Instrument testing Tests instrumentaux

Instrument testingTests instrumentaux

Montpellier 23 juin - 4 juillet 2008

Gourlot J.-P.

Plan of presentationPlan de présentation

• Fiber development and measurement

• Length measurement• Colour and trash• Maturity, fineness and

micronaire• Strength• A point about

calibration

• Développement et mesure de la fibre

• Mesure de longueur• Couleur et trash• Maturité, finesse et

micronaire• Ténacité• Un point sur

l’étalonnage

Fiber quality development

Primary wall

Secondary wall

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Age of the boll (days)

Len

gth

(mm

) and

di

amet

er (m

icro

n)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Wal

l thi

ckne

ss (m

icro

ns)

Flower

Fiber quality development

Perimeter

Length

Maturity

Constituants Percentage

Cellulosis 95.0

Proteins 1.6

Waxes 0.9

Physiological sugars 0.3

Other 2.2

Fiber constitution

Fiber quality measurement

‘Micronaire’Mike, IM

Color + contaminantsTensile behavior

Spiral ...Reversals


Could be measured• Cellulose types• Wax content• Flexion / flexibility• ‘Curling’ / crimp


Example of ITC(This display does not constitute any type of recommendation for this equipment,

picture from an advertisement from Uster Technologies)

Strengthand more

Micronaire

ColorTrash content

Length

Length uniformity





calibration




l’étalonnage

Optical sensor

Transmission

Diffraction- inside- outsideScattering- inside- outside

Absorption

Original drawing : Gourlot 12/97

Fibrogram curveConstruction du fibrogramme

Light sensor,measure of variation

Light emission

Displacement

Displacement

% of fibers

Fiber length

Fibrogram

Quantity of fibersfor tensile test

Fiber quality measurementLength Fibrogram

0102030405060708090

100

%

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44Lengh group (mm)

Fibrogram

Mean Length Upper Half ML

Uniformity Index % = ML . 100UHML

0102030405060708090

100

%

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44Lengh group (mm)

Fibrogram

Fiber quality measurementLength Fibrogram

UR% = SL 50 % . 100SL 2.5 %

SL 2.5 %SL 50 %

NOT FOR HVI

Fiber quality measurementLength parameters

SL 2.5 ~ UHML ~ Pulling22 – 40 mm

SL 50 % <> ML10 – 18 mm 18 – 30 mm

UR % <> UI %38 – 50 % 78 – 85 %

NOT FOR HVI





calibration




l’étalonnage


Glass support

Cotton Sample

Pressure plate

Yellowness+ b

ReflectanceRd %

Imageanalysis …

Light bulbsor flash light

Fiber qualitymeasurement

Fiber quality measurementTrashmeter image

01234567

Grey level

123456789101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Binarisation and threshold applied …

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 7 7 7 6 6 6 7 72 7 7 6 6 6 6 7 63 7 7 6 7 5 4 7 64 7 7 4 5 4 3 6 65 7 6 3 2 0 2 5 56 7 6 3 1 0 4 5 57 7 7 4 2 6 6 7 7

Fiber quality measurementTrashmeter image

012345678

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 12

34

56

78

8 pixels consideredas trash particle

Trash count, Trash area, Leaf, Leaf grade





calibration




l’étalonnage


Recorded results:IM : micronaire [2, 7]MR : Maturity Ratio [0, 1.2]PM% : Percent Mature fibers [0, 100]H : Linear Fineness (mtex) [120, 350]Hs : Standard Fineness (mtex) [120, 400]

Hs = H (tex = grams/1000 m)MR

Micronaire, maturity and fineness

Fine

Mature

Large

Immature

=> Some combinaisons of MR and H correspond to close IM for very

different fibres

Micronaire, maturity and fineness

MR = 1.04H = 150

Hs = 144

MR = 0.67 H = 220

Hs = 328

IM = 4.1


War

p, IM

= 6

.0

Weft

IM = 2.4

IM = 3.5

IM = 4.7

Relation between IM, MR and Hs

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0Hs=120 140 160 180 200 220

240260300

MR² =(3.86 x IM² + 18.16 x IM + 13) / Hs PM = (MR - 0.2) x (1.565 - 0.471 x MR) x 100

Coarse(Variety dependent)

Fine

MR

IM


0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0Hs=120 140 160 180 200 220

240260300

Acceptable maturity range

Premium range

MR

IM


0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0Hs=120 140 160 180 200 220

240260300

Growing conditions problems induce

lower MR and lower IM

MR

IM

Characterization of fibersCaractérisation de la fibre

Main characteristics of fibres can be measured manually, or on classical or automatisedinstruments (HVI).Only automatised instruments•Allow instrumental measurement, automatised, fast and integrated of commercial criterias• and allow a bale to bale classification on all criteriastogether

Les principales caractéristiques de fibre peuvent être établies soit manuellement, soit sur appareils classiques ou soit sur chaînes CMI.Seules les chaînes CMI :• permettent des mesures instrumentales, automatisées, rapides et intégrées des critères commerciaux,• et autorisent un classement balle à balle sur l ’ensemble de ces critères





calibration




l’étalonnage

Comb + fibers

Fixedclamp(front)

Mobileclamp (back)

Force sensor

Step motor

Light emission

Light sensor Calibratedwith

‘reference’masses

Hardware designConstruction mécanique


Opticalsensor

Force sensor


Forcesensor

Tractionjaws

Fibrogram curveConstruction du fibrogramme

Light sensor,measure of variation

Light emission

Displacement

Displacement

% of fibers

Fiber length

Fibrogram

Quantity of fibersfor tensile test

Fibrogram and strenthFibrogramme et ténacité

Force

Cla

mpi

ng z

one

Strength (g/tex) = Force x K Estimated weigth

Fibrogram

1/8° inch

jaws0

20

40

60

80

100 % of fibers

Fiber length

Fibrogram and strenth after breakFibrogramme et ténacité après casse

0

20

40

60

80

100

Cla

mpi

ng z

one

jaws

% of fibers

Fiber length

Strength (g/tex) = Force x K Estimated weight

f(nb de fibres et IM)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64

Displacement (Step)

Forc

e (c

N)

Peak ForceModule

Elongation

Strength (cN/tex) = Force x k Estimated mass

= f (quantity of fibers, IM)

Force / elongation curveCourbe Force / Allongement

Strength = Tenacity (cN/tex) = Constraint= Force/Broken surface

+/-= Force/fineness

Fibrograms before/after breakFibrogrammes avant/après casse

0102030405060708090

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Length

% fi

bers

Fibrogram after breakFibrogram before break

Position of the breakPosition de la casse

a b<a

Tenacity or strengthTénacité

Tenacity ≅ F / S should be constant

SF

HVI

F

Single fibers

SF

Rheology

Constraint

DeformationPlasticity

Elasticityof

reorganization

Elasticity

Slippage





calibration




l’étalonnage

Existing reference cottons after 1998Cotons de référence existants après 1998

Existing reference cottons after 1998Cotons de référence après 1998

Modules calibration: MicronaireEtalonnage du module Micronaire

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5

Theorical values

Obs

erve

d va

lues

Theo.Obs.

Calibration = change slopeand offsetbetweenobserved vs theorical values

Sources of variability in the results

VarietyGrowing conditions(fertilizer, insects)

Plant to plantPicking technique

Farm size

Seed cotton preparationGinning technique (R/S)

Lint cleaning

RH conditions,HVI calibration

Nb tests / sample

Number of samples / baleNumber of bales / lotMethod of sampling

PrecisionAccuracy

RepeatabilityReproducibility

Confidence interval

IM (+/-) 0.1 unitLength (+/-) 0.02 inch

(+/-) 0.51 mmLength uniformity (+/-) 1.5 %Strength (+/-) 1.5 cN/texRd % (+/-) 1 %+b (+/-) 0.5Trash (+/-) 0.1 %

From Sasser, 1992.

Expected precisionPrécisions attendues

Confidence Intervals*Intervalles de confiance

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0 10 20 30 40 50

UHMLUIStrengthUHMLUIStrength

Upland Sawginnedsamples

Barbadensecottons

Nb measures / sample

Units

*research samples in specific sampling conditions, échantillons de recherche pris dans des conditions spéciales

Mass of this deposit = 0.0175 g

Other possible bias in HVI measurementAutre biais possible sur mesure CMI

Thank you

for your attention

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Instrument testing Tests instrumentaux