INNOVATIONS IN GENETIC, VALUE CHAIN AND …networks.iamz.ciheam.org/sgvitoria2017/pdf/S4/Bengoumi et al... · Outilne Main innovations in small ruminant sector Introduction Conclusions

INNOVATIONS IN GENETIC, VALUE CHAIN AND ALIMENTATION OF

SMALL RUMINANTS IN MAGHREB REGION

Bengoumi M.1, Boughalmi A.1 and Ben Salem H.2

1FAO Subregional Office for North Africa, Tunis, Tunisia 2IRESA, Tunis, Tunisia

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Outilne Main innovations in small ruminant

sector

Introduction

Conclusions

Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level

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Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant sector Conclusions &

recommandations

3 Sustainable & resilient agriculture / Food & nutrition security

Natural resources protection / Adaptation to Climate Change

Solving the problems of Vulnerability & low efficiency of production systems


recommandations

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4

ICARDA 2014

Based on IPCC Scenario A1B, Average of 21 GCMs (1980/99 to 2080/99)

Relative Change in Mean Annual Precipitation

4 Facing CC-induced water shortage in WANA region

Local breeds + Large numbers + Local know-how + Pastoral resources + Vast rangelands

Food Security + Income Security + Job Creation ...


recommandations

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Issues

Mutations

Performances

Productivity

Environmental Sustainability

Transformation

Creation of Add Value

Competitivity

Productions Consumer

Requirements

•Successor availability • Households' Settlement

•Rangelands’ degradation •Water scarcity •Climate changes

•Feeding strategies •Flock’s mobility •Exotic breeds’ farming

Technique

Environment

Social


recommandations

Small ruminant industries

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Innovations

Social decreasing

interest

Product's quality non

valorized

Poor performances (productivity,

competitivity...)

Main Agricultural Activity for the Rural

Population

Great potential (local breeds,

numbers, trails, know-how ...)


recommandations

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• Genetic diversity: Molecular-genetic-analysis

• Genetic dilution of local breeds through crossbreeding

• Eg: (Rembi +Berber )x Ouled-Djellal (sheep breed, Algeria)

Genome-wide analysis

• Molecular genetic identification and characterization of local breeds (≠phenotypic method)

• Eg: sheep Genetic structure’s update (Algerian)

Autosomal microsatellites analysis

• Relationship between local breeds in the Maghreb region

• Eg: Hamra + Béni Guil (Algerian +Moroccan sheep breed )

Microsatellites markers

• Genetic biodiversity • High amount of genetic variability in indigenous goat

populations (Tunisia and Morocco)

DNA sequence polymorphisms

Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant

sector Conclusions &

recommandations

Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level Genetic level

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• Genetic improvement : Reproductive biotechnologies tools

Artificial insemination (AI)

Seed production and conservation

Ultra-sonography (diagnosis of gestation)

Are not operative yet



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• Value addition to small ruminant local breeds: Eg: Sicilo-Sarde cheese (Tunisia) , Protected Geographical Indications”

(PGI) of the Beni Guil meat (Morocco) • Professionals organization creation: Eg: Agricultural Development Group of Sicilo-Sarde breeders(Tunisia); National Association for Sheep and Goat Breeders (Morocco); Small Ruminants’ Producers’ Association Union in Maghreb region • Information and communication technology tools: Eg: Virtual Extension, Research and Communication Network

(VERCON) (FAO)



recommandations


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recommandations


• Forage production

• Better use of crop residues & agroindustrial by-products

• Food wastes

• Balanced feeding

• Alternative local feed sources

• Seed legumes as natural additives

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recommandations


Species Adaptation (rainfall, mm)

Lathyrus sativus <300, moderate cold

Vicia sativa >300, moderate cold

V. sativa ssp. amphicarpa 250, cold, marginal

V. narbonensis <300, moderate cold

V. ervilia >300, cold

V. pannonica >300, high elevation, severe cold

In areas where annual rainfall is <300 mm, the use of Lathyrus spp. is common, whereas in higher rainfall areas there are large areas of common vetch (V. sativa L.).

Annual legumes- Vetches and lathyrus

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recommandations


Bi-annual legume - Hedysarum coronarium

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111

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160

180

- PEG + PEGBen Youssef & Ben Salem

(Unpublished)

Lamb’s growth rate (g/day)

• Rainfall > 500 mm/Yr • High biomass • Positive effect of tannins on sheep’s growth • New variety release adapted to sheep grazing (Sulla chatra)

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recommandations


14 Winter cereals Feed legumes

Yield of forage crops used as compared to weedy fallows in Tunisia

under CA system

Farmer Forage type Forage

Weedy

fallow Pr > F SE

Biomass (t DM ha-1)

T. Ben Ameur Sulla 6.2 2.2 0.001 0.67

T. Ben Ameur Vetch 3.5 1.4 0.05 0.61

M. Makhzoumi Vetch-triticale mixture 3.2 1.4 0.08 0.65

M. Makhzoumi Vetch-triticale mixture 2.9 1.4 0.05 0.45

J. Sahli Oat-vetch mixture 4.9 3.0 0.05 0.53

J. Sahli Vetch 4.3 4.0 0.10 0.80

Serkan et al. (2015)



recommandations


Dual purpose management of winter cereals • Green barley grazing (Livestock)

• Grain production (Men, Livestock)

• Straw production (Livestock)

• Stubble grazing (Livestock, Soil mulch) • Potential to decrease feed gap and the pressure on the rangelands

• High biomass & nutritive value forage at tillering stage

• Need for the development of dual purpose cereal and legume cultivars in the Maghreb region

New variety release in Tunisia Barley (Lemsi)

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recommandations


Agro-industrial by-products - Making better use through feed block & pelleting technologies

34 a

77 b

66 b

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B-Luz B-Fèv B-Soja

Lambs growth rate (g)

Alfalfa pellets

OC-faba bean pellets

OC soybean meal pellets Ben Salem (2011)

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recommandations


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Date palm by-products in livestock feeding Wasted dates Foliage Floral stems

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recommandations


Options for better use of Date palm by-products

Urea treatment

Feed block Ensiling

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recommandations


Promising “lesser known” plant species

• Cactus (Opuntia spp.)

• Moringa oleifera

• Nigella sativa, etc.

• Multipurpose use

• Economical, social & environmental roles

• Adaptation to semiarid areas 19



recommandations


Cactus – Evergreen fodder bank – Reservoir of water

• Welcomed by farmers in

Maghreb region

• Low water demanding

species

• Easy to establish

• High fodder biomass

• Alternative feed

supplement

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recommandations


Multipurpose use

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recommandations


Average WF of common feeds in Tunisia (liter /kg)

Ibidhi & Ben Salem (2015)

Water footprint of local feed sources

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recommandations


Energy Barley Barley Cactus Cactus

Nitrogen

Soyabean Atriplex Soybean Atriplex

Growth (g/d) 108 a 59 c 119 a 81 b

Ben Salem et al. (2004)

Complementary role of shrub species in the diets for lamb

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recommandations


Good distribution of watering points is an effective tool to encourage livestock mobility and alleviate grazing pressure – Cactus can take this role

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recommandations


From farmer perspective

From national society

From global perspective

Rangelands (B) 549 465 465

Barley rainfed (B) 607 122 122

Cactus (A) 1792 909 1165

Cactus in alley with forage (A)

2247 874 1130

Cactus in alley with barley (A)

2457 1038 1294

Daly et al. (2017)

The integrated Livestock-barley-cactus system is more climate

resilient than crop production

Cactus Added value: Net Present Value (NPV in TND. ha-1) between baseline

(B) and adaptation options (A)

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recommandations


0

500

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Gross margin/household (TND/year)

The net benefit per sheep increases with cactus incorporated in the diet (26 sheep per household in the region of Sidi Bouzid in Tunisia)

( - ) Cactus

( + ) Cactus

Daly & King (2014) 26



recommandations


Economicadvantages

Environmentaladvantages

Stubbleretention

Minimalsoildisturbance

Crop• earlysowing• higheryieldpotential• savings- time,machinery,

fuel

Soil• bettersoilstructure(OM)• bettersoil-waterdynamics(porosity)• betternutrientrecycling(NPK)

• improvedtrafficability

Environment• lesspollution• lesserosion• Csequestration

(1%C=33t/ha)

Highproduction,profit,sustainabilitybenefits

CAcropping

Conservation agriculture

Take half biomass for animals and leave half for soil 27



recommandations


(R1) Alternate grazing of vetch in the morning and wheat stubbles in the afternoon during 65 days in summer is one further option that was tested against: (R2) full grazing of vetch (R3) full grazing of wheat stubbles

Alternative CA based summer feed in Tunisia: vetch grazing

Average daily growth - Lamb (g)

R1 R2 R3

145a 138a 66b

More than 2.5 T DM ha-1 were left on the ground after completion of the grazing period in consistence with application of the CA package

Abidi et al. (in press) 28



recommandations


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Cactus-barley under Conservation Agriculture

Producing more while saving water



recommandations


Moringa oleifera at a glance – recently introduced in Tunisia

Moringaceae family

• Small tree (up to 12 m)

• Drought tolerant

• Fast growing

• Survives on poor soil

Native to sub-Himalayan tracts

Multipurpose Moringa

•Water purification (seeds)

•Oil extraction (47%)

•Human nutrition (quality proteins)

•Quality forage 30



recommandations


Soybean

meal

Moringa seed

meal (daily)

Moringa seed

meal

(intermittent

supply 3 days)

SEM Prob.

Initial BW (kg) 20,6 21,8 20,9 1,01 0,719

Final BW (kg) 27,4 27,8 27,2 1,11 0,976

Growth rate

(g/day) 138,5 118,2 126,2 6,80 0,141

Replacing soybean meal with Moringa seed meal in lamb’s diet

Jellali & Ben Salem (2014) 31



recommandations


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60

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Control + 45 g FG

Hay + concentrate

Daily gain of lambs (g)

H. Ben Salem (unpublished)

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Control + 45 g FG

Ben Salem & Othmane (unpublished)

Ewes Milk (ml/day)

Barley silage + hay + concentrate

Fenugreek seeds – Natural additives



recommandations


Rest technique to rehabilitate degraded rangelands Farmers’ association in charge of collective rangelands management: First experience in Tunisia

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2135

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Control Rest

Biomass (kg DM/ha)

Ouled Belgacem et al. (2008) 33



recommandations

1. Small ruminant production main source of income of rural

population in Maghreb region

2. Increasing vulnerability of SR-based production systems that is

exacerbated by the CC

3. Appropriate Technical, institutional and policies options should be

developed

4. Research has come up with many SR production targeted

technologies & innovations (genetic, value chain, alimentation, etc.)

5. Limited transfer and weak adoption rate of research outputs by

farmers

6. Appropriate approaches and models of transfer involving all actors

(alliance) is a must to protect production systems and improve their

efficiency & profitability

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Thank you for your attention !

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Documents

INNOVATIONS IN GENETIC, VALUE CHAIN AND …networks.iamz.ciheam.org/sgvitoria2017/pdf/S4/Bengoumi et al... · Outilne Main innovations in small ruminant sector Introduction Conclusions