Dalitz decay was measured with a large error.

Fig. 2 Invariant mass of π+π-e+e- system after cuts. Histogram –simulation, crosses-experimental data.

Fig. 3 An example of η→π+π-e+e-- reconstructed in Drift Chamber.

6.9 Participation in the CMS Experiment at the LHC Accelerator at CERN by M.Bluj, R.Gokieli, Ł.Gościło, M.Górski, P.Traczyk, G.Wrochna, P.Zalewski

The preparation of the CMS experiment has

entered a decisive phase during the year 2006. The design of all the main components of the detector has been finished and current work deals with their production, installation and commissioning.

The main areas of activity of the Warsaw CMS group consisted of:

1) The continuation of the work on the design, testing and construction of electronic modules for the high momentum muons triggering system, which uses the Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC's) providing fast information about muons crossing the detector. Several boards of the (PACT - Pattern Comparator Trigger) and the optical link system providing the data transfer from the RPC's were produced and tested. The work is carried out with the participation of the Finnish (Lappenraanta University) and Italian (Bari University and INFN) groups.

Main tasks now concentrate on the programming of system components based on the large FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) chips which perform the functions of the muon detection, data transfer and detector on-line testing.

2) During summer and autumn a significant part of the CMS detector has been assembled before lowering it into the experimental cavern. It was then tested with cosmic muons to enable us to address the questions of system synchronization (the signals from various detectors several metres apart have to be brought together within the time window of less than 20 nanoseconds) during the so-called Magnet Test and Cosmic Challenge. More than forty RPC's were installed, cabled and read out, providing us with several hundred thousand muon tracks which were then reconstructed. An example of the muon seen during the tests is shown in the figure:


109

Fig. 1 An event example from the MTCC.

3) The simulation of physical processes continued and two PHD theses were finished, namely:

P.Traczyk, Search for Massive Randall-Sundrum Graviton Excitations in the CMS Experiment at the LHC.

M.Bluj, Search for the Higgs bosons in the LEP and LHC accelerator.

4) Presently we continue the installation work and prepare for the first low energy (900 GeV) LHC run which shall take place during autumn of 2007.

6.10 The LHC-b Experiment at CERN by K.Brzozowski, P.Gawor, A.Nawrot, A.Średnicki, K.Syryczyński and M.Szczekowski

LHC-b is a hadron collider experiment in

preparation at CERN. The main goal of the LHC-b experiment is to search for new physics through precise tests of the heavy-flavour sector of the Standard Model. The most stringent test is expected to be provided by a combination of precise measurements of CP violation in the B meson system. The unitarity of the Cabibbo - Kobayashi - Maskawa matrix implies relations between matrix elements that can be graphically represented as so-called unitarity triangles. The LHC-b experiment intends to measure all the parameters of the two triangles relevant for the B - meson system with a very good precision.

To fully exploit the high forward bb production cross-section at LHC energies, the LHC-b experiment has been designed as a single-arm, forward spectrometer running in collider mode. Important characteristics of the experiment are: • An excellent hadronic particle identification over a

large momentum range (from 1 to 150 GeV/c) provided by three Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors. This is essential both for the exclusive reconstruction of hadronic B decay modes and to tag the neutral B hadrons’ initial flavour.

• In addition to high - pt lepton triggers, there will be a high - pt hadron trigger. This trigger, as well as the low thresholds for the lepton triggers, ensure a high trigger efficiency also for purely hadronic B decays.

• A good proper time resolution, necessary to

resolve the fast 00SS BB − oscillations, is provided

by the vertex detector. This device will provide a 40 µm resolution on the interaction point along the beam axis.

• A good mass resolution provided by the tracking system. Because of the high particle density close to the beam axis, the tracking system is split into outer and inner subsystems at a radius of approximately 0.5 m.

The Warsaw group was involved in the production of about 1/3 of the straw chamber modules for the LHCb tracking system. The modules had to be produced in a clean environment with constant temperature and humidity.

An optical system for periodical alignment monitoring and control of the Outer Tracker detector stations has been proposed in the LHCb experiment. The resulting measurements will be used to update the Outer Tracker chamber positions during track reconstruction. The system will be based on the RASNIK three-point alignment monitor developed at NIKHEF in Amsterdam. The basic idea of the RASNIK system is to project a finely detailed image through a lens onto a CCD camera. If any of these three elements moves, there will be a corresponding movement of the image on the CCD camera. The light source is a 3 x 3 grid of infrared-emitting LEDs. These LEDs illuminate a coded mask. The mask consists of black-and-white squares in an almost checker-board pattern. Since only a small section of the mask is seen, the coded non-repeating pattern is used to obtain a unique position. The image is focused with a simple convex lens placed near or at half-way point between the mask and the camera. Since the movement of the lens by a distance d in a direction perpendicular to the axis defined by the mask and the CCD camera causes displacement of the image of the mask by a distance 2d, the transverse position of the lens can be calculated from the image position by means of image processing of a CCD pixel frame. The image on the CCD is transmitted as a standard video signal to a personal computer where a single frame is digitized and recorded as a binary file. The system with 48 lines for three OT stations has been constructed at IPJ laboratory in Warsaw. It is now installed on the OT stations at CERN. The first results show the measurements of the stations frames positions with few µm precisions. [1] [2]

K.Syryczyński et al., SINS/VI/LHCB-1/2006 K.Syryczyński et al., SINS/VI/LHCB-2/2006


6.11 COMPASS Experiment by O.Grajek, R.Gazda, K.Klimaszewski, K.Kurek, J.Nassalski, E.Rondio, A.Sandacz and W.Wiślicki

The COMPASS (NA-58) experiment at the CERN

SPS was set up to study the spin structure of the nucleon and the spectroscopy of charmed hadrons. For studies of nucleon structure we use a beam of polarized (76%) muons and polarized (up to 57%) deuterium target filled with LiD material. Description of the experimental setup can be found in Ref. [1].

The main goal of the experiment is to determine the gluon polarization ∆G/G in the nucleon. This is achieved by using longitudinally polarized target and measuring double-spin cross section asymmetries for production of events coming from photon-gluon fusion (PGF) process. Results are obtained also on other important physics topics, using both longitudinally and transversely polarized targets.

During the break in data taking in the year 2005, numerous improvements to the spectrometer were made. To name a few: installation of a new superconducting target magnet with 180 mrad aperture compared to 70 mrad of the previous one, upgrades to the RICH detector, a new electromagnetic calorimeter and a new SciFi tracker, which was built in our Institute in collaboration with Warsaw University of Technology.

Fig. 1 Values of . The COMPASS points are given at the <Q

)(1 xxg d

2> where they were measured. The SMC points have been moved to the Q2 of the corresponding COMPASS points.

In 2006 COMPASS obtained several new results. One of these results was a measurement of the inclusive double-spin longitudinal asymmetry from 2002-2004 data [2]. This result is based on a 2.5 times larger statistic compared to the one published previously [1]. has been found to be consistent with zero for x < 0.03.

dA1

dA1

From this asymmetry the spin dependent structure function was determined, covering the range 1<Q

dg12<100 GeV2 in the photon virtuality and

0.004<x<0.7 in the Bjorken scaling variable. The COMPASS data together with all data at Q2>1 GeV2 from p, d, and targets were used in a new NLO QCD fit. The singlet moment determined from the fit is

ηΣ (Q2=3GeV 2)=0.30±0.01(stat.)±0.02(evol.). The fitted function was used to determine the first moment of from COMPASS data: Ng1 ==Γ )GeV3( 22

1 QN

.)(005.0.)(003.0.)(003.0050.0 systevolstat ±±± . We observed that the fit of the world data at NLO yields two solutions with either ∆G(x) > 0 or ∆G(x) < 0. Both solutions describe the present data equally well (Fig. 1) and in both cases the first moment of ∆G is of the order of 0.2-0.3 (at Q2 = 3 GeV2) in absolute value.

Another interesting result comes from measurement of Collins and Sivers single-spin asymmetries on transversely polarized target, from 2002-2004 data [3]. Analyzed statistics is ∼7 times larger than used in previously published COMPASS result [4]. It covers same kinematic range as longitudinal sample used in determination described above.

dg1

Fig. 2 Collins asymmetry (top) and Sivers asymmetry (bottom)

against x, z and for positive (full circles) and negative hadrons (open circles) from 2002-2004 data. Error bars are statistical only.

hTp

Both asymmetries have been found to be

consistent with zero (Fig. 2). Taking into account the corresponding non-zero asymmetry observed by the HERMES Collaboration on a proton target [5], the most likely interpretation is that in the COMPASS isoscalar target there is a cancellation between the proton and the neutron asymmetries.

In 2006 our experiment resumed the data taking on a longitudinally polarized target and in 2007 it will be taking, for the first time, data on a transversely polarized proton target. [1] [2]

[3] [4]

[5]

E.S.Ageev et al., Phys. Lett. B612 (2005) 154 V.Yu.Alexakhin et al., CERN-PH-EP/2006-029 (hep-ex/0609038) E.S.Ageev et al., Nuclear Physics B765 (2007) 31 V.Yu.Alexakhin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 (2005) 202002 A.Airapetian et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 (2005) 012002


111

6.12 Experiment PP2PP at RHIC by A.Sandacz

The PP2PP experiment [1-4] at RHIC is designed

to study polarised proton-proton (pp) elastic scattering. Studies of spin dependence of pp scattering at small momentum transfers and at the highest energies presently available at RHIC offer an opportunity to reveal important information on the nature of exchanged mediators of the interaction, the Pomeron and the hypothetical Odderon. The PP2PP results obtained in 2006 are the first measurements of the analysing power AN and of the double spin asymmetries ANN, ASS in pp elastic scattering of polarised protons at RHIC at s = 200 GeV and 0.01≤ |t| ≤ 0.03 (GeV/c)2.

AN is defined as the left-right cross section asymmetry with respect to the transversely polarised proton beam. In this range of t, AN is non-zero and originates mainly from the interference between electromagnetic (Coulomb) spin-flip and hadronic (nuclear) nonflip amplitudes [5]. However, a possible hadronic single spin-flip amplitude would alter AN and its effect would depend on the ratio of the single spin-flip amplitude to nonflip amplitudes.

The values of AN obtained in this experiment and their statistical errors are shown in Fig. 1 for three t-intervals. Our data are consistent, at about one σ level, with no hadronic spin flip, but small spin-coupling of the Pomeron is not excluded.

Fig. 1 The single spin analysing power AN for three t intervals. Vertical error bars show statistical errors. The solid curve corresponds to theoretical calculations without hadronic spin-flip and the dashed one represents the fit allowing spin-flip.

The double spin asymmetries ANN and ASS are defined as asymmetries of cross sections when spins of both protons are parallel or antiparallel. Indices N

and S correspond to the situation when the beam is polarized along the vector normal to the scattering plane or along the vector in the scattering plane, correspondingly. These asymmetries are sensitive to the double helicity-flip amplitude and

, and offer a unique chance to search for Odderon.

↑↑↑↓ −=∆ σσσ totT

Both measured asymmetries are consistent with zero. With the present accuracy the small, 5%, contribution of Odderon is still not excluded.

A proposal “Physics with Tagged Forward Protons with the STAR Detector at RHIC” has been submitted to STAR by a part of the PP2PP collaboration. In the proposal an extension of the STAR physics program was proposed to include studies of diffractive processes with spin, such as elastic scattering, diffractive dissociation and the central diffractive production (Pomeron-Pomeron scattering).

Fig. 2 The schematic drawing of the extended STAR detector including Roman Pot stations to measure forward fast protons.

These objectives will be achieved by moving the Roman Pot detectors from the former location of the PP2PP experiment to the STAR interaction point and positioning them about 20-50 m from the central detector as schematically shown in Fig. 2. In particular, unifying the two experimental setups will provide a unique opportunity to study the central diffractive production with polarised protons. [1] [2] [3] [4]

[5]

S.Bültmann et al., Phys. Lett. B579 (2004) 245 S.Bültmann et al., NIM A535 (2004) 415 S.Bültmann et al., Phys. Lett. B632 (2006) 167 S.Bültmann et al., nucl-ex/0610022 (2006) accepted for Phys. Lett. B N.H.Buttimore et al., Phys. Rev. D59 (1999) 114010


6.13 Neutrino Experiments by D.Kiełczewska, T.Kozłowski, P.Mijakowski, T.Palczewski, P.Przewłocki, E.Rondio, J.Stepaniak, M.Szeptycka, and J.Zalipska

We participate in the experiments ICARUS, K2K,

ArDM (search for Dark Mater) and we have joined T2K and NA49 Future Collaborations in 2006.

Our activities are focused on the preparation for the experiment T2K, search for the interactions of Dark Mater in Liquid Argon, and the studies of the performances of the Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber in view of the construction of large scale Liquid Argon neutrino detectors.

ICARUS – this 600 t Liquid Argon detector is installed in the underground laboratory in Gran Sasso. Due to the technical problems and the security requirements of the underground laboratory its operations in CNGS beam (produced ~790 km away at CERN) are delayed. The performances of ICARUS were studied by analyzing π0 production in the cosmic rays test data.

K2K – the experiment finished data taking but the analysis is still under way. The detector of this experiment - Super Kamiokande (SK) - was repaired after the accident, the phototubes were replaced. Now after being filled and checked SK is ready for data taking. Fig. 1 shows a rare view of the inside of phototube wall of empty SK.

Fig. 1 Inside of the empty SK detector. This beautiful picture was taken by P. Przewłocki during the reparation of SK.

ArDM - the existence of Dark Matter seems to be proven by cosmological observation, however the direct proof of its existence is missing. The ArDM experiment plans to look for the very rare recoils of the Argon nuclei produced by WIMP’s – Dark Mater particles: χ + Ar (at rest) χ + Ar (recoil). This process would be searched for in 1t of Liquid Argon detector installed in an underground laboratory. The most important background would come from the interactions of neutrons. Neutrons can be produced in the radioactive decay chains of U or Th in the elements of the laboratory equipment, in the surrounding rocks and in the interactions of cosmic

muons. In the ArDM experiment we participate in the simulation of the neutron background. The knowledge of it is essentials for the estimation of the feasibility of the experiment and understanding of the results.

Fig.2 General views of one half of the ND280.

In 2006 we joined two new collaborations: NA49 Future and T2K. At present one of the most important experimental problems in neutrino physics is the measurement of the mixing angle Θ13. Today only the upper limit of its value is known. The possibility of the measurements of parity violating phase in lepton sector depends on the value of Θ13. Θ13 would be measured in the appearance experiment: the transition of the muon neutrinos into the electron neutrinos. To observe such a transition the perfect knowledge of the beam parameters and the fraction of the electron neutrinos in the original beam is required. Therefore in the T2K experiment apart from the far detector (SK is at ~300 km distance from JPARC) also the detector near to the neutrino production target (ND at 280m) will be used to define the beam parameters. We participate in the simulation, R&D and the construction of ND280 shown in Fig. 2. Also the data obtained in the experiment NA49 Future would be used for the optimalization of T2K neutrino beam.

In 2009 the experiment T2K (Tokai to Kamioka) should start data taking, when the off axis neutrino beam from JPARC would reach Super Kamiokande detector. The foreseen parameters of T2K beam (low energy: <En> ~0.7, high intensity – 0.75 MW on target in the initial phase of the running) are very promising also for the precise measurements of other parameters of neutrino mixing.


113

6.14 Experiment „π of the Sky” by A.Majczyna, J.Mrówca-Ciułacz, K.Nawrocki, D.Rybka, P.Sitek, M.Sokołowski and G.Wrochna for “π of the Sky” Collaboration, http://grb.fuw.edu.pl

The „π of the Sky” experiment [1] is designed to

search for short timescale phenomena in the sky. The main motivation is to look for optical counterparts of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB) [2]. GRBs are 0.1-100 s short pulses of γ-rays emitted by extragalactic sources. Intensity of the burst is often higher than the total background from all other γ-ray sources in the sky. The total energy reaches 1051erg. The mechanism of GRB is not well understood yet. Long bursts are most probably certain type of supernovae explosions and short bursts are due to the merger of two compact objects. Multiwavelength observations are required in order to better understand these processes; especially early optical data would shine new light on the nature of the central engine [3].

The „π of the Sky” project, which is currently under construction, covers 2 steradians of the sky. It consists of two sets of 16 cameras with lenses of focal length 85mm (Fig. 1). Each lens is attached to a CCD camera with 2000×2000 pixels. Analysis is performed in both, real time (on-line) and off-line. A multilevel on-line trigger system searches 60MB/s data stream for optical flashes of 12-14 magnitude and duration of the order of 10 s and longer.

A prototype system works at Las Campanas Obseratory (LCO) since June 2004 [4]. In 2006, new lenses covering 20°×20° and a more powerful computer were installed. The cameras are driven by a robotic mount, which can move to any point in the sky in < 1 min. The autoguiding procedure has been implemented in order to correct for misalignment of the rotation axis.

Fig. 1 The design of the full system.

The system is fully autonomous and controllable via the Internet. A dedicated alert system was developed to warn the person on duty by e-mail and SMS about any kind of problems.

Since June 2006 upgrade satellites detected 62 gamma ray bursts with known positions. In several cases the system has moved to a target shortly after the alert. No new optical sources have been found. Limits have been determined and published through

GCN [5] for the cases, when ”π of the Sky” was faster than others: GRB060607, 060719, 061202.

In this period an on-line flash recognition algorithm has identified 35 optical flashes of unknown origin. They have not been confirmed by other observations and one cannot exclude, that they are caused by sunlight reflexes from artificial satellites. However in one case the object is visible on 2 consecutive images. It is very unlikely that this one is caused by the satellite.

The star catalog has been developed on the basis of PostgreSQL database system. It currently stores several millions of star lightcurves providing fast and easy data access. Several off-line algorithms acting on database have been developed. They look for brightness increase of stars and the appearance of new objects on the sky. The most interesting astrophysical event identified by the flare finding algorithm was the outburst of flare star GJ3331A / GJ3332 (Fig. 2).

The “π of the Sky” telescope was incorporated into The Global Telescope Network (GTN) [6]. The scientists from this group can check lightcurves of interesting objects in the “π of the Sky” star catalog. They can also add targets to the list of objects which are observed by the telescope whenever it is not possible to observe the field of view of any GRB detecting satellite.

Fig. 2 The outburst of GJ 3331A / GJ 3332 flare star detected on 2006.11.28.

The project is conducted in collaboration with Center of Theoretical Physics PAS in Warsaw, Warsaw University and Warsaw University of Technology. [1]

[2] [3] [4]

[5]

A.Burd et al., "Pi of the Sky" - all-sky, real-time search for fast optical transients, New Astronomy vol. 10, issue5 (2005) p.409 B.Zhang and P.Meszaros, astro-ph/0311321 B.Paczyński, astro-ph/0108522 M.Gorski et al., Experiment “π of the Sky”, Annual Report 2005 GCN Circulars: 5241, 5346, 5891, http://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/


6.15 Chromo-hydrodynamics of the Quark-gluon Plasma by St.Mrówczyński

Fluid equations are frequently used to describe

electromagnetic plasmas. The approach is particularly useful in numerical simulations of plasma evolution and studies of the nonlinear dynamics. Although chromo-hydrodynamic equations to be applied to the quark-gluon plasma were discussed by several authors over a long period of time, the field of applicability of the equations was not established and very few results were obtained by means of them. Consequently, chromo-hydrodynamics has not attracted much attention.

Real hydrodynamics deals with systems which are in local equilibrium, and thus it is applicable at sufficiently long time scales. The fluid equations can be derived from kinetic theory, using the distribution function of local equilibrium, which by definition maximizes the local entropy, and thus the function cancels the collision terms of the transport equations. Such a real chromo-hydrodynamics was derived in [1] where the state of local equilibrium was found, using the collision term of the Waldman-Snider form. The chromo-hydrodynamics has occurred trivial in the sense that although the local equilibrium can be colorful, all color components of the plasma move with the same hydrodynamic velocity. Therefore, chromodynamic effects disappear entirely once the system is neutralized. It actually happens even before the local equilibrium is achieved [2]. Thus, there is no QCD analog of the magneto-hydrodynamics which is well known in the electromagnetic plasma.

Since the hydrodynamic equations express the macroscopic conservation laws, the equations hold not only for systems in local equilibrium but for systems out of equilibrium as well. In particular, the equations can be applied at time scales significantly shorter than that of local equilibration. Then, the collision terms of the transport equations simply vanish. However, extra assumptions are needed to close the set of equations, as the (equilibrium) equation of state cannot be used.

Inspired by the success of hydrodynamic methods in electromagnetic plasmas, we have developed [3] the chromo-hydrodynamics of the quark-gluon plasma which is valid at a time scale shorter than that of equilibration. The approach is designed to study temporal evolution of the unstable QCD plasma. The fluid equations, which are derived from the kinetic theory, are solved in the linear response approximation and the polarization tensor is derived. As an example, collective plasma modes in the two-stream system are analyzed. Possible generalizations of the approach are also discussed. [1]

[2]

[3]

[1]

C.Manuel and St.Mrówczyński, Phys. Rev. D68 (2003) 094010 C.Manuel and St.Mrówczyński, Phys. Rev. D70 (2004) 094019 C.Manuel and St.Mrówczyński, Phys. Rev. D74 (2006) 105003

6.16 Semi-spectral Chebyshev Method in Quantum Mechanics by A.Deloff

Traditionally, finite differences and finite element

methods have been by many regarded as the basic tools for obtaining numerical solutions in a variety of quantum mechanical problems emerging in atomic, nuclear and particle physics, astrophysics, quantum chemistry, etc. In recent years, however, an alternative technique based on semi-spectral methods has gained considerable attention. The purpose of this work is first to provide the necessary tools and subsequently examine the efficiency of this method in quantum mechanical applications. Restricting our interest to time independent two-body problems, we obtained the

continuous and discrete spectrum solutions of the underlying Schrödinger or Lippmann-Schwinger equations in both coordinate and momentum space. In all of the numerically studied examples we had no difficulty in achieving the machine accuracy and the semi-spectral method showed exponential convergence combined with excellent numerical stability.

A.Deloff, Annals of Physics (in press)


115

6.17 Quarkonium Bound-state Problem in Momentum Space Revisited by A.Deloff

A semi-spectral Chebyshev method for solving

numerically singular integral equations is presented and applied in the quarkonium bound-state problem in momentum space. The integrals containing both logarithmic and Cauchy singular kernels, can be evaluated without subtractions by dedicated automatic quadratures. By introducing a Chebyshev mesh and using the Nystrom algorithm the singular integral

equation is converted into an algebraic eiganvalue problem that can be solved by standard methods. The proposed scheme is very simple to use, is easy in programming and highly accurate. [1] A.Deloff, Annals of Physics (in press)



NEUTRINO OSCILLATION IN THE K2K EXPERIMENT J. Zalipska Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 (2006) 1935 COMPARISON OF GAIN-LOSS ASYMMETRYBEHAVIOR FOR STOCKS AND INDEXES K. Karpio, M. Załuska-Kotur, A. Orłowski Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 11 (2006) 3187 FUTURE LONG-BASELINE NEUTRINO PROGRAM D. Kiełczewska Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 7 (2006) 2005 FUTURE LONG-BASELINE PROGRAM D. Kiełczewska Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 7 (2006) pp. 2005-2025 GAMMA RAY BURSTS AND THEIR OPTICAL COUNTERPARTS G. Wrochna Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 1 (2006) pp. 257-268 ICARUS - THE LIQUID ARGON DETECTOR FOR NEUTRINO PHYSICS P. Przewłocki Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 4 (2006) 1245-1250 INSTABILITIES DRIVEN EQUILIBRATION OF THE QUARK-GLUON PLASMA St. Mrówczyński Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 (2006) 427 NEUTRINO OSCILLATION IN THE K2K EXPERIMENT J. Zalipska Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 7 (2006) pp. 1935-1945 SEARCH FOR OPTICAL COUNTERPARTS OF GAMMA RAY BURSTS M. Ćwiok, ... , J. Mrowca-Ciułacz, K. Nawrocki, P. Sitek, M. Sokołowski, G. Wrochna, ... et al. Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 3 (2006) pp. 919-924 THE SEARCH OF DARK MATTER WITH ARDM DETECTOR P. Mijakowski Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 7 (2006) 2179-2185 WOUNDED NUCLEONS, WOUNDED QUARKS AN D RELATIVISTIC ION COLLISIONS H. Białkowska Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 12 (2006) 3415 π IDENTIFICATION ANALYSIS FOR THE LA DETECTOR IN 2KM STATION OF T2K EXPERIMENT0

r P. Przewłocki Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 8 (2006) 2395-2402 ON THE ΠΠ PRODUCTION IN FREE AND IN-MEDIUM NN-COLLISIONS: SIGMA-CHANNEL LOW-MASS ENHANCEMENT AND Π Π /Π Π ASSYMETRY

0 0 + - M. Bashkanov, ... , A. Kupść, P. Marciniewski, J. Stepaniak, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Acta Phys. Slovaca Vol. 56 No 3 (2006) 285-297 RAPIDITY DEPENDENCE OF BOSE-EINSTEIN CORRELATIONS AT SPS ENERGIES S. Kniege, ... , H. Białkowska, B. Boimska, P. Szymański, ... et al. AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 828 (2006) 473 MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF FERMION-PAIR PRODUCTION AT LEP ENERGIES ABOVE THE Z RESONANCE J. Abdallah, ... , M. Bluj, R. Gokieli, J. Hoffman, K. Nawrocki, R. Sosnowski, M. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka, P. Zalewski, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 45 (2006) 589 SINGLE INTERMEDIATE VECTOR BOSON PRODUCTION IN E E COLLISIONS AT √S = 183-GEV TO 209-GEV+ - J. Abdallah, ... , M. Bluj, R. Gokieli, J. Hoffman, K. Nawrocki, R. Sosnowski, M. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka, P. Zalewski, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 45 (2006) 273


117

DETERMINATION OF HEAVY QUARK NON-PERTURBATIVE PARAMETERS FROM SPECTRAL MOMENTS IN SEMILEPTONIC B DECAYS J. Abdallah, ... , M. Bluj, R. Gokieli, J. Hoffman, K. Nawrocki, R. Sosnowski, M. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka, P. Zalewski, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 45 (2006) 35 INCLUSIVE PRODUCTION OF CHARGED PIONS IN P+P COLLISIONS AT 158-GEV/C BEAM MOMENTUM C. Alt, ... , H. Białkowska, B. Boimska, M. Kowalski, St. Mrówczyński, P. Szymański, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 45 (2006) 343 A DETERMINATION OF THE CENTRE-OF-MASS ENERGY AT LEP2 USING RADIATIVE 2-FERMION EVENTS. M. Bluj, ... , R. Gokieli, J. Hoffman, K. Nawrocki, R. Sosnowski, M. Szeptycka, M. Szczekowski, P. Zalewski, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 46 (2006) 295 A MEASUREMENT OF THE TAU HADRONIC BRANCHING RATIOS J. Abdallah, ... , M. Bluj, R. Gokieli, J. Hoffman, K. Nawrocki, R. Sosnowski, M. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka, P. Zalewski, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 46 (2006) 1 SEARCH FOR EXCITED LEPTONS IN E+E- COLLISIONS AT √S = 189 GEV TO 209 GEV J. Abdallah, ... , M. Bluj, R. Gokieli, J. Hoffman, K. Nawrocki, R. Sosnowski, M. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka, P. Zalewski, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 46 (2006) 277 DETERMINATION OF THE B QUARK MASS AT THE M(Z) SCALE WITH THE DELPHI DETECTOR AT LEP J. Abdallah, ... , M. Bluj, R. Gokieli, J. Hoffman, K. Nawrocki, R. Sosnowski, M. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka, P. Zalewski, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 46 (2006) 569 STUDY OF DOUBLE-TAGGED ΓΓ EVENTS AT LEP II J. Abdallah, ... , M. Bluj, R. Gokieli, J. Hoffman, K. Nawrocki, R. Sosnowski, M. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka, P. Zalewski, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 46 (2006) 559 THE CMS HIGH LEVEL TRIGGER Ł. Gościło, ... , M. Górski, G. Wrochna, P. Zalewski, J. Zalipska, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 46 (2006) 605 EVIDENCE FOR AN EXCESS OF SOFT PHOTONS IN HADRONIC DECAYS OF Z0 J. Abdallah, ... , M. Bluj, R. Gokieli, J. Hoffman, K. Nawrocki, R. Sosnowski, M. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka, P. Zalewski, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 47 (2006) 273 SEARCH FOR NEUTRAL MSSM HIGGS BOSONS AT LEP S. Schael, ... , M. Bluj, R. Gokieli, J. Hoffman, K. Nawrocki, R. Sosnowski, M. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka, P. Zalewski, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 47 (2006) 547 PION FREEZE-OUT TIME IN PB+PB COLLISIONS AT 158 A GEV/C STUDIED VIA Π-/Π+

AND K-/K+ RATIOS M.M. Aggarwal, …, K. Karpio, T. Siemiarczuk, … et al. Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 48 No 2 (2006) 343 HIGH p(T) SPECTRA OF IDENTIFIED PARTICLES PRODUCED IN PB+PB COLLISIONS AT 158-A-GEV BEAM ENERGY T. Schuster, ... , H. Białkowska, B. Boimska, St. Mrówczyński, P. Szymański, W. Trubnikow, ... et al. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. Vol. 32 (2006) S479 STRANGENESS PRODUCTION AT SPS ENERGIES M.K. Mitrovski, ... , H. Białkowska, B. Boimska, M. Kowalski, St. Mrówczyński, P. Szymański, W. Trubnikow, ... et al. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. Vol. 32 (2006) S43 WHITENING OF THE QUARK-GLUON PLASMA St. Mrówczyński Journal of Physics: Conference Series Vol. 50 (2006) 422 CHARACTERIZATION OF ETL 9357FLA PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES FOR CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS A. Ankowski, ... , D. Kiełczewska, T. Kozłowski, P. Przewłocki, E. Rondio, J. Stepaniak, M. Szeptycka, ... et al. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A Vol. 556 No 1 (2006) pp. 146-157 BEAM-TEST OF CMOS PIXEL SENSORS WITH 6 GEV ELECTRONS D. Contarato, ... , M. Adamus, ... et al. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A Vol. 565 No 1 (2006) pp. 119-125 DILEPTON PHYSICS WITH ALICE P. Cortese, ... , A. Deloff, K. Karpio, T. Siemiarczuk, G. Wilk, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. A Vol. 774 (2006) 915


ELLIPTIC FLOW OF LAMBDA HYPERONS IN PB + PB COLLISIONS AT 158-A GEV C. Alt, ... , H. Białkowska, B. Boimska, St. Mrówczyński, P. Szymański, W. Trubnikow, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. A Vol. 774 (2006) 499 HIGH P(T) SPECTRA OF IDENTIFIED PARTICLES PRODUCED IN PB+PB COLLISIONS AT 158-GEV/NUCLEON BEAM ENERGY C. Alt, ... , H. Białkowska, B. Boimska, St. Mrówczyński, P. Szymański, W. Trubnikow, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. A Vol. 774 (2006) 473 INSTABILITIES DRIVEN EQUILIBRATION AT THE EARLY STAGE OF NUCLEAR COLLISIONS St. Mrówczyński Nucl. Phys. A Vol. 774 (2006) 149 RESULTS FROM NA49 C. Hohne, ... , H. Białkowska, B. Boimska, M. Kowalski, St. Mrówczyński, P. Szymański, W. Trubnikow, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. A Vol. 774 (2006) 35 THE ALICE FORWARD MULTIPLICITY DETEKTOR K. Gulbrandsen, ... , A. Deloff, K. Karpio, T. Siemiarczuk, G. Wilk, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. A Vol. 774 (2006) 919 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON KL DECAYS W. Wiślicki Nucl. Phys. B Vol. 152 No 1 SPEC. ISS. (2006) pp. 257-260 A NEW MEASUREMENT OF THE COLLINS AND SIVERS ASYMMETRIES ON A TRANSVERSELY POLARISED DEUTERON TARGET E.S. Ageev, ... , K. Kurek, K. Kowalik, J. Nassalski, E. Rondio, A. Sandacz, W. Wiślicki, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. B Vol. 765 (2006) 3

FIRST MEASUREMENT OF AN AT S = 200 GEV IN POLARIZED PROTON-PROTON ELASTIC SCATTERING AT RHIC S. Bültmann, ... , A. Sandacz, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B Vol. 632 No 2-3 (2006) pp. 167-172 FORWARD JET PRODUCTION IN DEEP INELASTIC EP SCATTERING AND LOW-X PARTON DYNAMICS AT HERA S. Chekanov, ... , J. Łukasik, M. Adamus, P. Pluciński, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B Vol. 632 No 1 (2006) pp. 13-26 GLUON POLARIZATION IN THE NUCLEON FROM QUASI-REAL PHOTOPRODUCTION OF HIGH-PT HADRON PAIRS E.S. Ageev, ... , K. Kowalik, K. Kurek, J. Nassalski, E. Rondio, A. Sandacz, W. Wiślicki, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B Vol. 633 No 1 (2006) pp. 25-32 SEARCH FOR ETA(B) IN TWO-PHOTON COLLISIONS AT LEP II WITH THE DELPHI DETECTOR J. Abdallah, ... , M. Bluj, R. Gokieli, J. Hoffman, K. Nawrocki, R. Sosnowski, M. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka, P. Zalewski, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B Vol. 634 (2006) 340 EXCLUSIVE MEA SUREMENTS OF pd ->3He π π: THE ABC EFFECT REVISITED M. Bashkanov, ... , A. Kupść, P. Marciniewski, J. Stepaniak, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B Vol. 637 No 4-5 (2006) 223-228 MEASUREMENT OF HIGH-Q2 DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING CROSS SECTIONS WITH A LONGITUDINALLY POLARISED POSITRON BEAM AT HERA S. Chekanov, ... , J. Łukasik, M. Adamus, P. Pluciński, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B Vol. 637 No 4-5 (2006) pp. 210-22 MASSES, LIFETIMES AND PRODUCTION RATES OF XI- AND ANTI-XI+ AT LEP 1 J. Abdallah, ... , M. Bluj, R. Gokieli, J. Hoffman, K. Nawrocki, R. Sosnowski, M. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka, P. Zalewski, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B Vol. 639 (2006) 179 STUDY OF LEADING HADRONS IN GLUON AND QUARK FRAGMENTATION J. Abdallah, ... , M. Bluj, R. Gokieli, J. Hoffman, K. Nawrocki, R. Sosnowski, M. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka, P. Zalewski, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B Vol. 643 (2006) 147 CORRELATION OF TRANSVERSE MOMENTUM AND MULTIPLICITY IN A SUPERPOSITION MODEL OF NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS St. Mrówczyński Phys. Rev. C Vol. 73 No 4 (2006) art. no. 044907 ENERGY AND CENTRALITY DEPENDENCE OF ANTI-P AND P PRODUCTION AND THE ANTI-LAMBDA/ANTI-P RATIO IN PB+PB COLLISIONS BETWEEN 20/A-GeV AND 158/A-Gev C. Alt, ... , H. Białkowska, B. Boimska, M. Kowalski, St. Mrówczyński, P. Szymański, ... et al. Phys. Rev. C Vol. 73 (2006) 044910


119

UPPER LIMIT OF D0 PRODUCTION IN CENTRAL PB-PB COLLISIONS AT 158-A-GEV C. Alt, ... , H. Białkowska, B. Boimska, M. Kowalski, St. Mrówczyński, P. Szymański, ... et al. Phys. Rev. C Vol. 73 (2006) 034910 CHROMOHYDRODYNAMIC APPROACH TO THE UNSTABLE QUARK-GLUON PLASMA C. Manuel, St. Mrówczyński Phys. Rev. D Vol. 74 No 10 (2006) art. no. 105003 MEASUREMENT OF NEUTRINO OSCILLATION BY THE K2K EXPERIMENT M.H. Ahn, ... , D. Kiełczewska, J. Zalipska, ... et al. Phys. Rev. D Vol. 74 No 7 (2006) art. no. 072003 MEASUREMENT OF THE QUASIELASTIC AXIAL VECTOR MASS IN NEUTRINO INTERACTIONS ON OXYGEN R. Gran, ... , D. Kiełczewska, J. Zalipska, ... et al. Phys. Rev. D Vol. 74 No 5 (2006) art. no. 052002 AN IMPROVED SEARCH FOR NU(MU) ---> NU(E) OSCILLATION IN A LONG-BASELINE ACCELERATOR EXPERIMENT S. Yamamoto, ... , J. Zalipska, D. Kiełczewska, ... et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 96 No 181801 (2006) 'PI OF THE SKY' - ROBOTIC SEARCH FOR COSMIC FLASHES A. Burd, ... , M. Górski, J. Mrowca-Ciułacz, K. Nawrocki, M. Sokołowski, G. Wrochna, ... et al. Proc. SPIE Vol. 6159 No I (2006) art. no. 61590H 'PI OF THE SKY' ROBOTIC TELESCOPE M. Ćwiok, K. Małek, L. Mankiewicz, J. Mrowca-Ciułacz, K. Nawrocki, M. Sokołowski, G. Wrochna Proc. SPIE Vol. 6159 No I (2006) art. no. 61590K ALGORITHMS FOR COSMIC FLASH RECOGNITION L.W. Piotrowski, M. Sokołowski, G. Wrochna Proc. SPIE Vol. 6159 No I (2006) art. no. 61590N LOW NOISE CCD CAMERAS FOR WIDE FIELD ASTRONOMY A. Burd, ... , G. Wrochna, ... et al. Proc. SPIE Vol. 6159 No I (2006) art. no. 61590I OBSERVING STRATEGY AND SUPPORTING TOOLS FOR THE 'PI OF THE SKY' PROJECT M. Molak, L. Mankiewicz, M. Sokołowski, J. Użycki, G. Wrochna Proc. SPIE Vol. 6159 No I (2006) art. no. 61590L PIMAN - SYSTEM MANAGER FOR 'PI OF THE SKY' EXPERIMENT M. Ćwiok, L. Mankiewicz, K. Nawrocki, M. Sokołowski, G. Wrochna Proc. SPIE Vol. 6159 No I (2006) art. no. 61590M TOOLKIT FOR TESTING SCIENTIFIC CCD CAMERAS J. Użycki, L. Mankiewicz, M. Molak, G. Wrochna Proc. SPIE Vol. 6159 No I (2006) art. no. 61590J VARIABLE STARS STUDY IN 'PI OF THE SKY' PROJECT K. Kwiecinska, ... , M. Sokołowski, G. Wrochna, ... et al. Proc. SPIE Vol. 6159 No I (2006) art. no. 61590O EVIDENCE FOR A NARROW ROPER RESONANCE - THE BREATHING MODE OF THE NUCLEON H. Clement, ... , A. Kupść, P. Marciniewski, J. Stepaniak, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Proceedings of CRIMEA 2006 (2006) 23 TWO-PION PRODUCTION IN NUCLEON-NUCLEON COLLISIONS AND THE ABC EFFECT - APPROACHING A PUZZLE BY EXCLUSIVE AND KINEMATICALLY COMPLETE MEASUREMENTS T. Skorodko, ... , A. Kupść, P. Marciniewski, J. Stepaniak, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Proceedings of CRIMEA 2006 (2006) 119 QUARKONIUM BOUND-STATE PROBLEM IN MOMENTUM SPACE REVISITED A. Deloff Ann. Phys. (in press) SEMI-SPECTRAL CHEBYSHEV METHOD IN QUANTUM MECHANICS A. Deloff Ann. Phys. (in press) MEASUREMENT OF OPEN BEAUTY PRODUCTION AT HERA IN THE D* MUON FINAL STATE S. Chekanov, ... , J. Łukasik, M. Adamus, P. Pluciński, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. C (in press)


MEASUREMENT OF THROUGH-GOING PARTICLE MOMENTUM BY MEANS OF MULTIPLE SCATTERING WITH THE ICARUS T600 TPC A. Ankowski, ... , D. Kiełczewska, T. Kozłowski, P. Mijakowski, P. Przewłocki, E. Rondio, J. Stepaniak, M. Szeptycka, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. C (in press) JET-RADIUS DEPENDENCE OF INCLUSIVE-JET CROSS SECTIONS IN DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA S. Chekanov, ... , J. Łukasik, M. Adamus, P. Pluciński, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B (in press) MEASUREMENT OF THE BRANCHING RATIOS OF THE DECAYS Ξ0→Σ+e-ν AND Ξ0→Σ+e-ν J.R. Batley, ... , W. Wiślicki, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B (in press) MEASUREMENT OF THE Kµ3 FORM FACTORS A. Lai, ... , J. Nassalski, E. Rondio, M. Szleper, W. Wiślicki, S. Wronka, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B (in press) MEASUREMENT OF THE RATIO Γ(KL→π+π-)/Γ(K→πeν) AND EXTRACTION OF THE CP VIOLATION PHASE η+- A. Lai, ... , J. Nassalski, E. Rondio, M. Szleper, W. Wiślicki, S. Wronka, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B (in press) THE DEUTERON SPIN-DEPENDENT STRUCTURE FUNCTION g1

d AND ITS FIRST MOMENT V.Yu. Alexakhin, ... , K. Kurek, K. Kowalik, J. Nassalski, E. Rondio, A. Sandacz, W. Wiślicki, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B (in press) GAIN–LOSS ASYMMETRY FOR EMERGING STOCK MARKETS K. Karpio, M. Załuska–Kotur, A. Orłowski Physica A (in press)

REPORTS

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC CALORIMETER P. Cortese, ... , A. Deloff, K. Karpio, T. Siemiarczuk, G. Wilk, ... et al. CERN-LHCC-2006-014(2006) WORKSHOP ON CP STUDIES AND NON-STANDARD HIGGS PHYSICS E. Accomando, ... , M. Bluj, ... et al. CERN-2006-009, arXiv:hep-ph/0608079 PHYSICS PERFORMANCE; PHYSICS TDR, VOLUME II M. Bluj, ... , R. Gokieli, Ł. Gościło, M. Górski, K. Nawrocki, P. Traczyk, G. Wrochna, P. Zalewski, ... et al. CERN-LHCC-2006-021, CMS-TDR-8.2 SEARCH FOR DECAYING IN FLIGHT NEUTRALINOS AND LONG LIVED STAUS WITHIN GAUGE MEDIATED SUPERSYMMETRY BREAKING MODELS Ł. Gościło, P. Traczyk, M. Kazana, P. Zalewski CERN-CMS-AN-2006/095


Invited Talk SEARCH FOR GRB PROMPT OPTICAL EMISSION WITH „PI OF THE SKY” APPARATUS G. Wrochna Astro-PF Gamma-Ray Bursts workshop (Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center in Warsaw (CAMK), 2006-10-04 - 2006-10-06) SEARCH FOR OPTICAL FLASHES OF ASTROPHYSICAL ORIGIN WITH „PI OF THE SKY” EXPERIMENT G. Wrochna First Workshop on Particle Physics and Cosmology (Warsaw, Poland, 2006-04-29 - 2006-05-03) NEUTRINO INTERACTIONS MEASUREMENTS WITH THE LIQUID ARGON PROTOTYPE DETECTOR IN THE CERN BEAM E. Rondio NuFact06 Eight International Workshop on Neutrino Factories and Betabeams (Irvine, USA, 2006-08-24 - 2006-08-30) GMSB AND HEAVY NEUTRINOS AT CMS P. Zalewski SUSY06 (Irvine, California, USA, 2006-06-12 - 2006-06-17) SPIN DEPENDENCE IN EXCLUSIVE $RHO ^0$ PRODUCTION AT COMPASS A. Sandacz GPD2006 (Trident, Italy, 2006-06-05 - 2006-06-09)


121

NEUTRINO OSCILLATION IN THE K2K EXPERIMENT J. Zalipska Cracow Epiphany Conference on Neutrinos and Dark Matter (Cracow, Poland, 2006-01-05 - 2006-01-08) Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 (2006) 1935 EXCLUSIVE RHO PRODUCTION AT COMPASS A. Sandacz QCD-N06 (Villa Mondragone, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy, 2006-06-12 - 2006-06-16) CHROMO-HYDRODYNAMICS OF THE QUARK-GLUON PLASMA St. Mrówczyński International Conference on Strong & Electroweak Matter 2006 (Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA, 2006-05-10 - 2006-05-13) DVCS AT AN ELECTRON ION COLLIDER A. Sandacz Future Prospects in QCD at High Energy (Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA, 2006-07-17 - 2006-07-22) INSTABILITIES DRIVEN EQUILIBRATION OF THE QUARK-GLUON PLASMA St. Mrówczyński 4th International Conference on Quarks and Nuclear Physics (Madrid, Spain, 2006-06-05 - 2006-06-10) Eur. Phys. J. C (2007) EXCLUSIVE PROCESSES AT COMPASS - PRESENT AND FUTURE A. Sandacz Hard Exclusive Processes at JLAB 12 and a Future EIC (University of Maryland College Park, USA, 2006-10-29 - 2006-10-30) THE SEARCH OF DARK MATTER WITH ARDM DETECTOR P. Mijakowski Cracow Epiphany Conference on Neutrinos and Dark Matter (Cracow, Poland, 2006-01-05 - 2006-01-08) Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 7 (2006) 2179-2185 INSTABILITIES DRIVEN EQUILIBRATION OF THE QUARK-GLUON PLASMA St. Mrówczyński 3-rd International Workshop "The Critical Point and Onset of Deconfinement" (Florence, Italy, 2006-07-03 - 2006-07-06) HARD EXCLUSIVE PROCESSES AT ERHIC - EXPERIMENTAL ASPECTS A. Sandacz Hard Exclusive Processes at JLAB 12 and a Future EIC (University of Maryland College Park, USA, 2006-10-29 - 2006-10-30) NEUTRON BACKGROUND MEASUREMENTS IN UNDERGROUND EXPERIMENTS P. Mijakowski Workshop – Neutrons Detection and Nuclear Techniques for the Country Border Inspection (Wilga, Poland, 2006-06-20 - 2006-06-21) INSTABILITIES DRIVEN EQUILIBRATION OF THE QUARK-GLUON PLASMA St. Mrówczyński INT Workshop on Non-Equilibrium Quark-Gluon Plasma (Seattle, USA, 2006-09-25 - 2006-09-29) INSTABILITIES DRIVEN EQUILIBRATION OF THE QUARK-GLUON PLASMA St. Mrówczyński II Polish Workshop on Statistical Models in Strong Interactions (Wrocław, Poland, 2006-10-16 - 2006-12-16) WOUNDED NUCLEONS, WOUNDED QUARKS AN D RELATIVISTIC ION COLLISIONS H. Białkowska 46 Cracow School of Theoretical Physics (Zakopane, Poland, 2006-05-27 - 2006-06-05) Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 12 (2006) 3415 CHROMO-HYDRODYNAMICS OF THE QUARK-GLUON PLASMA St. Mrówczyński 19th International Conference on Ultra-Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions, QUARK MATTER 2006 (Shanghai, China, 2006-11-14 - 2006-12-20) REVIEW OF APLICATION IN THE EGEE PROJECT W. Wiślicki Conference on Polish Computing Infrastructure (Warsaw, Poland, 2006-06-14 - 2006-06-14) TOWARDS RELIABLE CALCULATIONS OF TWO-PARTICLE CORRELATION FUNCTIONS St. Mrówczyński XIth International Workshop on Correlation and Fluctuation in Multiparticle Production (Hangzhou, China, 2006-11-21 - 2006-12-24) USING GRID FOR RESEARCH: HEP AND BEYOND W. Wiślicki International ICFA Workshop (Polish Academy of Learning) (Cracow, Poland, 2006-10-08 - 2006-10-10)


FUTURE LONG-BASELINE NEUTRINO PROGRAM. D. Kiełczewska Cracow Epiphany Conf. on Astroparticle Physics, (Cracow, Poland, 2006-01-05 - 2006-01-08) Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 7 (2006) 2005 Oral Presentation LOW-MASS Π Π ENHANCEMENT IN BARYONIC Π Π PRODUCTION: ABC EFFECT REVISITED BY EXCLUSIVE MEASUREMENTS M. Bashkanov, A. Kupść, P. Marciniewski, J. Stepaniak, J. Zabierowski 9th International Workshop on Meson Production, Properties and Interactions (Cracow, Poland, 2006-06-09 - 2006-06-13) Int. J. Mod. Phys. A Vol. 22 No 2-3 (2007) 625-628 OBSERVATION OF THE ABC EFFECT IN THE FIRST EXCLUSIVE MEASUREMENTS OF PN->D Π0 Π0 O. Khakimova, A. Kupść, P. Marciniewski, J. Stepaniak, J. Zabierowski 9th International Workshop on Meson Production, Properties and Interactions (Cracow, Poland, 2006-06-09 - 2006-06-13) Int. J. Mod. Phys. A Vol. 22 No 2-3 (2007) 617-620 π π PRODUCTION IN PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS T. Skorodko, A. Kupść, P. Marciniewski, J. Stepaniak, J. Zabierowski 9th International Workshop on Meson Production, Properties and Interactions (Cracow, Poland, 2006-06-09 - 2006-06-13) Int. J. Mod. Phys. A Vol. 22 No 2-3 (2007) 509-513 EVIDENCE FOR A NARROW ROPER RESONANCE - THE BREATHING MODE OF THE NUCLEON H. Clement, A. Kupść, P. Marciniewski, J. Stepaniak, J. Zabierowski CRIMEA 2006 - New Trends in High-Energy Physics (Yalta, Ukraine, 2006-09-16 - 2006-09-23) Proceedings of CRIMEA 2006 (2006) 23 TWO-PION PRODUCTION IN NUCLEON-NUCLEON COLLISIONS AND THE ABC EFFECT - APPROACHING A PUZZLE BY EXCLUSIVE AND KINEMATICALLY COMPLETE MEASUREMENTS T. Skorodko, A. Kupść, P. Marciniewski, J. Stepaniak, J. Zabierowski CRIMEA 2006 - New Trends in High-Energy Physics (Yalta, Ukraine, 2006-09-16 - 2006-09-23) Proceedings of CRIMEA 2006 (2006) 119 SEARCH FOR Z-PRIMES AND RS GRAVITONS WITH DIMUONS IN CMS P. Traczyk Physics at LHC (Cracow, Poland, 2006-07-03 - 2006-07-08) Acta Phys. Pol. B (2007) EXOTICS SEARCHES AT THE LHC P. Traczyk LISHEP 2006 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006-04-03 - 2006-04-07) PRESENTATION OF WARSAW TIER-2 COMPUTING RESOURCES W. Wiślicki Polish Tier-2 Meeting (Poznań, Poland, 2006-05-23 - 2006-05-23) ENABLING GRID RESOURCES FOR VO COMPASS A. Padee, W. Wiślicki COMPASS Collaboration Meeting (Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland, 2006-02-15 - 2006-02-17) CP PARITY OF HIGGS BOSON WITH H->ZZ->4L CHANNEL AT CMS M. Bluj Physics at LHC (Cracow, Poland, 2006-07-03 - 2006-07-08) Acta Phys. Pol. B (2007) MAZEPI EXPERIMENT: SEARCHES FOR CORRELATIONS OF EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS WITH GAMMA RAY BURSTS K. Jędrzejczak, M. Kasztelan, L. Mankiewicz, K. Nawrocki, M. Sokołowski, B. Szabelska, J. Szabelski, T. Wibig, G. Wrochna 20thEuropean Cosmic Ray Symposium (Lisbon, Portugal, 2006-09-05 - 2006-09-08) ANGULAR ANISOTROPY OF VERY SHORT GAMMA RAY BURSTS L.W. Piotrowski, T. Wibig, G. Wrochna, A.W. Wolfendale 20thEuropean Cosmic Ray Symposium (Lisbon, Portugal, 2006-09-05 - 2006-09-08) Poster SEARCH FOR GRB RELATED PROMPT OPTICAL EMISSION AND OTHER FAST VARYING OBJECTS WITH PI OF THE SKY DETECTOR M. Ćwiok, W. Dominik, K. Małek, L. Mankiewicz, J. Mrowca-Ciułacz, K. Nawrocki, L.W. Piotrowski, P. Sitek, M. Sokołowski, G. Wrochna, A.F. Zarnecki The Multi-messenger Approach to Unidentified Gamma-ray Sources (Barcelona, Spain, 2006-07-04 - 2006-07-07)


123

SEARCH FOR CORRELATIONS OF GRB AND COSMIC RAYS K. Jędrzejczak, M. Kasztelan, L. Mankiewicz, M. Molak, K. Nawrocki, L.W. Piotrowski, M. Sokołowski, B. Szabelska, J. Szabelski, T. Wibig, A.W. Wolfendale, G. Wrochna The Multi-messenger Approach to Unidentified Gamma-ray Sources (Barcelona, Spain, 2006-07-04 - 2006-07-07)


What do we know about Higgs Boson?a R. Sosnowski Cracow, Polish Physical Society, 2006-01-05 Atom - from antiquity to present timesa R. Sosnowski Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 2006-01-12 CP symmetry violation in neutral kaon systema W. Wiślicki Warsaw, Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-01-20 Have we discovered the QGPa H. Białkowska Warsaw, Nuclear Physics Seminar, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-02-18 Impressions from Orsay symphosiuma E. Rondio Warsaw, High Energy Physics Seminar, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-02-24 Future neutrino long-baseline program a D. Kiełczewska Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University , 2006-03-17 Oscillation analysis of neutrino data in the K2K experiment a J. Zalipska Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-03-17 Measurements of gluon polarization in Compass experimenta E. Rondio Warsaw, Nuclear Physics Seminar, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-03-24 Spin, diffraction and vector mesons, part 1a A. Sandacz Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-05-08 Relativistic ion collisionsa H. Białkowska Warsaw, Jerzy Pniewski Seminar, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-05-15 Spin, diffraction and vector mesons, part 2a A. Sandacz Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-05-15 New results from the PP2PP experiment at RHICa A. Sandacz Warsaw, Physics Institute, Warsaw University of Technology, 2006-05-24 Possible experiments with neutrino beta beams a J. Stepaniak Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-06-09 Very long base line neutrino experiments a M. Szeptycka Warsaw, Institute for Experimental Physics, Warsaw University , 2006-07-04 Wounded nucleons, wounded quarks and relativistic ion collisionsa H. Białkowska Warsaw, High Energy Physics Seminar, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-10-06 Close and far plans of neutrino physicsa E. Rondio Warsaw, Nuclear Physics Seminar, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-10-25 Instabilities driven equilibration of the quark-gluon plasma a St. Mrówczyński Warsaw, Theory of Hadrons and Leptons Seminars, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-11-02


Relativistic ion collisionsa H. Białkowska Warsaw, Theory of Leptons and Hadrons Seminar, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-11-16 Close nad far plans in neutrino physicsa E. Rondio Cracow, Polish Physical Society, 2006-12-07 On generalised parton distributions (GPDs)a A. Sandacz Warsaw, Theory of Leptons and Hadrons Seminar, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-12-07 Pion production in resonance regionb J. Stepaniak Pavia, Italy, Instituto Nazionale di Fizyka Nucleare, 2006-01-19 Measurement of electron neutrino beam contamination in KTb J. Zalipska Tsukuba, Japan, KEK, 2006-01-19 Instabilities driven equilibration of the quark-gluon plasmab St. Mrówczyński Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 2006-01-20 Status of ρ0 angular distribution analysisb A. Sandacz CERN-Prevessin, CERN, COMPASS Analysis Meeting, 2006-03-06 Results from Warsaw drift chambers modules testsb M. Szczekowski Geneva, CERN, 2006-03-08 Final results from tests of Outer Tracker modules in Warsawb M. Szczekowski Amsterdam, NIKHEF, 2006-03-17 Hard exclusive processes at EIC - experimental aspectsb A. Sandacz Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA, BNL, 2006-07-27 Status and tests results from Icarusb E. Rondio Batavia, FNAL, US, 2006-08-17 Dalitz decay of η meson from pd→3Heη reactionb J. Stepaniak Hamburg, DESY, 2006-09-05 Presentation of the Warsaw EGEE cluster b R. Gokieli Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University, 2006-09-19 COMPASS week coordinator reportb W. Wiślicki Geneva, CERN, Geneva, 2006-09-22 Status of ρ0 asymmetry paper and analysisb A. Sandacz CERN-Prevessin, CERN, COMPASS Analysis Meeting, 2006-09-28 Search for decaying in flight neutralinos and long lived staus within Gauge Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking modelsb P. Zalewski Geneve, CERN, 2006-11-02 DT a time machine of CMS b P. Zalewski Geneve, CERN, 2006-11-14 a) in Polish b) in English


125

INTERNAL SEMINARS

Neutral pions in liquid argon detector of T2K experimenta P. Przewłocki Warsaw, The Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 2006-01-10 ND280 – near detector of T2K experiment a P. Mijakowski Warsaw, The Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 2006-11-03 a) in Polish

DIDACTIC ACTIVITY

H. Białkowska - Supervision of a PhD student (V. Trubnikov) H. Białkowska - Supervision of a student (E. Kosior) R. Gokieli - User Support in the DELPHI experiment, fully archived on WWW J. Nassalski - Supervision of a PhD student (K. Klimaszewski) K. Nawrocki - Lectures and tutorials for the "Course for developers and users of the computing GRID" at Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling of Warsaw University. E. Rondio - co-organizer of the seminar "Neutrinos in the laboratory and in space" E. Rondio - Supervision of a PhD student (P. Przewłocki) E. Rondio - Supervision of a PhD student (P. Mijakowski) E. Rondio - Supervision of students within III laboratory - Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University A. Sandacz - Supervision of a PhD thesis (O.A.Grajek) A. Sandacz - Supervision of a student work (K.Wyszogrodzki, Physics Faculty of Warsaw University of Technology) J. Stepaniak - Supervision of a MsC thesis (T. Palczewski) J. Stepaniak - Supervision of a PhD student (M. Berłowski) J. Stepaniak - Supervision of a PhD student (T. Palczewski) M. Szeptycka - Consultations with PhD students from Warsaw Univesity working on Near Detector in T2K experiment. M. Szeptycka - Supervision of a PhD student (K. Jądrzejczak) W. Wiślicki - Lecture: High Energy Physics: computational and experimental methods (Physics Department of Warsaw University) W. Wiślicki - Organization of the course ADVANCED COURSE ON GRID TECHNOLOGIES, Warszawa, 15-18 Nov 2006 W. Wiślicki - Supervision of a PhD student (K. Wawrzyniak a member of Warsaw-Heidelberg Graduate College) W. Wiślicki - Supervision of a PhD student (R. Gazda) W. Wiślicki - Supervision of a PhD student at CERN (Jan Iwaszkiewicz a member of Doctoral Collegium at Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics UW) G. Wrochna - Supervision of a PhD thesis (P. Traczyk)


H. Białkowska Session chairman on 46 Cracow School of Theoretical Physics in Zakopane, Poland Member of the Scientific Council of the Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University Deputy president of the Scientific Council of the Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies St. Mrówczyński Member of Organizing Committee on INT Workshop on Non-Equilibrium Quark-Gluon Plasma in Seattle, USA


J. Nassalski Member of the Scientific Council of the Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies Member of the Programme Advisory Committee for Particle Physics, JINR, Dubna Representative of the Polish scientific community to the CERN Council, Geneva, Switzerland Chairman of the Committee for High Energy Physics, National Atomic Energy Agency Member of the Scientific Council of Nuclear Physics Division (SPhN), Saclay, France E. Rondio Session chairman on Open Symposium 2006 CERN Council Strategy Group in LAL, Orsay, France Session chairman on Cracow Epiphany Conference on Neutrinos and Dark Matter in Cracow, Poland Member of CERN Strategy Group R. Sosnowski Corresponding member of Polish Academy of Learning Full member of the Polish Academy of Sciences Member of the Warsaw Scientific Society Member of the European Physical Society Chairman of the Scientific Council of the Institute of High Pressures Member of the Scientific Council of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna) Chairman of the Committee on Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences Chairman of the Council for Atomic Energy Matters Chairman of the Committee for International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Chairman of the Scientific Council of the Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies W. Wiślicki Member of Organizing Committee on COMPASS Collaboration Meeting in Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland G. Wrochna Member of the Polish Nuclear Society Member of the Committee on Nuclear Physics of the Council for Atomic Energy Matters


127

PERSONNEL

Research scientists Marek Adamus, Dr. Helena Białkowska, Professor Michał Bluj, Dr. Bożena Boimska, Dr. Andrzej Deloff, Assoc.Prof. 1/3* Ryszard Gokieli, Dr. Maciej Górski, Dr. Łukasz Gościło, MSc. on leave from 15 Dec. Oleg Grajek, MSc. till 30 Sept. Julia Hoffman, Dr. on leave Krzysztof Karpio, Dr. Danuta Kiełczewska, Assoc.Prof. 1/5* Katarzyna Kowalik, Dr. on leave Andrzej Kupść, Dr. on leave Agnieszka Majczyna, MSc. from 1 Oct. Piotr Marciniewski, Dr. on leave Stanisław Mrówczyński, Profesor 2/3*

Jan Nassalski, Professor Krzysztof Nawrocki, Dr.

Adam Nawrot, Eng. 3/5* Ewa Rondio, Profesor Dominik Rybka, MSc. ½* from 2 Nov. Andrzej Sandacz, Assoc.Prof. Teodor Siemiarczuk, Profesor Piotr Sitek, MSc. ½* from 6 Feb. Ryszard Sosnowski, Professor Andrzej Średnicki, MSc. Joanna Stepaniak, Profesor Krzysztof Syryczyński, MSc. ½* from 17 Oct.Marek Szczekowski, Assoc.Prof. Maria Szeptycka, Professor Michał Szleper, Dr. on leave Piotr Traczyk, Dr. from 1 Nov. Wojciech Wiślicki, Assoc.Prof. Grzegorz Wrochna, Assoc.Prof. from 25 October Director of the Institute Piotr Zalewski, Dr. Joanna Zalipska, MSc. 1/3*

PhD students Marcin Berłowski, MSc. Rafał Gazda, MSc. Agnieszka Hys, MSc. Iryna Ilkiv, MSc. Karol Jędrzejczak, MSc. Konrad Klimaszewski, MSc.

Piotr Mijakowski, MSc. Tomasz Palczewski, MSc. Paweł Przewłocki, MSc. Marcin Sokołowski, MSc. Viktor Trubnikow, MSc.

Technical and administrative staff Krzysztof Brzozowski Piotr Gawor Tadeusz Marszał Wiesława Pojedyńska Maria Sobocińska Teresa Świerczyńska ¾* from 1 Dec.



DEPARTMENT OF COSMIC RAY PHYSICS

129

7 DEPARTMENT OF COSMIC RAY PHYSICS

Head of Department: Dr. Jacek Szabelski phone: (42) 678-64-31 e-mail: [email protected]

Overview

The Department of Cosmic Ray Physics in Łódź is involved in basic research in the high energy Cosmic Ray field. Cosmic Rays are energetic particles from outside the Solar System. The energy spectrum (power law energy dependence) suggests non-thermal origin of these particles. Most of the studies of Cosmic Rays address fundamental problems: • the nature of the physical and astrophysical processes responsible for high energies of particles (up to

about 1020 eV/particle), • an estimation of the astrophysical conditions at the acceleration sites and/or search for sources of Cosmic

Rays, • properties of high energy particle interactions at very high energies (nuclear interactions at energies

exceeding energy available in the laboratories). Some Cosmic Ray studies might have practical (commercial) implications, e.g.:

• “cosmic weather” forecast - predictions of geomagnetic disturbances related to Solar activity changes (due to large Solar Flares / events of Coronal Mass Ejection); these are important for large electricity networks, gas pipes, radio-wave connections, space missions and satellite experiments.

Presentation of Cosmic Ray registration to high school students becomes a popular way to introduce particle physics detectors and elementary particle detection techniques to young people. We organize in Łódź several workshops on particle physics for high school students. This is a part of European activity: Masterclass – Hands on CERN.

Energetic Cosmic Ray particles produce cascades of particles in the atmosphere, called Extensive Air Showers (EAS). Registering EAS and their properties is the main way of experimental studies of very high energy Cosmic Rays. In Łódź Department we run Extensive Air Shower array where EAS are continuously being registered. We concentrate on the studies of detection of neutrons correlated with EAS and interpretation of this phenomenon.

Back in 2004 we started realisation of the Roland Maze Project, the network of EAS detectors placed on the roofs of high schools in Łódź. We received funds from the City of Łódź budget to make a pilot project and equip 10 high schools, each with four 1m2 detectors and GPS. The network is connected off-line using internet infrastructure and precise time registration. This allows us to correlate detection of the same EAS in a few schools. Students of high schools in Łódź are involved in construction of the array. We participate in creation of EuroCosmics, the European network of school-based Cosmic Ray experiments.

In the underground (15 meters) laboratory we continuously register muon (5 GeV energy threshold) flux with the multidirectional telescope. We have observed several disturbances (Forbush Decreases related to Solar activity) in muon counting rates.

The international collaborations are very important: the Department is a member of KASCADE-Grande Collaboration – the large classical experiment for very high energy EAS, extended to EAS radio emission detection as part of LOPES Collaboration. We collaborate in EAS data interpretation, detection techniques and basic Cosmic Ray studies with Collège de France, Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, JINR Dubna and Cosmophysical Institute in Yakutsk (Russia).

In the area of high energy particle physics Department participates in ZEUS experiment at DESY (Hamburg, Germany), and in WASA@COSY Collaboration in Juelich, Germany.

Dr. Jacek Szabelski


7.1 Łódź Extensive Air Shower Array – Registrations of Neutrons by Z.Dębicki, K.Jędrzejczak, J.Karczmarczyk, M.Kasztelan, A.Polański, S.Petrochenkov1), J.Swarzyński, J.Szabelski and T.Wibig

The neutron detectors were tested using neutrons

generated by cosmic ray interactions and from an AmBe source.

Registrations of neutrons induced in cosmic ray interactions were performed to study the role of lead in neutron generation. Registrations were performed in the laboratory building and in the underground laboratory 15 meters underneath. We noticed that the presence of 2 lead bricks in the vicinity of neutron detector increases the multiplicity of generated neutrons for registrations made in laboratory building. In the underground laboratory we have did not notice such strong influence of extra 2 lead bricks, however there is a floor made of 5cm lead. In the underground registrations the maximum number of neutrons registered at the same time was 26, larger than during registrations made in the building. During these registrations we noticed a constant background at a level of (4-10)·10-4Hz per counter due to internal α radioactivity of helium counter.

Dr. Stanisław Pszona (IPJ P-4) had made a weak AmBe source emitting about 200 neutrons per second. This source was used for several calibrations. We

performed registration with different polyethylene moderator configuration around the 3He counters, different distances to the source and with presence of lead and other materials near the counter. Results were compared with Monte Carlo simulations using GEANT and MCNP codes. This work is to be continued to obtain better agreement.

With assistance of scientists from IPJ P-3 Department we performed registrations with the AmBe source using BGO scintillating detector and the BC501 liquid scintillating detector with gamma/neutron separation. Both registrations were compared with GEANT simulations. In BGO registration the 4.4MeV photon line from AmBe source was identified and its intensity is in agreement with neutron induced proton recoil signals. Other background gamma ray lines were also identified.

The work is in progress. 1) Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna,

Russia

7.2 Mass Composition of Cosmic Rays from Muon Groups Registrations by J.Szabelski

In 2006 we summarized our long time studies of

muon groups registered in the Baksan Underground Scintillation Telescope (BUST). Presented results of 10 years registrations allow us to verify different hypotheses on cosmic ray spectrum in the energy range corresponding to the „break” in EAS size spectrum, i.e. 104 -107 GeV/nucleus. BUST detector has dimensions of 16.7m x 16.7m x 11.1m, and its 4 horizontal layers and 4 outer walls are covered with scintillation detectors of sizes 0.7m x 0.7m x 0.3m. There are 3180 such detectors in total. Their dimensions determine the angular resolution of the telescope. The telescope is placed in Caucasus mountains, inside a mountain in a tunnel leading to the neutrino experiment SAGE, 500 m from the entrance. 300 m of rock above the telescope corresponds to the energy threshold of registered vertical muons equal to about 230 GeV. Muon groups are events of simultaneous registration of at least two muon tracks in the telescope.

Automatically registered „observed muon multiplicities” (number of tracks) differ from the real number of muons penetrating the telescope due to limited angular resolution and muon interactions producing cascades. Muons of such energies originate mainly from decays of particles produced in the so called central part of high energy collisions of secondary cosmic rays with nuclei in the atmosphere, i.e. the region well described in theory and models. From comparison of the „observed muon multiplicities” (2 – 250) with those predicted for different models of cosmic ray energy spectrum we have chosen the spectrum consistent with results of the direct measurements (RUNJOB, JACEE) for different components (masses), as well as for the summary spectrum. The obtained total cosmic ray intensities for the studied energy range are about 3 times lower than those in the spectrum presented by the KASCADE group.

This work has been published in Nuclear Physics B (Proceedings Supplement).


131

7.3 Methods of Energy Estimation for Giant Air Showers by K.Jędrzejczak, B.Szabelska, J.Szabelski and T.Wibig

An important discrepancy in the determination of

the primary energy spectrum above 1019eV was underlined in 2001 between the data of HiRes collected by the atmospheric fluorescence and the data accumulated by the very large surface array of AGASA. The results of HiRes based on the registration of the longitudinal development of showers in the atmosphere exhibited a tendency in agreement with the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin prediction. This tendency is confirmed by the recent compilation of HiRes 1, 2 and HiRes stereo. The energy spectrum presented by the AGASA group contradicts GZK cut-off.

Inspired by Prof. J. N. Capdevielle from College de France we pointed out last year that the primary energy in the surface array AGASA had been mainly overestimated by reason of an inappropriate

conversion of the energy estimator, i.e. the density ρ600(θ) to the vertical density ρ600(0) for giant inclined showers. We showed that the improper method of conversion used by the AGASA group was due to the erroneous description of the cascade development contrary to theoretical predictions and results of simulations. We demonstrated, that applying this improper method one can generate the AGASA energy spectrum (extending above the GZK cut-off) from the spectrum of HiRes experiment (confirming GZK cut-off). This could explain the existing differences in the shape of c.r. energy spectrum above 1019 eV.

The work was presented at the European Cosmic Ray Symposium in Lisbon in September 2006; the paper summarizing our results is in preparation.

7.4 Investigation of Extensive Air Showers in KASCADE and KASCADE-Grande Experiments by J.Zabierowski, P.Łuczak and A.Risse

The KASCADE-Grande Collaboration has

continued to investigate energy spectrum and mass composition of primary cosmic ray particles in the energy range 1015 – 5x1017 eV and testing, at the same time, hadronic interaction models used in the Monte Carlo simulations of extensive air showers (EAS). For the analyses the data collected so far by KASCADE [1] and KASCADE-Grande [2] setups were used while the experiment has continued to register EAS increasing the experimental data base. The analyses were based on the electron and muon component registered by the array of KASCADE, EAS charged particles recorded by Grande detectors and muon directions determined by Large Muon Tracking Detector [3].

Lateral distributions for electrons and muons in EAS measured with the array of the KASCADE experiment were compared to the results of simulations based on the hadronic interaction models QGSJet and SIBYLL [4]. It was shown, that the muon distributions are well described by both models. Deviations were found for the electromagnetic component, where both models predict steeper lateral shape than observed in the data. For both models the observed lateral shapes of the electron component indicate a transition from a light to a more heavy composition of the cosmic ray spectrum above the knee.

The pioneering results of KASCADE on mass composition, namely the energy spectra of 5 groups of

primary mass, obtained a year ago [5], have been put under further consistency check. The analysis based on the QGSJet/FLUKA simulations was repeated for two additional data sets of more inclined EAS up to 32.3o zenith angles (in [5] the range 0-18o was analyzed). The results of the unfolding analysis of the two-dimensional shower size spectrum for different zenith angle ranges show no strong or unexplainable systematic differences between each other [6]. Thus, the results give no hint on any severe problem in the simulation or the analysis, and affirm the conclusions drawn from the analysis of the nearly vertical shower set.

The analysis procedures for the KASCADE-Grande data have been further developed and tuned. Already in one year of data taking KASCADE-Grande has collected as many showers in the overlapping energy region from 10 PeV to 100 PeV as has KASCADE for 10 years. The Grande array data are analyzed in respect of shower core position, arrival directions and number of charged particles (Nch). The number of muons in the shower is retrieved from the KASCADE array muon detectors. Their lateral distribution is described by a modified Lagutin function [7]. Talking into account this distribution and the muon contribution in the Grande detectors, finally allows the determination of the electron number Ne. The lateral distribution of electrons is described by a modified NKG-function, optimized for the KASCADE-Grande measurement range. A good


agreement of these lateral distribution functions with first Grande data in 5 primary energy ranges has been demonstrated [6].

Investigation of the pseudorapidity of muons in EAS is an important tool for testing hadronic interaction models [8]. Pseudorapidity distribution of shower muons is a nearly exact picture of the distribution of pseudorapidity of their parent mesons. This gives an insight into the hadronic interactions taking place during the development of EAS in the atmosphere. The results of the pseudorapidity analysis based on KASCADE data were shown in [9]. The preliminary results of the lateral pseudorapidity distributions in EAS measured by KASCADE-Grande and their comparison with simulation results were reported at the International Symposium on Very High Energy Interactions [10].

[1] T.Antoni et al., NIM A513 (2003) 490 [2] G.Navarra et al., NIM A518 (2004) 207 [3] P.Doll et al., NIM A488(2002) 517 [4] W.D.Apel et al., Astropart.Phys. 24 (2006) 467 [5] T.Antoni et al., Astropart. Phys. 24 (2005) 1 [6] H.Ulrich et al., Proc. XIV ISVHECRI, Weihei,

China, to appear in Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) [7] J.van Buren et al., Proc.29th ICRC, Pune 6 (2005)

301 [8] J.Zabierowski, K.Daumillerand P.Doll, Nucl.

Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 122 (2003) 275 [9] J.Zabierowski et al., Nucl. Phys B (Proc. Suppl.)

151(2006) 291 [10] A.Haungs et al., Proc. XIV ISVHECRI, Weihei,

China, to appear in Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.)

7.5 Radio Detection of Extensive Air Showers with LOPES by J.Zabierowski, P.Łuczak and A.Risse

The traditional method to study extensive air

showers (EAS) is to measure the secondary particles with sufficiently large particle detector arrays. In general, these measurements provide only immediate information on the status of the air shower cascade on the particular observation level. This hampers the determination of the properties of the EAS inducing primary as compared to methods like observation of Cherenkov and fluorescence light, which provide also some information on the longitudinal EAS development.

In order to reduce the statistical and systematic uncertainties of the detection and the reconstruction of EAS, especially with respect to the detection of cosmic particles of highest energies, a current methodical discussion about new detection techniques is being carried on. In this sense the radio emission accompanying cosmic ray air showers, though first observed by Jelley et al.[1], only recently has experienced a revival by new activities - like the LOPES experiment [2].

LOPES is now a set of 30 relatively simple, quasi- omni-directional dipol antennas located between KASCADE-Grande detector stations. Hence, LOPES, which is designed as digital radio interferometer using high bandwidths and fast data processing, profits from the reconstructed air shower observables of KASCADE-Grande. Since radio emission arises from a different status of the EAS development, LOPES will provide complementary information and help to understand the observables measured with the particle detector array of KASCADE-Grande.

So far the data set from the LOPES-10 (initial stage with 10 antennas) has been analyzed. As one of the results a “land-mark paper” – using the words of the referee – was published [3]. Showing the progress

in air shower radio measurements we report on the analysis of correlations of radio signals measured by LOPES-10 with EAS reconstructed by KASCADE-Grande, including shower cores at large distances. The efficiency of detecting radio signals induced by air showers up to distances of 700 m from the shower axis was investigated. The correlations of the radio pulse amplitude with the primary cosmic ray energy and with the lateral distance from the shower core were studied.

The ability of radio antenna arrays to measure EAS with large zenith angles was also explored [4]. This is important for possible neutrino detection. LOPES-10 detected a significant number of EAS with a zenith angle larger than 50o, and many of these have very high radio field strength. The most inclined event that has been detected has a zenith angle of almost 80o

. This is a proof that the new technique is also applicable for cosmic ray EAS with high inclination, which in the case that they are initiated close to ground, can be a signature of neutrino events.

The radiation mechanism of radio signals by EAS is in large part of geo-synchrotron type and as such is based on particle acceleration. Thus, the atmospheric electrical field can play an important role. Especially inside thunderstorm clouds large electric fields can be present. In [5] we examined theoretically and experimentally the contribution of such electric field to the emission mechanism. We have found that during the thunderstorms the radio emission can be strongly enhanced. The present data suggest that the observed amplification is caused by acceleration of the shower electrons and positrons. No amplified pulses were found during periods of cloudless sky or heavy cloudiness, suggesting that the electric field effect for


133

radio EAS measurements can be safely ignored during non-thunderstorm conditions. [1] J.V.Jelley et al., Nature 205 (1965) 327 [2] H.Falcke et al., - LOPES Collaboration, Nature

435 (2005) 313

[3] W.D.Apel et al., - LOPES Collaboration, Astropart. Phys. 26 (2006) 332

[4] J.Petrovic et al., - LOPES Collaboration, Astronomy & Astrophysics 462 (2007) 389

[5] S.Buitink et al., - LOPES Collaboration, submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics

7.6 Cosmic Rays and the Microwave Background Measurements by T.Wibig

In 2006 in collaboration with Prof.

A.W.Wolfendale we performed analysis of recently published data gathered during 3 years of work by experiment WMAP. The data on polarisation of the microwave background suggest that interpretation of measurements might be influenced by a significant input from background connected may be with

cosmic rays as well as by nonnegligible effects of measurement technic. The work summarizing our results is in preparation.

We have also performed calculations of significance of anisotropy of the very short gamma ray bursts. Results of this work were presented at the Symposium in Lisbon.

7.7 The Roland Maze Project – Cosmic Ray Registrations at Schools by Z.Dębicki, J.Feder, K.Jędrzejczak, J.Karczmarczyk, M.Kasztelan, R.Lewandowski, B.Szabelska, J.Szabelski, P.Tokarski and T.Wibig

Realisation of the Roland Maze Project is the main

task of our Department. The idea of the Project is to build the network of cosmic ray detectors deployed on the roofs of Lodz high schools. Every school taking part in the Project will be equipped with 4 scintillator detectors of 1 m2 area, GPS receiver and PC-class computer. In actually carried out 1st stage of the Project we plan to equip with such systems10 schools in Lodz. The funds for this task were obtained from the City of Lodz budget in 2004.

The state of Project realisation: We have performed tests of detector homogeneity

and uniformity with respect to the position of a muon passing through. Efficiency of the detector is about 90%, which is consistent with expectations, as 1/13-th of the total detector area is the spaces between scintillator tiles. Non-uniformity defined as a change of mean signal amplitude for different places of muon penetration of the detector depends on the light absorption in the re-emitting fibre BCF-91A. The absorption is bigger than expected according to the data given by the producer of the fibre. The mean signal amplitude changes for different places in a range ± 20%. The prototypes of electronics modules are just about to be ready. We are prepared to the full tests of the single detection station consisting of 4 detectors, GPS antenna and PC computer.

Educational, outreach and other activity Within the Roland Maze Project we have been

carrying out many different activities. One of these

actions in 2006 was an idea of constructing at schools the cosmic ray telescopes built of GM counters. At the moment such telescopes are working already in 3 schools (II, XII and XXXII LO), and the next 3 of them (in ZSP9, III and XXVI LO) are in the last stages of construction. The already working telescopes served as a tool for winning the competition for the best (in Poland) scientific work done by the high school students, as a base for publishing an article in Physics Education, and to make presentation at the European Cosmic Ray Symposium in Lisbon. The topic of GM telescopes has a chance to develop (scientifically) in the future, also in the international co-operation with an Italian group of prof. Riggi.

The R. Maze project belongs to the EuroCosmics collaboration integrating similar school cosmic ray networks on the European scale. After the 2nd EuroCosmics workshop in September we have intensified our international activity (also with student’s participation). We have finished the English version of the Maze Project WWW page and started works on the international dictionary of high energy/cosmic ray physics terminology, which could possibly evolve into kind of encyclopaedia of these disciplines. As a part of outreach efforts we have started to make short films (multi-medial video-clips) popularising knowledge about modern physics. To the works on software, data analysis and other a bit too complicated for high school students tasks we have included students from the Łódź Technical University.


7.8 Experiment MazePi by K.Jędrzejczak, L.Mankiewicz1), K.Nawrocki, M.Sokołowski, B.Szabelska, J.Szabelski, T.Wibig, G.Wrochna

We have continued the works connected with

realisation of grant No 1P03B10329 „Searches for correlations of Extensive Air Showers with gamma ray bursts and related phenomena”.

In 2006 we established automatic data transmission from data base server of the Roland Maze Project in Łódź to the server of „Pi of the Sky” experiment. At the moment the data can be transformed, formatted and sent to Warsaw. The system of information transfer within the MazePi

project was described and presented at the conferences in Toruń and Barcelona.

We have also performed simulations in order to estimate detection abilities of the Maze array in TeV energy range. Results were presented at the European Cosmic Ray Symposium in Lisbon. 1) Theoretical Physics Centre of Polish Academy of

Sciences

7.9 WASA Detector Has Started its New Life at COSY by J.Zabierowski

In 2006 the re-assembly of the WASA detector

system [1] in the Research Center in Juelich (Germany) at one of the sections of the COSY storage ring was completed and a few commissioning runs took place. The WASA@COSY Collaboration [2] has entered the phase of physics runs.

The Light Pulser Monitoring System (LPMS), which is a contribution of our department to this experiment, was reassembled and provisionally tuned. Final tuning will take place after spring 2007 η production runs when all remaining question marks concerning detectors and acquisition system will be removed. Polish experts have started an upgrade work on LPMS, which will allow controlling remotely the amplitude of monitoring light pulses. This will allow the calibration of the detectors during the data-taking runs.

At the same time the analysis of the data collected with the WASA setup at CELSIUS continued. The Polish group in the collaboration has studied the reaction pd -> 3Heη at threshold, to provide a clean source of η mesons for rare decay studies. About 20 of η −> π+ π− e+ e– rare decay were observed and the branching ratio equal to (4.3 ± 1.3 ± 0.4) x 10-4 has been obtained [3].

[1] J.Zabierowski et al., - CELSIUS/WASA Coll.,

Physica Scripta T99 (2002)159-168 [2] H.H.Adams et al., - WASA@COSY Coll.,

arXiv:nucl-ex/0411038 [3] Ch.Bargholtz et al., – CELSIUS/WASA

Collaboration, Phys.Lett B 644 (2007) 299

7.10 ZEUS Experiment by P.Pluciński

In Deutches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY)

Paweł Pluciński actively participated in all stages of projecting and constructing of the muon trigger system for BAC. In 2006 he was BAC Coordinator. P. Pluciński contributed to all works connected with BAC calorimeter: monitoring of the technical state and the quality of data, measurements of efficiency, service works, organising of meetings with experts

and discussing all problems related to BAC performance. He was also a duty Run Coordinator in ZEUS experiment.

In parallel P. Pluciński continues his work on PhD thesis on muon trigger for BAC calorimeter. The thesis is supposed to be ready in May 2007. The results gathered in the thesis were presented at the collaboration meeting in Florence in October 2006.


135


ON THE ΠΠ PRODUCTION IN FREE AND IN-MEDIUM NN-COLLISIONS: SIGMA-CHANNEL LOW-MASS ENHANCEMENT AND Π Π /Π Π ASSYMETRY

0 0 + - M. Bashkanov, ... , A. Kupść, P. Marciniewski, J. Stepaniak, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Acta Phys. Slovaca Vol. 56 No 3 (2006) 285-297 RESULTS AND STATUS OF THE KASCADE EXPERIMENT H. Ulrich, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 870 (2006) 186-189 COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND SIMULATED LATERAL DISTRIBUTIONS FOR ELECTRONS AND MUONS WITH KASCADE W.D. Apel, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Astropart. Phys. Vol. 24 No 6 (2006) 467-483 PROGRESS IN AIR SHOWER RADIO MEASUREMENTS: DETECTION OF DISTANT EVENTS W.D. Apel, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Astropart. Phys. Vol. 26 No 4-5 (2006) 332-340 RADIO DETECTION OF COSMIC RAYS WITH LOPES C. Grupen, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Brazil. J. Phys. Vol. 36 No 4A (2006) 1157-1164 RECONSTRUCTION OF ENERGY SPECTRA OF ELEMENTAL GROUPS WITH KASCADE: SENSITIVITY TO HADRONIC INTERACTION MODELS H. Ulrich, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 56 No SUPPL. 1 (2006) A261-A270 TESTS OF HADRONIC INTERACTION MODELS BY DATA OF THE KASCADE-GRANDE AIR-SHOWER EXPERIMENT A. Haungs, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 56 No SUPPL. 1 (2006) A241-A259 A FADC-BASED DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR THE KASCADE-GRANDE EXPERIMENT W. Walkowiak, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. Vol. 53 No 1 (2006) 265-269 ABSOLUTE CALIBRATION OF THE LOPES ANTENNA SYSTEM S. Nehls, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Int. J. Mod. Phys. A Vol. 21 No SUPPL. 1 (2006) 187-191 ADVANCED DETECTION METHODS OF RADIO SIGNALS FROM COSMIC RAYS FOR KASCADE GRANDE AND AUGER H. Gemmeke, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Int. J. Mod. Phys. A Vol. 21 No SUPPL. 1 (2006) 242-246 COMBINED LOPES AND KASCADE-GRANDE DATA ANALYSIS A. Haungs, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Int. J. Mod. Phys. A Vol. 21 No SUPPL. 1 (2006) 182-186 RADIO DETECTION OF COSMIC RAYS WITH LOPES A. Horneffer, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Int. J. Mod. Phys. A Vol. 21 No SUPPL. 1 (2006) 168-181 RADIO EMISSION OF HIGHLY INCLINED COSMIC RAY AIR SHOWERS MEASURED WITH LOPES - POSSIBILITY FOR NEUTRINO DETECTION J. Petrovic, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Journal of Physics: Conference Series Vol. 39 No 1 (2006) 471-474 RESULTS FROM THE KASCADE, KASCADE-GRANDE, AND LOPES EXPERIMENTS J.R. Hörandel, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Journal of Physics: Conference Series Vol. 39 No 1 (2006) 463-470 INVESTIGATING THE 2 KNEE: THE KASCADE-GRANDE EXPERIMENT nd A. Haungs, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Journal of Physics: Conference Series Vol. 47 (2006) 238 EAS EXPERIMENT ON BOARD THE AIRBUS A380 J.N. Capdevielle, F. Cohen, K. Jędrzejczak, B. Szabelska, J. Szabelski, T. Wibig Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Sup. Vol. 151 No 1 (2006) pp. 414-41 INVESTIGATION OF HADRONIC INTERACTION MODELS WITH THE KASCADE EXPERIMENT J. Milke, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Sup. Vol. 151 No 1 (2006) 469-472


INVESTIGATION OF THE PSEUDORAPIDITY AND MOMENTUM OF MUONS IN EAS WITH THE KASCADE MUON TRACKING DETECTOR J. Zabierowski, ... , A. Risse, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Sup. Vol. 151 No 1 (2006) 291-294 KASCADE: ASTROPHYSICAL RESULTS AND TESTS OF HADRONIC INTERACTION MODELS A. Haungs, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Sup. Vol. 151 No 1 (2006) 167-174 ON THE INFLUENCE OF CROSS SECTIONS AND ELASTICITIES OF HADRONIC INTERACTIONS ON AIR SHOWER OBSERVABLES J.R. Hörandel, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Sup. Vol. 151 No 1 (2006) 205-208 REGISTRATION OF NEUTRONS WITHIN 2 MILLISECONDS AFTER EAS IMPACT K. Jędrzejczak, ... , J. Karczmarczyk, M. Kasztelan, A. Polański, J. Szabelski, T. Wibig, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Sup. Vol. 151 No 1 (2006) pp. 329-33 THE LONGITUDINAL DEVELOPMENT OF SHOWERS INDUCED BY HIGH-ENERGY HADRONS IN AN IRON-SAMPLING CALORIMETER J. Milke, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Sup. Vol. 151 No 1 (2006) 325-328 THE ROLAND MAZE PROJECT - SCHOOL-BASED EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWER NETWORK J. Feder, ... , K. Jędrzejczak, J. Karczmarczyk, R. Lewandowski, B. Szabelska, J. Szabelski, T. Wibig, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Sup. Vol. 151 No 1 (2006) pp. 430-43 FORWARD JET PRODUCTION IN DEEP INELASTIC EP SCATTERING AND LOW-X PARTON DYNAMICS AT HERA S. Chekanov, ... , J. Łukasik, M. Adamus, P. Pluciński, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B Vol. 632 No 1 (2006) pp. 13-26 EXCLUSIVE MEASUREMENTS OF PD -> HE Π Π: THE ABC EFFECT REVISITED3 M. Bashkanov, ... , A. Kupść, P. Marciniewski, J. Stepaniak, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B Vol. 637 No 4-5 (2006) 223-228 MEASUREMENT OF HIGH-Q DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING CROSS SECTIONS WITH A LONGITUDINALLY POLARISED POSITRON BEAM AT HERA

2

S. Chekanov, ... , J. Łukasik, M. Adamus, P. Pluciński, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B Vol. 637 No 4-5 (2006) pp. 210-22 EDUCATIONAL STUDIES OF COSMIC RAYS WITH A TELESCOPE OF GEIGER MULLER COUNTERS T. Wibig, K. Kołodziejczak, R. Pierzyński, R. Sobczak Physics Education Vol. 41 (2006) 542 EVIDENCE FOR A NARROW ROPER RESONANCE - THE BREATHING MODE OF THE NUCLEON H. Clement, ... , A. Kupść, P. Marciniewski, J. Stepaniak, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Proceedings of CRIMEA 2006 (2006) 23 TWO-PION PRODUCTION IN NUCLEON-NUCLEON COLLISIONS AND THE ABC EFFECT - APPROACHING A PUZZLE BY EXCLUSIVE AND KINEMATICALLY COMPLETE MEASUREMENTS T. Skorodko, ... , A. Kupść, P. Marciniewski, J. Stepaniak, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Proceedings of CRIMEA 2006 (2006) 119 SEARCH FOR ISOMERIC STATE IN FR AT THE WARSAW IGISOL SYSTEM216 J. Kurcewicz, ... , W. Czarnacki, M. Kisieliński, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. A (in press) MEASUREMENT OF OPEN BEAUTY PRODUCTION AT HERA IN THE D* MUON FINAL STATE S. Chekanov, ... , J. Łukasik, M. Adamus, P. Pluciński, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. C (in press) APPROACH TO ELEMENTAL ENERGY SPECTRA OF COSMIC RAYS BY CORRELATION CURVES METHOD I. Lebedev, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Izvyestiya RAN, Seriya fizicheskaya (in press) JET-RADIUS DEPENDENCE OF INCLUSIVE-JET CROSS SECTIONS IN DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA S. Chekanov, ... , J. Łukasik, M. Adamus, P. Pluciński, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B (in press) COSMIC-RAY STUDIES WITH KASCADE-GRANDE M. Brueggemann, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al. Proceedings of ECRS 2006 on CDROM (in press)


137

REPORTS

RADIO EMISSION IN AIR SHOWERS MEASURED BY LOPES-10 IN COINCIDENCE WITH KASCADE-GRANDE OBSERVATIONS A.F. Badea, ... , A. Risse, J. Zabierowski, ... et al.


Invited Talk STATUS OF KASCADE-GRANDE EXPERIMENT H. Ulrich, A. Risse, J. Zabierowski XIV International Symposium on Very High Energy Cosmic Ray Interactions - ISVHECRI 2006 (Weihai, China, 2006-08-15 - 2006-08-22) Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Sup. (in press) EAS RADIO-DETECTION WITH LOPES A. Haungs, A. Risse, J. Zabierowski XIV International Symposium on Very High Energy Cosmic Ray Interactions - ISVHECRI 2006 (Weihai, China, 2006-08-15 - 2006-08-22) Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Sup. (in press) RECENT RESULTS FROM KASCADE-GRANDE K.-H. Kampert, A. Risse, J. Zabierowski VULCANO 2006 Workshop: Frontier Objects in Astrophysics and Particle Physics (Vulcano, Italy, 2006-05-22 - 2006-05-27) Italian Physical Society Proceedings Series (in press) EAS RADIO DETECTION WITH LOPES A. Haungs, A. Risse, J. Zabierowski VULCANO 2006 Workshop: Frontier Objects in Astrophysics and Particle Physics (Vulcano, Italy, 2006-05-22 - 2006-05-27) Italian Physical Society Proceedings Series (in press) RADIO-DETECTION TECHNIQUES FOR COSMIC RAYS H. Gemmeke, P. Łuczak, J. Zabierowski Recontres du Vietnam:Challenges in Particle Astrophysics HANOI 2006 (Hanoi, Vietnam, 2006-08-06 - 2006-08-12) COSMIC RAY SHOWER RADIO-DETECTION IN LOPES/LOFAR AND AUGER-NORTH PROJECTS J. Zabierowski ApPEC Steering Committee Meeting (Warsaw, Poland, 2006-07-03 - 2006-07-03) RADIO EMISSION IN ATMOSPHERIC SHOWERS: RESULTS OF LOPES10 A. Haungs, A. Risse, J. Zabierowski Acoustic and Radio EeV Neutrino detection Activities ARENA 2006 (Newcastle upon Tyne, England, University of Northumbria, Sheffield, 2006-06-28 - 2006-06-30) Journal of Physics: Conference Series (in press) RADIO DETECTION OF COSMIC RAYS WITH LOPES C. Grupen, A. Risse, J. Zabierowski XXVI Brazilian National Meeting on Particles and Fields (San Lorenzo, Brasil, 2006-06-15 - 2006-06-18) Brazil. J. Phys. Vol. 36 No 4A (2006) 1157-1164 Oral Presentation REGISTRATION OF NEUTRONS PRODUCED IN SECONDARY COSMIC RAY INTERACTIONS WITH LEAD K. Jędrzejczak, Z. Dębicki, J. Karczmarczyk, M. Kasztelan, S.A. Petrochenkov, A. Polański, B. Szabelska, J. Szabelski, T. Wibig 20thEuropean Cosmic Ray Symposium (Lisbon, Portugal, 2006-09-05 - 2006-09-08) TWO-PION PRODUCTION IN NUCLEON-NUCLEON COLLISIONS AND THE ABC EFFECT - APPROACHING A PUZZLE BY EXCLUSIVE AND KINEMATICALLY COMPLETE MEASUREMENTS T. Skorodko, A. Kupść, P. Marciniewski, J. Stepaniak, J. Zabierowski CRIMEA 2006 - New Trends in High-Energy Physics (Yalta, Ukraine, 2006-09-16 - 2006-09-23) Proceedings of CRIMEA 2006 (2006) 119 SCIENTIFIC TARGETS AND DATA SUMMARY TAPE FOR SCHOOL EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWER NETWORK J. Szabelski, K. Jędrzejczak, M. Kasztelan, B. Szabelska, T. Wibig 20thEuropean Cosmic Ray Symposium (Lisbon, Portugal, 2006-09-05 - 2006-09-08)


MAZEPI EXPERIMENT: SEARCHES FOR CORRELATIONS OF EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS WITH GAMMA RAY BURSTS K. Jędrzejczak, M. Kasztelan, L. Mankiewicz, K. Nawrocki, M. Sokołowski, B. Szabelska, J. Szabelski, T. Wibig, G. Wrochna 20thEuropean Cosmic Ray Symposium (Lisbon, Portugal, 2006-09-05 - 2006-09-08) INVESTIGATIONS OF MUONS IN EAS WITH KASCADE-GRANDE A. Haungs, A. Risse, P. Łuczak, J. Zabierowski XIV International Symposium on Very High Energy Cosmic Ray Interactions - ISVHECRI 2006 (Weihai, China, 2006-08-15 - 2006-08-22) Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Sup. (in press) RESULTS AND STATUS OF THE KASCADE EXPERIMENT H. Ulrich, A. Risse, J. Zabierowski Conference on Intersections of particle and Nuclear Physics - CIPANP 2006 (Puertorico, USA, 2006-05-30 - 2006-06-03) AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 870 (2006) 186-189 BAC TRIGGER UPDATE P. Pluciński ZEUS Collaboration Meeting (Florence, Italy, 2006-10-16 - 2006-10-20) STATUS OF THE KASCADE-GRANDE EXPERIMENT F. DiPiero, A. Risse, J. Zabierowski CRIS 2006 – Cosmic Ray International Seminar: Ultra- High Energy Cosmic Rays - Status and Perspectives (Catania, Italy, 2006-05-29 - 2006-06-02) Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Sup. Vol. 165 (2007) 289-293 THE PRIMARY ENERGY ESTIMATION OF INCLINED GIANT EAS J.N. Capdevielle, F. Cohen, B. Szabelska, J. Szabelski 20thEuropean Cosmic Ray Symposium (Lisbon, Portugal, 2006-09-05 - 2006-09-08) RADIO DETECTION OF COSMIC RAY AIR SHOWERS WITH LOPES T. Huege, A. Risse, J. Zabierowski CRIS 2006 – Cosmic Ray International Seminar: Ultra- High Energy Cosmic Rays - Status and Perspectives (Catania, Italy, 2006-05-29 - 2006-06-02) Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Sup. Vol. 165 (2007) 341-348 HIGH ENERGY MUON NUMBER SPECTRUM DETECTED AT BAKSAN UNDERGROUND SCINTILLATION TELESCOPE V.B. Petkov, J. Szabelski, D.V. Smirnov, R.V. Novoseltseva XIV International Symposium on Very High Energy Cosmic Ray Interactions - ISVHECRI 2006 (Weihai, China, 2006-08-15 - 2006-08-22) Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Sup. (2006) APPROACH TO ELEMENTAL ENERGY SPECTRA OF COSMIC RAYS BY CORRELATION CURVES METHOD I. Lebedev, T. Antoni, A. Risse, J. Zabierowski International Cosmic Ray Workshop Tian-Shan 2006 (Tian-Shan, 2006-08-27 - 2006-08-27) Izvyestiya RAN, Seriya fizicheskaya (in press) HIGH MULTIPLICITY MUON GROUPS AND PRIMARY COSMIC RAY MASS COMPOSITION AT THE "KNEE REGION" V. B. Petkov, D. V. Smirnov, J. Szabelski 29 Vserossijskaya konferenciya po kosmicheskim lucham (Moscow, Russia, 2006-08-03 - 2006-08-07) Izvyestiya RAN, Seriya fizicheskaya (2007) COSMIC-RAY STUDIES WITH KASCADE-GRANDE M. Brueggemann, A. Risse, J. Zabierowski 20thEuropean Cosmic Ray Symposium (Lisbon, Portugal, 2006-09-05 - 2006-09-08) Proceedings of ECRS 2006 on CDROM (in press) RADIO EMISSION IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR SHOWERS: FIRST MEASUREMENTS WITH LOPES-30 P.G. Isar, A. Risse, J. Zabierowski Acoustic and Radio EeV Neutrino detection Activities ARENA 2006 (Newcastle upon Tyne, England, University of Northumbria, Sheffield, 2006-06-28 - 2006-06-30) Journal of Physics: Conference Series (in press) THE KASCADE-GRANDE EXPERIMENT F. Cossavella, A. Risse, J. Zabierowski International School of Cosmic Ray Astrophysics: 15th Course - Astrophysics of Ultra-High Energies (Erice, Italy, 2006-06-20 - 2006-06-26) World Scientific No. (2007) MUONS AS PROBES OF THE LONGITUDINAL SHOWER DEVELOPMENT IN KASCADE-GRANDE P. Doll, K. Daumiller, R. Obenland, J. Zabierowski Spring Meeting of German Physical Society (Dortmund, Germany, 2006-03-28 - 2006-03-30) THE ROLAND MAZE PROJECT; SINGLE MUON FLUX MEASURED WITH THE GM TELESCOPE T. Wibig, R. Kołodziejczak, R. Pierzyński, R. Sobczak 20thEuropean Cosmic Ray Symposium (Lisbon, Portugal, 2006-09-05 - 2006-09-08)


139

LOW-MASS Π Π ENHANCEMENT IN BARYONIC ΠΠ PRODUCTION: ABC EFFECT REVISITED BY EXCLUSIVE MEASUREMENTS

M. Bashkanov, A. Kupść, P. Marciniewski, J. Stepaniak, J. Zabierowski 9th International Workshop on Meson Production, Properties and Interactions (Cracow, Poland, 2006-06-09 - 2006-06-13) Int. J. Mod. Phys. A Vol. 22 No 2-3 (2007) 625-628 ANGULAR ANISOTROPY OF VERY SHORT GAMMA RAY BURSTS L.W. Piotrowski, T. Wibig, G. Wrochna, A.W. Wolfendale 20thEuropean Cosmic Ray Symposium (Lisbon, Portugal, 2006-09-05 - 2006-09-08) OBSERVATION OF THE ABC EFFECT IN THE FIRST EXCLUSIVE MEASUREMENTS OF PN->D Π Π0 0 O. Khakimova, A. Kupść, P. Marciniewski, J. Stepaniak, J. Zabierowski 9th International Workshop on Meson Production, Properties and Interactions (Cracow, Poland, 2006-06-09 - 2006-06-13) Int. J. Mod. Phys. A Vol. 22 No 2-3 (2007) 617-620 ΠΠ Production In Proton-Proton Collisions T. Skorodko, A. Kupść, P. Marciniewski, J. Stepaniak, J. Zabierowski 9th International Workshop on Meson Production, Properties and Interactions (Cracow, Poland, 2006-06-09 - 2006-06-13) Int. J. Mod. Phys. A Vol. 22 No 2-3 (2007) 509-513 MULTIPLICITY DISTRIBUTION OF NEUTRONS ORIGINATED IN MUON-LEAD INTERACTIONS IN UNDERGROUND LABORATORY J. Szabelski, Z. Dębicki, K. Jędrzejczak, J. Karczmarczyk, M. Kasztelan, S.A. Petrochenkov, A. Polański, B. Szabelska, T. Wibig 20thEuropean Cosmic Ray Symposium (Lisbon, Portugal, 2006-09-05 - 2006-09-08) EVIDENCE FOR A NARROW ROPER RESONANCE - THE BREATHING MODE OF THE NUCLEON H. Clement, A. Kupść, P. Marciniewski, J. Stepaniak, J. Zabierowski CRIMEA 2006 - New Trends in High-Energy Physics (Yalta, Ukraine, 2006-09-16 - 2006-09-23) Proceedings of CRIMEA 2006 (2006) 23 Poster RECENT RESULTS FROM THE AIR-SHOWER-EXPERIMENT KASCADE-GRANDE/LOPES P. Doll, A. Risse, P. Luczak, J. Zabierowski XXIII Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics (Melbourne, Australia, 2006-12-11 - 2006-12-15) MUON TRACKING DETECTOR (MTD) IN THE AIR-SHOWER EXPERIMENT KASCADE-GRANDE P. Doll, K. Daumiller, R. Obenland, J. Zabierowski XXIII Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics (Melbourne, Australia, 2006-12-11 - 2006-12-15) SEARCH FOR CORRELATIONS OF GRB AND COSMIC RAYS K. Jędrzejczak, M. Kasztelan, L. Mankiewicz, M. Molak, K. Nawrocki, L.W. Piotrowski, M. Sokołowski, B. Szabelska, J. Szabelski, T. Wibig, A.W. Wolfendale, G. Wrochna The Multi-messenger Approach to Unidentified Gamma-ray Sources (Barcelona, Spain, 2006-07-04 - 2006-07-07) THE ROLAND MAZE PROJECT; SINGLE MUON FLUX MEASURED WITH THE GM TELESCOPE. K. Kołodziejczak, R. Pierzyński, R. Sobczak, T. Wibig 20thEuropean Cosmic Ray Symposium (Lisbon, Portugal, 2006-09-05 - 2006-09-08) CALIBRATION AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM IN THE ROLAND MAZE PROJECT. Z. Dębicki, J. Feder, K. Jędrzejczak, J. Karczmarczyk, M. Kasztelan, R. Lewandowski, W. Skowronek, B. Szabelska, J. Szabelski, P. Tokarski, T. Wibig 20thEuropean Cosmic Ray Symposium (Lisbon, Portugal, 2006-09-05 - 2006-09-08) STATUS OF THE ROLAND MAZE PROJECT (EAS ARRAY AT SCHOOLS). Z. Dębicki, J. Feder, K. Jędrzejczak, J. Karczmarczyk, M. Kasztelan, R. Lewandowski, W. Skowronek, B. Szabelska, J. Szabelski, P. Tokarski, T. Wibig 20thEuropean Cosmic Ray Symposium (Lisbon, Portugal, 2006-09-05 - 2006-09-08)


The KARMEN problem; small poissonian statisticsa T. Wibig Łódź, Faculty of Physics, University of Łódź, 2006-03-23 Very short gamma burstsa T. Wibig Łódz, Physics Faculty, University of Łódź, 2006-11-09 a) in Polish


DIDACTIC ACTIVITY

T. Wibig - Lectures at the University of Łódź J. Zabierowski - Supervision of PhD student (P. Łuczak)


J. Szabelski Polish representative in European Particle Physics Outreach Group (EPPOG) Polish representative J. Zabierowski Member of the KASCADE-Grande Steering Committee (Voting Member in the name of IPJ) Member of the Polish Physical Society Member of the Scientific Council of the Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies

PERSONNEL

Research scientists Anna Risse, Dr. till 15 Sept. Barbara Szabelska, Dr. Jacek Szabelski, Dr.

Tadeusz Wibig, D.Sc. 1/3* Janusz Zabierowski, D.Sc.

PhD students Paweł Łuczak, MSc. Technical and administrative staff Zdzisław Dębicki Jadwiga Feder Jacek Karczmarczyk 1/2* Marcin Kasztelan 3/4*

Ryszard Lewandowski Paweł Pluciński Przemysław Tokarski


DEPARTMENT OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS

141

8 DEPARTMENT OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS

Head of Department: Prof. Grzegorz Wilk phone: (22) 621-60-85 e-mail: [email protected]

Overview

The Department of Nuclear Theory consists of 21 physicists and 2 PhD students working on different aspects

of low energy, high energy, plasma and nonlinear physics as well as on general problems of quantization of particle dynamics and astrophysics. In addition to this activity, close collaborations with experimental groups: COMPASS, ASACUSA/ACOL and ALICE at CERN, FLAIR, AIC, EXO-ATOM (at RIKEN, GSI and CERN) and participation in projects FLAVIAnet and LIMA (GSI) should be emphasized. Results of our work in 2006 are presented in 53 regular published papers (plus some conference proceedings) and in 19 papers already accepted for publication. They were also presented in numerous seminars, both in Poland and abroad. Our research concentrated on: • properties of heavy and superheavy nuclei; • properties of nuclear matter and nuclear collisions; • exotic atoms; • collisions of hadrons and leptons; • numerical modelling of Bose-Einstein correlations; • parton distributions in nuclei ; • description of diverse production processes in QCD; • some properties of Bose-Einstein condensates; • nonlinear effect in extended media; • quantum cosmology.

Of special relevance and interest are works: • on bosonic amplification in many mode quantum systems; • on cosmological singularity ; • on specific effects in nuclear synthesis; • on generalized description of internal structure of nucleons.

Collaborations with several universities and institutions have been maintained. These include the Universities of Warsaw, Kielce, Polish Academy of Sciences, München, Paris, Liege, Helsinki, London, Warwick and the Institutes at: CERN, GSI and JINR.

Prof. Grzegorz Wilk


8.1 Properties of Heavy and Superheavy Nuclei by M.Kowal, A.Parkhomenko, L.Shvedov and A.Sobiczewski

Studies of the properties of the heaviest nuclei

have been continued. Much attention has been given to the analysis of the static fission barrier height of these nuclei. Accurate knowledge of this height is needed for calculations of cross sections for the synthesis of heavy and superheavy nuclei. To gain such knowledge, the barriers have to be analyzed in a properly chosen and sufficiently large deformation space [1]. Such a choice of the space needs an extensive study of the dependence of the barrier height on various kinds of nuclear shapes, both axially symmetric and asymmetric. Studies of this dependence have been done for many heavy and superheavy nuclei [2-6]. They demonstrated the importance of the non-axial, quadrupole as well as hexadecapole, shapes, often disregarded in earlier analyses.

Attention was also paid to the analysis of the α-decay chains of superheavy nuclei [7, 8]. Alpha-decay energies and half-lives were analyzed.

Three review articles [9-11] on the properties of heaviest nuclei and two popular ones [12, 13] on their synthesis were written.

[1] A.Sobiczewski and M.Kowal, Physica Scripta T 125 (2006) 68

[2] A.Sobiczewski, M.Kowal and L.Shvedov, Acta Phys. Pol. B 38, in press

[3] M.Kowal and A.Sobiczewski, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 16, in press

[4] L.Shvedov and A.Sobiczewski, Acta Phys. Pol. B 38, in press

[5] A.Sobiczewski, L.Shvedov and M.Kowal, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 16, in press

[6] A.Sobiczewski, M.Kowal and L.Shvedov, Proc. Intern. Conf. on Dynamical Aspects of Nuclear Fission, October 2-6, 2006, Smolenice (Slovakia), (World Scientific, Singapore, 2007) in press

[7] A.Sobiczewski and A.Parkhomenko, Phys. At. Nucl. 69 (2006) 1155; Yad. Fiz. 69 (2006)

[8] A.Parkhomenko and A.Sobiczewski, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 15 (2006) 457

[9] A.Sobiczewski, Nucl. Phys. At. Energy 17, in press

[10] A.Sobiczewski, Romanian Rep. Phys., in press [11] A.Sobiczewski and K.Pomorski, Prog. Part. Nucl.

Phys. 58 (2007) 292 [12] A.Sobiczewski, Postępy Techniki Jądrowej 50, z.

4 (2006) 7 [13] A.Sobiczewski, Postępy Fizyki 58, in press

8.2 A New Lifetime Measurements for Bare and H-like Ions by K.Beckert1), F.Bosch1), B.Franzke1), H.Geissel1,2),M.Hausmanna1,3), Th.Kerscher4), O.Klepper1), C.Kozhuharov1), Yu.A.Litvinov1,2),K.E.G.Loebner4), G.Muenzenberg1,5), F.Nolden1), Yu.N.Novikov6), Z.Patyk, T.Radon1), C.Scheidenberger1), M.Steck1), H.Wollnik2)

Mass and half-life are basic properties of an atomic

nucleus [1, 2]. A new era for lifetime spectrometry was opened up with the Schottky measurements of single-particle decays at the FRS-ESR (GSI-Darmstadt) where the disappearance of a mother ion is correlated with the appearance of a daughter one. An example of measured decays with only a few mother nuclei circulating simultaneously in the ring is illustrated below.

A series of subsequent Schottky spectra monitors the electron capture of 140Pr58+ to 140Ce58+(QEC= 3388 keV) [3]. In the coming experiments we will also measure the influence of the electron screening on the astrophysical fusion reactions and heavy-ion decays in hot stellar environment. The principal effects will be checked with new decay measurements for relativistic bare and He-like ions circulating in the ESR.

[1] A.H.Wapstra, G.Audi and C.Thibault, Nucl. Phys. A729 (2003) 129

[2] T.Radon, et al., Nucl. Phys. A 677 (2000) 75 [3] Yu.A.Litvinov et al., Intern. Journal of Mass

Spectrometry 251 (2006) 212 1) 2) 3) 4)

5) 6)

GSI, Darmstadt, Germany Justus-Liebig Universitaet, Giessen, Germany Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA Ludwig-Maximilian's Universitaet Muenchen, Germany Johannes-Gutenberg Universitaet, Germany St. Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Russia


143

8.3 Relative Kinetic Energy Correction to Selfconsistent Fission Barriers by J.Skalski

The effect of spurious relative kinetic energy

removal on the fission barriers is discussed within the Skyrme Hartree-Fock method [1]. We calculated some fusion and conditional fission barriers in medium-heavy nuclei within the selfconsistent method and compared our results with the data. It turns out that the removal of spurious relative kinetic energy considerably lowers fission bariers in medium mass nuclei. This brings the selfconsistent results closer to the experimental data and solves a big part of the problem of too high barriers. Moreover, the necessity of the applied correction is evident in contrast to the concept of a deformation-dependent congruence term used in the macroscopic energy plus the Strutinsky shell correction method. The lowering of the potential

energy by ~Ecm (rel) around the scission point will lower fission barriers in nuclei with the scission configuration lying above or a little below the ground state energy. Modifications may be expected for medium heavy and heavy A≈200 nuclei. Short barriers, like those in superheavy species, should not be affected.

Now, it is clear that detailed predictions of fission barriers and half-lives need some satisfactory prescription for a gradual (depending on a degree of merging or separation) subtraction of kinetic energy of the fragments' relative motion. [1] J.Skalski, Phys. Rev. C 74 (2006) 051601(R)

8.4 The Associated Production of Σ Hyperons by J.Dąbrowski and J.Rożynek

Our work on the interaction of Σ hyperons with

nuclear matter was continued. [1-2]. In particular, we analyzed the kaon spectrum from the associated Σ hyperon production reaction (π-,K+) on the silicon target [3] measured recently at KEK [4]. Whereas our previous analyses of the strangeness exchange reactions (K-,π), and the analyses of the Σ atoms suggested that the Σ nuclear interaction potential is inside nuclei repulsive, VΣ~20 MeV (this is consistent with the result for VΣ obtained with model F of the Nijmegen baryon-baryon interaction), our present

analysis of the associated Σ production suggest a much stronger repulsion: VΣ ~ 90 MeV. Presently, we are working on solving this discrepancy. [1] J.Dąbrowski , J.Rożynek, Acta Phys. Pol. B 37

(2006) 87 [2] J.Dąbrowski, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 15 (2006) 318 [3] J.Dąbrowski, J.Rożynek, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E,

in press [4] P.K.Saha et al., Phys. Rev. C 70 (2004) 044613

8.5 The Nucleon Parton Distribution for Finite Density by J.Rożynek

In 2006 we investigated the density dependent

corrections to the nucleon structure function in the frame of nuclear Relativistic Mean Field (RMF) models. These corrections are connected with the modifications of the parton distribution in nuclei emerging from generalized nuclear Fermi motion and final state interactions between the nucleon and the rest of the nucleus [1].

The medium effects concern the nucleon structure, namely the changes in the nucleon rest energy, the enhancement of sea quark contribution (simulated with "nuclear pions") and the modifications of the transverse parton momentum distribution inside Nuclear Matter (NM) [2]. The sea parton distributions

are described by the modified cloud of virtual pions in order to saturate the nuclear energy-momentum sum rule. The description of theses features are in good agreement with experimental data; the EMC effect for x>0.1 and nuclear lepton pair production data has been described essentially without free parameters. The influence of these medium modifications to the nucleon structure function within the equation of state in RMF models of NM is discussed in [3]. [1] to be printed in Conference Proceedings of AIP [2] to be printed Acta Physica Polonica B [3] to be printed in International Journal of Modern

Physics


8.6 Search for Odderon in the Parity Violating Amplitudes’ Asymptotics by L.Łukaszuk

We discuss maximal Odderon asymptotics, i.e. the

situation when the difference between the total cross section for given amplitude and its crossing counterpart grows as ln (s) at asymptotically large s, where s denotes the center-of-mass energy squared. Odderon asymptotics emerged for the first time in Ref. [1] and is nowadays usually associated with C = -1 exchange in t-channel. Although the studies in QCD [2, 3] (see Refs. [4, 5] for further references) support existence of C=-1 exchange (QCD Odderon), it should be stressed that such exchange need not be mandatory for the Odderon type behavior. In fact we provide [5] model dependent arguments for the existence of Odderon-type asymptotics in the case of parity

violating Compton amplitude. Estimated contributions to the cross sections’ difference come from semi-hard region and are not connected with QCD Odderon. [1] L.Łukaszuk, B.Nicolescu, Nuovo Cimento Lett. 8

(1973) 405 [2] J.Kwiecinski, M.Praszalowicz, Phys. Lett. B94

(1980) 413 [3] J.Bartels, L.N.Lipatov, G.P.Vacca, Phys. Lett.

B477 (2000) 178 [4] C.Ewerz, arXiv:hep-ph/0306137 [5] R.Avila,

P.Gauron, B.Nicolescu, arXiv:hep-ph/0607089 [5] L.Łukaszuk, Proc. of Science (2007), in press

8.7 Beta Beams -an Alternative to Double Beta Decay? by L.Łukaszuk, Z.Sujkowski and S.Wycech

It is shown that the Majorana neutrino's absolute

mass scale measurement can in principle be carried out using intense beta beams. This could be achieved by counting the lepton number violating events in the two step process: the nuclear decay in flight and the subsequent neutrino induced interaction. The relativistic boost results in the gain in the content of Majorana neutrino helicities responsible for the lepton number violation. A simple formula to calculate this

gain is presented. Specific examples of the two step processes are indicated and relevant cross sections are given [1, 2]. [1] L.Łukaszuk, Z.Sujkowski and S.Wycech, Eur.

Phys. J. A27 (Suppl1) 63 (2006) [2] L.Łukaszuk, Z.Sujkowski and S.Wycech,

submitted to Acta Phys. Pol. B

8.8 Sum Rules for Parity Violating Compton Amplitudes by L.Łukaszuk, K.Kurek

After discussion of legitimacy of the dispersive

approach in the Standard Model sum rules (s.r.) for parity violating (p.v.) amplitudes are presented. These are sum rules for polarizabilities and parity violating

analogue of the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum rule. Phenomenological implications are reviewed [1].

[1] L.Łukaszuk, K.Kurek, Acta Phys. Pol. B37 (2006) 853

8.9 Transversity GPD in Photo- and Electroproduction of Two Vector Mesons [1] by R.Enberg1), B.Pire2), L.Szymanowski3)

The chiral-odd generalized parton distribution

(GPD), or transversity GPD, of the nucleon can be accessed experimentally through the photo- or electroproduction of two vector mesons on a polarized nucleon target, γ*N → ρ1 ρ2 N', where ρ1 is produced at large transverse momentum, ρ2 is transversely polarized, and the mesons are separated by a large rapidity gap. We predict the cross section for this process for both transverse and longitudinal ρ2 production. To this end we propose a model for the transversity GPD HT(x,\ξ,t), and give an estimate of

the relative sizes of the transverse and longitudinal ρ2 cross sections. We show that an experiment at high energy should be able to measure the transversity content of the proton. [1] Eur. Phys. J. C47 (2006) 87, e-Print Archive: hep-

ph/0601138 1) 2) 3)

CPhT, Ecole Polytechnique & LBL, Berkeley Ecole Polytechnique, CPHT, France Liege U. & Orsay, LPT


145

8.10 On Exotic Hybrid Meson Production in γ* γ Collisions [1] by I.V.Anikin1), B.Pire2), L.Szymanowski3), O.V.Teryaev1), S.Wallon4)

We present a theoretical study of exotic hybrid

meson (JPC=1-+) production in photon-photon collisions where one of the photons is deeply virtual, including twist 2 and twist 3 contributions. We calculate the cross section of this process which turns out to be large enough to imply sizeable counting rates in the present high luminosity electron-positron colliders. We emphasize the importance of the πη decay channel for the detection of the hybrid meson candidate π1(1400) and calculate the cross section and the angular distribution for πη pair production in the unpolarized case. This angular distribution is a useful

tool for disentangling the hybrid meson signal from the background. Finally, we calculate the single spin asymmetry associated with one initial longitudinally polarized lepton. [1] Eur. Phys. J. C 47 (2006) 71 1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2)

1) 2)

JINR, Dubna, Russia CPhT École Polytechnique, France Liege U. & Orsay, LPT LPT, Univ. Paris-Sud, Orsay, France

8.11 Exclusive Meson Pair production in γ* γ Scattering at Small Momentum Transfer [1] by J.P.Lansberg1), B.Pire2), L.Szymanowski

We study the exclusive production of ππ and ρ π

in hard γ* γ scattering in the forward kinematical region where the virtuality of one photon provides us with a hard scale in the process. The newly introduced concept of Transition Distribution Amplitudes (TDA) is used to perform a QCD calculation of these reactions thanks to two simple models for TDAs. Cross sections for ρπ and ππ production are evaluated and compared to the possible background from the Bremsstrahlung process. This picture may be tested at intense electron-positron colliders such as CLEO and

B factories. The cross section e γ -> e' π0 π0 is finally shown to provide a possible determination of the π0 axial form factor, FA, at small t, which seems not to be measurable elsewhere. [1] Phys. Rev. D73 (2006) 074014

CPhT, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France Ecole Polytechnique, CPHT, France

8.12 QCD Factorizations in γ* γ → ρρ [1] by B.Pire1), M.Segond2), L.Szymanowski, S.Wallon2)

We calculate the lowest order QCD amplitude, i.e.

the quark exchange contribution, to the forward production amplitude of a pair of longitudinally polarized ρ mesons in the scattering of two virtual photons γ*(Q1) γ*(Q2) → We show that the scattering amplitude simultaneously factorizes in two quite different ways: the part with transverse photons is described by the QCD factorization formula involving the generalized distribution amplitude of two final ρ mesons, whereas the part with longitudinally polarized photons takes the QCD

factorized form with the → transition distribution amplitude. Perturbative expressions for these, in general, non-perturbative functions are obtained in terms of the ρ meson distribution amplitude.

0Lρ 0

Lρ

*Lγ 0

Lρ

[1] Phys. Lett. B639 (2006) 642

CPhT, Ecole Polytechnique, France LPT, Universite Paris-Sud, Orsay, France

8.13 Interactions of Antiprotons by S.Wycech

Several experiments indicate the existence of

barionia - the nucleon antinucleon quasi-bound states. A strong correlation of final baryons is observed by

BES Collaboration in the radiative decays J/Ψ→p p γ. This correlation may reflect an S-wave barionium [1], but such an interpretation is not unique. New BES


experiments find a large peak in the invariant mass of six pi mesons apparently due to the same decay. On the basis of the Paris potential model we show that both effects are due to the same state of barionium [2]. It is a short-lived state formed by one and two pion exchange forces.

Another, P-wave quasi-bound state is indicated by the atomic antiprotonic-deuterium level widths. Both quasi-bound states allow a consistent picture of the low energy antiproton nucleus interactions [3].

These results will serve studies of the neutron density distributions at nuclear peripheries extracted from antiprotonic atoms [4]. Other easurements will be persormed in the near future to study neutron radii in unstable nuclei. One method developped at RIKEN involves trapping of antiprotonic atoms with unstable nuclei. Neutron tails will be tested via studies of

pi-meson emission [5]. Another method proposed for GSI involves collisions of unstable ions with slow antiprotons. Neutron radii will be studied by the detection of residual nuclei with the Schottky method [6]. All these experiments require a consistent picture of antiproton-nucleon interactions and we slowly move forward to achieve this goal. [1] B.Loiseau and S.Wycech Phys Rev. C71 (2005)

011001(R) [2] B.El Bennich, J.P. Dedonder, B.Loiseau and

S.Wycech [in preparation] [3] S.Wycech et al, submitted [4] A.Trzcinska et al, AIP Conf. Proc 793(2005)214 [5] M.Wada et al, AIP Conf. Proc 793(2005),

S.Wycech ibidem p.201 [6] R.Kuecken et.al AIP Conf. Proc 831(2006)37

8.14 Some Applications of Extensive and Nonextensive Statistics in Multiparticle Production by M.Biyajima1), T.Mizoguchi2), N.Nakamija3), N.Suzuki4), O.V.Utyuzh, G.Wilk, Z.Włodarczyk5)

We have systematically estimated the possible

temperatures obtained from an analysis of recent data on pt distributions observed at RHIC experiments. Using the fact that the observed pt distributions cannot be described by the original Hagedorn formula in the whole range of transverse momenta (in particular above 6 GeV/c), we propose a modified Hagedorn formula including temperature fluctuation. We show that by using it we can fit pt distributions in the whole range and can estimate consistently the relevant temperatures, including their fluctuations [1]. (Articles on the same subject quoted last year and which have appeared this year are quoted below as [2-3]).

[1] Modified Hagedorn formula including temperature fluctuation: Estimation of temperatures at RHIC experiments; M.Biyajima, T.Mizoguchi, N.Nakamija, N.Suzuki, G.Wilk, Eur. Phys. J. C 48 (2006) 597

[2] Multiparticle production processes from the Information Theory point of view, O.V.Utyuzh, G.Wilk and Z.Włodarczyk; Acta Phys. Hung. A -Heavy Ion Phys. 25 (1) (2006) 65

[3] Extended Gaussian ensemble or q-statistics in hadronic production processes?, T.Osada, O.V.Utyuzh, G.Wilk and Z.Włodarczyk; Europ.Phys. J. B50 (2006) 7

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

1)

Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan Toba National College of Maritime Technology, Japan Center of Medical Information Science, Kochi University, Japan Department of Comprehensive Management, Matsumoto University, Japan Institute of Physics, Świętokrzyska Academy, Kielce, Poland

8.15 Numerical Symmetrization of State of Identical Particles by O.V.Utyuzh, G.Wilk, Z.Włodarczyk1)

We have further investigated a new method of

numerical symmetrization of a state of identical particles and discussed its possible applications to modern Monte Carlo event generators [1]. (Articles on the same subject quoted last year and which have appeared this year are quoted below as [2-4]).

[1] O.V.Utyuzh, G.Wilk, Z.Włodarczyk; Brazil. J. Phys. (2007), accepted for publication

[2] Quantum Clan Model description of Bose-Einstein correlations; O.V.Utyuzh, G.Wilk and

Z.Włodarczyk; Acta Phys. Hung. A - Heavy Ion Phys. 25 (1) (2006) 83

[3] Bose-Einstein correlations from "within"; O.V.Utyuzh, G.Wilk and Z.Włodarczyk; AIP Conf. Proc. 828 (2006) 75

[4] Proposition of numerical modelling of BEC; O.V.Utyuzh, G.Wilk and Z.Włodarczyk; Nukleonika 51 Suppl. 3 (2006) S105

Institute of Physics, Świętokrzyska Academy, Kielce, Poland


147

8.16 Probing the Cosmological Singularity with a Particle by P.Małkiewicz and W.Piechocki

We examine the transition of a particle across the

singularity of the compactified Milne (CM) space. Quantization of the phase space of a particle and testing the quantum stability of its dynamics are consistent. One type of transition of a quantum particle is described by a quantum state that is continuous at the singularity. It indicates the existence of a deterministic link between the propagation of a particle before and after crossing the singularity. Regularization of the CM space leads to dynamics similar to the dynamics in the de Sitter space. The CM

space is a promising model to describe the cosmological singularity deserving further investigation by making use of strings and membranes [1, 2]. [1] P.Małkiewicz and W.Piechocki, Class. Quantum

Grav. 23 (2006) 2963 [2] P.Małkiewicz and W.Piechocki, Class.Quantum

Grav. 23 (2006) 7045

8.17 Method for Obtaining Exact Solutions of the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation for a Double-square-Well Potential by P.Ziń1), E.Infeld, M.Matuszewski1), G.Rowlands2) and M.Trippenbach

Both symmetric and symmetry breaking analytic

solutions to the one-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a double square well potential are known, but not straightforward to obtain numerically. The former generalize solutions to the linear equations, the latter owe their very existence to the nonlinearity. These include, for example, solutions corresponding to the wave function localized almost entirely in one of the wells. Here we propose a systematic method for generating these solutions starting from the linear limit. In particular we find a simple exact formula giving the bifurcation point in terms of the parameters of the symmetric solutions. This bifurcation point is then reproduced to a surprising degree of accuracy by a simple variational method.

We then treat the behavior of Bose-Einstein condensates in double square well potentials of both equal and different depths. For even depth, symmetry preserving solutions to the relevant nonlinear Schrödinger equation are known, just as in the linear limit. When the nonlinearity is strong enough,

symmetry breaking solutions also exist, side by side with the symmetric one. Interestingly, solutions almost entirely localized in one of the wells are known as an extreme case. Here we outline a method for obtaining all these solutions for repulsive interactions. The bifurcation point at which, for critical nonlinearity, the asymmetric solutions branch off from the symmetry preserving ones is found analytically. We also find this bifurcation point and treat the solutions generally via a Josephson junction mode. When the confining potential is in the form of two wells of different depth, interesting phenomena appear. This is true of both the occurrence of the bifurcation point for the static solutions and also of the dynamics of phase and amplitude varying solutions. Again a generalization of the Josephson model proves useful. The stability of solutions is treated briefly. 1)

2)

Institute of Theoretical Physics, Physics Department, Warsaw University, Poland Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

8.18 Two- and Three-dimensional Light Bullets in a Kerr Medium with Dispersion Management by M.Matuszewski1), E.Infeld, B.A.Malomed2) A.A.Skorupski and M.Trippenbach

In this paper we treat two and three dimensional

light bullets by somewhat different methods. In both cases stability is achieved for some parameters. In the first case we propose a scheme for stabilizing spatiotemporal solitons (STS) in media with cubic self-focusing nonlinearity and “dispersion management”, i.e., a layered structure inducing periodically alternating normal and anomalous group-velocity dispersion. We develop a variational

approximation for the STS, and verify results by direct simulations. A stability region for the 2D (two-dimensional) STS is identified. A new stable object, in the form of a periodically oscillating bound state of two subpulses, is also found. We go on to also demonstrate a possibility to stabilize fully three-dimensional spatiotemporal solitons (“light bullets”) in the same self-focusing Kerr media by means of a combination of dispersion management in the


longitudinal direction and periodic modulation of the refractive index in one of the transverse directions. Assuming the usual model based on the paraxial nonlinear Schrödinger equation for the local amplitude of the electromagnetic field, the analysis relies upon the variational approximation. A predicted stability area is identified in the model’s parameter space.

1)

2)

1)

1)

2)

3)

4)

Institute of Theoretical Physics, Physics Department, Warsaw University, Poland Department of Interdisciplinary Sciences, School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

8.19 A Hybrid Variational Method of Describing Pulse Splitting by Dispersion Management by E.Infeld, M.Matuszewski1), P.Ziń1) and M.Trippenbach

Variational methods became a widely used tool in

the search for solitary waves in nonlinear systems. If a system exhibits fast oscillations in one of the degrees of freedom, its wavefunction can split into two or more separate parats and “orthodox” variational descriptions are inadequate to include such nontrivial dynamics. A candidate for samewhat more realistic description is the hybrid variational method introduced by Edwards [1], which to our knowledge has not yet been used for a dynamical situation. Here we investigate an application of the hybrid method to a two dimensional system with dispersion management, where pulse splitting is known to occur.

By comparison with full numerical simulations, we conclude that in some cases these methods can give an improvement in the proper description of the evolution, but we also find an example where the hybrid method fails. Edwards’ method is thus evaluated in practical terms. It is hoped that this will encourage its wider use. [1] J. Phys. B 38 (2005) 363

Institute of Theoretical Physics, Physics Department, Warsaw University, Poland

8.20 Gap Solitons by M.Trippenbach, M.Matuszewski1,2), W.Królikowski2), Yu.S.Kivshar3), C.R.Rosberg3), D.Neshev3), A.Sukhorukov3), M.W.Austin4)

We investigated both theoretically and experimentally the possibility of creating gap solitons in photorefractive materials with the imposed structure called the matrix of waveguides. Experiments were performed in Australia in the National University in Canberra. We discovered a self-trapping mechanism, which takes place above a certain threshold, when we apply a high contrast. We also observed soliton self formation. Next we proved that the same phenomena may be observed in a sample of Bose condensed atoms and described an efficient method to create Gap solitons in a condensate placed in an optical lattice. Work was presented at the conference ECAP 2006 in Innsbruck and LPHYS 2006 in Lausanne.

[1] M.Matuszewski, C.R.Rosberg, D.Neshev, A.Sukhorukov, M.Trippenbach, M.W.Austin, W.Krolikowski, Y.S.Kivshar, Crossover from self-defocusing to discrete trapping in nonlinear waveguide arrays, Opt. Exp. 14, 254

[2] M.Matuszewski, W Królikowski, M.Trippenbach, and Yu.S.Kivshar, Simple and efficient generation of gap solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates, Phys. Rev. A 73, 063621

Institute of Theoretical Physics, Physics Department, Warsaw University, Poland Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Nonlinear Physics Centre and ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia School of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineerign RMIT, University, Melbourne, Australia


149

8.21 Elastic Scattering of Atoms in the Collision of Bose Einstein Condensates by M.Trippenbach, P.Ziń1), J.Chwedeńczuk1), K.Rzążewski2)

We continued to work on the quantum multimode

model of the atom scattering from two colliding condensates. It is an interesting and universal phenomenon in the sense that we can observe how an initially spontaneous process gets simulated in a bosonic sense. Our model is analytic and the full quantum operator solution obtained here allows us to investigate not only the density of scatted atoms but any correlation between them. It is also of great importance in the context of recently measured bunching and antibunching of atoms in methastable helium experiments performed in Paris and Amsterdam. The latter were recently reported in Nature, and both groups suggested a close cooperation with us, since our model is the only one available to describe the experiment. We wrote a joint proposal as a EuroQuam European Research proposal, which is now accepted by ESF. The biggest achievement

however, was application of our model to predict results of a single measurement of a condensate collision experiment.

[1] P.Ziń, J.Chwedeńczuk, and M.Trippenbach,

Elastic scattering losses from colliding Bose-Einstein condensates, Phys. Rev. A 73, 033602

[2] J.Chwedenczuk, P.Zin, K.Rzazewski, M.Trippenbach, Single quantum realization of a collision of two Bose Einstein condensates, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 170404

1)

2)

Institute of Theoretical Physics, Physics Department, Warsaw University, Poland Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

8.22 Theoretical Confirmation of Feynman's Hypothesis on the Creation of Circular Vortices in Bose-Einstein Condensates III by E.Infeld, A.A.Senatorski

In two preceding papers [1, 2] we pointed out how

various sets of circular vortices can be created - via reconnection and according to Feynman's hypothesis - from oppositely polarized pairs of perturbed linear vortices. Here, in part III, new examples of interaction between linear and circular vortices are given which modify or supplement in some details the fundamentally true picture of vortex dynamics in Bose-Einstein condensates presented by other authors [3, 4]. Some approximate rules are also formulated which give a better understanding of the phenomenon of reconnection and determine conditions under which the reconnection is plausible.

More precisely, it was possible to correct one detail concerning the interaction of a linear vortex with a circular one as presented by K.W. Schwarz [3;

1985] who used a model of vortex filament in his two papers [3]. It was also possible to supplement the results of J. Koplik and H. Levine [4; 1996] who have overlooked a possibility to create a set of many small vortices as a result of a collision of two bigger and different coaxial circular vortices. [1] E.Infeld, A.Senatorski, J. Phys. Condens. Matter

15 (2003) 5865 [2] A.Senatorski, E.Infeld, J. Phys. Condens. Matter

16 (2004) 6589 [3] K.W.Schwarz, Phys. Rev. B31 (1985) 5782-5804;

38 (1988) 2398 [4] J.Koplik, H.Levine, Phys. Rev. Letters 71 (1993)

1375; 76 (1996) 4745

8.23 Phase Integral Approximations for Sets of ODEs of the Schrödinger Type by A.A.Skorupski

Fulling's theory [1] of the Phase Integral

Approximation (PIA) for sets of coupled ODEs of the Schrödinger type was parametrized in such a way that it was possible to write general recurrence relations for higher order corrections valid in arbitrary order, and for the matrix of the system (F matrix) being either hermitian or non-hermitian. For hermitian F matrices, both the case of positively and negatively defined matrices was discussed. The idea of

modification of the PIA, well known for just one equation, was generalized to sets.

A simplification of Fulling's hermitian theory was proposed which in each order eliminates one integration. If the approximation generating eigenvalue of the F matrix is non-degenerate, this integration is the only one present. In that case, the simplified theory becomes fully algorithmic and can be generalized to non-hermitian F matrices. General


theory is illustrated by a few examples. They were generated authomatically by using programs in Mathematica written by A.A.Skorupski. The above described results generalize those obtained earlier [2] and the paper by A.A.Skorupski will soon be sent to Journal of Mathematical Physics.

[1] S.A.Fulling, J.Math. Phys. 20 (1979) 1202 [2] A.A.Skorupski and E.Infeld, Appl. Num. Anal.

Comp. Math. 2 (2005) 167

8.24 General Solution to a Bilinear Reduction of the Higher Order Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation by P.P.Goldstein

The general solution is found to a bilinear

reduction of the higher order nonlinear Schrödinger equation (HONSE or HNLS). Except for previously known special cases having multisoliton solutions, the solution has the form of a single envelope solitary wave or wave train for all other values of the parameters. We conjecture that the generic solution is

limited to such a narrow class of functions because the bilinear system is overdetermined. [1] P.P. Goldstein, General solution to a bilinear

reduction of the higher order nonlinear Schrödinger equation, Acta Phys. Pol. 110 (2006) 769


151


MULTIPARTICLE PRODUCTION PROCESSES FROM THE INFORMATION THEORY POINT OF VIEW O.V. Utyuzh, G. Wilk, Z. Włodarczyk Acta Phys. Hung. NS-H Vol. 25 (2006) 65-81 QUANTUM CLAN MODEL DESCRIPTION OF BOSE-EINSTEIN CORRELATIONS O.V. Utyuzh, G. Wilk, Z. Włodarczyk Acta Phys. Hung. NS-H Vol. 25 (2006) 83-88 GENERAL SOLUTION TO A BILINEAR REDUCTION OF THE HIGHER ORDER NONLINEAR SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION P. Goldstein Acta Phys. Pol. A Vol. 110 (2006) 769 HARD POMERON IN EXLUSIVE MESON PRODUCTION AT ILC R. Enberg, B. Pire, L. Szymanowski, S. Wallon Acta Phys. Pol. B No 37 (2006) 847 THE QCD ANALYSIS OF HADRON ANTIHADRON →Γ*Γ IN THE FORWARD REGION AND RELATED PROCESSES B. Pire, L. Szymanowski Acta Phys. Pol. B No 37 (2006) 893 PARTON TRANSVERSE MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTION IN THE NUCLEAR DEEP-INELASTIC REGION. J. Rożynek Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 1 (2006) 95-100 SOME NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN NONLINEAR OPTICS M. Trippenbach, E. Infeld Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 3 (2006) pp. 947-954 SPIN DEGREE OF FREEDOM IN THE NUCLEON K. Kurek Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 3 (2006) 697-702 SUM RULES FOR PARITY VIOLATING COMPTON AMPLITUDES L. Łukaszuk, K. Kurek Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 3 (2006) 853-856 THE NUCLEAR INTERACTION OF Σ HYPERONS J. Dąbrowski, J. Rożynek Acta Phys. Pol. B Vol. 37 No 1 (2006) pp. 87-93 BOSE-EINSTEIN CORRELATIONS FROM "WITHIN" O.V. Utyuzh, G. Wilk, Z. Włodarczyk AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 828 (2006) 75-80 COULOMB FINAL STATE INTERACTIONS AND MODELLING B-E CORRELATIONS O.V. Utyuzh AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 828 (2006) 595-600 THE NUCLEAR PARTON DISTRIBUTION AND EOS OF NUCLEAR MATTER. J. Rożynek AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 842 (2006) 98 A SIMPLE MODEL OF BIG-CRUNCH / BIG-BANG TRANSITION P. Małkiewicz, W. Piechocki Class. Quantum Grav. Vol. 23 (2006) 2963 PROBING THE COSMOLOGICAL SINGULARITY WITH A PARTICLE P. Małkiewicz, W. Piechocki Class. Quantum Grav. Vol. 23 (2006) 7045 BASICS AND ADVANCES IN THE PAINLEVÉ TEST V. CaoLong, P. Goldstein, S. VuNgoc Communications in Physics Vol. Supplement (2006) 130–135 ON EXISTENCE OF EXTRA SOLITON SOLUTIONS TO THE HIGHER ORDER NONLINEAR SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION V. CaoLong, P. Goldstein, S. VuNgoc Communications in Physics Vol. Supplement (2006) 140–143 ON EXISTENCE OF SOLITON SOLUTIONS FOR THE SECOND HARMONIC OF A LASER BEAM V. CaoLong, P. Goldstein, S. VuNgoc Communications in Physics Vol. Supplement (2006) 136–139


COMMENT ON SPECIAL RELATIVITY WITHOUT DISTANT CLOCK SYNCHRONIZATION M. Pawłowski Concepts of Physics Vol. 3 No 4 (2006) 349 SEARCHING FOR MAJORANA NEUTRINOS WITH DOUBLE BETA DECAY AND WITH BETA BEAMS L. Łukaszuk, Z. Sujkowski, S. Wycech Eur. Phys. J. A Vol. 27 No SUPPL. 1 (2006) 63-66 EXTENDED GAUSSIAN ENSEMBLE OR Q-STATISTICS IN HADRONIC PRODUCTION PROCESSES T. Osada, O.V. Utyuzh, G. Wilk, Z. Włodarczyk Eur. Phys. J. B No 50 (2006) 7-10 BFKL RESUMMATION EFFECTS IN Γ Γ → ΡΡ* * R. Enberg, B. Pire, L. Szymanowski, S. Wallon Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 45 No 3 (2006) 759-769 ON EXOTIC HYBRID MESON PRODUCTION IN Γ*Γ COLLISIONS I.V. Anikin, B. Pire, L. Szymanowski, O.V. Teryaev, S. Wallon Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 47 No 1 (2006) 71-79 TRANSVERSITY GPD IN PHOTOPRODUCTION AND ELECTROPRODUCTION OF TWO VECTOR MESONS R. Enberg, B. Pire, L. Szymanowski Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 47 No 1 (2006) 87-94 MODIFIED HAGEDORN FORMULA INCLUDING TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION - ESTIMATION OF TEMPERATURES AT RHIC EXPERIMENTS M. Biyajima, T. Mizoguchi, N. Nakajima, N. Suzuki, G. Wilk Eur. Phys. J. C Vol. 48 (2006) 597–603 EXPERIMENTS WITH STORED EXOTIC NUCLEI AT RELATIVISTIC ENERGIES F. Bosch, ... , Z. Patyk, ... et al. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Vol. 251 (2006) 212 SINGLE-PARTICLE EFFECTS IN DECAY CHAINS OF ODD-A SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI A. Parkhomenko, A. Sobiczewski Int. J. Mod. Phys. E Vol. 15 No 2 (2006) 457-463 Σ ATOMS AND NUCLEON DENSITY DISTRIBUTIONS J. Dąbrowski Int. J. Mod. Phys. E Vol. 15 No 2 (2006) 318-323 A HYBRID VARIATIONAL METHOD OF DESCRIBING PULSE SPLITTING BY DISPERSION MANAGEMENT E. Infeld, M. Matuszewski, M. Trippenbach J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. Vol. 39 (2006) 113 QUANTUM PARTICLE IN THE MILNE SPACE P. Małkiewicz, W. Piechocki Journal of Physics: Conference Series Vol. 33 (2006) 236 DILEPTON PHYSICS WITH ALICE P. Cortese, ... , A. Deloff, K. Karpio, T. Siemiarczuk, G. Wilk, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. A Vol. 774 (2006) 915 THE ALICE FORWARD MULTIPLICITY DETEKTOR K. Gulbrandsen, ... , A. Deloff, K. Karpio, T. Siemiarczuk, G. Wilk, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. A Vol. 774 (2006) 919 A NEW MEASUREMENT OF THE COLLINS AND SIVERS ASYMMETRIES ON A TRANSVERSELY POLARISED DEUTERON TARGET E.S. Ageev, ... , K. Kurek, K. Kowalik, J. Nassalski, E. Rondio, A. Sandacz, W. Wiślicki, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. B Vol. 765 (2006) 3 MULTIPLICITY FLUCTUATIONS IN HIGH ENERGY HADRONIC AND NUCLEAR COLLISIONS M. Rybczyński, O.V. Utyuzh, G. Wilk, Z. Włodarczyk Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Sup. Vol. 151 (2006) 363-366 STRANGELETS IN COSMIC RAYS M. Rybczyński, Z. Włodarczyk, G. Wilk Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Sup. Vol. 151 (2006) 341-344 PROPOSITION OF NUMERICAL MODELLING OF BEC O.V. Utyuzh, G. Wilk, Z. Włodarczyk Nukleonika Vol. 51 Suppl.3 (2006) S105-S108


153

STABILIZATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL LIGHT BULLETS BY A TRANSVERSE LATTICE IN A KERR MEDIUM WITH DISPERSION MANAGEMENT M. Matuszewski, E. Infeld, B.A. Malomed, M. Trippenbach Opt. Commun. Vol. 259 No 1 (2006) 49-54 CROSSOVER FROM SELF-DEFOCUSING TO DISCRETE TRAPPING IN NONLINEAR WAVEGUIDE ARRAYS M. Matuszewski, ... , M. Trippenbach, ... et al. Opt. Express Vol. 14 No 1 (2006) 254-259 DESCRIPTION OF ALPHA-DECAY HALF-LIVES OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI A. Sobiczewski, A. Parkhomenko Phys. Atom. Nucl. Vol. 69 No 7 (2006) 1155 GLUON POLARIZATION IN THE NUCLEON FROM QUASI-REAL PHOTOPRODUCTION OF HIGH-PT HADRON PAIRS E.S. Ageev, ... , K. Kowalik, K. Kurek, J. Nassalski, E. Rondio, A. Sandacz, W. Wiślicki, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B Vol. 633 No 1 (2006) 25-32 SOME HALF-BPS SOLUTIONS OF M-THEORY M. Spaliński Phys. Lett. B Vol. 634 No 2-3 (2006) 315-318 QCD FACTORIZATIONS IN Γ*Γ*→Ρ ΡL L B. Pire, M. Segond, L. Szymanowski, S. Wallon Phys. Lett. B Vol. 639 No 6 (2006) 642-651 ELASTIC SCATTERING LOSSES FROM COLLIDING BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES P. Zin, J. Chwedenczuk, M. Trippenbach Phys. Rev. A Vol. 73 No 3 (2006) 033602 METHOD FOR OBTAINING EXACT SOLUTIONS OF THE NONLINEAR SCHRO¨DINGER EQUATION FOR A DOUBLE-SQUARE-WELL POTENTIAL P. Zin, E. Infeld, M. Matuszewski, G. Rowlands, M. Trippenbach Phys. Rev. A Vol. 73 No 2 (2006) 022105 SIMPLE AND EFFICIENT GENERATION OF GAP SOLITONS IN BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES M. Matuszewski, W. Krolikowski, M. Trippenbach, Y.S. Kivshar Phys. Rev. A Vol. 73 No 6 (2006) 063621 RELATIVE KINETIC ENERGY CORRECTION TO SELF-CONSISTENT FISSION BARRIERS J. Skalski Phys. Rev. C Vol. C 74 (2006) 051601(R) EXCLUSIVE MESON PAIR PRODUCTION IN Γ*Γ SCATTERING AT SMALL MOMENTUM TRANSFER J.P. Lansberg, B. Pire, L. Szymanowski Phys. Rev. D Vol. 73 No 7 (2006) 074014 STATICS AND DYNAMICS OF BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES IN DOUBLE SQUARE WELL POTENTIALS E. Infeld, P. Ziń, J. Gocałek, M. Trippenbach Phys. Rev. E Vol. 74 No 2 (2006) 026610 SIMULATION OF A SINGLE COLLISION OF TWO BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES J. Chwedenczuk, P. Zin, K. Rzazewski, M. Trippenbach Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 97 No 17 (2006) 170404 MULTIDIMENSIONAL FISSION BARRIERS FOR HEAVY AND SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI A. Sobiczewski, M. Kowal Phys. Scr. Vol. 125 (2006) 68 TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL LIGHT BULLETS IN A KERR MEDIUM WITH DISPERSION MANAGEMANT M. Matuszewski, E. Infeld, B.A. Malomed, A. Skorupski, M. Trippenbach Proc. SPIE Vol. 5949 (2006) 594905 NON-AXIAL HEXADECAPOLE DEFORMATIONS OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI L. Shvedov, A. Sobiczewski Acta Phys. Pol. B (in press) SEARCH FOR LESS IMPORTANT DEFORMATIONS IN THE SHAPES OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI A. Sobiczewski, M. Kowal, L. Shvedov Acta Phys. Pol. B (in press) WINDING STRINGS IN SINGULAR SPACETIMES M. Pawłowski, W. Piechocki, M. Spaliński Acta Phys. Pol. B (in press)


THE NUCLEON PARTON DISTRIBUTION FOR FINITE DENSITIES J. Rożynek AIP Conf. Proc. (in press) COMMENT ON ILLUSTRATING EINSTEIN'S SPECIAL RELATIVITY: A RELATIVISTIC DIAGRAM THAT DISPLAYS IN THE TRUE VALUES THE COMPONENTS OF A FOUR VECTOR M. Pawłowski Concepts of Physics (in press) PRESENT AND FUTURE EXPERIMENTS WITH STORED EXOTIC NUCLEI AT THE FRS-ESR FACILITY H. Geissel, ... , Z. Patyk, ... et al. Eur. Phys. J. A (in press) THE S AND P WAVE ATTRACTION IN KNN AND KNNN STATES S. Wycech, A.M. Green Int. J. Mod. Phys. A (in press) ROLE OF HIGHER-MULTIPOLARITY DEFORMATIONS IN THE POTENTIAL ENERGY OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI M. Kowal, A. Sobiczewski Int. J. Mod. Phys. E (in press) TEST OF APPROXIMATION USED IN DESCRIPTION OF NON-AXIAL HEXDECAPOLE SHAPES OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI A. Sobiczewski, L. Shvedov, M. Kowal Int. J. Mod. Phys. E (in press) A TOY MODEL OF THE COSMIC SINGULARITY P. Małkiewicz, W. Piechocki International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics (in press) STATUS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM ON MASS MEASUREMENTS OF STOREDEXOTIC NUCLEI AT THE FRS-ESR FACILITY Yu.A. Litvinov, ... , Z. Patyk, ... et al. Nucl. Phys. A (in press) PROPERTIES OF HEAVY AND SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI A. Sobiczewski Nucl. Phys. At. Energy (in press) INFORMATION THEORY POINT OF VIEW ON MULTIPARTICLE PRODUCTION PROCESSES O.V. Utyuzh, G. Wilk, Z. Włodarczyk Particles and Nuclei, Letters (in press) THE DEUTERON SPIN-DEPENDENT STRUCTURE FUNCTION G AND ITS FIRST MOMENT1

D V.Yu. Alexakhin, ... , K. Kurek, K. Kowalik, J. Nassalski, E. Rondio, A. Sandacz, W. Wiślicki, ... et al. Phys. Lett. B (in press) NIELINIOWA OPTYKA ATOMÓW (NONLINEAR ATOMIC OPTICS) M. Trippenbach, E. Infeld Postępy Fizyki (in press)

REPORTS

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC CALORIMETER P. Cortese, ... , A. Deloff, K. Karpio, T. Siemiarczuk, G. Wilk, ... et al. Report CERN, CERN-LHCC-2006-014(2006)


Invited Talk DELTA G/G FROM COMPASS K. Kurek DIS2006. XIV International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering (Tsukuba, Japan, 2006-04-20 - 2006-04-24) No. (2007) NEW PHYSICS WITH LHC FAST M. Spaliński, D. Walker, L. Wang Monte Carlo Tools for Beyond the Standard Model Physics (Fermilab, 2006-03-20 - 2006-03-21) KNN, KNNN FRAGMENTS - ORIGIN OF THE BINDING S. Wycech Exotic kaonic atoms, deeply bound kaons and antihydrogen (Int. Center for Theoretical Nuclear Physics, Trento, Italy, 2006-06-19 - 2006-06-24)


155

GLUON POLARIZATION IN THE NUCLEON FROM COMPASS K. Kurek Diffraction 2006 - International Workshop on Diffraction in High-Energy Physics (Adamantas, Milos Island, Greece, 2006-09-05 - 2006-09-10) Proceedings of Science (in press) A QCD ANALYSIS OF ANTI-P N→Γ*Π AND ANTI-P N→Γ*Γ. WHERE IS THE PION IN THE PROTON? B. Pire, L. Szymanowski International EPS Conference on High Energy Physics (Lisbona, Portugal, 2006-07-21 - 2006-07-27) PoS HEP2005 No. (2006) KNN STATES, BINDING MECHANICS, CHANCES FOR DETECTION S. Wycech Collaboration FOPI Workshop (Warsaw, Poland, 2006-09-16 - 2006-09-17) HARD EXCLUSIVE REACTIONS AND HADRON STRUCTURE B. Pire, L. Szymanowski 5th International Conference on Perspective in Hadronic Physics: International Conference on Particle-Nucleus and Nucleus-Nucleus Scattering at Relativistic Energies (Trieste, Italy, 2006-05-22 - 2006-05-26) Wydawnictwo ICTP No. (2007) BACKWARD DVCS AND PROTON TO PHOTON TRANSITION DISTRIBUTION AMPLITUDES J-Ph. Lansberg, B. Pire, L. Szymanowski 5th International Conference on Perspective in Hadronic Physics: International Conference on Particle-Nucleus and Nucleus-Nucleus Scattering at Relativistic Energies (Trieste, Italy, 2006-05-22 - 2006-05-26) Wydawnictwo ICTP No. (2007) A TOY MODEL OF THE COSMIC SINGULARITY P. Małkiewicz, W. Piechocki 42nd Karpacz School of Theoretical Physics, "Current Mathematical Topics in Gravitation and Cosmology" (Lądek Zdrój, Poland, 2006-02-06 - 2006-02-11) International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics (in press) A SIMPLE MODEL OF COSMIC SINGULARITY P. Małkiewicz, W. Piechocki First Workshop on Particle Physics and Cosmology (Warsaw, Poland, 2006-04-29 - 2006-05-03) PROBING THE COSMIC SINGULARITY WITH QUANTUM P-BRANE P. Małkiewicz, W. Piechocki DESY Theory Workshop, "The Dark Universe" (Hamburg, Germany, 2006-09-26 - 2006-09-29) PROPAGATION OF P-BRANE ACROSS THE COSMIC SINGULARITY P. Małkiewicz, W. Piechocki The First Cambridge-Mitchell Texas Conference, `Time Dependent Backgrounds and the Cosmic Singularity in String and M Theory` (Cambridge, UK, 2006-08-20 - 2006-08-26) NON BOLTZMANN-GIBBS ENSEMBLES IN HADRONIC PRODUCTION PROCESSES G. Wilk School and Conference on Complex Systems and Nonextensive Statistical Mechanics (The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy, 2006-07-31 - 2006-08-08) THE ASSOCIATED Σ PRODUCTION AND THE NUCLEASR INTERACTION OF Σ HYPERONS J. Dąbrowski, J. Rożynek XIII Nuclear Physics Workshop (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-09-27 - 2006-10-01) Int. J. Mod. Phys. E (2006) FLUCTUATIONS, CORRELATIONS AND NON-EXTENSIVITY G. Wilk XXXVI Int. Symp. on Multip. Dynamics (ISMD2006) (Paraty (RJ), Brazil, 2006-09-02 - 2006-09-08) Brazil. J. Phys. (in press) PROPERTIES OF HEAVY AND SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI A. Sobiczewski Current Problems in Nuclear Physics and Atomic Energy (Kiev, Ukraine, 2006-05-29 - 2006-06-03) FISSION BARRIERS OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI A. Sobiczewski Dynamical Aspects of Nuclear Fission (Smolenice, Slovakia, 2006-10-02 - 2006-10-06) World Scientific No. (2006)


Oral Presentation SEARCH FOR ODDERON IN THE PARITY VIOLATING AMPLITUDES' ASYMPTOTICS L. Łukaszuk Diffraction 2006 - International Workshop on Diffraction in High-Energy Physics (Milos, Greece, 2006-09-05 - 2006-09-10) Proceedings of Science (in press) BETA BEAMS - AN ALTERNATIVE TO DOUBLE BETA DECAY? L. Łukaszuk, Z. Sujkowski, S. Wycech The Euridice meeting: Effective theories of colours and flavours (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-08-24 - 2006-08-27) Acta Phys. Pol. B (2007) NUMERICAL SYMMETRIZATION OF STATE OF IDENTICAL PARTICLES O.V. Utyuzh, G. Wilk, Z. Włodarczyk XXXVI Int. Symp. on Multip. Dynamics (ISMD2006) (Paraty (RJ), Brazil, 2006-09-02 - 2006-09-08) Brazil. J. Phys. (in press) THE NUCLEON PARTON DISTRIBUTION FOR FINITE DENSITIES. J. Rożynek QCD and Hadron Structure (QCHS7) (Ponta Delegada, Portugal, 2006-09-02 - 2006-09-07) FANO RESONANCES WITH EXOTIC ATOMS S. Wycech The Euridice meeting: Effective theories of colours and flavours (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-08-24 - 2006-08-30) Acta Phys. Pol. B (2007) ROLE OF HIGHER-MULTIPOLARITY DEFORMATIONS IN FISSION BARRIERS. M. Kowal, A. Sobiczewski XIII Nuclear Physics Workshop (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-09-27 - 2006-10-01) Int. J. Mod. Phys. E (in press) THE S AND P WAVE ATTRACTION IN BOUND KNN, KNNN STATES S. Wycech, A.M. Green 9th International Workshop on Meson Production, Properties and Interactions (Cracow, Poland, 2006-06-09 - 2006-06-13) Int. J. Mod. Phys. A (in press) Poster DYNAMIC TOPOLOGY ADJUSTMENT ALGORITHM FOR MLP NETWORKS R. Sulej, K. Kurek, K. Zaremba 8th Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing ICAISC 2006 (Zakopane, Poland, 2006-06-25 - 2006-06-29) Academic Publishing House Exit, Academy of Humanities and Economics in Lodz, IEEE Computational Intelligence Society, No. (2007) PARALLEL EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM FOR TRACK RECONSTRUCTION OPTIMIZATION ON PC CLUSTER A. Padee, K. Kurek, K. Zaremba 8th Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing ICAISC 2006 (Zakopane, Poland, 2006-06-25 - 2006-06-29) Academic Publishing House Exit, Academy of Humanities and Economics in Lodz, IEEE Computational Intelligence Society No. (2007) SINGLE QUANTUM REALIZATION OF A COLLISION OF TWO BOSE EINSTEIN CONDENSATES M. Trippenbach, P. Zin International Conference on Atomic Physics (Innsbruck, Austria, 2006-07-03 - 2006-07-08) SIMPLE AND EFFICIENT GENERATION OF GAP SOLITONS IN BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES M. Trippenbach, M. Matuszewski International Conference on Atomic Physics (Innsbruck, Austria, 2006-07-03 - 2006-07-08) SINGLE QUANTUM REALIZATION OF A COLLISION OF TWO BOSE EINSTEIN CONDENSATES M. Trippenbach, P. Zin The fifteenth annual International Laser Physics Workshop (LPHYS'06) (Lausanne, Switzerland, 2006-07-10 - 2006-07-15) SIMPLE AND EFFICIENT GENERATION OF GAP SOLITONS IN BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES M. Trippenbach, M. Matuszewski The fifteenth annual International Laser Physics Workshop (LPHYS'06) (Lausanne, Switzerland, 2006-07-10 - 2006-07-15) STATICS AND DYNAMICS OF BEC IN DOUBLE SQUARE WELL POTENTIALS E. Infeld, M. Trippenbach International Conference on Atomic Physics (Innsbruck, Austria, 2006-07-03 - 2006-07-08)


157


Spin structure of proton, part 1a K. Kurek Warsaw, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Warsaw University, Warsaw, 2006-01-12 Majorana neutrinoa S. Wycech Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-01-13 Spin structure of proton, part 2a K. Kurek Warsaw, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-01-19

Introduction to AdS/CFT dualityb M. Spaliński Warsaw, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-03-06 Sum rules for magnetic moments and polarizabilitiesa K. Kurek Warsaw, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-03-13 On J/Psi decaysa S. Wycech Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-03-16 Cyclic model of the universe b W. Piechocki Warsaw, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-03-31 Adiabatic fission and fusion barriers from selfconsistent Hartree-Fock calculationsa J. Skalski Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-04-05 String theory and unificationa M. Spaliński Bialystok, University of Bialystok, 2006-04-25 Numerical modeling BEC/HBTb G. Wilk Warsaw, Department of Physics, Heavy Ion Reactions Group (HIRG), Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, 2006-04-25 Double electron capturea S. Wycech Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-04-26 Progress in the studies of the heaviest atomic nuclei and chemical elementsa A. Sobiczewski Torun, Faculty of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, 2006-04-27 Nuclear states of K - situation from December 2005a S. Wycech Warsaw, Warsaw University, 2006-04-28 Probing the cosmic singularity with elementary objects b W. Piechocki Warsaw, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-05-10 Mass determination for atomic nucleia Z. Patyk Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University , 2006-05-17 String theory and unificationa M. Spaliński Lodz, University of Lodz, 2006-05-19 Probing the cosmological singularity with quantum p-brane b W. Piechocki Warsaw, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Warsaw University, 2006-10-06 Traces of q-statistics in multiparticle productionb G. Wilk Wroclaw, Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, 2006-10-16


Numerical modelling of BEC b O.V. Utyuzh Cracow, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Cracow, 2006-10-19 Report from the conference "QCD and Hadron Structure"a J. Rożynek Warsaw, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Warsaw University, Warsaw, 2006-12-14 QCD factorization in γ*γ*→ρ ρL L

b L. Szymanowski Trento, Italy, ECT, Trento, Italy, 2006-06-06 Hard exclusive reactions in p anti-p interactionsb L. Szymanowski Trento, Italy, ECT, Trento, Italy, 2006-07-04 KN interactions, Kaonic atomsb S. Wycech Frascati, National Laboratory of Nuclear Physics, Frascati, Italy, 2006-09-26 Nuclear states of K MESONSb S. Wycech Frascati, National Nuclear Laboratory, Frascati, Italy, 2006-09-28 Confirming Feyman’s hypothesisa E. Infeld Warsaw, Physics Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, 2006-04-04 a) in Polish b) in English

INTERNAL SEMINARS

Introduction to AdS/CFT dualitya M. Spaliński Warsaw, The Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Theoretical Physics Division Seminar, 2006-01-10 Introduction to AdS/CFT duality (part 2)a M. Spaliński Warsaw, The Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Theoretical Physics Division Seminar, 2006-02-07 Adiabatic fission and fusion barriers from Hartree-Fock calculationsa J. Skalski Warsaw, The Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Theoretical Physics Division Seminar, 2006-03-16 Spin of protona K. Kurek Swierk, The Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Świerk, 2006-10-19 Current status of super-heavy elementsa M. Kowal Warsaw, The Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, 2006-11-17 a) in Polish

DIDACTIC ACTIVITY

J. Dąbrowski - Co-organizer of the IPJ/UW seminar on Theory of Atomic Nuclei K. Kurek - Specialized lecture for PhD students (together with Prof. B. Badelek of UW) at Warsaw University W. Piechocki - Supervision of a PhD student (P. Małkiewicz) A. Sobiczewski - Supervision of a PhD thesis (O. Parkhomenko) L. Łukaszuk - Chair of the PhD students seminar of the Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies


159


J. Dąbrowski Session chairman on XIII Nuclear Physics Workshop in Kazimierz Dolny, Poland Fellow of the American Physical Society Member of the International Editorial Council of Acta Physica Polonica B P. Goldstein Member of the American Mathematical Society Member of the Polish Physical Society Member of the Editorial Board of DELTA E. Infeld Fellow of the Institute of Physics, London, UK Member of the Editorial Board of Journal of Plasma Physics, Cambridge Univ. Press Member of the Editorial Board of Journal of Technical Physics Institute of Fundamental Technical Research, Polish Academy of Sciences Editor of the Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies Publications W. Piechocki Session chairman on 42nd Karpacz School of Theoretical Physics, "Current Mathematical Topics in Gravitation and Cosmology" in Lądek Zdrój, Poland Session chairman on The First Cambridge-Mitchell Texas Conference, `Time Dependent Backgrounds and the Cosmic Singularity in String and M Theory` in Cambridge, UK A. Sobiczewski Corresponding Member of the Polish Academy of Sciences Corresponding Member of Polish Academy of Learning Honorary editor of "Postępy Fizyki" (Advances in Physics) Member of the Scientific Council of the Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies Member of the Scientific Council of the Heavy Ion Laboratory of Warsaw University M. Spaliński Member of the Editorial Board, International Journal of Modern Physics A M. Trippenbach Fellow of the Institute of Physics, London, UK G. Wilk Session chairman on School and Conference on Complex Systems and Nonextensive Statistical Mechanics in The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy L. Łukaszuk Deputy chairman of the Scientific Council of the Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Head of doctoral commission. Member of the Scientific Council of the Institute of Theoretical Physics, Warsaw University;


PERSONNEL

Research scientists Janusz Dąbrowski, Professor 2/5* Piotr Goldstein, Dr. Eryk Infeld, Professor Michał Kowal, Dr. Krzysztof Kurek, Dr. Leszek Łukaszuk, Professor Oleksandr Parkhomenko, MSc. Zygmunt Patyk, Assoc. Prof. Marek Pawłowski, Dr. Włodzimierz Piechocki, Assoc.Prof. Jacek Rożynek, Dr.

Andrzej Senatorski, Dr. 1/2* Janusz Skalski, Assoc.Prof. Andrzej Skorupski, Dr. 1/2* Robert Smolańczuk, Dr. Adam Sobiczewski, Professor Michał Spaliński, Assoc.Prof. Lech Szymanowski, Assoc.Prof. Marek Trippenbach, Assoc.Prof. 1/5* Oleg Utyuzh, Dr. Grzegorz Wilk, Professor Sławomir Wycech, Professor

PhD students Przemysław Małkiewicz, MSc. Oleksander Parkhomenko, MSc. Technical and administrative staff Anna Sidor 3/4* from 1 Dec. * part-time employee

DEPARTMENT OF MATERIAL STUDIES

161

9 DEPARTMENT OF MATERIAL STUDIES

Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Zbigniew Werner phone: (22) 718-05-45 e-mail: [email protected]

Overview

The technology of modifying surfaces of practical-use materials by means of continuous and pulsed energy and particle beams has been intensely studied for more than 20 years. In some fields it is presently utilized on a wide scale in industry. Continuous or pulsed ion and plasma beams play a significant role among various approaches used in this area. The research carried by Department P-IX is centered around the use of two own ion implantation machines (ion implanters) of different kind and several world-wide unique sources of high-intensity intense plasma pulses, utilized jointly with Department P-V. The Department cooperates closely with Forschungszentrum Rossendorf (FZR, Dresden, Germany) in the field of ion-beam-based analytical techniques and the use of unique ion implantation facilities. The main objectives of the Department are:

search for new ways of modifying surface properties of solid materials by means of continuous or pulsed ion and plasma beams and

implementation of ion implantation technique in national industries as a method of improving the lifetime of machine parts and tools utilized in industry.

In 2006 these objectives were accomplished in many ways, particularly by research on: formation of superconducting MgB2 phases, electrical conductivity in metallic nano-layers produced in oxide insulators (Al2O3) by ion implantation, ion implantation as a method of improving mechanical properties of stainless steels without degrading their

corrosion resistance, ion implantation/plasma treatment of ceramics aimed at improving their wettability in ceramic-metal joints, methods of controlling wear of ceramic-polymer pairs used in bio-medical applications. The research was conducted in cooperation with Department P-V of IPJ, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and

Technology (Warsaw), Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Technology of Materials for Electronics (Warsaw), and Institute of Molecular Physics Polish Academy of Sciences (Poznań), Forschungszentrum Rossendorf FZR (Dresden, Germany), as well as with some industrial companies.

Assoc. Prof. Zbigniew Werner


9.1 Superconducting and Electrical Properties of Mg-B Structures Formed by Implantation of Magnesium Ions into the Bulk Boron Followed by Pulse Plasma Treatment by J.Piekoszewski1), W.Kempiński2), M.Barlak, J.Kaszyński2), J.Stanisławski, B.Andrzejewski2), Z.Werner3), L.Piekara-Sady2), E.Richter4), J.Stankowski2), R.Grötzschel4), Sz.Łoś2)

Recently we undertook an attempt to synthesize

super-conducting phase of MgB2 from the liquid state using a transient annealing process (TAP) without a necessity of conventional annealing of the Mg-B system in Mg vapor. The ion implantation technique is combined with the use of high intensity pulsed plasma beam (HIPPB) irradiation as a step of TAP. In our preliminary experiments we obtained encouraging results using B implanted Mg and Mg implanted B substrates. In the present work we undertook a more systematic study on MgB2 phase formation in the second version mentioned above.

The substrates were cut out from commercial (Goodfellow) cast boron ingot of 99.6 wt% purity in the form of highly polished discs of 3.8 mm diameter and 2 mm thick. In the first step they were implanted with Mg ions using the MEVVA type TITAN implanter with un-separated beam. Ions were implanted at energies of 50 keV with three fluences: 5x1017cm-2, 7x1017 cm-2 and 1x1018 cm-2. In the second step, three HIPPB argon pulses were applied to melt the top layer of each sample of the Mg-B system.

Composition of the processed layers was investigated by Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) examination. The spectra were recorded using 1.7 MeV He+ ion beam at normal incident to the sample. The backscattered particles were detected at 170º angle using Si(Li) detector with 15 keV energy resolution. The RBS spectra were fitted using SIMNRA computer code. Results of the RBS analysis are summarized in Table 1. Table 1

Fluence [1017 cm-2]

Pulse energy [Jcm-2]

Width [nm]*

Depth [nm]**

1.5 204 218 2.0 175 262

5

2.5 30 146 1.5 131 350 2.0 87 160

7

2.5 - - 1.5 58 466 2.0 73 465

10

2.5 <30 * width of stoichiometric Mg/B ratio (0.5+/- 10%) ** center of stoichiometric range

Three methods were used to detect super-conducting state of processed material: magnetic measurements, magnetically modulated microwave absorption (MMMA) and four-probe electric conductivity measurements

The main results of these measurements are summarized in Tab. 2. The value of TC, the

temperature width of super-conducting transition ∆TC, drop of electrical resistivity expressed as ∆R/R0, where R0 is resistivity above TC, and drop of magnetization ∆M upon transition to super-conducting state are shown. Table 2

Mg fluence[1017cm-2]

Pulse energy [J/cm2]

Tc[K]

∆Tc[K]

∆R/R [%]

∆M [emu]

1.5 19 9 20.9 -1.1×10-4

2 33.5 4 96.8 -4×10-35 2.5 31 24 84.3 - 1.5 24 16 8.6 -1.4×10-3

2 26.5 10 85.9 -2.4×10-37 2.5 30 24 82.4 - 1.5 19 - - -4.9×10-3

2 20 5 71.3 -1.2×10-310 2.5 32 29 86.7 -

The most favorable conditions for super-

conducting properties to appear occur when ion implantation and pulse treatment create an almost stoichiometric region of relatively large width. To satisfy such conditions the sample must be “over-implanted”, i.e. the as-implanted Mg profile should exceed the stoichiometric ratio and then the appropriate pulse treatment will drive this profile into stoichiometric range. Such conditions may be attained experimentally when Mg fluencies around 5x1017 ions/cm2 and pulse energies around 2 J/cm2 are used. We also plan to extend the stoichiometric range by using multiple implantations with energies and fluencies adjusted to yield a possibly flat Mg profile. It is also worthwhile to notice that a lack of diamagnetic phase in the samples treated with the highest energy pulses correlates exactly with a very narrow or missing stoichiometric regions revealed in Table 1.

The authors are indebted to Dr W. Szymczyk for help in preparation of the manuscript and to Miss K. Bocheńska for technical assistance. This work was financed within the funds of Ministry of Education and Science of Poland for scientific projects in the period 2005-2007 under contract No 1195/T08C/2005/29. 1) Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology,

Warsaw, Poland 2) Institute of Molecular Physics Polish Academy of

Sciences, Poznań, Poland 3) Institute of Physical Chemistry, Warsaw, Poland 4) Forschungszentrum Rossendorf e.V. Institut für

Ionenstrahlphysik und Materialforschung, Dresden, Germany


163

9.2 Ion Implantation and Plasma Treatment of Ceramics Aimed at Improving Their Wettability in Ceramic-metal Joints by M.Barlak, J.Piekoszewski1), J.Stanisławski, Z.Werner2), K.Bocheńska, M.Chmielewski3), B.Sartowska1), M.Miśkiewicz4), W.Starosta1), L.Waliś1), J.Jagielski3)

Many components of ITER will consist of various

combinations of joints between armor materials and Cu alloy heat sinks, e.g.: Be/Cu, W/Cu, SS/Cu and CFC/Cu joints. For CFC/Cu joints several technologies have been developed and studied such like active metal casting technology, which includes special laser treatment of the CFC surface followed by casting of pure Cu into CFC or brazing with silver-free alloys such as CuMn and CuSiAlTi. In both cases wettability is a crucial problem.

The key concept of the present work relies upon replacing the laser pre-treatment of ceramic by applying ion implantation or pulse plasma treatment (PPT) as a process (I), followed by Arc PVD deposition of Ti as a process (II). In the case of ion implantation, carbon ceramics were implanted with titanium, chromium, or zirconium ions with fluences of (1-50)x1016 cm-2 using a MEVVA-type implanter operated at 15 to 75 kV acceleration voltage. In the case of PPT, Ti atoms were deposited in the DPE mode with the different working gases i.e.: Ar, N, H. Energy densities of plasma pulses were 1; 3; 5; 7 J/cm2 and numbers of pulses 5 or 30. The concentration of Ti atoms introduced by DPE process corresponds to a thickness of 10-20 nm of pure titanium. In the process II, 1.5 µm thick interface layer of titanium was deposited by Arc PVD on the surface of substrates prepared in process (I).

Pyrolytic carbon (Cp), glassy carbon (Cg), carbon-carbon composite (C/C), as well as silicon carbide (SiC) samples (Goodfellow) were investigated. Experiments were preceded by computer simulations, including range of the implanted ions and their sputtering yields (the SRIM and SUSPRE computer codes) as well as some thermodynamic calculations of possible reactions in the investigated system.

Apart from the wettability tests, the treated ceramic substrates were characterized using the RBS, SEM, WDS, and GXRD techniques. RBS spectra were analyzed using the dedicated SIMNRA and RUMP computer codes.

The wettability tests showed that none of the pre-treatment process (I) alone leads to a satisfactory wettability of ceramics by liquid copper as seen in Fig. 1. On the other hand the process (II) alone leads to the good wettability but the Ti layer peels off from the surface. As it was revealed by our experiments conducted so far only the combination of processes (I) and (II) allows to obtain the required wettability. As seen in Fig. 2 the piece of copper after melting and solidification takes a quite flat form in contrast to the

situation shown in Fig. 1. Further experiments are in progress.

Fig. 1 Sessile drop tests for the l substrates pre-treated by the process (I).

Fig. 2 Sessile drop tests for combined (I)+(II) process.

1) Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland

2) Institute of Physical Chemistry, PAS, Warsaw, Poland

3) Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Warsaw, Poland

4) Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Materials Design Division, Warsaw, Poland


9.3 Electrical Conductivity in Metallic Nano-layers Produced in Al2O3 by Ion Implantation by Z.Werner, K.Bocheńska

Mechanism of electrical conductivity in insulators

implanted with large fluences of metal ions was investigated using Al2O3 (sapphire) samples implanted with Ti or Cu ions. To exclude radiation damage nature of the observed conductivity, argon ions were also implanted for comparison.

20x5x0.5 mm samples were cut from monocrystalline (001) sapphire samples made in Taiwan. Cr electrodes were evaporated by means of the magnetron evaporation process. The samples were implanted with 1, 2, 5x1017 ions/cm2 ion fluences at an implanter ion source voltage of about 65 kV. Argon was used as the implanter working gas. Sample holders enabled in-situ electrical measurements at the sample temperature regulated from RT to about 800ºC. Sample resistivity was measured for various implanted ions and their fluences as a function of the sample temperature using Keithley 610C electrometer.

RBS technique was used to determine depth profiles of the implanted ions. The profiles were also measured by AES spectroscopy (Microlab 350 spectrometer made by ThermoVG) to confirm charge state of the implanted atoms.

The most important results:

• Implantation of 1017 Ti or Cu ions/cm2 caused the insulator conductivity to increase by several orders of magnitude. Arrhenius plots showed that the conductivity activation energy (i.e. slope of the logarithm of conductivity plotted as a function of 1/kT) decreased significantly.

• Implantation of Ar ions did not significantly influence electrical conductivity in sapphire.

• Analysis of Auger electron spectra performed to differentiate charge status of the implanted atoms (Ti0, Cu0 or Ti+2, Cu+2) did not yield unambiguous results. No evidence of metallic titanium was found. This observation suggests that hopping between metallic precipitations is not responsible for electrical conductivity in Ti-implanted layers. Other different mechanisms may include creation of a conductive layer of TiOx. A method to regenerate used samples was

developed in the course of this study: to get rid of the implanted layer the samples are etched in a hot orto-phosphoric acid.

Fig. 1 Arrhenius plots for non-implanted, Ti-implanted and Ar-implanted sapphire.

9.4 Austenization of Carbon and Alloyed Steels by Intense Plasma Pulses: Role of Carbon, Chromium and Nitrogen by J.Piekoszewski1), L.Dąbrowski3), B.Sartowska1), L.Waliś1), M.Kopcewicz4), J.Kalinowska4), M.Barlak, J.Stanisławski, Z.Werner, A.Barcz4)

In our previous works it was shown that normal

and so called expanded austenite phases (γN) can be formed not only in the stainless steel but also in carbon steels and even in the pure α-iron if they are treated with high intensity nitrogen plasma pulses. The purpose of the present work is to study how the alloying elements such as C, Cr and N influence the efficacy of austenization of steels treated by argon and nitrogen plasma pulses. The steel samples contained initially 2.5 to 4.2 at. % C, 0.12-14 at. % Cr and about 1 at. % N after the nitrogen plasma treatment. The energy density of plasma pulses was about 5 J/cm2 and duration of about 1 µs. No of pulses - 3. The samples

were examined by CEMS, XRD and SIMS techniques.

The main results of the detailed analysis of the experimental data can be summarized as follows:

1. Both nitrogen and carbon alone are capable to form normal and expanded austenite phases γN

and γC. 2. Of all three alloying elements: C, Cr and N,

nitrogen is most effective in austenization of both carbon and alloyed steels.

3. Presence of nitrogen weakens the efficacy of carbon and chromium in austenite formation.


165

Presence of carbon strengthens the efficacy of chromium in austenite formation. 1) Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology,

Warsaw, Poland

2) Institute of Atomic Energy, Otwock/Świerk, Poland

3) Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Warsaw, Poland

4) Institute of Physics PAN, Warsaw, Poland

9.5 Friction Properties of Implanted Ceramics/polymer Pairs for Biomedical Applications by J.Jagielski

Materials for biomedical applications are one of

the hottest research topics of the present day material science & engineering. People are obviously more and more interested in a possibility of replacing damaged, ill or used-up body parts, therefore research on suitable materials has become a very important issue.

To verify the hypothesis that friction between two objects immersed into an aqueous solution is reduced if one of the two cooperating object surfaces is made hydrophobic whereas the other is made hydrophilic was a direct goal of this work. Relation of surface wettability to friction coefficient measured in distilled water was investigated. Surface of sapphire ceramic and UHMWPE (ultra high molecular weight polyethylene) samples i.e. samples of typical materials used in transplantology were modified using various ion beams and plasma treatments.

Results Ion bombardment may modify many of the

functional properties of a bombarded surface, including its wettability, hardness, Young modulus, wear resistance, friction coefficient. It is therefore difficult to unanimously show dependence of friction coefficient on surface wettability.

An optimal material/treatment combination from the point of view of verifying the working hypothesis

was UHMWPE polyethylene treated with oxygen plasma. Wettability has changed dramatically, whereas hardness of the surface layer stayed practically intact.

Wettability and friction coefficients as measured for untreated/ treated UHMWPE is compared in Fig. 1. The results unanimously indicate that both measured parameters are correlated.

Fig. 1 UHMWPE wettability and friction coefficients for an untreated sample and a sample treated for 10 minutes by oxygen plasma (discharge power ~200 W).



SUPERCONDUCTING REGIONS AND KONDO EFFECT OF MGB FORMED BY IMPLANTATION OF MAGNESIUM IONS INTO BORON SUBSTRATE

2

Z. Trybuła, ... , J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, M. Barlak, ... et al. Acta Phys. Pol. A Vol. 109 No 4-5 (2006) 657-660 PULSED PLASMA TREATMENT OF MAGNESIUM DIBORIDE SYSTEM FOR FORMATION OF SUPERCONDUCTING REGIONS J. Piekoszewski, ... , J. Stanisławski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, M. Barlak, ... et al. AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 812 (2006) 473-476 SIMS CHARACTERISATION OF SUPERCONDUCTIVE MGB LAYERS PREPARED BY ION IMPLANTATION AND PULSED PLASMA TREATMENT

2

P. Konarski, M. Cwil, J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski Appl. Surf. Sci. Vol. 252 No 19 (2006) pp. 7078-7081 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NEAR-SURFACE LAYERS OF CARBON STEELS MODIFIED BY INTERACTION WITH INTENSE PULSED PLASMA BEAMS: SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY INVESTIGATIONS B. Sartowska, J. Piekoszewski, L. Walis, J. Stanisławski, L. Nowicki, R. Ratajczak J. Microsc. Vol. 224 No 1 (2006) 114-116 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF RADIATION-INDUCED DISORDER IN SPINEL CRYSTALS L. Thome, J. Jagielski, A. Gentils, L. Nowicki, F. Garrido Nucl. Instr. Meth. B Vol. 242 No 1-2 (2006) pp. 643-645 THE EFFECTS OF ION BOMBARDMENT OF ULTRA-HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE A. Turos, A.M. Abdul-Kader, D. Grambole, J. Jagielski, A. Piatkowska, N.K. Madi, M. Al-Maadeed Nucl. Instr. Meth. B Vol. 249 No 1-2 SPEC. ISS. (2006) pp. 660-664 PHYSICOCHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS INDUCED BY ION BOMBARDMENT AND THERMAL TREATMENTS IN ZIRCONIA AND SPINEL L. Thome, A. Gentils, J. Jagielski, F. Garrido, T. Thome Nucl. Instr. Meth. B Vol. 250 No 1-2 SPEC. ISS. (2006) pp. 106-113 CORROSION RESISTANT TI-PD SURFACE ALLOYS PRODUCED BY HIGH INTENSITY PULSED PLASMA BEAMS: PART 1. DEPOSITION BY PULSED EROSION AND VACUUM EVAPORATION/PULSED IMPLANTATION DOPING MODES F.A. Bonilla, ... , J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, ... et al. Surf. Coat. Technol. Vol. 200 No 16-17 (2006) pp. 4674-4683 CORROSION RESISTANT TI-PD SURFACE ALLOYS PRODUCED BY HIGH INTENSITY PULSED PLASMA BEAMS: PART II. DEPOSITION BY PULSED IMPLANTATION DOPING MODE WITH PALLADIUM IMPLANTATION USING A MEVVA SOURCE F.A. Bonilla, P. Skeldon, G.E. Thompson, J. Piekoszewski, A.G. Chmielewski, B. Sartowska, J. Stanisławski Surf. Coat. Technol. Vol. 200 No 16-17 (2006) pp. 4684-4692 ION IMPLANTATION FOR SURFACE MODIFICATION OF BIOMATERIALS J. Jagielski, A. Piatkowska, P. Aubert, L. Thome, A. Turos, A. AbdulKader Surf. Coat. Technol. Vol. 200 No 22-23 SPEC. ISS. (2006) pp. 6355-6361 INFLUENCE OF ION BOMBARDMENT ON TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF UHMWPE D.M. Bieliński, P. Lipiński, M. Urbaniak, J. Jagielski Tribol. Lett. Vol. 23 No 2 (2006) 139 ACCUMULATION OF RADIATION DAMAGE IN SPINEL CRYSTALS: QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RBS/C DATA J. Jagielski, L. Thomé Nucl. Instr. Meth. B (in press) ION-BEAM MODIFIED POLYMERS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS J. Jagielski, A. Turos, D. Bielinski, A.M. Abdul-Kader, A. Piatkowska Nucl. Instr. Meth. B (in press) PHASE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF UNALLOYED STEELS SURFACES MODIFIED BY INTENSE PLASMA PULSES WITH VARIOUS REACTIVE GAS FLUENCES B. Sartowska, ... , J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, L. Nowicki, R. Ratajczak, W. Szymczyk, ... et al. Plasma Processes and Polymers (in press) FORMATION OF SUPERCONDUCTING REGIONS OF MGB BY IMPLANTATION OF MAGNESIUM IONS INTO BORON SUBSTRATE FOLLOWED BY INTENSE PULSE PLASMA TREATMENT

2

J. Piekoszewski, ... , J. Stanisławski, M. Barlak, J. Jagielski, Z. Werner, ... et al. Surf. Coat. Technol. (in press)


167

ION BEAM MODIFICATION OF CERAMICS COMPONENT PRIORI TO FORMATION OF ALN-CU JOINTS BY DIRECT BONDING PROCESS M. Barlak, ... , J. Piekoszewski, Z. Werner, J. Jagielski, K. Borkowska, ... et al. Surf. Coat. Technol. (in press) STRUCTURAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEELS MODIFIED BY PLASMA PULSES CONTAINING THE INERT AND ACTIVITE IONS B. Sartowska, ... , J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, L. Nowicki, R. Ratajczak, M. Barlak, ... et al. Surf. Coat. Technol. (in press) AUSTENIZATION OF CARBON AND ALLOYED STEELS BY INTENSE PLASMA PULSES: ROLE OF CARBON CHROMIUM AND NITROGEN J. Piekoszewski, ... , M. Barlak, J. Stanisławski, Z. Werner, ... et al. Vacuum (in press) ION BOMBARDMENT OF POLYETHYLENE. INFLUENCE OF POLYMER STRUCTURE D.M. Bielinski, P. Lipinski, D. Tranchida, J. Jagielski, A. Turos Vacuum (in press) SUPERCONDUCTING AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MG-B STRUCTURES FORMED BY IMPLANTATION OF MAGNESIUM IONS INTO THE BULK BORON FOLLOWED BY PULSE PLASMA TREATMENT J. Piekoszewski, ... , M. Barlak, J. Stanisławski, Z. Werner, ... et al. Vacuum (in press) THE EFFECT OF ION IMPLANTATION ON THE WEAR OF CO-CR-MO ALLOY Z. Werner, ... , M. Barlak, W. Szymczyk, J. Piekoszewski, K. Borkowska, ... et al. Vacuum (in press) THE EFFECT OF TITANIUM ION IMPLANTATION INTO CARBON CERAMICS ON ITS WETTABILITY BY LIQUID COPPER M. Barlak, ... , J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, K. Borkowska, Z. Werner, J. Jagielski, ... et al. Vacuum (in press) THERMAL STABILITY OF THE PHASES FORMED IN THE NEAR-SURFACE LAYERS OF CARBON STEELS BY NITROGEN PULSED PLASMA TREATMENT B. Sartowska, ... , J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, L. Nowicki, R. Ratajczak, ... et al. Vacuum (in press)


Invited Talk SUPERCONDUCTING AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MG-B STRUCTURES FORMED BY IMPLANTATION OF MAGNESIUM IONS INTO THE BULK BORON FOLLOWED BY PULSE PLASMA TREATMENT J. Piekoszewski, W. Kempiński, M. Barlak, J. Kaszyński, J. Stanisławski, B. Andrzejwski, Z. Werner, L. Piekary-Sady, E. Richter, J. Stankowski, R. Grotzschel, Sz.. Łoś 6th International Conference on Ion Implantation and other Applications of Ions and Electrons (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) ION-BEAM MODIFIED POLYMERS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS J. Jagielski, A. Turos, D. Bielinski, A.M. Abdul-Kader, A. Piatkowska 19th International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry CAARI 2006 (Fort Worth, Texas, USA, 2006-08-20 - 2006-08-25) Nucl. Instr. Meth. B (in press) ION BOMBARDMENT OF POLYETHYLENE. INFLUENCE OF POLYMER STRUCTURE D.M. Bielinski, P. Lipinski, D. Tranchida, J. Jagielski, A. Turos ION 2006 (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-06-18 - 2006-06-22) Vacuum (in press) DAMAGE ACCUMULATION IN ION-IRRADIATED CERAMICS J. Jagielski ION 2006 (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-06-18 - 2006-06-22) ACCUMULATION OF RADIATION DAMAGE IN SPINEL CRYSTALS: QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RBS/C DATA J. Jagielski 19th International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry CAARI 2006 (Fort Worth, Texas, USA, 2006-08-20 - 2006-08-25)


Oral Presentation THE EFFECT OF ION IMPLANTATION ON THE WEAR OF CO-CR-MO ALLOY Z. Werner, M. Barlak, M. Grądzka-Dahlke, R. Diduszko, W. Szymczyk, J.R. Dąbrowski, J. Piekoszewski, K. Borkowska ION 2006 (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-06-18 - 2006-06-22) Vacuum (in press) Poster THE EFFECT OF INTENSE PLASMA PULSE PRE-TREATMENT IN WETTABILITY IN CERAMIC-COPPER SYSTEM M. Barlak, J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, K. Borkowska, M. Chmielewski, B. Sartowska, Z. Werner, M. Miskiewicz, J. Jagielski, W. Starosta 24th Symposium on Fusion Technology (Warsaw, Poland, 2006-09-11 - 2006-09-15) PHASE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEELS SURFACES MODIFIED BY INTENSE PLASMA PULSES WITH VARIOUS REACTIVE GAS FLUENCES B. Sartowska, J. Piekoszewski, L. Waliś, J. Senatorski, J. Stanisławski, L. Nowicki, R. Ratajczak, M. Kopcewicz, W. Szymczyk, A. Nowotnik 10th International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering PSE 2006 (Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany), 2006-09-10 - 2006-09-15) THERMAL STABILITY OF THE PHASES FORMED IN THE NEAR SURFACE LAYERS OF CARBON STEELS BY NITROGEN PULSED PLASMA TREATMENT B. Sartowska, J. Piekoszewski, L. Waliś, J. Stanisławski, L. Nowicki, R. Ratajczak, M. Kopcewicz, J. Senatorski 6th International Conference on Ion Implantation and other Applications of Ions and Electrons (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) WEAR RESISTANCE OF TIN COATING IPLANTED WITH AL AND N IONS J. Narojczyk, Z. Werner, D. Morozow, W. Tuszyński ION 2006 (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-06-18 - 2006-06-22) THE EFFECT OF TITANIUM ION IMPLANTATION INTO CARBON CERAMIC ON ITS WETTABILITY BY LIQUID COPPER M. Barlak, J. Piekoszewski, J. Stanisławski, K. Borkowska, B. Sartowska, Z. Werner, M. Miśkiewicz, J. Jagielski, W. Starosta 6th International Conference on Ion Implantation and other Applications of Ions and Electrons (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29) AUSTENIZATION OF CARBON AND ALLOYED STEELS BY INTENSE PLASMA PULSES: ROLE OF CARBON, CHROMIUM AND NITROGEN J. Piekoszewski, L. Dąbrowski, B. Sartowska, L. Waliś, M. Kopcewicz, J. Kalinowska, M. Barlak, J. Stanisławski, Z. Werner, A. Barcz 6th International Conference on Ion Implantation and other Applications of Ions and Electrons (Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-29)


Ion implantation as a method of forming nanostructured layersa Z. Werner Świerk, The Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies Seminar, Świerk, 2006-02-23 a) in Polish

PERSONNEL

Research scientists Marek Barlak, Dr. 4/5* Katarzyna Bocheńska, MSc Jacek Jagielski, Assoc. Prof. 1/2* Małgorzata Kołodziejczyk on leave

Jerzy Piekoszewski, Professor Władysław Szymczyk, Dr. Zbigniew Werner, Assoc. Prof.

Technical and administrative staff Andrzej Grajda Jerzy Królik 3/5*

Jerzy Zagórski


DEPARTMENT OF ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY

169

10 DEPARTMENT OF ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND

TECHNOLOGY

Head of Department: Dr. Eugeniusz Pławski phone: (22) 718-05-40 e-mail: [email protected]

Overview

The activities of Department P-10 in 2006 were as follows: - continuation of development of radiographic 5-6 MeV electron accelerator, - study of very compact accelerating standing wave RF structures for electrons and ions, - Monte Carlo simulations applied to ion radiotherapy The compact 6 MeV electron linac constructed in Department P-10 were further developed. Some equipment

(low input impedance amplifier for beam transformer, up-to-date power supplies for beam position steering coils, magnetron frequency control unit) was added or replaced. The old control racks were replaced by a new single more compact control console. This will allow us to introduce a PLC based control system of accelerator (when money for necessary PLCs is granted). After additional amelioration of radiation shielding followed by Radiological Inspection, the permanent permission No D-15917 for routine operation of this accelerator in electron and X-ray mode was issued by the National Atomic Energy Agency. This allows us to render services to external customers. As it was already reported in 2005, two regimes of operation are actually possible: with X ray output beam or electron beam, depending on user demand.

The triode gun, originally thought of as a part of the 6/15 MeV medical accelerator is still showing excellent performance on experimental stand; it was opened to air for about 2 hours to repair the broken wire of the beam scanner. This confirms the possibility of repeated formation of gun dispenser cathode. A new pulse modulator was routinely used in these tests.

The special set-up, designed and made in our Department for the TiN coating of accelerator components, was routinely used for coating of various types of RF high power vacuum windows for conventional and superconducting 1.3 GHz accelerating structures. Cooperation with foreign enterprises is promising.

Accel Instruments GmbH ordered the coating of two sets (in total 18 pieces) of coaxial and cylindrical vacuum windows for superconducting cavity RF power couplers.

18 MeV Electron Accelerator Stand with the linear accelerator - Saturn was prepared for experimental work, and can be used in neutron detectors investigation and for accelerating structures research. To increase the reliability of operation, upgrading of the computer control system is foreseen next year.

The aim of the preliminary study of accelerating structures in C-band is the search for electron accelerator miniaturization. At higher frequencies, much higher accelerating fields can be applied and as the wavelength becomes shorter, the overall size of the structure and various components becomes smaller. In 2006 the main physical parameters of 5720 MHz SW side coupled structures were optimized. For that frequency there exist on the market suitable high power klystrons and a variety of necessary microwave equipment.

Monte Carlo simulations using the BEAMnrc/EGSnrc were carried out to study the influence of possible errors in assigning of CT (coefficients of X ray attenuation in tissue) on calculated ion range in hadron therapy. This work was done in Heidelberg by A.Wysocka-Rabin in the frame of our collaboration with DKFZ.

In ENEA-Frascati a linear accelerator for protons called TOP (Terapia Oncologica con Protoni, Oncological Proton Therapy) is under realization. Basically it is a proton linac of modified Alvarez type working on 3000MHz frequency and delivering a beam in the energy range from 65 MeV to 200 MeV. In 2005 the contract was signed between ENEA and IPJ-Świerk on the basis of which the Accelerator Physics Dpt. of IPJ will design, produce and deliver to Frascati the input section of the 65 MeV linac. This section of SCDTL type will increase the proton energy from 7 to 17 MeV. The design is almost finished; many elements are manufactured and ready for assembling. This will take place in of 2007.

Dr. Eugeniusz Pławski


10.1 5 - 6 MeV Radiographic Facility in IPJ Świerk by J.Bigolas, W.Drabik, E.Pławski

The experimental stand of a 5 - 6 MeV electron

linac accelerator described earlier [1, 2] underwent further development. Some equipment (low input impedance amplifier for beam transformer, up-to-date power supplies for beam position steering coils, cooling water stabilization, magnetron frequency control unit) were added or replaced. The old control racks were replaced by a new single compact control console shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Photo of control console.

This will allow to introduce a PLC based control system of accelerator (when money necessary for PLCs is granted).The schematic layout of radiographic facility is shown in Fig.2.

After additional amelioration of radiation shielding followed by Radiological Inspection, permanent permission No D-15917 for routine operation of this accelerator in electron and X-ray mode was issued by National Atomic Energy Agency.

This allows us to render services to external customers. As it was already reported in 2005, two regimes of operation are actually possible: with X ray output beam or electron beam depending on user demand. The working parameters of the accelerator stand are: Electron energy (regulated) 4.5 MeV to 6.5 MeV Electron current in pulse 0 – 80 mA in 4 µsec Pulse repetition 100 Hz Permissible X dose rate 12 R/min/m (Attainable 350 R/min/m) Flaw (defect) finding sensitivity (for steel) 0.4 % [1]

[2]

J.Bigolas, W.Drabik, E.Pławski, A.Wysocka-Rabin, “A Radiographic Facility at the Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies (IPJ) at Świerk, Poland”, Nukleonika Vol. 51 No 2 (2006) pp. 131-135 J.Bigolas et al., “Experimental Operation of 5-6 MeV Electron Linac as the Radiographic unit”, 2005 Annual Report p.180

Fig. 2 Schematic layout of radiographic facility.


171

10.2 A Stand for Evaporation TiN Coating of Insulating Components of High Power RF Couplers and Wave-guides by J.Lorkiewicz, E.Pławski, H.Wojnarowski, A.Łubian, J.Bogowicz, M.Wojciechowski

In the years 2004-2006 a device has been

constructed and optimised at our Institute in Dept. P X for thin TiN anti-multifactor layers generation on the surfaces of high power RF coupler components, especially ceramic windows [1]. It is based on titanium vapour deposition in ammonia. The stand is composed of a vacuum chamber of 100 l volume with a sublimation set-up (a system of isolated titanium wires), an oil-free turbo pumping system, clean nitrogen and ammonia injection lines, standard vacuum diagnostics and dc power supplies to energize the titanium filaments up to a sublimation temperature. The general layout of the device is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 TiN coating device at IPJ.

Tests have been performed in order to optimise titanium deposition on 60 mm diam. alumina rings commonly used as components of Tesla Test Facility RF couplers (series TTF3 and TTF5). Optimal values for titanium filament temperature, substrate temperature and deposition time have been chosen. A uniform, yellow, transparent surface layer indicated that Ti -> TiN transition has been reached (Fig. 2). A very high value of the resistance of the layer

(>300 GΩ/square) guarantees that possible ohmic power losses in RF field will be negligibly small.

Fig. 2 TiN coated alumina ring.

TiN coating of two series of RF coupler windows has been performed for ACCEL Instruments GmbH (Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) as a commercial service: - five “cold” (70 K) and five “warm” cylindrical

alumina windows for TTF5 couplers and - four “cold” and four “warm” coaxial windows for

TW 60 couplers. The sublimation set-up and procedure that have

been used for coating the cylindrical windows are described in Report [1]. A different system of isolated horizontal titanium wire loops (catenaries) has been used for Ti deposition on ceramic discs of TW60 coaxial windows which were delivered together with sections of inner and outer coax. electrodes. The size and positions of the titanium wire filaments have been established after performing exposure calculations. Final surface layer thickness of 6-7 nm has been reached in this case after 1 min deposition. [1] J.Lorkiewicz, J.Kula, S.Pszona, “Anti-

Multipactor TiN Coating of Power RF Components Using Evaporation Method”, IPJ Report INS-30/X, Dec. 2004

10.3 18 MeV Electron Accelerator Stand with the Linear Accelerator - Saturn by K.Kosiński, E.Pławski, A.Wysocka-Rabin

The linear electron accelerator Saturn, after a long

period of maintenance and repair, returned to operation in 2006. It is now ready for use in Departmental experiments. The accelerator can work in both the electron and X-ray photon mode.

The basic components of this accelerator are as follows: • Accelerating structure: travelling wave type

operated on 2998 MHz, • Electron gun: diode type (new W cathode) 80 kV,

200 mA in pulse,


• e beam deviation: 270 achromatic dipole, • e/X converter: water cooled W target, • Klystron: TH 2074, 6 MW peak, • Klystron modulator: modified, PFN+HV

transformer 10 MW in 4.8 µsec pulse, • Cooling system: water in closed loop (modified), • Control system: PDP11, obsolete but still

operational (upgrade to PLC controller scheduled for 2007).

Its parameters are: • Beam energy: electrons 6-20 MeV, X-rays up to

18 MeV, • Output beam currents: 90 µA av. (100 mA in

pulse) at 6 MeV, 30 µA av. (20 mA in pulse) at 15 MeV,

• Beam pulse length 4.5 µsec, repetition 50-100 Hz.

Fig. 1 The Saturn gantry head with the water phantom POSEIDON prepared for measurement.

A water phantom combined with a universal dosimetry system – Poseidon – is used to measure photon beam energy. The system consists of a local control unit for the phantom, a set of detectors and a central PC workstation with Windows software. The most important measurement functions of this system are: depth of dose distribution, dose profile, and point- by-point scanning of both the surface and volume of the phantom [1].

Photon beam energy is evaluated from the depth of absorbed dose distributions in the water phantom

(Fig. 2), according to an NACP-recommended procedure [2]. The determined energy of the photons is E=16±0.5 MeV. It is possible to obtain higher energy by optimization of accelerator parameters.

The photon beam received from a tungsten conversion target can be used to generate neutrons in nuclear reactions (γ, n).

Fig. 2 Depth dose distribution for the photon beam in the water.

Physicists from the Department of Detectors and Nuclear Electronics have accepted the use of our accelerator stand for detection investigations. A research group of the IAE that is working in the field of Dosimetry of Mixed Radiation would like to use our stand to study the behaviour and ion collection efficiency of gaseous ionization chambers [3].

[1]

[2]

[3]

W.Maciszewski, A.Wysocka-Rabin, J.Bigolas, W.Drabik, S.Getka, M.Śliwa, S.Stępniak, J.Bogowicz, “Testing Bench for Accelerating Structures with Accompanying Beam Diagnostics Equipment”, Annual Report 2000 “Procedures In external radiation therapy dosimetry with electrons and proton beams with maximum energy between 1 and 50 MeV”, Recommendations by NACP, Acta Radiol. Oncol. 19, 1980, Fasc I, page 58-79 N.Golnik, M.Zielczynski, M.Gryzinski, “Recombination processes in high-pressure ionization chambers irradiated with low-LET radiation”, ISRP-10, 10th Intern. Symp. on Radiation Physics, September 2006, Coimbra - Portugal, Book of Abstracts, A-12 (2006), in print NIM in Phys. Res. B.

10.4 A Study of the Effect of HU Uncertainty on Calculated Carbon Range in Heavy Ion Therapy by A.Wysocka-Rabin, S.Qamhiyeh1), O.Jäkel1)

The calculation of carbon ion range in tissue for

use in heavy ion treatment is based on the Hounsfield unit look-up table (HULT) [1]. Assuming that

measured HU is correct, the HULT enables fast and reliable translation of HU to water equivalent depth (WED). However, HU values can vary with


173

measurement parameters, such as X-ray voltage and the image reconstruction algorithm. Other parameters that can influence HU values are phantom size and materials and substitutes used in developing the database. However, the correlation between these parameters and HU is only known empirically.

In this project, we present an approach (Fig. 1) to simulate HU that takes into consideration the geometry, composition, and physical process behind the measurement of HU values. The approach involves Monte Carlo simulations followed by a simple filtered back-projection reconstruction. The Monte Carlo code used is BEAMnrc/EGSnrc. Input data and details of the performed calculations can be found in [2]. Simulations of an X-ray tube, including the associated filters and beam shapers of a Siemens Emotion CT, were used to generate the initial beam shape and spectra.

We performed a number of further simulations with various phantoms and substitutes. The resultant phase space files were analyzed to calculate the projections, taking into account the energy response of the CT-detectors. Then, a simple reconstruction algorithm (FBP using a Ram-Lak filter) was applied to the calculated projections and finally the data were

presented in HU format. The above approach was developed for a Siemens Emotion CT with a DURA352 X-ray tube [3].

Simulated CT-numbers for Gammex substitutes in Plexiglas phantom using different voltage setting of the X-ray tube will subsequently be compared with these measurement results. [1]

[2]

[3]

O.Jäkel, C.Jacob, D.Schardt, C.P.Karger, G.H.Hartmann, “Relation between carbon ion ranges and X-ray CT numbers”, Med. Phys. 28(4) 2001, pp. 701-703 A.Wysocka S.Qamhiyeh, O.Jäkel, “Photon Beam Transport through a Solid Phantom for an X-ray Computed Tomography Scanner (CT): A Preliminary Monte Carlo Study”, SINS Report 2005, p. 186 A.Wysocka, S.Qamhiyeh, O.Jäkel, “A study of the effect of HU uncertainty on calculated Carbon range in heavy ion Therapy”, Nowotwory, Vol. 56, No. Supp4, 2006, p. 58

1) Medizinische Physik, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Im

Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany

Fig. 1 Scheme of the approach to simulate HU taking into consideration the geometry, composition, and physical process behind the measurement of HU values. The whole procedure starts from the X-ray tube simulation, is continued through CT and phantom inserts and finishes on the image, from which HU are estimated.

10.5 The SCDTL Proton Accelerating 3 GHz Structure for TOP LINAC/ENEA Hadron Therapy Facility by E.Pławski, S.Kuliński, A.Kucharczyk, M.Wojciechowski, L.Picardi1), C.Ronsivalle1)

The TOP LINAC, an innovative compact

accelerator for proton therapy in the energy range 65 - 200 MeV is now under construction at ENEA in Frascati. The facility is intended to be installed in the main Oncologycal Hospital in Rome, Instituto Regina Elena.

The accelerator is composed of a 7 MeV injector, a first 65 MeV 3 GHz linac booster of SCDTL type and second 200 MeV 3 GHz linac booster which is graded β, side coupled (SCL) structure. The facility will be equipped with various beam lines to the application rooms.


In the frame work of the collaboration between ENEA-Frascati and IPJ-Świerk, the Accelerator Physics and Techniques Department is responsible for development, construction, manufacturing and RF tuning of SCDTL (Side Coupled Drift Tube Linac) section accelerating protons from 7 MeV up to 17MeV. The section is composed of 3 subsection containing 5 modules each. One module contains 5 drift tubes plus a coupling cavity. The successive modules of sub-section are coupled by a “side” cell as shown in Fig. 1. As it is low β structure the successive accelerating modules have increasing longitudinal dimensions. Consequently to keep equal resonant frequency of all modules there is quite a lot of gymnastics (2D and 3D rf simulations) with the dimensions of drift tubes in each module.

Fig. 1 The RF “triplet” composed of 2 accelerating modules and coupling cavity (on top).

In 2006, following the 2D (LANL SUPERFISH code) and 3D (CST MWS code) radio frequency and proton dynamics calculations, all the dimensions of the middle subsection were fixed and design documentation was made. In Fig. 2 the drawing of part of this sub-section is shown. The technology of manufacture (machining with accuracy better than 30 µm and complicated brazing in H atmosphere) was worked out successfully and some parts of the subsection are already produced.

Fig. 2 Middle part of second sub-section of SCDTL linac (the part of design drawing).

In Fig. 3 the photo of the water cooled drift tube block ready for assembling in module body is shown.

Fig. 3 Drift tube assembly of SCDTL subsection. Ready for brazing in module. [1] L.Picardi et al., Progetto del TOP Linac, ENEA

Rep. RT/INN/97/17 1) ENEA Frascati, Italy

10.6 Superconducting Nb Layers Generation Using Vacuum Arc Deposition Method by J.Lorkiewicz , R.Russo1), D.Digiovenale2), A.Cianchi2), S.Tazzari3), P.Strzyżewski, V.Merlo3), M.Salvato3), R.Polini3)

Work on optimisation of super-conducting

parameters of niobium layers reached on copper and sapphire substrates by using a vacuum arc have been continued in 2006 [1]. A series of tests has been performed to determine thickness, RRR, lattice

parameters and surface morphology of Nb surface layers obtained in a planar arc at different substrate bias values and different angular orientation of the samples to the arc plasma propagation direction.


175

Table 1 Lattice parameters of a Nb layer on copper substrate reached at different substrate bias values.

Table 2 Lattice parameters, thickness and RRR values of a Nb layer obtained on sapphire surface perpendicular to the plasma stream, achieved at –40V substrate bias.

The obtained data (Table 1, 2) show that, irrespective of the substrate bias value, the lattice parameter of niobium layers reached on copper samples does not differ from the lattice parameter of bulk niobium, whereas for the layers obtained on sapphire it is bigger by roughly 0.001 nm. This indicates some stress within the layer. RRR values of layers deposited on sapphire varied from ca. 30 to 50 for layer thickness value ranging from 0.7 to 3 µm. These values remain stable for the normal to substrate surface rotated by 300 to the arc plasma propagation direction. At the rotation angle of 750-900 RRR drops to below 20. SEM studies have shown that for such high rotation angles numerous surface irregularities (extrusions of dimensions of ca. 100 nm) are present in the surface layer which may result in an increased field emission in the RF field.

A new planar arc stand with a “T-type” micro-droplets filter has been installed in 2006, equipped with a plasma beam magnetic scanning system at its exit. An ion current of nearly 500 mA has been reached upstream of the scanning system at an arc

current of 130 A. This corresponds to an average ion density of 7-8 mA/cm2 across a 0.71 dm2 substrate holder. The density of niobium micro-droplets (of radius bigger than 200 nm) has been reduced by using the filter, down to below 400/mm2 on most of the substrate holder surface. Two circular, 95 mm in diam. copper samples have been Nb-coated in 2006 using the “T-filter” and tested for Q value in Cornell University using a perturbation method. The quality factor values were 108 and 2⋅108, respectively, at a Q-value for the empty cavity equal 3.8⋅108.

Another planar arc system equipped with a chamber shaped as a 1.3 GHz TESLA accelerating cavity has been optimised for arc plasma transmission and the surface layer distribution homogeneity. To this end a series of measurements has been performed with the “cavity” chamber equipped with a system of ion current collectors and sapphire witness samples.

Fig. 1 “Cavity” chamber with a slant coil.

The best layer uniformity has been reached using a slant magnetic coil mounted on the chamber (Fig. 1). With this magnetic field geometry a deposition rate of ca 50 nm/min was achieved next to the cavity equator. [1] L.Catani, A.Cianchi, J.Lorkiewicz, S.Tazzari,

J.Langner, P.Strzyzewski, M.Sadowski, A.Andreone, G.Cifariello, E.Di Gennari, G.Lamura and R.Russo, Physica C441, 2006, 130

1) Istituto di Cibernetica "E.Caianiello" del CNR,

Italy 2) INFN – Roma Tor Vergata, Italy 3) Universitŕ Roma Tor Vergata, Italy

0.331050 0.7-1.0-80

0.331330 1.0-1.7-60

0.331640 0.9-2.6-40

0.330826 0.9-2.8-23

a Nb (nm)RRR Thickness (µm)

Bias (V)

samples

Vbias

(V)

a Cu (Å)

a Nb (Å)

Pl06_08 Cu2 -23 3.610 3.301

Pl06_05 Cu2 -40 3.608 3.301

Pl06_04 Cu2 -60 3.610 3.301

Pl06_07 Cu2 -80 3.610 3.302



A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF HU UNCERTAINTY ON CALCULATED CARBON RANGE IN HEAVY ION THERAPY A. Wysocka-Rabin, S. Qamhiyeh, O. Jaekel Nowotwory: Journal of Oncology Vol. 56 No Supp4 (2006) 58 A RADIOGRAPHIC FACILITY AT THE SOLTAN INSTITUTE FOR NUCLEAR STUDIES (SINS) AT SWIERK, POLAND J. Bigolas, W. Drabik, E. Pławski, A. Wysocka-Rabin Nukleonika Vol. 51 No 2 (2006) pp. 131-135 CATHODIC ARC GROWN NIOBIUM FILMS FOR RF SUPERCONDUCTING CAVITY APPLICATIONS L. Catani, ... , J. Lorkiewicz, P. Strzyżewski, M.J. Sadowski, ... et al. Physica C Vol. 441 No 1-2 (2006) 30-133 ANALYSIS OF TISSUE SUBSTITUTES USING A MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF HOUNSFIELD UNITS S. Qamhiyeh, A. Wysocka-Rabin, M. Ellerbrock, C. Penssel, M. Kachelriess, O. Jaekel Radiother. Oncol. Vol. 81 No supp1 (2006) S357 STATUS OF RESEARCH ON DEPOSITION OF THIN SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS FOR RF ACCELERATING CAVITIES J. Langner, ... , M.J. Sadowski, P. Strzyżewski, J. Witkowski, J. Lorkiewicz, ... et al. Russian Physics Journal Vol. 49 No 8 (2006) 412-417 DEPOSITION OF SUPERCONDUCTING NIOBIUM FILMS FOR RF CAVITIES BY MEANS OF UHV CATHODIC ARC J. Langner, ... , R. Mirowski, M.J. Sadowski, P. Strzyżewski, J. Witkowski, J. Lorkiewicz, ... et al. Vacuum Vol. 80 No 11-12 (2006) 1288-1293


Invited Talk STATUS OF RESEARCH ON DEPOSITION OF THIN SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS FOR RF ACCELERATING CAVITIES J. Langner, M.J. Sadowski, P. Strzyżewski, J. Witkowski, S. Tazzari, L. Catani, A. Cianchi, J. Lorkiewicz, R. Russo 2 International Congress on Radiation Phys., High-Current Electronics and Modifications of Materials (Tomsk, Russia, 2006-09-10 - 2006-09-15)

nd

Oral Presentation PROGRESS IN RESEARCH ON DEPOSITION OF THIN SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS BY MEANS OF ULTRA-HIGH VACUUM ARC DISCHARGES M.J. Sadowski, J. Langner, P. Strzyżewski, R. Mirowski, J. Witkowski, S. Tazzari, L. Catani, A. Cianchi, J. Lorkiewicz, R. Russo International Workshop on Thin Films and New Ideas for Pushing the Limits of RF Superconductivity (Padua-Legnaro, Italy, 2006-10-09 - 2006-10-12) THE UHV CATHODIC ARC: RESULTS ON NB FILMS AND PLASMA TRANSPORT FOR CAVITY COATING L. Catani, A. Cianchi, J. Lorkiewicz, S. Tazzari, J. Langner, R. Mirowski, M.J. Sadowski, P. Strzyżewski, J. Witkowski, B. Ruggiero, R. Russo International Workshop on Thin Films and New Ideas for Pushing the Limits of RF Superconductivity (Padua-Legnaro, Italy, 2006-10-09 - 2006-10-12) A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF HU UNCERTAINTY ON CALCULATED CARBON RANGE IN HEAVY ION THERAPY A. Wysocka-Rabin, S. Qamhiyeh, O. Jaekel 2 Congress of Polish Oncology (Poznań, Poland, 2006-10-25 - 2006-12-28)nd Nowotwory: Journal of Oncology Vol. 56 No Supp4 (2006) 58 PROGRESS IN USE OF ULTRA-HIGH VACUUM CATHODIC ARCS FOR DEPOSITION OF THIN SUPERCONDUCTING LAYERS J. Langner, R. Mirowski, M.J. Sadowski, P. Strzyżewski, J. Witkowski, S. Tazzari, L. Catani, A. Cianchi, J. Lorkiewicz, R. Russo, T. Paryjczyk, J. Rogowski, J. Sekutowicz 22 International Symposium on Discharges in Vacuum (Matsue, Japan, Sept. 25-29, 2006-09-25 - 2006-09-29)nd Poster ANALYSIS OF TISSUE SUBSTITUTES USING A MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF HOUNSFIELD UNITS S. Qamhiyeh, A. Wysocka-Rabin, M. Ellerbrock, C. Penssel, M. Kachelriess, O. Jaekel Conference of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology ESTRO 25 (Leipzig, Germany, 2006-10-08 - 2006-10-12) Radiother. Oncol. Vol. 81 No supp1 (2006) S357


177

NOVEL DEVELOPMENT ON SUPERCONDUCTING NIOBIUM FILM DEPOSITION FOR RF APPLICATIONS A. Cianchi, L. Catani, D. DiGiovenale, J. Lorkiewicz, B. Ruggiero, R. Russo, J. Langner, M.J. Sadowski, P. Strzyżewski, V. Merlo, M. Salvato, S. Tazzari 10 European Particle Accelerator Conf. (EPAC-2006) (Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 2006-06-26 - 2006-06-30) th

DIDACTIC ACTIVITY

E. Pławski - The lectures and practical training of operators of linear accelerators and cyclotron A. Wysocka-Rabin - „Modern methods in radiotherapy”, lecture and presentation at the X Festival of Polish Science, Warsaw, 16 September 2006 A. Wysocka-Rabin - Consultations with students and PhD candidates at DKFZ (Heidelberg) concerning the use of the EGSnrc and BEAM programs to perform simulations of photon and electron beams from accelerators A. Wysocka-Rabin - Lectures on the use of accelerators in radiotherapy (for young visitors of IPJ) A. Wysocka-Rabin - Report on Heavy Ion Therapy, for a Polish Hadron Therapy Project

PERSONNEL

Research scientists Jerzy Bigolas, MSc. 4/5* Wojciech Drabik, MSc. Jerzy Lorkiewicz, MSc. on leave Eugeniusz Pławski, Dr.

Marcin Śliwa, MSc. Marcin Wojciechowski, MSc. Anna Wysocka-Rabin, Dr.

Technical and administrative staff Krzysztof Bigolas Józef Bogowicz Konrad Kosiński, MSc. Andrzej Łubian * part-time employee


DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING AND CONSULTING

179

11 DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING AND CONSULTING

Head of Department: Prof. Ludwik Dobrzyński phone: (22) 718-06-12 e-mail: [email protected]

Overview

Department of Training and Consulting is regularly serving secondary schools’ pupils and teachers,

university students and the public. As usual we have been visited by about 7000 visitors, mainly students from secondary schools in Poland.

The Department is constantly developing experiments which can be conducted by students of secondary schools and universities, as well as by professionals. At the moment there are about 20 experiments available for the guests of the Department. They cover measurements of the lifetimes, elements of radioprotection, absorption of radiation in various materials, excitation of fluorescence radiation, influence of magnetic field on beta radiation as well as electrons emitted from typical electron gun, Compton scattering and elements of gamma spectroscopy, search for radioactive pollutions etc. In addition the Department was very active during Science Picnic in May and Science Festival in September, when the Department proposed organisation of a “Day with Radioactivity”. “The Day” consisted of a number of public lectures and demonstrations. In addition two evenings were dedicated to a public debate on energy sources and energy demands and supply in next 50-100 years.

One should also mention organisation and leading of the professional course for accelerators’ operators, as well as starting a new university course on “Nuclear Energy and Its Use” (Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw). The web side of the Department contains educational materials (part of it can be found on international platform http://www.nupex.org), quizzes and self-teaching materials.

Prof. Ludwik Dobrzyński



INTERPRETATION OF THE MÖSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY DATA BY THE MAXIMUM ENTROPY METHOD L. Dobrzyński, A. Holas, K. Szymański, D. Satuła AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 872 (2006) 511 REMARKABLE SOLVENT EFFECT ON THE STRUCTURE AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF [M(BIPYRIDYL)3](CLO4)3 (M = CO, FE AND RU) FILMS K. Winkler, M.E. Płonska, K. Recko, L. Dobrzyński Electrochimica Acta Vol. 51 No 21 (2006) pp. 4544-4553 MAGNETIZATION DISTRIBUTION IN NANOCRYSTALLINE FE0.48AL 0.52 K. Szymanski, L. Dobrzyński, D. Satuła, E. Voronina, E.P. Yelsukov Mat. Sci. Vol. 24 No 3 (2006) pp. 753-759 ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND THE SITE PREFERENCE OF CHROMIUM IN FE AL ALLOY3 A. Go, M. Pugaczowa-Michalska, L. Dobrzyński Phys. Status Solidi B Vol. 243 No 6 (2006) pp. 1241-1247 HORMEZA. ZJAWISKO POWSZECHNE I POWSZECHNIE NIEZNANE (HORMESIS. GENERAL PHENOMENON - COMMONLY UNKNOWN) L. Dobrzyński Postępy Techniki Jądrowej Vol. 49 (2006) 9 AN INFLUENCE OF THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT ON LOCAL MAGNETIC MOMENTS AND HYPERFINE FIELDS IN FE MN AL3-X X A. Go, M. Pugaczowa-Michalska, L. Dobrzyński Solid State Phenom. Vol. 112 (2006) 117 ELECTRON MOMENTUM DENSITY OF HEXAGONAL MAGNESIUM STUDIED BY COMPTON SCATTERING M. Brancewicz, H. Reniewicz, A. Andrejczuk, L. Dobrzyński, E. Żukowski, S. Kaprzyk Solid State Phenom. Vol. 112 (2006) 123 OPTIMIZATION OF THE FILTER TECHNIQUE K. Szymański, L. Dobrzyński Hyperfine Interact. (in press) MÖSSBAUER INVESTIGATIONS OF A MAGNETIC STRUCTURE OF Γ-FE-MN K. Szymański, W. Olszewski, D. Satuła, L. Dobrzyński Mat. Sci. (in press) A NEED FOR HIGH RESOLUTION COMPTON SCATTERING STUDY OF HCP METALS WITH THE USE OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION M. Brancewicz, A. Andrejczuk, L. Dobrzyński, H. Reniewicz, E. Żukowski Nucl. Instr. Meth. B (in press) ELECTRON MOMENTUM DENSITY OF MG, ZN AND CD HEXAGONAL METALS STUDIED BY COMPTON SPECTROMETRY M. Brancewicz, L. Dobrzyński, H. Reniewicz, E. Żukowski, A. Andrejczuk Nucl. Instr. Meth. B (in press) HYPERFINE FIELDS IN UFe Sn COMPOUD5 D. Satuła, K. Szymański, L. Dobrzyński, V.H. Tran Nukleonika (in press) MAGNETIC TEXTURE DETERMINATION BY CEMS WITH POLARIZED RADIATION W. Olszewski, K. Szymański, D. Satuła, L. Dobrzyński Nukleonika (in press)

REPORTS

PHYSICS TDR, VOLUME II: PHYSICS PERFORMANCE G.L. Bayatian, ... , L. Dobrzyński, ... et al.


Invited Talk CHARGE, SPIN AND MOMENTUM DENSITIES: DIFFERENT FACETS OF THE SAME NATURE L. Dobrzyński 23rd European Crystallographic Meeting, (Leuven, Belgium, 2006-08-06 - 2006-08-11)

DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING AND CONSULTING

181

Oral Presentation MAGNETIC TEXTURE DETERMINATION BY CEMS WITH POLARIZED RADIATION W. Olszewski, K. Szymański, D. Satuła, L. Dobrzyński All-Poland Seminar on Mössbauer Spectroscopy (Częstochowa-Koszęcin, Poland, 2006-06-11 - 2006-06-18) Nukleonika (in press) HYPERFINE FIELDS IN UFe Sn COMPOUD5 D. Satuła, K. Szymański, L. Dobrzyński, V.H. Tran All-Poland Seminar on Mössbauer Spectroscopy (Częstochowa-Koszęcin, Poland, 2006-06-11 - 2006-06-18) Nukleonika (in press) ELECTRON MOMENTUM DENSITY OF Mg, Zn AND Cd HEXAGONAL METALS STUDIED BY COMPTON SPECTROMETRY M. Brancewicz, L. Dobrzyński, H. Reniewicz, E. Żukowski, A. Andrejczuk Charge, Spin and Momentum Density - Sagamore XV (Bosworth Hall Hotel, Warwickshire, UK, 2006-08-13 - 2006-08-18) Nucl. Instr. Meth. B (in press) NUCLEAR EDUCATION AT SWIERK NUCLEAR CENTRE L. Dobrzyński Towards "European Nuclear Training Networks" , Euroatom Workshop (Cadarache, France, 2006-10-12 - 2006-10-13) Poster APPLICATIONS OF CEMS WITH CIRCULARLY POLARIZED RADIATION W. Olszewski, K. Szymański, D. Satuła, L. Dobrzyński XVIII International School on Physics and Chemistry of Condensed Matter (Białowieża, Poland, 2006-07-01 - 2006-07-08) A NEED FOR NIGH RESOLUTION COMPTON SCATTERING STUDY OF HCP METALS WITH THE USE OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION M. Brancewicz, A. Andrejczuk, L. Dobrzyński, H. Reniewicz, E. Żukowski, 8th International School and Symposium on Synchrotron Radiation in Natural Sciences (ISSRNS 2006) (Zakopane, Poland, 2006-06-12 - 2006-12-17) MAXIMUM ENTROPY ANALYSIS OF MÖSSBAUER DATA L. Dobrzyński, A. Holas, K. Szymański, D. Satuła 26th Int. Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering (Paris, France, 2006-07-08 - 2006-07-13) AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 872 (2006) 511 MAXIMUM ENTROPY ANALYSIS OF MÖSSBAUER DATA L. Dobrzyński, A. Holas, K. Szymański, D. Satuła XVIII International School on Physics and Chemistry of Condensed Matter (Białowieża, Poland, 2006-07-01 - 2006-07-08)


L. Dobrzyński Session chairman on XVIII International School on Physics and Chemistry of Condensed Matter in Bialowieża, Poland Member of Advisory Board on XVIII International School on Physics and Chemistry of Condensed Matter in Bialowieża, Poland Chairman of the Scientific Council of the Institute of Experimental Physics fo the University of Białystok Member of the Scientific Council of the Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies Chairman of the Committee on Nuclear Methods in Condensed Matter Physics of the Council for Atomic Energy Matters Adviser of the Polish Delegation to UNSCEAR


PERSONNEL

Research scientists Ludwik Dobrzyński, Professor Ewa Droste, MSc. 3/4* Wojciech Trojanowski, MSc. till 15 Sept. Technical and administrative staff Tadeusz Ostrowski 2/5* Robert Wołkiewicz 4/5* Teresa Piotrowska * part-time employee

DIVISION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

183

12 DIVISION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Head of Department: MSc. Eng. Jacek Szlachciak phone: (22) 718-05-35 e-mail: [email protected]

Overview

I have a great pleasure to introduce the youngest division in our Institute, namely the Division of Information

Technology. The division was created in 2005, but this is the first time when it reports its activities. The main purpose of creation was a better management of al IT activities in different departments, lowering

IT costs and increase security over all computer systems used be the Institute. Although we have started with small human resources, we have received a big support from other

departments. Special thanks go to the Department of Detectors and Nuclear Electronics. Our division handles many service-oriented activities. In daily work we answer many IT-related questions

and deliver our help in order to solve hardware and software problems. The style of our work can be described as a result-oriented one.

Here is the list of our biggest achievements: • construction of the server room; • implementation of two electronic bank systems; • development of the dynamic hardware and software inventory system; • development of the Scientific Activity Database.

Jacek Szlachciak


12.1 Creation of the Division of Information Technology by J.Szlachciak

The effort taken by IT team in the area of

developing IT infrastructure has been recognized. Division of Information Technology was created in the beginning of 2005. The main responsibilities of the Division are as follows: 1. Assurance of proper functioning of Local Area

Networks in the Institute; 2. Assurance of uninterruptible access to the

Internet; 3. Management and development of network

services;

4. Maintenance of security of IT systems; 5. Custody of the computer equipment and software

including license upgrade and management; 6. Preparation of technical specifications for bids

related to purchasing of computer and network equipment and software;

7. Technical support in the area of computer equipment and software;

8. Co-ordination of IT projects in the Institute.

12.2 Improvements in the Computer Infrastructure by J.Szlachciak, C.Górny, P.Lorencki

Several improvements in the Institute computer

infrastructure were done in 2005 and 2006. A new server room has been constructed. It is

equipped with an air-conditioning system and a fire detection system. All main servers and the core of network devices have been moved to the server room. This helped to lower the maintenance costs and improve manageability over the crucial central computer and network resources as well as to improve the security.

Two new internet-based electronic banking systems have been put in operation. The systems have improved an accounting and banking transactions performed between the Institute and two main banks.

The Institute continued a process of acquiring required software licenses. The number of licenses for Norton Enterprise and Corporate Antivirus, Symantec Gateway Security SGS 5420 firewall, Adobe Acrobat and Microsoft Office Professional has been increased. New licenses for the following utility programs have been purchased:

1. Autodesk Inventor Professional – 2D/3D mechanical design software;

2. CorelDRAW Graphics Suite – set of tools for producing creative and accurate graphics.

In order to increase network and email security two software packages have been purchased: GFI LANguard Network Security Scanner and GFI MailEsstentials.

The functionality of the system for dynamic collection of hardware and software inventory based on logon scripts has been extended by detection of the installed Anti-spyware software, Internet browsers (Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera), Java Runtime Environment, Internet communicators (Skype, Gadu-Gadu), file manager Total Commander and an ability of installation of software patches.

The free CPU-Z program has been used for automatic inventory of processor parameters, installed mainboard, version of BIOS and installed memory chips on all computers running Microsoft Windows operation systems.

12.3 Development of the Scientific Activity Database by S.Małek, J.Szlachciak

The Database of Scientific Activity was created for

collecting and reporting information about any activities of scientific staff of the Institute. The main idea of this project was to store general scientific information in one, central place and present and process it in different ways.

During development of this software we planned to make it as user friendly as possible. Users should fill only a couple of fields in a form to enable

everybody to generate formatted reports with scientific activity information.

The application includes 13 fields of activity such as publications, participation in conferences, seminars, didactic and R&D activities, scientific degrees, rewards, participations in councils and scientific organizations, science popularization etc, so everybody can place all kind of information about his work-related activities.

DIVISION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

185

The main part of this Client-Server Internet Application is an interface which was written in a PHP script language. This PHP-technology application was designed for communication with a MySQL database server, where all data are stored. In order to use it our application must be running on a WWW server (in our case - Microsoft IIS 6.0) with PHP parser service which generates HTML code from php source code files. The HTML code is enriched by CSS and JavaScript elements for making the interface more users friendly. The source code consists of about 9000 code lines in 130 files and 36 SQL tables in a relational database.

Developing it as an internet application was a big step forward for making it a very universal and software and hardware independent project. In consequence the system requires only a web browser to interact with. The next, very important advantage is simplicity of the software upgrade. It only requires implementing changes on the WWW server without any action on the users’ computers.

Using PHP and MySQL technology is very economically efficient because both of these technologies are under the GNU General Public License what means that one can use it free of charge. We additionally implemented three extra modules, also under the GNU GPL license: PHPMailer for mailing operations, WYSIWYG editor named Tiny MCE and PHPMyAdmin, a tool intended to handle the administration of MySQL server over the Web.

Developing process started 1 September 2006 and after 2 months we launched a beta version on a test server. The next step was training sessions for future users of this application. Now we are running two independent servers: one for test purposes and the second as a production server.

The collected data were used for generating individual and departmental reports and also this Annual Report 2006.


PERSONNEL

Technical and administrative staff Cezary Górny, Tech. Piotr Lorencki, Eng. Sebastian Małek, MSc. from 1 Sept. Jacek Szlachciak, MSc. Eng.

DEPARTMENT FOR NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT

187

13 DEPARTMENT FOR NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT “HIGH

TECHNOLOGY CENTER – HITEC”

Head of Department: MSc. Jacek Pracz phone: (22) 718-05-00, 718-05-02 e-mail: [email protected]

Overview

Our main achievement was to obtain a positive result on the external audit carried out by the Polish Centre for Testing and Certification (PCfTaC) on the medical accelerator Coline. This successful audit allowed for the issue of a compliance certificate CE No MD-88/1/2007 by an EU certified auditor numbered 1434. This in turn opened EU markets for our products. The procedure for assessing compliance of accelerators’ parameters with the Medical Directive required conceptional work as well as many tests. These tests resulted in a number of improvements, of which the most important one was the introduction of a new control system based on modern module microprocessors of PLC type. The new software takes account of the existing norms and law requirements as well as the safety of patients, medical personnel and environment. The above goal was achieved by detail software requirements and multiplication of hardware parts responsible for safety. Results of numerous analyses and tests were included in the technical documentation, which was checked and confirmed by PCfTaC experts. Coline type accelerators were registered as medical products complying with existing EU procedures.

The research and development activities conducted during 2006 in the field of accelerators led to a significant progress of work on a new medium energy accelerator and a neutron system of radiography. Results of these activities were presented at a national conference of the Polish Association of Medical Physics, as well as at the exposition of apparatus for non-destructive testing in India.

Jacek Pracz

Annual Report 2006

188

13.1 CE Mark for Coline Accelerator’s Family by J.Kopeć, J.Pracz, J.Harasimowicz, R.Kisiel, J.Olszewski, A.Polak, M.Wójtowicz, J.Wysokiński, A.Zając

The CE mark is a prerequisite condition to place

medical equipment on the European Community market. At the same time, it is an important element of technical harmonization concerned with the medical equipment safety and an element of trade barriers lifting between the EC members. The CE mark means that the medical device fulfils the requirements of 93/42/MDD the Medical Devices Directive.

Work on the CE mark for the Coline series of accelerators produced by us were began in the year 2004. At present, the Coline accelerator family consists of two models: Coline 4 low energy and Coline 10 middle range energy accelerators. A point of departure for a conformity assessment procedure with essential requirements of Council Directive 93/42/MDD is a medical devices classification. In accordance with rule No. 10 of that classification, Coline accelerators are class IIb medical devices and for them, the EC DECLARARATION OF CONFORMITY (full quality assurance system), described in Annex II, conformity assessment procedure has been applied. According to that procedure, the manufacturer having full quality assurance system ensures and declares that products concerned meet the provisions of the Medical Devices Directive. An independent Notified Body carries then conformity assessment of the quality assurance system.

The Technical Documentation was worked out to demonstrate conformity with essential requirements. Type tests program was prepared and tests according to 88 protocols were carried out to confirm fulfilling the harmonized standards requirements. The Polish Centre of Testing and Certification laboratory made electromagnetic compatibility tests for the Coline 10 accelerator.

Basic technology consists of 3500 electronics forms and 5 new special technology instructions. They have been worked out for Coline accelerators. As a part of a risk management process implemented in HITEC, the whole cycle of that process was carried

out. One hundred and eight hazards have been identified and for all of them risk estimation has been done. Verification of implemented design solutions and records in accompanying documents were carried out. Due to risk reducing means used, the accepted risk level has been achieved for all hazards.

On 24th and 25th of October 2006, the Polish

Centre of Testing and Certification notified the body carried out the certification audit for conformity with the requirements of Medical Devices Directive. From that moment Coline family accelerators bear the CE1434 marking.

13.2 Monte-Carlo Simulations of Thermal Neutrons Detection in 6LiF/ZnS:Ag Detector by A.A.Wasilewski

The computer code Fluka 2005.6 [1] has been used

to do Monte-Carlo simulations of the possibility of thermal neutron detection and radiography of small objects with special interest in the possibility of structure details observation.

The response of the 6LiF/ZnS: Ag (ratio 4:1) scintillator to neutrons has been investigated. The 6Li is the active element of the detector. α particles (2.06MeV) and tritons (2.74MeV) are generated in reaction 6Li + n → α + t + 4.8MeV.


189

The following experimental arrangements were simulated by the Monte-Carlo program. The 1 µm radius ball made of 6LiF/ZnS: Ag has been irradiated by a thermal neutron beam from a point source. The same sample and the 1µm radius ball of water have also been irradiated by fast neutron beam of energy of 14MeV and FWHM 1MeV. Results of these calculations are shown in Fig. 1.

10-7 1x10-5 10-3 10-1 10110-5

10-3

10-1

101

103

105

107

109

Neutrons

Flux

[1/G

eV/N

0]

Energy [M eV]

Therm al, 6L iF /ZnS:Ag Fast, 6L iF /ZnS:Ag Fast, H 2O

1 x 1 0 -5

1 x 1 0 -4

1 0 -3

1 0 -2

P ro to n s

Flux

[1/G

eV/N

0]

1x10 -4

10 -2

10 0α partic les

Flux

[1/G

eV/N

0]

0 5 10 15

1x10-4

10-2

100

Tritons

Flux

[1/G

eV/N

0]

Energy [M eV] Fig. 1 Registered flux of reaction products passed through the surface of spherical drop with 1µm radius.

As a result of the calculations one can see that thermal neutrons generate ~40000 times more charged particles in 6LiF/ZnS: Ag than fast neutrons. However, fast neutron of 14MeV energy generates ~800 times more protons in water than in 6LiF/ZnS: Ag, so water or other material with hydrogen atoms will be a good fast neutron detector.

Calculations of radiography of lead tubes by thermal neutrons have been performed. The thermal neutron source diameter is 4mm. The diameter of lead tubes is 3mm; the tubes are 2.8cm long and are filled with water. The thickness of lead walls of these tubes is 0.75mm. One of these tubes is damaged by the air blister in half a length. The distance from the neutron source to detector is 1m; from the centre of the tubes to the detector is 5mm. One can see the dose registered in 3x3cm 6LiF/ZnS: Ag in Fig.2.

Radiography of some objects hidden under covers, impenetrable for X-rays becomes more frequently requested in order to fulfil security conditions. Thermal neutrons give the possibility to observe the structure of materials with low Z hidden under covers of high Z materials.

Fig. 2 The result of calculation of radiography of two lead tubes described in text. The tube on the left side is damaged. 4·107 thermal neutrons have been registered in the picture. The size of the picture is 256x256 pixels. [1] A.Fasso, A.Ferrari, J.Ranft, P.R.Sala, Computer

code Fluka2005 version 6.0, jul-05, http://www.fluka.org.

13.3 Monte-Carlo Simulations of Fast Neutron Behaviour in Some Materials Used in Detection Systems by A.A.Wasilewski

The difficulties to find a good and portable thermal

neutron source cause interest in neutron sources and methods of registration of fast neutrons. The necessary Monte-Carlo calculation has been done with a Fluka code [1].

The distinctness of simulated radiographic pictures has been calculated as a function of the thickness of

irradiated layer. The dose from a fast neutron 14MeV and 2.5MeV photon beam has been collected in a water detector. The phantom with a thickness of 1cm or 10cm made of water, lead, carbon, tungsten and aluminium layers parallel to the beam direction was placed between the neutron source and water detector (see Table.1).

http://www.fluka.org/

Annual Report 2006

190

Table 1 The dose collected in a water detector from a fast neutron beam with 14MeV energy (N14) and photon beam with 2.5MeV energy (F2.5) passed through 10cm or 1cm of irradiated materials – water, lead, carbon, tungsten and aluminum. The doses shown in the table are presented as percentages of the dose collected in water detector in absence of the phantom.

N14 F2.5 10cm 1cm 10cm 1cm

H2O 37% 86% 62% 88% Pb 20% 80% 3% 61% C 26% 82% 44% 86% W 5% 67% 3% 45% Al 34% 84% 35% 83%

The directionality of the fast neutron detector has

been checked by irradiation of a water layer of 1mm or 1cm thickness by a parallel fast neutron 14MeV beam. One can see in Fig. 1 that there are no statistical differences between neutrons charts for 1mm and 1cm, and for proton charts for 1mm and 1cm of water. This is a strong argument that the water converter of these thicknesses selects a direction parallel to the direction of flight of the neutron of primary beam.

One should estimate the efficiency of neutron to proton conversion. The registered neutron and proton fluxes passing though the 40x40cm area at a distance 1m from a water converter as a function of water converter thickness is shown in Fig. 2. The maximal registered secondary proton flux has been observed for ~5mm of water converter thickness. The efficiency of neutron to proton conversion observed for optimal thickness of water converter is smaller than 0.5%.

The problem of neutron scattering has been considered for a room with 1m thick concrete walls. The size of the room was 7x3m and 3m height. The 14MeV neutron source generates neutrons in 4π. The dose collected in a water detector from scattered neutrons amounts to 2.3(5) %.

Secondary unwanted protons can be generated with a 14MeV neutron beam especially during the irradiation thin layers with a large component of hydrogen atoms. One can observe an increase in the collected dose during irradiation of such material

while a decrease of the dose is expected. The problem of secondary unwanted protons was solved by shielding the detector with a steel plate because the proton range in steel amounts to 0.49mm.

It seems that all problems related to the physical basis of fast neutron registration have been solved. It is possible to construct a fast neutron detector dedicated especially to neutron radiography.

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 810-4

10-1

102

Protons

Angle [°]

10-4

10-1

102

Dos

e [%

]

Neutrons 1mm 10mm

Fig. 1 The dose angular distribution from protons and neutrons generated in 1mm or 1cm water layer. The dose has been collected in a water detector at a distance of 1m to the water layer.

0,1 1 10 100 10000

20

40

60

80

100

Rea

ltive

bea

m in

tens

ity [%

]

Water converter thickness [mm]

protons neutrons

Fig. 2 The comparative neutron and proton flux registered in forward direction. [1] A.Fasso, A.Ferrari, J.Ranft, P.R.Sala, computer

code Fluka2005 version 6.0, jul-05, Fluka2006 version 3.1, sep-06, http://www.fluka.org.

13.4 The First Radiographic Measurements with Fast Neutrons by M.Dziewiecki1), J.Harasimowicz, M.Matusiak, A.A.Wasilewski, S.Wronka

The first radiographic measurement with fast

neutrons generated by a d-t neutron generator with an efficiency of ~108 n/s has been done in IFJ PAN in Krakow by the team of co-authors of this contribution.

ZnS(Tl) scintillator of dimensions 2x2cm covered with a Plexiglas plate 2 mm of thickness has been used as a fast neutron detector. The detector has been covered by 3x3cm steel plate with 1 mm of thickness.


191

The scintillator was connected to photomultiplier H8711-10 equipped with spatial position read out.

An 8 cm thick lead brick with a cored hole of 6 mm diameter and 6 cm thickness steel list with cored holes of 2.5, 4 and 8 mm diameter has been irradiated with a fast neutron beam. The radiography of a single hole separately lasted about one hour for each hole, with calibration measurement of the detecting system. One can see the radiography picture of the 6mm hole

in the lead brick in Fig. 1 and the holes in the steel list in Fig. 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4.

The fast neutron detector for radiography works. It gives us, for example, the possibility to observe even a small discontinuity in thick layers.

1) Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of

Radioelectronics, Warsaw, Poland

Fig. 1 The radiographic picture of 6mm diameter hole cored in lead brick. The size of brick is 7.5x5.5cm and 8cm of depth.

Fig. 2 The radiographic picture of 2.5mm diameter hole cored in steel list. The size of list is 10x3cm and 6cm of depth.

Fig. 3 The radiographic picture of 4mm diameter hole cored in steel list.

Fig. 4 The radiographic picture of 8mm diameter hole cored in steel list.

13.5 Movable Shielding Plate for Intraoperative Accelerator by M.Wójtowicz, R.Kisiel, A.Kuciak, A.Polak, A.Zając

The movable shielding plate was designed and

manufactured to secure the personnel and operation room from radiation generated by the MOBETRON accelerator. The accelerator is used for intraoperative radiotherapy and generates an electron beam which can be necessary during an operation. The shielding element consists of 50 mm thick Pb plate dimensions 0.6 m x 1.3 m and weight 13 kN, Fig. 1.

The plate must fulfil requirements of smooth and precise movement to shield the hospital personnel against radiation, as well as not to disturb them during ordinary surgery. The hydraulic drive was selected for plate movement up and down. Such a solution guarantees secure and silent movement.

Fig. 1 The shielding plate during assembly stage.

Annual Report 2006

192

During the design phase, the technical problems were connected with a properly designed fixing system for Pb plate as well as a solution for fixing the construction in the operation room. Autodesk Inventor Professional v.10 software was used for calculation and analyzes the stress in critical points of construction. The difficulties were in an asymmetric place of the plate centre of gravity as well as in design of plate rollers on the wall of the operation room.

The stress analysis was done after the manufacture of a movable shielding plate. The foil strain gauges were used for measuring the real strain in critical points of construction. It was found that the strains in critical points of construction and fixing systems are more than 10 times less than the tensile strength of applied steel.

The movable shielding plate was installed at Wielkopolskie Centrum Onkologii in Poznań.

13.6 Electromagnetic Compatibility Investigations of Coline Type Accelerators by A.Baczewski, R.Hornung, E.Jankowski, R.Kisiel, Z.Kuciak, A.Kuciak, A.Latała, R.Szymański, J.Wysokiński

Our goal was to investigate the electromagnetic

compatibility of Coline type medical accelerators. The object of research consisted of the medical accelerator Coline 10 assembled in the bunker, and the accelerator control unit placed in the control room. Sets of cables 30 meters long joined both devices. There were more than 120 cables (power supply and for digital as well as analogue signals). A working medical accelerator must fulfil the requirements the following tests: electrostatic discharge immunity, radio-frequency electromagnetic immunity, electrical fast transients immunity, surges immunity and conducted RF immunity described in PN-EN 60601-1-2 and PN-EN 61000-4 standards as well as emission tests: disturbance voltage measurements and field strength measurements described in PN-EN 60601-1-2 and PN-EN 55011 standards.

A preliminary test showed that currently applied construction of the control unit does not fulfil the requirements of field strength test as well as applied sets of cables are not proof of electrical fast transients immunity test. So, some changes were performed done in the Coline device. The electrical circuits of the control unit were assembled into the new metal 19” cabinet made by Schroff and designed especially for electromagnetic shielding. Additional filters were applied in supply circuits as well as new-screened signal cables and double screened supply cables.

The new series of tests were made in accordance with EMC standards. The tested device worked without any degradation and changes of setting the operating mode during immunity testing. Also, the radiated electromagnetic field strength emission level, Fig.1, as well as disturbances voltage measurements on AC power supply do not exceed acceptable limits for class B equipment.

The medical accelerator Coline 10 meets the requirements of all performed EMC tests.

Fig. 1 Radiated field strength emission measurements: a) range 30 – 230 MHz, b) range 230-1000 MHz.


193


Oral presentations: DERIVATION OF INITIAL ELECTRON BEAM ENERGY SPECTRUM J. Harasimowicz, S. Wronka V Symposium on Medical Physics and III International Symposium on Medical Physics, 20-23 September 2006, Ustroń, Poland DERIVATION OF INITIAL ELECTRON BEAM ENERGY SPECTRUM OF MEDICAL LINAC J. Harasimowicz Young Scientists' Forum, II Kongres Onkologii Polskiej, 25-28 October 2006, Poznań, Poland

Annual Report 2006

194

OBITUARIES

195

III. OBITUARIES ZIEMOWID SUJKOWSKI (1933-2006)

On July 9, 2006 the Director of our Institute for the

last ten years, Professor Ziemowid Sujkowski passed away after a heroic battle with cancer.

Ziemowid Sujkowski was born in Warsaw in 1933 as the son of Zbigniew Sujkowski (a university professor) and Idalia (a school teacher of geography). His parents were involved in underground activities during the German occupation of Poland. It was because of that activity that Sujkowski lost his parents at an early age and was brought up after the war by his relatives. After completing his physics studies at Warsaw University he obtained a position in the then newly established Institute for Nuclear Research in Świerk. These ties with our Institute lasted for half of a century. Soon afterwards he went to the Nobel Institute in Stockholm where he completed his PhD and “Venia Legendi” theses.

After he came back to Poland those scientific titles were recognized by Warsaw University. He undertook work in the Institute for Nuclear Research. In 1971 he obtained the position of associate professor and in 1988 the title of full professor. In the years 1964-1966 and 1968-1980 he headed the Department of Atomic Nucleus Physics. In 1970-1971 he acted as a deputy director of the Institute and in 1986-1996 he was head of the Laboratory of Heavy Ion Physics in Department II of the Institute. In 1996 he became the director of our Institute and held this position until spring 2006.

Over this period he managed to promote the Institute to be one of the best scientific institutes in Poland. What he cared about was a harmonious and balanced coexistence of basic and applied research in the Institute. His efforts were rewarded in the last year when the Institute was placed by the Ministry of Science in the top category. In June 2005, Prof Sujkowski was awarded the Officer’s Cross of Order of Poland Restored (Polonia Restituta) Medal.

His early research interests were in the Auger process and in the interaction of gamma radiation with K and L electrons of heavy atoms. His fascination with research on the interface between atomic and nuclear physics stayed with him throughout his professional career. Nuclear spectroscopy was always in the forefront of his scientific activities.

He understood the role of international collaboration in scientific research. He served on a number of scientific boards of Polish and abroad institutes. The Nuclear Physics Board of the European Physical Society appreciated his input. During his work in the Institute he managed to compose a team of enthusiastic young physicists. Thanks to Sujkowski’s international connections they were able to get positions at various nuclear physics institutes and soon got recognized as good and talented physicists. Owing to that successful international collaboration the Institute earned its name in the scientific world.

His personal collaboration with KVI Groningen, lasting over 20 years, concentrated mainly on nuclear structure, particularly in-beam gamma ray spectroscopy, giant resonances, nuclear matter compressibility. His experimental work contributed to a great extent to the experimental validation of the Interacting Boson Model. Experimental studies of atomic effects in bare hydrogen- and helium-like very heavy atoms, and X-ray spectroscopy of heavy-ion atomic collisions carried out in collaboration with GSI (Darmstadt) and PSI (Villigen) were also part of his scientific interest and resulted in many papers.

During last years, Sujkowski put forward the use of his technique employed in radiative transitions and coincidence experiments in search for Majorana neutrinos. He rediscovered and developed the long-forgotten idea of neutrino-less double electron capture. Today the search for the Majorana neutrino is gaining momentum. It is likely that in a few years such experiments will become feasible. Another idea of his was to look for Majorana neutrinos in helicity flip measurements in boosted neutrino sources – beta beams.


Professor Sujkowski had an immense and contagious enthusiasm for physics. Eager to learn and discuss, he stimulated thoughts and ideas among others. Most importantly, he had vision and courage. As a scientific leader he granted his colleagues much freedom and responsibility. Sujkowski was an exceptional mentor for young scientists. He supervised the theses of 21 PhD students both in Poland and abroad. Although he set rigorous standards, Sujowski’s enthusiasm and dedication helped him to provide an unparallel learning environment for students. He gave them responsibility and demanded results, but also offered advice at every step of the research work. He did not suffer fools gladly!

Sujkowski was well known in the nuclear physics community as chairman of the Mazurian Lakes Conferences in Poland that he led since 1989. He transformed traditional (dating back to 1968) Nuclear Summer Schools into a general subatomic physics conference.

The selection of topics to be presented at the conference reflected not only his personal scientific engagement but also his clever judgment of prospects and important trends in subatomic physics. It will be

quite a challenge to maintain the spirit of the conference that he had created.

Sujkowski loved all kinds of water sports- swimming, canoeing, windsurfing and sailing. He never missed the regatta at the Mazurian Lakes Conferences. Sailing was his way of relaxing during summer vacations. He could not imagine his winter holidays without skiing. He liked biking as well as hiking; he was an enthusiastic chess player. He loved to read history books. He liked Bach and Mozart as well as contemporary music e.g. by Paweł Szymański.

We will remember Professor Sujkowski for his many contributions to the progress of nuclear physics and the promotion of international collaboration. We will also remember him for his work in a wide range of topics in nuclear, particle, astro-particle and atomic physics. What is more, we will remember him for his outstanding personal contributions to generations of physicists, his fierce honesty, his remarkable cheerfulness and sense of humor, and his deep commitment to bringing out the best in others.

The Editors

OBITUARIES

197

JERZY LANGNER (1944-2006)

Jerzy Langner, passed away on August 28, 2006

after a long and heavy sickness. Jerzy Langner was an unusual man. He was born

in Warsaw, Poland, on August 3, 1944. During the 2nd World War and after it, together with his family he survived a very difficult period. As a young man, after the unexpected death of his father, he took care of his mother and younger brother.

In the period 1962-1968 he studied physics at Warsaw University. He received the M.Sc. degree in nuclear physics in 1968, and after that started to work at the Institute of Nuclear Research in Świerk. From 1968 until 1974 he worked as an assistant at the Laboratory of High-Temperature Plasma. In 1972, for several months, he underwent training in experimental plasma physics, as a guest scientist at the Physico-Technical Institute in Kharkov, Ukraine. From 1974 until 1984, working as a senior assistant at the

Department of High-Temperature Plasma at Institute, he was involved in various experimental studies of hot plasmas.

On the basis of his scientific papers and PhD thesis, which was prepared under the supervision of Michal Gryzinski, he got his PhD degree in technical sciences from the Warsaw University of Technology in 1984. In the same year he was nominated Assistant Professor and deputy head of the Department of Thermonuclear Research at the Institute for Nuclear Studies (IPJ). From 1988 until 2006 Dr Jerzy Langner was deputy head of the Department of Plasma Physics & Technology at the Institute.

The research activities of Jerzy Langner mainly concerned the generation of pulsed plasma streams within coaxial plasma accelerators (so-called RPI or IONOTRON facilities), pulse implantation of ions in semiconductors, alloys and ceramics. In recent years his activity was concentrated on the deposition of thin superconducting layers by means of arc discharges performed under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. He was even called the father of the UHV-arc technology.

During his whole professional activity, Jerzy Langner was involved in international scientific collaboration. He had numerous scientific contacts with Ukrainian plasma physicists at the Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, as well as with Russian plasma researchers at the High-Current Electronics Institute in Tomsk. In recent years he was particularly engaged in a scientific collaboration with an Italian team, headed by Professor Sergio Tazzari, at the Tor Vergata University in Rome. He was a very open and friendly person.

By all friends, colleagues and coworkers, he will be sorely missed. Marek J. Sadowski


AUTHOR INDEX

199

IV. AUTHOR INDEX Acosta L. ..............................................................25 Adamus M. .........................................................104 Andrzejewski B. .................................................162 Anikin I.V...........................................................145 Augustyniak W............................................... 26, 27 Austin M.W........................................................148 Baczewski A.......................................................192 Banaś D. ...............................................................30 Bantsar A..............................................................46 Barcz A...............................................................164 Barlak M....................................... 91, 162, 163, 164 Baronova E.O. ......................................................80 Batsch T.................................................... 64, 66, 69 Beckert K............................................................142 Belcarz E. ....................................................... 68, 69 Berłowski M.......................................................108 Białkowska H. ....................................................106 Bigolas J. ............................................................170 Biyajima M.........................................................146 Bluj M. ....................................................... 104, 108 Błocki J.................................................................42 Bocheńska K. ............................................. 163, 164 Bogowicz J. ........................................................171 Boimska B. .........................................................106 Borsuk S. ..............................................................71 Bosch F...............................................................142 Braziewicz J. ........................................................30 Brzozowski K. ....................................................109 Budzanowski A. ...................................................23 Chesnokova V.D. .................................................23 Chmielewska D. ...................................................44 Chmielewski M. .................................................163 Choiński J. ............................................................23 Chwedeńczuk J...................................................149 Cianchi A............................................................174 Czarnacki W..................... 29, 20, 62, 63, 64, 68, 69 Czaus K. ...............................................................86 Czech B. ...............................................................23 Czosnyka T...........................................................23 Dąbrowski J........................................................143 Dąbrowski L. ......................................................164 Dehaine A.G.........................................................67 Deloff A.............................................. 107, 114, 115 Dębicki Z.................................................... 130, 133 Digiovenale D.....................................................174 Drabik W. ...........................................................170 Dziewiecki M. ....................................................190 Enberg R.............................................................144 Feder J. ...............................................................133 Fijał-Kirejczyk I. ..................................................30 Franzke B. ..........................................................142 Gałkowski A.........................................................84 Garanty K. ............................................................50 Garrido F. .............................................................31 Gawor P..............................................................109 Gazda R. .............................................................110

Geissel H. ...........................................................142 Gierlik M. ...........................................62, 63, 65, 69 Głowacka L. .........................................................23 Gokieli R. ...................................................104, 108 Goldstein P.P. .....................................................150 Gościło Ł. ...........................................................108 Gójska A...............................................................44 Górny C. .............................................................184 Górski M.............................................................108 Grajek O. ............................................................110 Grosswendt B. ......................................................46 Grötzschel R. ......................................................162 Gumberidze A. .....................................................44 Guzik Z...........................................................70, 71 Harasimowicz J...........................................188, 190 Hausmanna M.....................................................142 Hoffman J. ..........................................................104 Hornung R. .........................................................192 Infeld E. ..............................................147, 148, 149 Ishibashi H............................................................64 Jacewicz M. ........................................................108 Jacobsson R. .........................................................70 Jagielski J....................................................163, 165 Jäkel O. ...............................................................172 Jakubowski L..................................................80, 81 Jankowski E........................................................192 Jaskóła M..................................................22, 30, 83 Jastrzębski J. .........................................................24 Jędrzejczak K..............................130, 131, 133, 134 Kalinowska J. .....................................................164 Karczmarczyk J. .........................................130, 133 Karpio K. ............................................................107 Karwowski M. ......................................................48 Kasztelan M................................................130, 133 Kaszyński J. ........................................................162 Kemper K.W.........................................................23 Kempiński W......................................................162 Kerscher Th. .......................................................142 Kęsik G.................................................................29 Kiełczewska D....................................................112 Kisiel R...............................................188, 191, 192 Kisieliński M. .......................................................24 Kivshar Yu.S. .....................................................148 Klamra W. ............................................................62 Klepper O. ..........................................................142 Kliczewski S. ........................................................23 Klimaszewski K..................................................110 Kołakowski T. ......................................................50 Kopcewicz M......................................................164 Kopeć J. ..............................................................188 Kordyasz A. ..........................................................24 Korman A. ................................................29, 30, 83 Koshchy E.I. .........................................................23 Kosiński K. .........................................................171 Kotlarski A. ....................................................68, 69 Kowal M.............................................................142

Annual Report 2006

200

Kowalczyk M. ......................................................24 Kozhuharov C...............................................44, 142 Kozłowski T. ................................................29, 112 Kretschmer W.......................................................30 Krogulski T...........................................................24 Królikowski W. ..................................................148 Kubes P...........................................................80, 88 Kucharczyk A. ....................................................173 Kuciak A.....................................................191, 192 Kuciak Z. ............................................................192 Kula J....................................................................46 Kuliński S. ..........................................................173 Kupść A. .............................................................108 Kurashige K..........................................................64 Kurata K. ..............................................................64 Kurek K. .....................................................110, 144 Kyryanchuk V.M. .................................................23 Lansberg J.P........................................................145 Lapicki G. .............................................................30 Latała A. .............................................................192 Lavoute P..............................................................67 Lewandowski R. .................................................133 Litvinov Yu.A.....................................................142 Loebner K.E.G....................................................142 Lorencki P. .........................................................184 Lorkiewicz J. ..............................................171, 174 Łoś Sz. ................................................................162 Łubian A. ............................................................171 Łuczak P. ....................................................131, 132 Łukaszuk L. ........................................................144 Majczyna A.........................................................113 Majewska U..........................................................30 Malinowska A.................................................83, 84 Malinowski K. ..........................................85, 86, 87 Malomed B.A. ....................................................147 Małek S...............................................................184 Małkiewicz P. .....................................................147 Mankiewicz L. ....................................................134 Marchenko A.K. .............................................85, 87 Marciniewski P. ..................................................108 Marcinkowski R. ............................................71, 72 Mariański B. ...................................................26, 27 Marszał T............................................................107 Matul M. ...............................................................49 Matusiak M.........................................................190 Matuszewski M...........................................147, 148 Melnychuk D. .......................................................29 Merlo V. .............................................................174 Mezhevych S.Yu. .................................................23 Mijakowski P......................................................112 Mikołajewski S. ....................................................49 Mirowski R. ..........................................................90 Miśkiewicz M. ....................................................163 Mizoguchi T. ......................................................146 Mokhnach A.V. ....................................................23 Momotyuk O.A.....................................................23 Morsch H.P...........................................................28 Moszyński M. ...................62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69 Mrówca-Ciułacz J...............................................113 Mrówczyński St. .................................................114

Muenzenberg G.................................................. 142 Mukoyama T........................................................ 30 Mutterer M........................................................... 24 Mykulyak A. ...................................................28, 29 Nakamija N. ....................................................... 146 Nassalski A. ........................................64, 65, 66, 67 Nassalski J. .................................................105, 110 Nawrocki K.........................................104, 113, 134 Nawrot A. ...................................................108, 109 Neshev D. .......................................................... 148 Nolden F. ........................................................... 142 Novikov Yu.N.................................................... 142 Nowicki L. ........................................................... 31 Olszewski J. ..................................................69, 188 Paduch M. ............................................................ 88 Pajek M................................................................ 30 Palczewski T. ..................................................... 112 Parkhomenko A. ................................................ 142 Patyk Z............................................................... 142 Petrochenkov S. ............................................45, 130 Piasecki E............................................................. 24 Piasecki K. ........................................................... 24 Picardi L............................................................. 173 Piechocki W....................................................... 147 Piekara-Sady L................................................... 162 Piekoszewski J. .............................91, 162, 163, 164 Pire B. .........................................................144, 145 Pluciński P. ........................................................ 134 Pławski E. ...........................................170, 171, 173 Płomiński M....................................................71, 72 Polak A. ......................................................188, 191 Polański A.....................................................45, 130 Polini R. ............................................................. 174 Ponkratenko O.A. ................................................ 23 Popovichev S. ...................................................... 89 Pracz J. ............................................................... 188 Prokopowicz R..................................................... 89 Przewłocki P. ..................................................... 112 Pszona S..........................................................46, 48 Qamhiyeh S. ...................................................... 172 Rabiński M................................................81, 82, 92 Radon T. ............................................................ 142 Ratajczak R. ......................................................... 31 Reuschl R............................................................. 44 Richter E. ........................................................... 162 Risse A........................................................131, 132 Romanyshyn V.O................................................. 23 Rondio E. ............................................105, 110, 112 Ronsivalle C....................................................... 173 Rosberg C.R....................................................... 148 Rowlands G. ...................................................... 147 Rowley N. ............................................................ 24 Rożynek J........................................................... 143 Rudchik A.T. ....................................................... 23 Rurarz E. .............................................................. 49 Rusek K. ...................................................23, 24, 25 Russo R.............................................................. 174 Russotto P. ........................................................... 24 Rybka D. ............................................................ 113 Rzadkiewicz J. ..................................................... 44

AUTHOR INDEX

201

Rzążewski K.......................................................149 Sadowski M.J. ...... 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90 Salvato M. ..........................................................174 Sandacz A................................................... 110, 111 Sartowska B................................................ 163, 164 Scheidenberger C. ..............................................142 Schmidt H.............................................................88 Scholz M. ......................... 80, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89 Schotanus P. .........................................................62 Schweer B. ...........................................................84 Segond M. ..........................................................145 Sekutowicz J.........................................................90 Semaniak J............................................................30 Senatorski A.A. ..................................................149 Sernicki J. .............................................................50 Shimizu S. ............................................................64 Shimura N. ...........................................................64 Shvedov L. .........................................................142 Siemiarczuk T.....................................................107 Sitek P. ...............................................................113 Siudak R. ..............................................................23 Siwek-Wilczyńska K. ............................... 41, 42, 43 Skalski J..............................................................143 Składnik-Sadowska E............................... 85, 86, 87 Skorupski A.A. ........................................... 147, 149 Skwira-Chalot I. ....................................... 41, 42, 43 Skwirczyńska I. ....................................................23 Słapa M. ...............................................................48 Snopek M. ............................................................48 Sobiczewski A....................................................142 Sokołowski M. ........................................... 113, 134 Sosnowski R. ......................................................104 Sowiński M. .........................................................50 Spillmann U..........................................................44 Stanisławski J. ........................ 81, 91, 162, 163, 164 Stankowski J.......................................................162 Starosta W. .........................................................163 Steck M. .............................................................142 Stefanini A.M. ......................................................24 Stepaniak J.................................................. 108, 112 Stępniewski W......................................................88 Stockel J. ..............................................................81 Stohlker Th. ..........................................................44 Stonert A. .............................................................31 Strzyżewski P. .............................................. 90, 174 Sujkowski Z.................................................. 44, 144 Sukhorukov A. ...................................................148 Suzuki N.............................................................146 Swarzyński J.......................................................130 Sworobowicz T............................................... 68, 69 Syntfeld-Każuch A. ............................ 62, 63, 64, 65 Syryczyński K. ...................................................109 Szabelska B. ....................................... 131, 133, 134 Szabelski J. ................................. 130, 131, 133, 134 Szczekowski M........................................... 104, 109 Szczęśniak T............................................. 65, 66, 67 Szczurek A. ..........................................................23 Szeptycka M. .............................................. 104, 112 Szlachciak J. .......................................................184 Szleper M. ..........................................................105

Szydłowski A............................................83, 84, 89 Szymanowski L. .........................................144, 145 Szymańska K. .......................................................50 Szymański R. ......................................................192 Średnicki A. ........................................................109 Świątecki W.J. ......................................................42 Świderski Ł.........................................24, 62, 63, 65 Tachenov S. ..........................................................44 Talejko M. ............................................................48 Tazzari S.......................................................90, 174 Teryaev O.V. ......................................................145 Thomé L. ..............................................................31 Tokarski P...........................................................133 Traczyk K. ......................................................71, 72 Traczyk M. ...........................................................48 Traczyk P............................................................108 Trautmann D.........................................................30 Trippenbach M. ..................................147, 148, 149 Trotsenko S...........................................................44 Trubnikow W......................................................106 Trzciński A. ....................................................26, 27 Turos A.................................................................31 Usui T. ..................................................................64 Utyuzh O.V.........................................................146 Van Wassenhove G. .............................................84 Waliś L. ......................................................163, 164 Wallon S. ............................................................145 Wasilewski A.A..................................188, 189, 190 Weinzettl V...........................................................81 Werner Z.......................................91, 162, 163, 164 Wibig T.......................................130, 131, 133, 134 Wilczyński J. ............................................41, 42, 43 Wilk G. .......................................................107, 146 Wincel K...............................................................47 Wiślicki W..................................................105, 110 Witkowski J. .........................................................90 Włodarczyk Z. ....................................................146 Wojciechowski M.......................................171, 173 Wojnarowski H...................................................171 Wojtkowska J. ................................................29, 49 Wollnik H. ..........................................................142 Wolski D...................................................64, 66, 69 Wołowski J. ..........................................................87 Wójtowicz M. .............................................188, 191 Wrochna G..........................................108, 113, 134 Wronka S. ...................................................105, 190 Wycech S....................................................144, 145 Wysocka-Rabin A.......................................171, 172 Wysokiński J. .............................................188, 192 Zabierowski J......................................131, 132, 134 Zając A. ......................................................188, 191 Zalewski P. .................................................104, 108 Zalipska J............................................................112 Zaręba B. ..............................................................47 Zdunek K. .............................................................92 Ziń P. ..................................................147, 148, 149 Zwięgliński B. ................................................28, 29 Zychor I. ...............................................................40 Żebrowski J. ...................................................80, 81 Żuprański P...............................................26, 27, 28

Annual Report 2006

202

Documents

INSTYTUT PROBLEMÓW J