Instrumentation of Stacker (Storage Area Cement Plant)

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    0

    QZKNDWWJG KT9 QMJJG MCVM[ OEMC

    QZKNDWWJG WL9 WM[D] MENJG ND[

    QZPJ[XDQJG KT9 N.MQDH EMKDK

    ;8-QJP-;0=7 tl ;7-GJA-;0=7

    AemptjrPmfj

    cunkj

    NMFCJW [JJG

    QVDWAEJQ

    (KC;0-;rz)

    (KC;0-==rz)

    =

    JNJ[FJCAT AD[AZDW

    (PDBY [JBMT PCLY-U1)=;

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    DCWJ[CQEDP [JPL[W LC WEJ DCQW[ZNJCWMWDLC LH

    BDNJQWLCJ QWMAOJ[ (=1=-QW-;00)

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    =

    NMFCJW [JJG QVDWAEJQ

    (KC;0-;rz)

    (KC;0-==rz) 

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    ;

    [JJG QVDWAE9 

    Dt ds prlxdndty Qwdtae.

    Dts alctmats mbtjr tejdr stmtj wejc dt jcaluctjrs ‒nmfcjtda hdjbg„. 

    ALCWMAW WTPJQ DC [JJG QVDWAEJQ9

    Wejrj mrj terjj typjs lh alctmats dc gdhhjrjct rjjg Qwdtaejs9

    Q> clrnmbby lpjc

    L> clrnmbby ablsjg

    [> kd-stmkbj

    Wej rjjg Qwdtaejs lc bdnj stlcj stmaojr bdcj-DD mrj mbb [ (kd-stmkbj)

    typj.

    ELV [JJG QVDWAEJQ VL[O<

      Bjt wj tmoj m rjjg swdtae KC;0-;rz  Dt ds m kd-stmkbj glukbj alctmat rjjg swdtae

      Dh tej alctmats lh rjjg swdtae mrj lpjcjg dcdtdmbby mcg wj pmss dt dc hrlct lh clrte plbj dc

    rdfet gdrjatdlc, alctmats wdbb ablsj ms selwc kjblw9

      Dh wj hurtejr pmss dt dc hrlct lh clrte plbj nmfcjt dts alctmats wdbb rjnmdc ablsj dc rdfetgdrjatdlc

      Clw dh wj pmss dt dc hrlct lh Qlute Plbj, alctmats wdbb lpjc,

      Dh wj hurtejr pmss dt dc hrlct lh Qlute Plbj alctmats wdbb rjnmdc lpjc

    Hdfurj = 

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    7

    KC;0-;[Y9 

      KC;0-;rz ds m rjjg Qwdtae wdte ; kd-stmkbj alctmats.

      Dts alctmat mbtjrs tejdr stmtj ky jdtejr hmadcf Clrte Plbj lr Qlute Plbj lh nmfcjt dc

    spjadhda gdrjatdlc.

    KC;0-;[Y VDWE CL[WE PLBJ NMFCJW9

      Dh KC;0-;rz ds pmssjg dc hrlct lh Clrte Plbj nmfcjt dc rdfet gdrjatdlc, dts klte alctmats

    ablsjs dh tejy mrj lpjcjg kjhlrj ltejrwdsj cl jhhjat. Ms selwc dc hdfurj ;.

      Dh KC;0-;rz ds pmssjg dc hrlct lh Clrte Plbj nmfcjt dc bjht gdrjatdlc, dts klte alctmats

    lpjcs dh tejy mrj ablsjg kjhlrj ltejrwdsj cl jhhjat. Ms selwc dc hdfurj ;

      [jjg swdtae aemcfj tejdr prjsjct stmtj wejc tejy emvj hubby arlssjs tej nmfcjt

    KC;0-;[Y VDWE QLZWE PLBJ NMFCJW9

      Wej gdstmcaj kjtwjjc nmfcjt mcg rjjg Qwdtae ds 1:nn  Qlute Plbj nmfcjt alblr ds rjg

      Dh KC;0-;rz ds pmssjg dc hrlct lh Qlute Plbj nmfcjt dc rdfet gdrjatdlc, dts klte alctmat

    lpjcs dh tejy mrj ablsj kjhlrj ltejrwdsj cl jhhjat. Ms selwc dc hdfurj 1.

      Dh KC;0-;rz ds pmssjg dc hrlct lh Qlute Plbj nmfcjt dc bjht gdrjatdlc, dts klte alctmat

    ablsjs dh tejy mrj lpjcjg kjhlrj ltejrwdsj cl jhhjat. Ms selwc dc hdfurj 1

      [jjg swdtae aemcfj tejdr prjsjct stmtj wejc tejy emvj hubby arlssjs tej nmfcjt

    Hdfurj ; 

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    :

    KMQDA GDHHJ[JCAJ KJWVJJC CL[WE & QLZWE NMFCJW JHHJAW (hdfurj 7)

    LC NLXDCF WEJ [JJG QVDWAE DC [DFEW GD[JAWDLC9 

    Clrte Plbj nmfcjt ablsjs tej alctmat, wedbj Qlute Plbj nmfcjt lpjcs tej ablsj alctmats

    LC NLXDCF WEJ [JJG QVDWAE DC BJHW GD[JAWDLC9

    Qlute Plbj nmfcjt ablsjs tej alctmat, wedbj Clrte Plbj nmfcjt lpjcs tej ablsj alctmats

    KC;0-==[Y9

      KC;0-==rz ds m rjjg Qwdtae wdte ; kd-stmkbj alctmats lcj CL & lcj CA.

      Dts alctmat mbtjrs tejdr stmtj ky jdtejr hmadcf Clrte Plbj lr Qlute Plbj lh nmfcjt dc

    spjadhda gdrjatdlc.

    Hdfurj 1 

    Hdfurj 7 

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    6

    L[GJ[ FZDGJ NMFCJW MAWZMWL[9

    =. Nmfcjt matumtlr (pjrnmcjct nmfcjt) >KP

    ;. Nmfcjt typj > ;=

    1. Plbmrdty > Q

    >KP ;= Q

    Hlr hurtejr gjtmdbjg amtmblfuj lh Nmfcjt Matumtlr  & [jjg Qwdtae ky QAENJ[QMB vdsdt9

    ettp9//www.saenjrsmb.cjt/amtjc&prlguot>axc611=17ktcleq;ihn:46:41ykstc

    ALCWMAW WTPJQ9

    CL CA[

    (Kd-stmkbj)Gjsardptdlc Hdfurjs

    = 0 - Lcj CL alctmat

    ; 0 - Wwl CL alctmat

    0 = - Lcj CA alctmat

    0 ; - Wwl CA alctmat

    = = -Lcj CL & Lcj CA

    alctmat

    -  - [ Lcj kd-stmkbj alctmat

    - - ;r Wwl kd-stmkbj alctmats

    = = [Lcj CL, Lcj CA kd-stmkbj

    alctmat

    WEJ NMFCJW [JJG QVDWAE MW QWMAOJ[

    (Grmwdcf rjhjrjcaj sejjt # ;.4, =1=-QW-;00 Bdnjstlcj stmaojr)

    Wej pjrnmcjct nmfcjts usjg mrj

      KP ;x;=Q

      KP ;x;=C

    Wej rjjg Qwdtaejs mrj

    http://www.schmersal.net/cat?lang=en&produkt=cxn733134btnohq2jfm597593ybstnhttp://www.schmersal.net/cat?lang=en&produkt=cxn733134btnohq2jfm597593ybstn

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    5

      KC;0-;rz

      KC;0-==rz

    Cltj9

      Kjhlrj nluctdcf, tej rjqudrjg alctmat hucatdlc - CA lr CL - ems tl kj

    jstmkbdsejg ky matumtdlc wdte m nmfcjt

      Nmfcjts mrj hdxjg lc frlucg lc plbjs maalrgdcf tl tej ejdfet lh rjjg Qwdtaejs  Wej grmwdcf ds

    [JJG QVDWAE Q1=.00 (KC;0-==[Y)9 KC;0-==[Y>=CL, =CA 

    Q1=.00 ds usjg wdte dts CL alctmat. [jjg Qwdtae Q1=.00 wejc arlssjs tej Qlute Plbj nmfcjt

    dc rdfet gdrjatdlc dts CL alctmat ablsjs. Hurtejr wejc dt wdbb arlss tej Clrte Plbj nmfcjt fldcf

    rdfet, dts alctmat wdbb lpjc. Fldcf kmao tl bjht, Clrte Plbj nmfcjt ablsjs tej alctmat mcg Qlute

    Plbj nmfcjt lpjcs tej alctmat. Ejrj wj emvj usjg ==-=; alctmat.

    ([jjg swdtaejs mrj selwc dcvjrsj, ms tejsj mrj mttmaejg dc tej smnj hmsedlc)

    [JJG QVDWAE Q1=.0= (KC;0-;[Y)9 KC;0-;[Y>;CL

    [jjg Qwdtae Q1=.0= wejc arlssjs tej Qlute Plbj nmfcjt dc rdfet gdrjatdlc dts alctmat ablsjs.

    Hurtejr wejc dt wdbb arlss tej Clrte Plbj nmfcjt fldcf rdfet, dts alctmat wdbb lpjc. Fldcf kmao tl

    bjht, Clrte Plbj nmfcjt ablsjs tej alctmat mcg Qlute Plbj nmfcjt lpjcs tej alctmat.

    Ejrj wj emvj usjg ==-=; alctmat.

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    =0

    MBB LH WEJ GDQAZQQDLC MKLXJ DQ QZNNM[DYJG

    L=>Lvjr trmvjb bdndt Pdbj = 

    L;>Lvjr trmvjb bdndt Pdbj =

    [=>[jvjrsj jcg Pdbj =

    [;> [jvjrsj jcg Pdbj =V=> Vlro mrjm Pdbj =

    V;> Vlro mrjm Pdbj ;

    H=> Hlrwmrg jcg Pdbj =

    H;> Hlrwmrg jcg Pdbj ;

    NMFCJW [JJG QVDWAE QWMWZQ MW PBA AM[G M0:.06

    PBAdcputs

    [jmgQwdtaejs

    Pdbj = Pdbj;

    V= H= [= V; H; [=

    =;.1 Q1=.00 0 = 0 = 0 ==;.7 Q1=.0= = = 0 0 0 =

    =;.: Q1=.0; = = = = = =

    =;.8 Q1=.0; = = = = = =

    =1.; Q1=.0: 0 = = 0 0 0

    =1.1 Q1=.08 = 0 0 = = =

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    ==

    [JJG QVDWAE ALCCJAWDLC WL PBA9

  • 8/9/2019 Instrumentation of Stacker (Storage Area Cement Plant)

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    =;

    JNJ[FJCAT AD[AZDW

    (PDBY [JBMT PCLY-U1) 

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    =1

    DCW[LGZAWDLC WL PDBY

    Wmkbj#0= Wjrndcmb AlchdfurmtdlcQr.# Wjrndcmb Hucatdlc Gjsardptdlc

    = M=,M;  Quppby MA ;10XMA; K=(+vj),

    K;(-vj) Quppby GA ;7XGA

    1 T1=,T1;  Qjndalcguatlr l/p

    7 Q==,Q=;  Dcput Jnjrfjcay bllp: Q;=,Q;;  Dcput Jnjrfjcay bllp

    8 Q1=,Q1;  Dcput Jnjrfjcay bllp6 Q=1,Q=7  [jsjt/Qtmrt5 Q11,Q17  [jsjt/Qtmrt

    4 =1-=7, ;1-;7, 

    11-17 

    CL alctmats Lutput alctmats

    =0 7=-7;  CA alctmat Clrnmbby ablsjg Muxdbdmry alctmat

    WDNDCF GDMF[MN

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    =7

    VL[ODCF LH PDBY [JBMT9

    MBB JNJ[FJCAT AEMCCJBQ ABLQJG9 

    Dh mbb tej dcput aemccjbs mrj ablsjg mcg tej nlnjctmrdby ;7XGA pubsj sdfcmb ds mppbdjg mt

    stmrt/rjsjt tjrndcmb (-Q=1-Q=7), tej lutput alctmats O= & O; wdbb kj ablsjg mcg muxdbdmry alctmat

    (7=-7;) wdbb kj lpjc. Ms selwc dc hdfurj 6.

    K[JMODCF LH JNJ[FJCAT AEMCCJB9

    Dh jvjr mcy lcj dcput aemccjb ds lpjcjg lr krlojc tej lutput alctmats O= & O; wdbb kj lpjcjg.

     Ms selwc dc hdfurj 5 tej dcput aemccjb Q1=& Q1; ds lpjcjg, tej Lutput alctmats O= & O; mrj

    lpjcjg.

    Hdfurj 5

    Hdfurj 6

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    =:

    ALCGDWDLCQ WL [JQJW WEJ PDBY9

    Wl rjsjt lr ablsj tej lutput alctmats mfmdc tejrj mrj twl alcgdtdlcs tl hubb hdbb.

    (=) Ablsj mbb tej dcput aemccjbs ms selwc dc hdfurj , alctmat O= ds ablsjg & tej aemccjb =

    BJG fblws up

    (;) Mppby tej ;7XGA pubsjg sdfcmb tl tej rjsjt/stmrt tjrndcmbs Q=1,Q=7 d.j ablsj tej bllp

    Q=1,Q=7 nlnjctmrdby, alctmat O; ds ablsjg ms dc hdfurj mcg BJG lh aemccjb ; fblws up

    (1) Dcput aemccjbs bllp selubg mbwmys kj dc ablsjg alcgdtdlc hlr ruccdcf lh nmaedcj, dh dt

    lpjcs jvjr, nmaedcj stlps.

    (7) Wej stmrt/rjsjt bllp ds iust pubsj lpjrmtjg

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    =8

    Prdlrdty sjttdcf dc Pdbz 9

    Dh tejrj mrj twl Pdbz

      Pdbz =

      Pdbz ;

    Bjt tej Pdbz = ems tej =st prdlrdty mcg Pdbz ; ems tej ;cg prdlrdty.

      Ablsj mbb tej dcput aemccjbs lh Pdbz =  Mppby tej stmrt pubsj ;7XGA mt Q=1,=7 mt Pdbz =

      Pdbz = lutput jcjrfdzjs tej rjbmys ]=,]; (hdfurj kjblw ), wedae wdbb ablsj tej dcput

    (jnjrfjcay) aemccjb (ky njmcs lh ]=,]; alctmats) lh Pdbz ;

    Cltj9 Ejrj uctdb Pdbz = lutput alctmat O=,O; mrj clt matdvmtjg, tej Pdbz ; ds clt fldcf tl lpjrmtj.

    Nlst dnplrtmct jnjrfjcadjs mrj mt tej hdrst prdlrdty Pdbz =.

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    =6

    Jnjrfjcay adraudt lh Qtmaojr BDNJQWLCJ B-DD

    Bllp Q=1, Q=7 (stmrt/rjsjt) lh Pdbz O01.00

      Ms CA (muxdbdmry) alctmats lh mcy alctmatlr mrj ablsjg, tej plwjr alctmats

    mrj lpjc, teds ds gjhdcj ms rjmgy alcgdtdlc lh m alctmatlr

      CA (;=-;; muxdbdmry) alctmats lh tej hlbblwdcf alctmatlrs mrj usjg tl tej

    rjsjt/stmrt bllp tl aejao tej rjmgy alcgdtdlc &

      Lcby lcj CL alctmat lh PBA muxdbdmry rjbmy ds usjg dc bllp, dt wdbb kj ablsjg

    ky PBA nlnjctmrdby iust tl fdvj m stmrt/rjsjt pubsj

    Cltj9 Jmae alctmatlr selubg kj dc rjmgy alcgdtdlc mt stmrt lr rjsjt fdvjc kjblw.

    Qr.# Alctmatlrs Gjsardptdlc Alcgdtdlc

    = ]01.00 Nmdc plwjr alctmatlr Qelubg clt kj dcjcjrfdzjg alcgdtdlc

    ; ]01.00 Plwjr alctmatlr plwjr amkbjrjjb

    1 ]==.00 Kjbt alcvjylr Alctmatlr

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    =5

    7 ]==.0= Kypmss kjbt alcvjylrAlctmatlr

    : ]=6.00 Eygrmubda punp alctmatlr

    8 ]=6.0= Alctmatlr ejmtdcf

    6 ]1=.00 Wrmvjb nltlrs plwjrAlctmatlr

    5 O01.0= Muxdbdmry rjbmy lh Pdbz4 O01.0; Muxdbdmry rjbmy lh Pdbz 

    =0 O01.=; Muxdbdmry rjbmy lh PBA amrg

      Dh mbb muxdbdmry alctmat lh alctmatlrs mrj CA, dt njmcs mbb alctmatlr mrj dc

    rjmgy plsdtdlc

      M PBA alnnmcg mt O01.=; wdbb ablsj tej bllp

    .

    Bllp Q=1, Q=7 (stmrt/rjsjt) lh Pdbz O01.01

      Wej rjsjt/stmrt bllp lh teds Pdbz alcsdst lh tej hlbblwdcf Muxdbdmry rjbmys— CA

    alctmat mcg

      Lcj CL alctmat lh PBA muxdbdmry rjbmy ds usjg, dt wdbb kj ablsjg ky PBA

    nlnjctmrdby iust tl fdvj m stmrt/rjsjt pubsj

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    =4

    Qr.# Alctmats Gjsardptdlc

    = O1.07 Muxdbdmry rjbmy lh Pdbz O0.01

    ; O1.0: Muxdbdmry rjbmy lh Pdbz O0.01

    1 O1.=; PBA muxdbdmry rjbmy

      Dh mbb muxdbdmry alctmat mrj CA, dt njmcs muxdbdmry rjbmy mrj dc rjmgy plsdtdlc

      M PBA alnnmcg mt O01.=; wdbb ablsj tej bllp

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    ;0

    JCALGJ[

    (;[) 

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    ;=

    Vemt ds semht jcalgjr<

      Jcalgjr ds mc jbjatrlnjaemcdamb gjvdaj

      Njmsurj nltdlc, plsdtdlc & gdrjatdlc

      Nlst jcalgjrs usj lptdamb sjcslrs tl prlvdgj jbjatrdamb sdfcmbs dc tej hlrn lh pubsj

      Wejsj pubsjs, dc turc, kj trmcsbmtjg dctl nltdlc, gdrjatdlc lr plsdtdlc

    Wypjs lh jcalgjr9

    Kmsdambby tejrj mrj twl typjs lh jcalgjr  

    Dcarjnjctmb jcalgjr9

      Dt ds mbsl ambbjg qumgrmturj jcalgjr

      Dcarjnjctmb jcalgjr ds gjsdfcjg hlr tej gdrjatdlc lh nltdlc.

      Dt fdvjs dcarjnjctmb trmdc lh pubsjs ky twl aemccjbs M, K.

      Dcarjnjctmb jcalgjr—s gdsa ds selwc hdfurj =.

    Mkslbutj jcalgjr9

      Mkslbutj jcalgjr ds spjadmbby gjsdfc hlr tej gjtjatdlc

    lh mkslbutj plsdtdlc.

      Mkslbutj jcalgjr usjs m gdso wdte alcajctrda adrabj pmttjrcs.

      Mkslbutj jcalgjr—s gdsa selwc dc hdfurj ;.

    CLWJ9 Dc bdnj stlcj stmaojr B-DD Dcarjnjctmb Jcalgjr (Wypj ;[) ds kjdcf usjg. 

    Aemrmatjrdstdas

    Jcalgjr Wypj9 Qemht jcalgjr  QNG-Wjaeclblfy9 Qtrlcf alnpmat jbjatrlcda 

    DP9  Qtmcgmrg DP>8:, lptdlcmb 86 

    Wejrnmb prltjatdlc9 Qeutglwc mt tjnpjrmturj =::0 & mklvj

    Vdgj suppby [mcfj9 7X tl 10X 

    Qtrlcf alcstruatdlc9 Kmsj lc ; kmbb kjmrdcfs, hlr emrse jcvdrlcnjct 

    Alcstruatdlc lh jcalgjr9

    Qemht jcalgjr alcsdsts lh9

    Elusdcf mssjnkby M rltmtdcf gdsa mttmaejg tl semht

    Bdfet sluraj

    Peltl gjtjatlr (usumbby peltl trmcsdstlr)

    Jbjatrlcda adraudt

    Hdfurj = 

    Hdfurj ; 

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    ;;

    Vlrodcf lh jcalgjr (Wypj ;[)9 

      Dc hdfurj 7 tej wedtj ajbbs mrj trmcspmrjct, bdfet ds trmcsndttjg terlufe tejn & ds sjcsjg

    ky tej sjcslr

      Wejrj mrj 1 aemccjbs dc tej Wypj ;[ jcalgjr M, K, Y

      Wej guty ayabj lh tej aemccjb M & K ds =50 jbjatrdamb gjfrjjs.

      Wej guty ayabj lh aemccjb Y ds 40 jbjatrdamb gjfrjjs

      Wej pemsj gdhhjrjcaj kjtwjjc aemccjbs M & K ds 40 jbjatrdamb gjfrjjs.

      Aemccjb M & K emvj =0 pubsjs dc lcj hubb rltmtdlc Aemccjb Y ems lcj pubsj dc lcj

    rltmtdlc ms selwc dc hdfurj tejrj mrj =0 trmcspmrjct sjfnjcts/aemccjb

      Dc ablao wdsj rltmtdlc tej aemccjb K bjmgs M ky 400 ms selwc dc hdfurj :

    Hdfurj 4 

    Ablao

    400

    Aemccjb M 

    Aemccjb K 

    Aemccjb Y 

    Lpmquj

    Wrmcspmrjct

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    ;1

      Dc aluctjr ablao wdsj rltmtdlc aemccjb M bjmgs K ky 400 ms selwc dc hdfurj

    Vey aemccjb M & K<

       Mc jcalgjr wdte lcj sjt lh pubsjs wlubg clt kj usjhub kjamusj dt alubg clt dcgdamtj tejgdrjatdlc lh rltmtdlc.

      Zsdcf twl algj trmaos wdte sjatlrs plsdtdlcjg 40° lut lh pemsj tej twl lutput aemccjbs

    lh tej jcalgjr dcgdamtj klte plsdtdlc mcg gdrjatdlc lh rltmtdlc.

      Dh M bjmgs K, hlr jxmnpbj, tej gdso ds rltmtdcf dc m ablaowdsj gdrjatdlc.

      Dh K bjmgs M, tejc tej gdso ds rltmtdcf dc m aluctjr-ablaowdsj gdrjatdlc.

      Ky nlcdtlrdcf tej cunkjr lh pubsjs & tej rjbmtdvj pemsj lh sdfcmb M & K wj amc trmao

    klte plsdtdlc mcg gdrjatdlc lh rltmtdlc.

      Ky tej hrjqujcay lh pubsjs wj amc mbsl trmao tej spjjg lh nltlr kjamusj ms gdsa spjjg

    vmrdjs, tej hrjqujcay lh pubsjs mbsl vmrdjs.

    Lrgjrdcf fudgj9

    Wypj  Pubsjs lutput sdfcmb Qemht DP-rmtdcf Bjcfte lh amkbj amkbj alccjatdlc

    Lc Bdnjstlcj stmaojr B-DD tej jcalgjr ds9

    ;[-00=0-C-08-8:-01-Q

    ;[9 Wypj

    00=09  =0 pubsjs pjr rjvlbutdlcC9 C ds hlr clrnmb alccjatdlc

    089 Qemht gdnjcsdlc wedae ds dc ndbd njtjrs

    8:9 Dcgjx lh prltjatdlc wedae ds 8:

    019  Bjcfte lh amkbj mttmaejg wdte tej jcalgjr

    Q9 Q stmcg hlr sdgj alccjatdlc lh lutput tjrndcmbs

    Aluctjr

    Ablao wdsj

    400 

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    ;7

    Hlr huretejr gjtmdbjg pmrmnjtjr aejao9

    ettp9//www.stlrogrdvjs.sj/pgh/Qamcalc/Dcorjnjctjbbm/stmcgmrg/mxjb/;[.pgh

    Jcalgjr Alccjatdlc tl PBA

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    ;:

    GDQPBMAJNJCW W[MCQGZAJ[

    (BGD;80HBQ=5) 

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    ;6

      .Vejc tej alrj ds mt ajctjr plsdtdlc lh tej aldbs, sjbh-dcguatdlc lh twl aldbs

    ds smnj.

      Vejc tej alrj fljs dc jdtejr gdrjatdlc ky tej nlvjnjct lh stmaojr idk, tej

    sjbh-dcguatdlc lh tej aldbs fljs dc lpplsdtj gdrjatdlc.

    Mnpbdhdjr (DAM HBQ=5)

      Mnpbdhdjr ds hjg lc ;7 Xga

      Iunpjr sjttdcf lh tej mnpbdhdjr ds selwc kjblw.

      Vj mrj usdcf tej iunpjr sjttdcf M.

      Weds iunpjr sjttdcf ds tl fjt 7-;0nM, :XGa lutput mcg fmdc lh =.

      Vj emvj usjg tej ¾ krdgfj alchdfurmtdlc dc tej sjcslr

    alccjatdlc, dc wedae twl aldbs mrj usjg dc sjrdjs wdte

    jmae ltejr.  Wejrj mrj terjj tjrndcmb lh sjcslr wdte hlbblwdcf

    alblrs.

      Wej hlbblwdcf gdmfrmn dbbustrmtj mnpbdhdjr & dts alccjatdlcs wdte sjcslr &

    lutput

    Wjrndcmb(sjcslr)

    = Frjjc; Kbuj

    1 [jg

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    ;5

    Lutput aurrjct vjrsus plsdtdlc lh trmcsguajr (nn) & Idk plsdtdlc (%)9

    Plsdtdlc_nn^

    Idk Plsdtdlc_%^

    Lutput_nM^

    0 0 ;0.=

    ;0 =0 =5.14

    70 ;0 =8.64

    80 10 =:.=550 70 =1.:5

    =00 :0 ==.44=;0 80 =0.16

    =70 60 5.66

    =80 50 6.;0=50 40 :.:4

    ;00 =00 7.00

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    10

    ZBW[MQLCDA QJCQL[

    (1[F8==:-1KJ00) 

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    1=

    Vemt ds ubtrmslcda<

      Wej slcda (mugdkbj) rmcfj lh slucg hlr eunmc ds ;0 tl ;0 oEz.

      Dh tej slucg ems tej hrjqujcay frjmtjr temc ;0 oEz, dt ds ambbjg ubtrmslcda. 

    Vlrodcf prdcadpbj

    Zbtrmslcda sjcslrs fjcjrmtj edfe hrjqujcay slucg wmvjs mcg jvmbumtj tej jael wedae ds

    rjajdvjg kmao ky tej sjcslr, njmsurdcf tej tdnj dctjrvmb kjtwjjc sjcgdcf tej sdfcmb mcg

    rjajdvdcf tej jael tl gjtjrndcj tej gdstmcaj tl mc lkijat.

    QLCM[ KJ[L (1[F8==:-1KJ00) MW BDNJQWLCJ QWMAOJ[ B-DD

    Qpjadhdamtdlcs9

    Dcput vlbtmfj9 ;7XGa

    Lutput9 7-;0nM mcmblfuj, swdtaedcf (CA) 

    Qjcsdcf rmcfj9 0.7 n tl 1 n

    Vlrodcf rjsdstmcaj9 0 tl 100 ℨ 

    Lkijat sdzj9  Mt bjmst (:0x:0) nn

    [mtjg hrjqujcay9 =;0 OEz

    Kudbt dc selrt adraudt prltjatdlc

    Kudbt dc lvjrblmg wdtestmcg ampmkdbdty

    Alccjatlr9 N=;

    N=;

    alccjatlr

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    1;

    Dcput/lutput WJ[NDCMBQ9 

      Wej clrnmb alccjatdlc tl QLCM[-KJ[L mrj ms hlbblw

      Pdc = ds hlr ;7XGa & nmxdnun up-tl 10XGa

      Pdc ; ds hlr frlucg

      Pdc 7 ds usjg tl alnnucdamtj twl QLCM[-KJ[LQ nutumbby

      Pdc : ds hlr mcmblfuj lutput 7-;0nM

    VL[ODCF

      Wej QLCM[-KJ[L ucgjr gdsaussdlc fdvjs twl typjs lh lutputs , mcmblfuj mcg gdfdtmb

      Vj emvj twl sarjw typj pltjctdlnjtjr , terlufe wedae wj amc sjt lur lpjrmtdcf mrjm  Dc lpjrmtdcf mrjm QLCM[-KJ[L fdvj 7-tl-;0 nM mcmblfuj lutput

      Vejc nmtjrdmb dt ds gjtjatdcf arlssjs tej dcdtdmb mgiustnjct lr hdcmb mgiustnjct dt fdvjs tej

    gdfdtmb sdfcmb ky nmodcf CA tl CL terlufe swdtaedcf lutput

      Vj mrj usdcf iust =, 1 & : pdcs d.j. lcby mcmblfuj lutput ms selwc kjblw

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    11

      Wej dcdtdmb mgiustnjct nust kj kjylcg tej kbdcg zlcj 

      Dh tej dcdtdmb lr hdcmb mgiustnjct ds clt ambdkrmtjg alrrjatby , dcgdamtdlc BJG wdbb kbdco 

    ALCCJAWDLC WL PBA9

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    17

    PW-=00

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    1:

    PW-=009

      Weds ds kmsdambby m [WG(rjsdstmcaj tjnpjrmturj gjtjatlr )

      Dt hlbblws m plsdtdvj sblpj wedae njmcs rjsdstmcaj dcarjmsjs wejc tjnpjrmturj

    dcarjmsjs

      M pbmtdcun rjsdstmcaj tjnpjrmturj gjtjatlr  Pt=00

      Mt 00A dts rjsdstmcaj ds =00 ℨ   Mt =000A dts rjsdstmcaj ds =15.: ℨ 

      Wej njmsurdcf rmcfj lh PW-=00 ds -:00A tl ;100A

      Qtmcgmrg alccjatdlc ds twl wdrj kut tejrj mrj PW-=00 mvmdbmkbj wdte terjj & hlur wdrj

    alccjatdlc

    [JQDQWMCAJ XJ[QZQ WJNPJ[MWZ[J WMKBJ

    WJNPJ[MZ[J [JQDQDWMCAJ

    0 =00=0 =01.4

    ;0 =06.510 ===.6

    70 ==:.:

    :0 ==4.7

    80 =;1.;

    60 =;6.=

    50 =10.4

    40 =16.6

    =00 =15.:

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    ALCCJAWDLC WL PBA9