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8/9/2019 Instrumentation of Stacker (Storage Area Cement Plant)
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QZKNDWWJG KT9 QMJJG MCVM[ OEMC
QZKNDWWJG WL9 WM[D] MENJG ND[
QZPJ[XDQJG KT9 N.MQDH EMKDK
;8-QJP-;0=7 tl ;7-GJA-;0=7
AemptjrPmfj
cunkj
NMFCJW [JJG
QVDWAEJQ
(KC;0-;rz)
(KC;0-==rz)
=
JNJ[FJCAT AD[AZDW
(PDBY [JBMT PCLY-U1)=;
JCALGJ[
(;[);0
GDQPBMAJNJCW
W[MCQGZAJ[
(BGD;80HBQ=5)
;:
ZBW[MQLCDA QJCQL[
(1[F8==:-1KJ00) 10
PW-=00 17
DCWJ[CQEDP [JPL[W LC WEJ DCQW[ZNJCWMWDLC LH
BDNJQWLCJ QWMAOJ[ (=1=-QW-;00)
8/9/2019 Instrumentation of Stacker (Storage Area Cement Plant)
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=
NMFCJW [JJG QVDWAEJQ
(KC;0-;rz)
(KC;0-==rz)
8/9/2019 Instrumentation of Stacker (Storage Area Cement Plant)
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;
[JJG QVDWAE9
Dt ds prlxdndty Qwdtae.
Dts alctmats mbtjr tejdr stmtj wejc dt jcaluctjrs ‒nmfcjtda hdjbg„.
ALCWMAW WTPJQ DC [JJG QVDWAEJQ9
Wejrj mrj terjj typjs lh alctmats dc gdhhjrjct rjjg Qwdtaejs9
Q> clrnmbby lpjc
L> clrnmbby ablsjg
[> kd-stmkbj
Wej rjjg Qwdtaejs lc bdnj stlcj stmaojr bdcj-DD mrj mbb [ (kd-stmkbj)
typj.
ELV [JJG QVDWAEJQ VL[O<
Bjt wj tmoj m rjjg swdtae KC;0-;rz Dt ds m kd-stmkbj glukbj alctmat rjjg swdtae
Dh tej alctmats lh rjjg swdtae mrj lpjcjg dcdtdmbby mcg wj pmss dt dc hrlct lh clrte plbj dc
rdfet gdrjatdlc, alctmats wdbb ablsj ms selwc kjblw9
Dh wj hurtejr pmss dt dc hrlct lh clrte plbj nmfcjt dts alctmats wdbb rjnmdc ablsj dc rdfetgdrjatdlc
Clw dh wj pmss dt dc hrlct lh Qlute Plbj, alctmats wdbb lpjc,
Dh wj hurtejr pmss dt dc hrlct lh Qlute Plbj alctmats wdbb rjnmdc lpjc
Hdfurj =
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KC;0-;[Y9
KC;0-;rz ds m rjjg Qwdtae wdte ; kd-stmkbj alctmats.
Dts alctmat mbtjrs tejdr stmtj ky jdtejr hmadcf Clrte Plbj lr Qlute Plbj lh nmfcjt dc
spjadhda gdrjatdlc.
KC;0-;[Y VDWE CL[WE PLBJ NMFCJW9
Dh KC;0-;rz ds pmssjg dc hrlct lh Clrte Plbj nmfcjt dc rdfet gdrjatdlc, dts klte alctmats
ablsjs dh tejy mrj lpjcjg kjhlrj ltejrwdsj cl jhhjat. Ms selwc dc hdfurj ;.
Dh KC;0-;rz ds pmssjg dc hrlct lh Clrte Plbj nmfcjt dc bjht gdrjatdlc, dts klte alctmats
lpjcs dh tejy mrj ablsjg kjhlrj ltejrwdsj cl jhhjat. Ms selwc dc hdfurj ;
[jjg swdtae aemcfj tejdr prjsjct stmtj wejc tejy emvj hubby arlssjs tej nmfcjt
KC;0-;[Y VDWE QLZWE PLBJ NMFCJW9
Wej gdstmcaj kjtwjjc nmfcjt mcg rjjg Qwdtae ds 1:nn Qlute Plbj nmfcjt alblr ds rjg
Dh KC;0-;rz ds pmssjg dc hrlct lh Qlute Plbj nmfcjt dc rdfet gdrjatdlc, dts klte alctmat
lpjcs dh tejy mrj ablsj kjhlrj ltejrwdsj cl jhhjat. Ms selwc dc hdfurj 1.
Dh KC;0-;rz ds pmssjg dc hrlct lh Qlute Plbj nmfcjt dc bjht gdrjatdlc, dts klte alctmat
ablsjs dh tejy mrj lpjcjg kjhlrj ltejrwdsj cl jhhjat. Ms selwc dc hdfurj 1
[jjg swdtae aemcfj tejdr prjsjct stmtj wejc tejy emvj hubby arlssjs tej nmfcjt
Hdfurj ;
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:
KMQDA GDHHJ[JCAJ KJWVJJC CL[WE & QLZWE NMFCJW JHHJAW (hdfurj 7)
LC NLXDCF WEJ [JJG QVDWAE DC [DFEW GD[JAWDLC9
Clrte Plbj nmfcjt ablsjs tej alctmat, wedbj Qlute Plbj nmfcjt lpjcs tej ablsj alctmats
LC NLXDCF WEJ [JJG QVDWAE DC BJHW GD[JAWDLC9
Qlute Plbj nmfcjt ablsjs tej alctmat, wedbj Clrte Plbj nmfcjt lpjcs tej ablsj alctmats
KC;0-==[Y9
KC;0-==rz ds m rjjg Qwdtae wdte ; kd-stmkbj alctmats lcj CL & lcj CA.
Dts alctmat mbtjrs tejdr stmtj ky jdtejr hmadcf Clrte Plbj lr Qlute Plbj lh nmfcjt dc
spjadhda gdrjatdlc.
Hdfurj 1
Hdfurj 7
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6
L[GJ[ FZDGJ NMFCJW MAWZMWL[9
=. Nmfcjt matumtlr (pjrnmcjct nmfcjt) >KP
;. Nmfcjt typj > ;=
1. Plbmrdty > Q
>KP ;= Q
Hlr hurtejr gjtmdbjg amtmblfuj lh Nmfcjt Matumtlr & [jjg Qwdtae ky QAENJ[QMB vdsdt9
ettp9//www.saenjrsmb.cjt/amtjc&prlguot>axc611=17ktcleq;ihn:46:41ykstc
ALCWMAW WTPJQ9
CL CA[
(Kd-stmkbj)Gjsardptdlc Hdfurjs
= 0 - Lcj CL alctmat
; 0 - Wwl CL alctmat
0 = - Lcj CA alctmat
0 ; - Wwl CA alctmat
= = -Lcj CL & Lcj CA
alctmat
- - [ Lcj kd-stmkbj alctmat
- - ;r Wwl kd-stmkbj alctmats
= = [Lcj CL, Lcj CA kd-stmkbj
alctmat
WEJ NMFCJW [JJG QVDWAE MW QWMAOJ[
(Grmwdcf rjhjrjcaj sejjt # ;.4, =1=-QW-;00 Bdnjstlcj stmaojr)
Wej pjrnmcjct nmfcjts usjg mrj
KP ;x;=Q
KP ;x;=C
Wej rjjg Qwdtaejs mrj
http://www.schmersal.net/cat?lang=en&produkt=cxn733134btnohq2jfm597593ybstnhttp://www.schmersal.net/cat?lang=en&produkt=cxn733134btnohq2jfm597593ybstn
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5
KC;0-;rz
KC;0-==rz
Cltj9
Kjhlrj nluctdcf, tej rjqudrjg alctmat hucatdlc - CA lr CL - ems tl kj
jstmkbdsejg ky matumtdlc wdte m nmfcjt
Nmfcjts mrj hdxjg lc frlucg lc plbjs maalrgdcf tl tej ejdfet lh rjjg Qwdtaejs Wej grmwdcf ds
[JJG QVDWAE Q1=.00 (KC;0-==[Y)9 KC;0-==[Y>=CL, =CA
Q1=.00 ds usjg wdte dts CL alctmat. [jjg Qwdtae Q1=.00 wejc arlssjs tej Qlute Plbj nmfcjt
dc rdfet gdrjatdlc dts CL alctmat ablsjs. Hurtejr wejc dt wdbb arlss tej Clrte Plbj nmfcjt fldcf
rdfet, dts alctmat wdbb lpjc. Fldcf kmao tl bjht, Clrte Plbj nmfcjt ablsjs tej alctmat mcg Qlute
Plbj nmfcjt lpjcs tej alctmat. Ejrj wj emvj usjg ==-=; alctmat.
([jjg swdtaejs mrj selwc dcvjrsj, ms tejsj mrj mttmaejg dc tej smnj hmsedlc)
[JJG QVDWAE Q1=.0= (KC;0-;[Y)9 KC;0-;[Y>;CL
[jjg Qwdtae Q1=.0= wejc arlssjs tej Qlute Plbj nmfcjt dc rdfet gdrjatdlc dts alctmat ablsjs.
Hurtejr wejc dt wdbb arlss tej Clrte Plbj nmfcjt fldcf rdfet, dts alctmat wdbb lpjc. Fldcf kmao tl
bjht, Clrte Plbj nmfcjt ablsjs tej alctmat mcg Qlute Plbj nmfcjt lpjcs tej alctmat.
Ejrj wj emvj usjg ==-=; alctmat.
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=0
MBB LH WEJ GDQAZQQDLC MKLXJ DQ QZNNM[DYJG
L=>Lvjr trmvjb bdndt Pdbj =
L;>Lvjr trmvjb bdndt Pdbj =
[=>[jvjrsj jcg Pdbj =
[;> [jvjrsj jcg Pdbj =V=> Vlro mrjm Pdbj =
V;> Vlro mrjm Pdbj ;
H=> Hlrwmrg jcg Pdbj =
H;> Hlrwmrg jcg Pdbj ;
NMFCJW [JJG QVDWAE QWMWZQ MW PBA AM[G M0:.06
PBAdcputs
[jmgQwdtaejs
Pdbj = Pdbj;
V= H= [= V; H; [=
=;.1 Q1=.00 0 = 0 = 0 ==;.7 Q1=.0= = = 0 0 0 =
=;.: Q1=.0; = = = = = =
=;.8 Q1=.0; = = = = = =
=1.; Q1=.0: 0 = = 0 0 0
=1.1 Q1=.08 = 0 0 = = =
8/9/2019 Instrumentation of Stacker (Storage Area Cement Plant)
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==
[JJG QVDWAE ALCCJAWDLC WL PBA9
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=;
JNJ[FJCAT AD[AZDW
(PDBY [JBMT PCLY-U1)
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=1
DCW[LGZAWDLC WL PDBY
Wmkbj#0= Wjrndcmb AlchdfurmtdlcQr.# Wjrndcmb Hucatdlc Gjsardptdlc
= M=,M; Quppby MA ;10XMA; K=(+vj),
K;(-vj) Quppby GA ;7XGA
1 T1=,T1; Qjndalcguatlr l/p
7 Q==,Q=; Dcput Jnjrfjcay bllp: Q;=,Q;; Dcput Jnjrfjcay bllp
8 Q1=,Q1; Dcput Jnjrfjcay bllp6 Q=1,Q=7 [jsjt/Qtmrt5 Q11,Q17 [jsjt/Qtmrt
4 =1-=7, ;1-;7,
11-17
CL alctmats Lutput alctmats
=0 7=-7; CA alctmat Clrnmbby ablsjg Muxdbdmry alctmat
WDNDCF GDMF[MN
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=7
VL[ODCF LH PDBY [JBMT9
MBB JNJ[FJCAT AEMCCJBQ ABLQJG9
Dh mbb tej dcput aemccjbs mrj ablsjg mcg tej nlnjctmrdby ;7XGA pubsj sdfcmb ds mppbdjg mt
stmrt/rjsjt tjrndcmb (-Q=1-Q=7), tej lutput alctmats O= & O; wdbb kj ablsjg mcg muxdbdmry alctmat
(7=-7;) wdbb kj lpjc. Ms selwc dc hdfurj 6.
K[JMODCF LH JNJ[FJCAT AEMCCJB9
Dh jvjr mcy lcj dcput aemccjb ds lpjcjg lr krlojc tej lutput alctmats O= & O; wdbb kj lpjcjg.
Ms selwc dc hdfurj 5 tej dcput aemccjb Q1=& Q1; ds lpjcjg, tej Lutput alctmats O= & O; mrj
lpjcjg.
Hdfurj 5
Hdfurj 6
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=:
ALCGDWDLCQ WL [JQJW WEJ PDBY9
Wl rjsjt lr ablsj tej lutput alctmats mfmdc tejrj mrj twl alcgdtdlcs tl hubb hdbb.
(=) Ablsj mbb tej dcput aemccjbs ms selwc dc hdfurj , alctmat O= ds ablsjg & tej aemccjb =
BJG fblws up
(;) Mppby tej ;7XGA pubsjg sdfcmb tl tej rjsjt/stmrt tjrndcmbs Q=1,Q=7 d.j ablsj tej bllp
Q=1,Q=7 nlnjctmrdby, alctmat O; ds ablsjg ms dc hdfurj mcg BJG lh aemccjb ; fblws up
(1) Dcput aemccjbs bllp selubg mbwmys kj dc ablsjg alcgdtdlc hlr ruccdcf lh nmaedcj, dh dt
lpjcs jvjr, nmaedcj stlps.
(7) Wej stmrt/rjsjt bllp ds iust pubsj lpjrmtjg
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=8
Prdlrdty sjttdcf dc Pdbz 9
Dh tejrj mrj twl Pdbz
Pdbz =
Pdbz ;
Bjt tej Pdbz = ems tej =st prdlrdty mcg Pdbz ; ems tej ;cg prdlrdty.
Ablsj mbb tej dcput aemccjbs lh Pdbz = Mppby tej stmrt pubsj ;7XGA mt Q=1,=7 mt Pdbz =
Pdbz = lutput jcjrfdzjs tej rjbmys ]=,]; (hdfurj kjblw ), wedae wdbb ablsj tej dcput
(jnjrfjcay) aemccjb (ky njmcs lh ]=,]; alctmats) lh Pdbz ;
Cltj9 Ejrj uctdb Pdbz = lutput alctmat O=,O; mrj clt matdvmtjg, tej Pdbz ; ds clt fldcf tl lpjrmtj.
Nlst dnplrtmct jnjrfjcadjs mrj mt tej hdrst prdlrdty Pdbz =.
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=6
Jnjrfjcay adraudt lh Qtmaojr BDNJQWLCJ B-DD
Bllp Q=1, Q=7 (stmrt/rjsjt) lh Pdbz O01.00
Ms CA (muxdbdmry) alctmats lh mcy alctmatlr mrj ablsjg, tej plwjr alctmats
mrj lpjc, teds ds gjhdcj ms rjmgy alcgdtdlc lh m alctmatlr
CA (;=-;; muxdbdmry) alctmats lh tej hlbblwdcf alctmatlrs mrj usjg tl tej
rjsjt/stmrt bllp tl aejao tej rjmgy alcgdtdlc &
Lcby lcj CL alctmat lh PBA muxdbdmry rjbmy ds usjg dc bllp, dt wdbb kj ablsjg
ky PBA nlnjctmrdby iust tl fdvj m stmrt/rjsjt pubsj
Cltj9 Jmae alctmatlr selubg kj dc rjmgy alcgdtdlc mt stmrt lr rjsjt fdvjc kjblw.
Qr.# Alctmatlrs Gjsardptdlc Alcgdtdlc
= ]01.00 Nmdc plwjr alctmatlr Qelubg clt kj dcjcjrfdzjg alcgdtdlc
; ]01.00 Plwjr alctmatlr plwjr amkbjrjjb
1 ]==.00 Kjbt alcvjylr Alctmatlr
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=5
7 ]==.0= Kypmss kjbt alcvjylrAlctmatlr
: ]=6.00 Eygrmubda punp alctmatlr
8 ]=6.0= Alctmatlr ejmtdcf
6 ]1=.00 Wrmvjb nltlrs plwjrAlctmatlr
5 O01.0= Muxdbdmry rjbmy lh Pdbz4 O01.0; Muxdbdmry rjbmy lh Pdbz
=0 O01.=; Muxdbdmry rjbmy lh PBA amrg
Dh mbb muxdbdmry alctmat lh alctmatlrs mrj CA, dt njmcs mbb alctmatlr mrj dc
rjmgy plsdtdlc
M PBA alnnmcg mt O01.=; wdbb ablsj tej bllp
.
Bllp Q=1, Q=7 (stmrt/rjsjt) lh Pdbz O01.01
Wej rjsjt/stmrt bllp lh teds Pdbz alcsdst lh tej hlbblwdcf Muxdbdmry rjbmys— CA
alctmat mcg
Lcj CL alctmat lh PBA muxdbdmry rjbmy ds usjg, dt wdbb kj ablsjg ky PBA
nlnjctmrdby iust tl fdvj m stmrt/rjsjt pubsj
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=4
Qr.# Alctmats Gjsardptdlc
= O1.07 Muxdbdmry rjbmy lh Pdbz O0.01
; O1.0: Muxdbdmry rjbmy lh Pdbz O0.01
1 O1.=; PBA muxdbdmry rjbmy
Dh mbb muxdbdmry alctmat mrj CA, dt njmcs muxdbdmry rjbmy mrj dc rjmgy plsdtdlc
M PBA alnnmcg mt O01.=; wdbb ablsj tej bllp
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;0
JCALGJ[
(;[)
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;=
Vemt ds semht jcalgjr<
Jcalgjr ds mc jbjatrlnjaemcdamb gjvdaj
Njmsurj nltdlc, plsdtdlc & gdrjatdlc
Nlst jcalgjrs usj lptdamb sjcslrs tl prlvdgj jbjatrdamb sdfcmbs dc tej hlrn lh pubsj
Wejsj pubsjs, dc turc, kj trmcsbmtjg dctl nltdlc, gdrjatdlc lr plsdtdlc
Wypjs lh jcalgjr9
Kmsdambby tejrj mrj twl typjs lh jcalgjr
Dcarjnjctmb jcalgjr9
Dt ds mbsl ambbjg qumgrmturj jcalgjr
Dcarjnjctmb jcalgjr ds gjsdfcjg hlr tej gdrjatdlc lh nltdlc.
Dt fdvjs dcarjnjctmb trmdc lh pubsjs ky twl aemccjbs M, K.
Dcarjnjctmb jcalgjr—s gdsa ds selwc hdfurj =.
Mkslbutj jcalgjr9
Mkslbutj jcalgjr ds spjadmbby gjsdfc hlr tej gjtjatdlc
lh mkslbutj plsdtdlc.
Mkslbutj jcalgjr usjs m gdso wdte alcajctrda adrabj pmttjrcs.
Mkslbutj jcalgjr—s gdsa selwc dc hdfurj ;.
CLWJ9 Dc bdnj stlcj stmaojr B-DD Dcarjnjctmb Jcalgjr (Wypj ;[) ds kjdcf usjg.
Aemrmatjrdstdas
Jcalgjr Wypj9 Qemht jcalgjr QNG-Wjaeclblfy9 Qtrlcf alnpmat jbjatrlcda
DP9 Qtmcgmrg DP>8:, lptdlcmb 86
Wejrnmb prltjatdlc9 Qeutglwc mt tjnpjrmturj =::0 & mklvj
Vdgj suppby [mcfj9 7X tl 10X
Qtrlcf alcstruatdlc9 Kmsj lc ; kmbb kjmrdcfs, hlr emrse jcvdrlcnjct
Alcstruatdlc lh jcalgjr9
Qemht jcalgjr alcsdsts lh9
Elusdcf mssjnkby M rltmtdcf gdsa mttmaejg tl semht
Bdfet sluraj
Peltl gjtjatlr (usumbby peltl trmcsdstlr)
Jbjatrlcda adraudt
Hdfurj =
Hdfurj ;
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;;
Vlrodcf lh jcalgjr (Wypj ;[)9
Dc hdfurj 7 tej wedtj ajbbs mrj trmcspmrjct, bdfet ds trmcsndttjg terlufe tejn & ds sjcsjg
ky tej sjcslr
Wejrj mrj 1 aemccjbs dc tej Wypj ;[ jcalgjr M, K, Y
Wej guty ayabj lh tej aemccjb M & K ds =50 jbjatrdamb gjfrjjs.
Wej guty ayabj lh aemccjb Y ds 40 jbjatrdamb gjfrjjs
Wej pemsj gdhhjrjcaj kjtwjjc aemccjbs M & K ds 40 jbjatrdamb gjfrjjs.
Aemccjb M & K emvj =0 pubsjs dc lcj hubb rltmtdlc Aemccjb Y ems lcj pubsj dc lcj
rltmtdlc ms selwc dc hdfurj tejrj mrj =0 trmcspmrjct sjfnjcts/aemccjb
Dc ablao wdsj rltmtdlc tej aemccjb K bjmgs M ky 400 ms selwc dc hdfurj :
Hdfurj 4
Ablao
400
Aemccjb M
Aemccjb K
Aemccjb Y
Lpmquj
Wrmcspmrjct
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;1
Dc aluctjr ablao wdsj rltmtdlc aemccjb M bjmgs K ky 400 ms selwc dc hdfurj
Vey aemccjb M & K<
Mc jcalgjr wdte lcj sjt lh pubsjs wlubg clt kj usjhub kjamusj dt alubg clt dcgdamtj tejgdrjatdlc lh rltmtdlc.
Zsdcf twl algj trmaos wdte sjatlrs plsdtdlcjg 40° lut lh pemsj tej twl lutput aemccjbs
lh tej jcalgjr dcgdamtj klte plsdtdlc mcg gdrjatdlc lh rltmtdlc.
Dh M bjmgs K, hlr jxmnpbj, tej gdso ds rltmtdcf dc m ablaowdsj gdrjatdlc.
Dh K bjmgs M, tejc tej gdso ds rltmtdcf dc m aluctjr-ablaowdsj gdrjatdlc.
Ky nlcdtlrdcf tej cunkjr lh pubsjs & tej rjbmtdvj pemsj lh sdfcmb M & K wj amc trmao
klte plsdtdlc mcg gdrjatdlc lh rltmtdlc.
Ky tej hrjqujcay lh pubsjs wj amc mbsl trmao tej spjjg lh nltlr kjamusj ms gdsa spjjg
vmrdjs, tej hrjqujcay lh pubsjs mbsl vmrdjs.
Lrgjrdcf fudgj9
Wypj Pubsjs lutput sdfcmb Qemht DP-rmtdcf Bjcfte lh amkbj amkbj alccjatdlc
Lc Bdnjstlcj stmaojr B-DD tej jcalgjr ds9
;[-00=0-C-08-8:-01-Q
;[9 Wypj
00=09 =0 pubsjs pjr rjvlbutdlcC9 C ds hlr clrnmb alccjatdlc
089 Qemht gdnjcsdlc wedae ds dc ndbd njtjrs
8:9 Dcgjx lh prltjatdlc wedae ds 8:
019 Bjcfte lh amkbj mttmaejg wdte tej jcalgjr
Q9 Q stmcg hlr sdgj alccjatdlc lh lutput tjrndcmbs
Aluctjr
Ablao wdsj
400
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;7
Hlr huretejr gjtmdbjg pmrmnjtjr aejao9
ettp9//www.stlrogrdvjs.sj/pgh/Qamcalc/Dcorjnjctjbbm/stmcgmrg/mxjb/;[.pgh
Jcalgjr Alccjatdlc tl PBA
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;:
GDQPBMAJNJCW W[MCQGZAJ[
(BGD;80HBQ=5)
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;6
.Vejc tej alrj ds mt ajctjr plsdtdlc lh tej aldbs, sjbh-dcguatdlc lh twl aldbs
ds smnj.
Vejc tej alrj fljs dc jdtejr gdrjatdlc ky tej nlvjnjct lh stmaojr idk, tej
sjbh-dcguatdlc lh tej aldbs fljs dc lpplsdtj gdrjatdlc.
Mnpbdhdjr (DAM HBQ=5)
Mnpbdhdjr ds hjg lc ;7 Xga
Iunpjr sjttdcf lh tej mnpbdhdjr ds selwc kjblw.
Vj mrj usdcf tej iunpjr sjttdcf M.
Weds iunpjr sjttdcf ds tl fjt 7-;0nM, :XGa lutput mcg fmdc lh =.
Vj emvj usjg tej ¾ krdgfj alchdfurmtdlc dc tej sjcslr
alccjatdlc, dc wedae twl aldbs mrj usjg dc sjrdjs wdte
jmae ltejr. Wejrj mrj terjj tjrndcmb lh sjcslr wdte hlbblwdcf
alblrs.
Wej hlbblwdcf gdmfrmn dbbustrmtj mnpbdhdjr & dts alccjatdlcs wdte sjcslr &
lutput
Wjrndcmb(sjcslr)
= Frjjc; Kbuj
1 [jg
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;5
Lutput aurrjct vjrsus plsdtdlc lh trmcsguajr (nn) & Idk plsdtdlc (%)9
Plsdtdlc_nn^
Idk Plsdtdlc_%^
Lutput_nM^
0 0 ;0.=
;0 =0 =5.14
70 ;0 =8.64
80 10 =:.=550 70 =1.:5
=00 :0 ==.44=;0 80 =0.16
=70 60 5.66
=80 50 6.;0=50 40 :.:4
;00 =00 7.00
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10
ZBW[MQLCDA QJCQL[
(1[F8==:-1KJ00)
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1=
Vemt ds ubtrmslcda<
Wej slcda (mugdkbj) rmcfj lh slucg hlr eunmc ds ;0 tl ;0 oEz.
Dh tej slucg ems tej hrjqujcay frjmtjr temc ;0 oEz, dt ds ambbjg ubtrmslcda.
Vlrodcf prdcadpbj
Zbtrmslcda sjcslrs fjcjrmtj edfe hrjqujcay slucg wmvjs mcg jvmbumtj tej jael wedae ds
rjajdvjg kmao ky tej sjcslr, njmsurdcf tej tdnj dctjrvmb kjtwjjc sjcgdcf tej sdfcmb mcg
rjajdvdcf tej jael tl gjtjrndcj tej gdstmcaj tl mc lkijat.
QLCM[ KJ[L (1[F8==:-1KJ00) MW BDNJQWLCJ QWMAOJ[ B-DD
Qpjadhdamtdlcs9
Dcput vlbtmfj9 ;7XGa
Lutput9 7-;0nM mcmblfuj, swdtaedcf (CA)
Qjcsdcf rmcfj9 0.7 n tl 1 n
Vlrodcf rjsdstmcaj9 0 tl 100 ℨ
Lkijat sdzj9 Mt bjmst (:0x:0) nn
[mtjg hrjqujcay9 =;0 OEz
Kudbt dc selrt adraudt prltjatdlc
Kudbt dc lvjrblmg wdtestmcg ampmkdbdty
Alccjatlr9 N=;
N=;
alccjatlr
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1;
Dcput/lutput WJ[NDCMBQ9
Wej clrnmb alccjatdlc tl QLCM[-KJ[L mrj ms hlbblw
Pdc = ds hlr ;7XGa & nmxdnun up-tl 10XGa
Pdc ; ds hlr frlucg
Pdc 7 ds usjg tl alnnucdamtj twl QLCM[-KJ[LQ nutumbby
Pdc : ds hlr mcmblfuj lutput 7-;0nM
VL[ODCF
Wej QLCM[-KJ[L ucgjr gdsaussdlc fdvjs twl typjs lh lutputs , mcmblfuj mcg gdfdtmb
Vj emvj twl sarjw typj pltjctdlnjtjr , terlufe wedae wj amc sjt lur lpjrmtdcf mrjm Dc lpjrmtdcf mrjm QLCM[-KJ[L fdvj 7-tl-;0 nM mcmblfuj lutput
Vejc nmtjrdmb dt ds gjtjatdcf arlssjs tej dcdtdmb mgiustnjct lr hdcmb mgiustnjct dt fdvjs tej
gdfdtmb sdfcmb ky nmodcf CA tl CL terlufe swdtaedcf lutput
Vj mrj usdcf iust =, 1 & : pdcs d.j. lcby mcmblfuj lutput ms selwc kjblw
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11
Wej dcdtdmb mgiustnjct nust kj kjylcg tej kbdcg zlcj
Dh tej dcdtdmb lr hdcmb mgiustnjct ds clt ambdkrmtjg alrrjatby , dcgdamtdlc BJG wdbb kbdco
ALCCJAWDLC WL PBA9
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17
PW-=00
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1:
PW-=009
Weds ds kmsdambby m [WG(rjsdstmcaj tjnpjrmturj gjtjatlr )
Dt hlbblws m plsdtdvj sblpj wedae njmcs rjsdstmcaj dcarjmsjs wejc tjnpjrmturj
dcarjmsjs
M pbmtdcun rjsdstmcaj tjnpjrmturj gjtjatlr Pt=00
Mt 00A dts rjsdstmcaj ds =00 ℨ Mt =000A dts rjsdstmcaj ds =15.: ℨ
Wej njmsurdcf rmcfj lh PW-=00 ds -:00A tl ;100A
Qtmcgmrg alccjatdlc ds twl wdrj kut tejrj mrj PW-=00 mvmdbmkbj wdte terjj & hlur wdrj
alccjatdlc
[JQDQWMCAJ XJ[QZQ WJNPJ[MWZ[J WMKBJ
WJNPJ[MZ[J [JQDQDWMCAJ
0 =00=0 =01.4
;0 =06.510 ===.6
70 ==:.:
:0 ==4.7
80 =;1.;
60 =;6.=
50 =10.4
40 =16.6
=00 =15.:
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ALCCJAWDLC WL PBA9