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016Inhoud • Content
Oorsig • OverviewRedakteur / Editor 2
Adverteerders / Advertisers 2
Raadslede / Council Members 4
Namibiese Raad / Namibian Council 5
Voorwoord – Algemene Bestuurder 6
Personeel / Staff 6
Presidentsboodskap 8
Artikels • ArticlesEstimated Breeding Values 12
Resultate Bos Indicus Synthetic Derived – Simbra 16
Important information to improve the breed 20
Die trots van jou kudde verdien net die beste 24wanneer dit kom by voeding
The Beef Genomics Programme 28
Klop die somme met eerste kalf op twee jaar? 32
Back to the roots 34
Dekbeplanning vir beter prestasiedata 40
DNA sampling for genotyping 42
Nutritional aspects of beef cattle performance 46
Opportunities for the utilisation 50of the Simbra breed
Making Bull Selection Decisions 62for heifer matings
Will Southern Africa cope 68with the current drought?
Besoek aan Australië deur 72LRF-verteenwoordigers
Prestasies • Achievements2015 Algemene Jaarvergardering 80
Aldam Stockmanschool 82
Ster Koeie 2015 84
Meeste Kalwers 85
Elite Dams 2015 86
Statistiek / Statistics 88
Grootste telers 90
Skoue • ShowsVryburg Skou 2015 92
Lichtenburg Skou 2015 95
Bloemfontein Skou 2015 98
Royal Skou 2015 100
Pretoria / Jakaranda Skou 2015 102
Windhoek Show 2015 103
Brokkies • SnippetsNampo 2015 91
CUT Beginnerscourse 105
Glen Agricultural Training Institute 105
Kamab Boeredag 106
Telersdag by Ondeka Simbra 107
Sim Week Halter-vry skou te Kroon Boma 108
Dinee 110
Algemene Jaarvergadering 111
Nasionale Veiling 112
SIMBRA JOERNAAL/JOURNAL 2016
Artikels mag slegs met die Redakteur se goedkeuringgereproduseer word.
Articles may only be reproduced withthe approval of the Editor.
PUBLISHERS • SIMMENTALER & SIMBRA SOCIETY
Privaatsak/Private Bag X 7002 Langenhovenpark, 9330
Tel: (051) 446 0580/2 • Faks/Fax: (051) 446 0455Epos/Email: [email protected]
Webblad/Web address: www.simbra.org
Die menings wat in hierdie joernaal uitgespreek word, is nie noodwendig die sienswyse van die Raad van dié Beestelersgenootskap nie. Dié Genootskap
aanvaar nie verantwoordelikheid vir enige aansprake wat in advertensies gemaak word nie.
The opinions expressed in this journal are not necessarily the view of the Council of this Breeders’ Society. This Council accepts no responsibility for
claims made in advertisements.
KOPIEREG VOORBEHOU © COPYRIGHT RESERVEDDie redaksie onderskryf nie noodwendig die standpunte gehuldig in artikels, rubrieke en
advertensies nie.
PRODUKSIE VAN 2015 PUBLIKASIEOntwerp: Chrysalis Advertising & Publishing
051 522 1695 • www.chrysalis-advertising.co.za
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Redakteur • Editor
Adverteerders • Advertisers
Mens sê seker elke jaar dat dié jaar vinniger as die vorige een begin het, maar dié jaar het regtig vir my met ’n “bang” weggetrek. Ek kan nie glo ons is al aan die einde van die derde maand van 2016 nie, en dat die samestelling van die Joernaal einde se kant toe staan nie. Dit is op dié stadium wat mens net bly glo alles sal goed by die drukkers verloop, dat die Joernaal op tyd uitgereik sal word en dat wanneer mens terugkyk, die groot stres alles die moeite werd was.
Soos elkeen van ons weet, is dit maar ’n moeilike jaar wat vir die hele landboubedryf voorlê. Min reën het geval en minder oeste is geplant. Dit is nou hier waar elke boer, of dit nou ’n stoet-, kommersiële en/of ’n naweekboer is, sy liefde en geduld vir die boerdery gaan inspan. Soos Henry Alain sê “Life on a farm is a school of patience; You can’t hurry the crops or make an ox in two days” .
Aan elkeen wat die Joernaal lees, vasbyt en moenie tou opgooi nie. Die landboufamilie staan saam en ondersteun mekaar.
Die vrystelling van die Joernaal sal soos in die verlede tydens Nampo (Mei-maand) plaasvind. U is welkom om ons stalletjie te besoek en hou gerus ook u posbusse dop om u uitgawe per pos te ontvang.
“Belief in oneself is one of the most important bricks in building any successful venture” (Lydia M. Child).
Bly glo in jouself, maak nie saak wat jy aanpak nie. Jy kan ’n sukses daarvan maak.
Geniet elke oomblik van jou boerdery.
Vriendelike groeteAntoinette
“It isn’t the farm that makes the farmer;
it’s the love, hard work and character.”
Adverteerder • Advertiser Bladsy • PageSpalding Simbra 22-23
BKB Afslaers 67
Blouberg Simbras 57
Clinomics 43
Corzel Binne Voor
Duo Simbra 69
Exito Simbra 15
Glen Aggy Simbras 19
Hartklop Simbra 33
HerdMASTER 39
JacMar Simbra’s 29
Jamica Simbra 17
Kamab Simbra 7
Kiriaké Simbras 59
Kleine Monde Simbras 83
Lekatu Simbra 9
Landbou Radio 71
Adverteerder • Advertiser Bladsy • PageMarichelle Simbra 61
Midkop Simbra 27
Molatek 79
Optifeeds 25
Poerie Simbrah 53
R2K Simbra 31
Richter Simbras 13
Sanleo Simbras 55
Smaldeel Boerdery 77
Unistel 49
Veeplaas 45
Vleis Sentraal Agterblad
Vlensburg 11
Voermol 47
Wisp Will 3
Zarissa Simbra 37
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6 RaadsledeCouncil Members
Kobus Bester*President
083 303 [email protected]
Chris Oelofse*Vise-President/ Vise
President082 568 3360
Stephan VoigtsPresident Namibië/Namibia
00264 81 124 [email protected]
Peet Nienaber082 656 1308
Hennie Viljoen*082 655 4262
Petrie Geldenhuys082 681 6636
Christiaan Bouwer083 269 5319
Danie van Vuuren082 928 7380
Reini RuschEre-Lewens President00264 61 233345
Roe WiidEre-Lewens President
082 787 [email protected]
*Dagbestuur
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016Namibiese Raad
Namibian Council
Stephan VoigtsPresidentWindhoek
00264 81 124 [email protected]
Werner WilckensVoorsitter Simbra Komitee
Simbra RaadslidOtjiwarongo
00264 67 [email protected]
Diethelm MetzgerVise-President
Windhoek00264 81 128 9017
Hennie KrugerSekretaris
00264 81 296 [email protected]
Reini RuschEre-Lewens President
Windhoek00264 61 233 345
Bertus WaltersWindhoek
00246 61 225 [email protected]
Willie GroblerTegniese Adviseur
GekoöpteerWindhoek
00264 81 122 [email protected]
Kasper GünzelSimmentaler Raadslid
Grootfontein00264 67 240272
Life is a song - sing it. Life is a game - play it.
Life is a challenge - meet it. Life is a dream - realize it.
Life is a sacrifice - offer it. Life is love - enjoy it.
– Sai Baba
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Personeel • Staff
VoorwoordFlaf Lauwrens – Algemene Bestuurder
Die dag waarvoor almal wag; dié weervoorspelling wys baie gunstige vooruitsigte vir reën oor groot dele van die land, so al wat oorbly is hoop en geloof. Sonder die reën kan geen mens ’n boerdery of stoetery bedryf nie. Een van die grootste vyande en vernietiging van die mensdom is negatiwiteit. Moenie mismoedig raak nie. Hou aan soek na die positiewe, al is dit hoe moeilik.
Die BG-projek is volstoom aan die gang. Baie dankie aan die telers wat deelneem. Bulle is alreeds getoets en geslag. Die bulle word by die L.N.R.-fasiliteit getoets en alles verloop baie goed. Ander bulle is nog in hulle voorbereidingstydperk om slaggereed verklaar te word.
Tot op hede is daar alreeds 133 x Lino (WC1219) kalwers en 114 x Basjan (WWL0910B) aangemeld. Hiermee doen ek ’n ernstige beroep op u om ons gehalte KI-bulle in u kudde te gebruik. Tien kalwers van ’n bul kan tog nie ’n hele kudde laat ontspoor nie en so dra u ook by tot ons ras. Al ons KI-bulle is van uitstaande gehalte en sal in u kudde pas. Baie dankie aan die telers wat die bulle beskikbaar gestel het.
Soos u teen die tyd al weet, is die Sernick-presisie-afrondingsprojek van 35 bulkalwers van sewe verskillende rasse afgehandel. Ons twee rasse het besonder goed presteer. Lees gerus die artikel op bladsy 16 en hou Veeplaas dop vir nog ’n artikel.
As mens na die voorspelling oor die vleispryse kyk, wil mens opgewonde raak as jy ’n produsent is en jy wil byvoeg dat dit hoog tyd is dat iets in ons vleismark gebeur. Solank die droogte egter met ons is en gedwonge verkope deur wyding gebeur, gaan ooraanbod hoog bly, wat weer die vermoë het om pryse af te dwing. Niemand weet ook regtig hoeveel aanteeldiere geslag is en geslag gaan word nie.
Kom ons as telers bly positief. U is goeie boere en telers, kom ons hou aan vorentoe beweeg.
Genootskap-groeteFlaf
Flaf LauwrensHoofbestuurder | General Manager
Erna de SwardtFinansiële Bestuurder | Financial Manager
Schullie SchulenburgTegniese Adviseur | Technical Advisor
Antoinette JacobsSenior Administratiewe Beampte |
Senior Administrative Offi [email protected]
Benita LoftusFinansiële Assistent | Financial Assistant
Amari BormanDiere Wetenskaplike / Animal Scientist
Chantel ViljoenData Analis | Data Analyst
Marguerite FoucheData Analis | Data [email protected]
Lisa VerweySenior Data Analis | Senior Data Analyst
Elleni BassonData Analis | Data Analyst
Hennie KrugerSekretaris | Secretary00264 81 296 4280
Willie GroblerTegniese Adviseur | Technical Advisor
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6 Presidentsboodskap
Ek wil nie vir u ’n lesing oor selfone gee nie, maar u eerder laat dink wat oor ’n paar jaar van Simbra gesê gaan word, en of ons Simbra ook soos Ericsson onder ’n ander naam sal moet bemark. Het die gewildheid van hierdie selfoonhandelsmerk verlore gegaan as gevolg van prys, het hulle nie tred gehou met nuwe neigings in tegnologie nie, was daar ’n probleem met betroubare funksionaliteit, of is hulle eenvoudig net deur ander mededingers in die mededingingswedloop verbygesteek? Daar kan baie antwoorde hierop en verduidelikings hiervoor wees, maar dit is belangrik dat ons uit ander se foute leer, eerder as om ons eie te maak en dan daaruit te leer.
Om relevant in die markplek te bly, is dit belangrik om te voldoen aan jou kliënt se behoeftes, en dít teen ’n billike prys, waar die kliënt steeds voel hy/sy kry
waarde vir geld. As jy egter jou kliëntebasis wil uitbrei, moet jy ’n produk of diens lewer wat beter is as wat jou mededingers aanbied sodat jy ten koste van hul markaandeel kan groei.
In die geval van Simbra, het ons verskillende soorte kliënte soos medestoettelers, kommersiële telers, voerkrale, abattoirs, slaghuise en uiteindelik die persoon wat beesvleis eet en geniet. Ons fi nale produk is vleis, maar ook genetiese materiaal. Dit is ons verantwoordelikheid om seker te maak dat ons binne in Simbra soveel as moontlik waarde saamvoeg.
Faktore buite die teler se beheer’n Eetervaring is iets wat elke persoon kan evalueer en waarop hy/sy self ’n waarde volgens smaak en voorkeur kan plaas. Wanneer ’n vleisgereg swak voorberei
Simbra – Die ras wat ’n beter rooivleisbedryf se potensiaal kan ontsluit
’n Paar jaar gelede was een van die betroubare, gesogte
of gewilde selfone wat baie mense graag wou gebruik ’n
Ericsson. Vir baie mense was dit ’n statussimbool, vir ander
’n instrument om hom/haar te help in die verbetering van
doeltreffendheid of produktiwiteit. My jongste seun, nou in sy
tienerjare, het nie geweet van ’n Ericsson-selfoon nie en het
my later ingelig dat Ericsson nou eintlik Sony is.
Kobus BesterPresident van
Simmentaler en Simbra Genootskap
Vervolg op bl. 10
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word en as gevolg daarvan nie aan die verbruiker se verwagtinge voldoen nie, maak dit nie dat die produk swak is nie, maar skep dit die verkeerde persepsie van die produk. Die teler kan dit nie verhoed nie en het ook geen beheer daaroor nie. So is daar talle faktore waaroor telers nie beheer het nie, maar wat ’n invloed op pryse en winsgewendheid het.
Die grootste faktor waaroor die teler nie beheer het nie, is die kragte van die natuur. Afhangende van die gebiedsgebondenheid daarvan, is natuurverskynsels (soos droogtes) ’n groot gelykmaker wat almal ewe swaar tref. Ons kan poog om vir teenspoed, soos die huidige droogte, te beplan, maar kan hoogstens daarin slaag om met beter aangepaste diere in harmonie met die natuur te boer.
Neem eienaarskap van dít binne jou beheer Wat belangrik is, is om dít waaroor ons as telers beheer het, te bestuur en te verbeter. Dit is deels waarom volledige prestasietoetsing van elke teler se totale kudde so belangrik is. Verwagte resultate uit die Beesvleis Genomiese Projek (BGP) behoort nog ’n verdere dinamika aan die vertolking van prestasiedata te gee. Verder maak die gebruik van semen van die BGP KI-bulle dit moontlik vir alle telers om hul kuddes se resultate aan die BGP-resultate te koppel. Dit sal tot gevolg hê dat die waarde van moeilik meetbare eienskappe soos vrugbaarheid met groter akkuraatheid bepaal kan word. Dit is algemeen bekend dat vrugbaarheid een van die grootste winsdrywers in ’n teelkudde is. Reproduktiewe en ander produksie-eienskappe is aspekte waarmee meeste boere egter vertroud is.
Verdere voordele wat die BGP behoort in te hou, is die identifi sering van meer winsgewende diere ten opsigte van netto voerdoeltreffendheid of residuele voerinname, asook navorsing op karkaseienskappe en vleisgehalte. Ons behoort dus onsself in ’n posisie te plaas waar dit vir ons moontlik is om dié diere, wat meer winsgewend sal produseer en beter gehalte vleis lewer, te kan identifi seer. Ons sal, wanneer hierdie soort inligting beskikbaar is, hierdie diere beter kan aanwend of bestuur. Hierdie is dinge wat Simbra gaan laat slag: ons gaan weet watter diere meer winsgewend deur die voerkraal aangewend sal word; ’n beter wins vir die osprodusent sal oplewer; beter gaan ontbeen; en ’n smaakliker, meer bevredigende eetervaring aan die verbruiker gee. Kies dus om met geneties meerderwaardige diere te boer.
Skep nuwe markteOns kan en ons moet deurlopend daaraan werk om hierdie meer winsgewende diere en diere met
gesogte eienskappe te identifi seer, selfs al word ons nie nou direk daarvoor vergoed nie. ’n Sleutel tot besigheidsukses, is om ’n behoefte te identifi seer en die antwoord/oplossing daarop teen ’n wins te kan verkoop. In enige vervaardigingskosteberekening word die verkoopprys deur die insetkoste beïnvloed, maar nie in beesvleisproduksie nie. Ons moet ten spyte van ’n goeie produk die prys wat op die dag aangebied word, aanvaar. Ons kan nie voortgaan om vir speenkalwers vergoed te word aan die hand van die week se prys per kilogram nie. Wat van gehalte-aspekte, die dier se meerdere genetiese potensiaal om meer winsgewend te produseer, en ’n gesogte eindproduk te lewer? Ons moet werk maak daarvan om vergoed te word vir die verbeterde produk, want die Simbra is deurlopend besig om te verbeter. Dit gaan nodig wees dat ons die kliënt of koper van ons diere hieroor inlig, en seker maak dat hy die voordeel hiervan insien, asook bereid sal wees om daarvoor te betaal.
Ons moet ook aanvaar dat indien ons huidige kliëntebasis nie bereid is om ’n premie vir ’n verbeterde produk te betaal nie, die antwoord daarin lê om die kliëntebasis te verbreed. Twee van ons buurlande voer hoë waarde snitte teen ’n premie suksesvol na die buiteland uit. Dit is moontlik omdat hulle onder meer ’n goedgekeurde naspeurbaarheidstelsel het, en aanvaarbare gesondheidstatus geniet. Om dit reg te kry, sal daar deur die bedryf met die regering saamgewerk moet word, en ons as rolspelers in die bedryf moet druk uitoefen om dit vinniger te laat gebeur.
’n Ander aspek wat aandag behoort te geniet tot fi nansiële voordeel van die vleisbeesboer, is ’n aanpassing in die vleisklassifi kasiestelsel. Om vleissagtheid op grond van ’n dier se tande te bepaal, is oudmodies en werklik nie ’n baie betroubare aanduiding van sagtheid nie. Dit is nie eers ’n akkurate metode om ouderdom te bepaal nie soos wat baie telers, wat geboortes aanteken, kan bevestig. Ons het ’n behoefte aan ’n beesvleisklassifi kasiestelsel wat die verbruiker die gemoedsrus sal gee dat dit wat hy koop, die ervaring sal gee wat hy verwag en vir die produsent die prys wat hy verdien.
Deur die Simbra-ras verder op wetenskaplike wyse te ontwikkel en die markplek daarop te wys, en die voordele daarvan te laat verstaan, kan die Simbra in die toekoms nog meer winsgewend aangewend word. Ons sal egter alle partye en betrokkenes in hierdie netwerk moet inlig oor die waardes, potensiaal en die voordele, asook nuwe markte en geleenthede moet ontwikkel indien nodig, in belang van die Simbra. Dit is ons as telers se verantwoordelikheid om toe te sien dat Simbra sy regmatige plek in die vleisbeesbedryf kry, en vir die regte redes op almal se lippe sal wees!
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Heritability plays an important role in selection. The lower the heritability of a trait under selection, the slower the progress will be to improve the herd and vice versa. A trait that is 40% heritable means that 40% of the difference between animals is due to genetics (the EBVs) and 60% is due to the difference in management and environment.
Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs) can be defi ned as the value of an individual as a genetic parent.
EBVs are the most reliable information a breeder has of how an animal might breed.
When breeders or commercial farmers want to buy a bull or a cow, the breeding values are the most useful selection aid in their selection decision.
Breeding values enable breeders to compare individuals from different herds with each other and to compare how their animals perform against the rest of the breed. It is important to remember that you can only compare individuals from the same breed and not across breeds. For example, you cannot compare the breeding values of Simmentaler to those of Bonsmara or Brahman.
Breeding values are expressed in a unit of measurement, like kilograms and centimetres, and published with an accuracy value (%). Breeding values can change annually as new information is recorded and analysed to estimate new values. Once all new information has been analysed, the breeding value can either change upwards or downwards.
Estimated Breeding Values – One of The Most
Powerful Selection Tools in Animal
Animal breeding is based on selection. The fi rst is natural selection,
which can be described as survival of the fi ttest. Selection, which
is largely infl uenced by feeding and/or management, is based
on appearance. BLUP estimated breeding values (EBVs) is an
indication of how an animal might breed; selection is based on the
genetics of the animal and depends on the information available
about an animal. The better the information, the sounder the
decisions, the faster the herd improves and the higher the profi ts.
Amari Borman
Continue on pg. 14
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To estimate breeding values, the following sources of information are needed: own performance, pedigree data and progeny data (see Figure 1).
As indicated in Figure 1, if the individual has no progeny the records of the individual contribute less to the breeding value than the pedigree records. As the number of the individual’s progeny increases, the contribution to the individual’s breeding value will increase and the contribution of the individual and the pedigree will decrease.
When estimating the breeding value for an individual, always remember that the sire and the dam only contribute half of their EBV to their progeny. For example, Sire A has a breeding value of +16 for weaning weight and Dam A has a breeding value of +6 for weaning weight. The sire contributes half, which is +8 and the dam +3, which indicate that their progeny will wean +11kg heavier.
Accuracy of EBVsThe accuracy of a breeding value is the difference between the true breeding values and the expected breeding values. Accuracy (%) is based on the amount of performance information available on the animal and its close relatives, particularly the number of progeny analysed. Accuracy is also based on the heritability of the trait and the genetic correlations with other recorded traits. In addition, accuracy is an indicator of a breeding value’s reliability and the risk it entails when a specifi c trait is selected. Accuracy can be divided into three groups: low, medium and high (see Table 1). Accuracy is expressed in a percentage.
Table 1: Accuracy of Breeding Values
Accuracy Reliability Risk
<40% Low High
40 – 80% Medium Medium
>80% High Low
If an animal has 40% accuracy for a chosen breeding value, it will not be very reliable at that point in time and the risk taken will be very high. On the positive side, it means the breeding value has a 60% chance to change in a positive or negative direction. However, when an animal has an 80% accuracy for a breeding value, chances are that the breeding value will not change very much. Thus, the breeding value is very reliable and the risk will be very low. The breeder can be assured that the animal will perform according to the breeding value.
To improve the accuracy of a breeding value, a lot of information is necessary. As more information is recorded each year, the accuracy of a breeding value will improve and selection for that trait will be much more reliable.
Figure 1: Sources of Information
A Sire/Dam will
ONLY transmit half of his/her breeding
value to its progeny!
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016Breeding values available
Different breeding values are available for different selection traits.
Calving ease (%) is based on information regarding calving diffi culty scores, birth weight and gestation length.
More positive EBVs are favourable and indicate easier calving. If calving ease is taken into account in selection criteria, calving problems like dystocia might be prevented.
Direct calving ease (%) indicates the infl uence of the sire on calving ease. Daughter’s calving ease (%) indicates how easily a sire’s daughters will calve at two years of age.
Birth weight EBV (kg) is based on the measured birth weight of progeny, adjusted for dam age. The lower the value, the lighter the calf at birth and the lower the likelihood of a diffi cult birth. This is particularly important when selecting sires for heifers.
EBVs for growth/ weight traits are also estimated - for instance 200-day weight, 400-day weight, 600-day weight and mature cow weight.
Milk EBV (kg) is an estimate of an animal’s milking ability. For sires, this EBV indicates the effect of the
daughter’s milking ability inherited from the sire on the 200- and 400-day weights of her calves. For dams, it indicates her own milking ability.
Scrotal size EBV (cm) is calculated from the circumference of the scrotum and adjusted to 400 days of age. This EBV is an estimate of a sire’s genetic merit for scrotal size and is positively correlated to age of puberty in female progeny.
Days to calving (days) indicates the fertility of the daughters of the sire. It is the time interval between the dates when the female is fi rst exposed to a bull in a paddock mating, to the day when she subsequently calves. A negative EBV for days to calving indicates a shorter interval from bull-in date to calving and therefore higher fertility.
EBVs for carcass characteristics are also estimated. These EBVs include eye muscle area, rib fat, retail beef yield and intramuscular fat.
Breeding values are one of the most powerful tools breeders can use when selecting animals to become parents. Breeders must remember that EBVs are not the alpha and omega but a tool to assist in selection. It will be easier for breeders to accept breeding values if animals are structurally correct.
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Die gemiddelde daaglikse gewigstoename (GDT) oor die voertydperk was 1.81 kg/dag terwyl die gemid-delde daaglikse voerinname 9.7 kg/dag was. Dit gee ’n voeromset-verhouding (VOV) van 5,38:1. ’n Ewekansige steekproefneming van 10 diere is op die winsmaksimerende voerperiode en geslag geneem. Die gemiddelde uitslagpersentasie was 60.72% met ’n gemiddelde karkasgewig van 293 kg en gradering van A2/3.
Figuur 1 is die uitset van die winsmaksimerende model. Die totale veranderlike kostes was R2.55/
kg voer vir week 1 tot 6; R2.80/kg voer vir week 7 tot 15; en R2.90/kg voer vir week 16 tot 23. Die karkasprys was R35.00/kg. Figuur 1 wys dat die waarde van die marginale produk (vleis) tot week 21 meer as dié van marginale koste (veranderlike koste) is. Daarna is die marginale koste meer as inkomste.
Resultate Bos Indicus Synthetic
Derived – SimbraDie Sernick-presisie-afrondingsprojek was ’n eksperi mentele
konsep. Die resultate toon dat die konsep werk en dat dit die
potensiaal het om in voerkrale gebruik te word. Daar moet in
gedagte gehou word dat data ten opsigte van groei- en voerinname
slegs vir die 2015-Sernick-projek geld en nie veralgemeen kan
word nie. Die model is wel generies en kan deur enige voerkraal
gebruik word deur hulle eie unieke data in te voer.
Figuur 1: PMFP-modeluitset om winsmaksimerende voerperiode aan te dui
Philip OosthuizenUniversity of the Free State. Department of
Agricultural Economics. Unit in Livestock Economics. B.Sc.
Agric – Agricultural Economics & Animal Science. B.Sc. Agric Honors-Agricultural
Economics
Vervolg op bl. 18
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Op dieselfde punt raak die weeklikse (marginale) winsmarge negatief terwyl die bruto winsmarge maksimeer. Op grond van hierdie maatstawwe word die winsmaksimerende voerperiode bepaal. Volgens die produksiedata en die 2015-prysscenario, is die winsmaksimerende voerperiode dus 21 weke (147 dae). Tabel 1 dui die alternatiewe winsmaksimerende voerperiodes vir verskillende prysscenario’s aan.
Volgens Tabel 1, raak die voerperiode langer namate die karkasprys verhoog, en raak dit korter namate die voerprys verhoog. Vir elke R3.00 wat die karkasprys verhoog, word die winsmaksimerende voerperiode met 0.9 weke of 6.3 dae verleng. Vir elke R0.20 wat die voerprys verhoog, verkort die winsmaksimerende voerperiode met 0.7 weke of 5 dae. Die verskil in bruto winsmarge is R61.26 per bees. Dus maak die voerkraal R61.26 méér wins per bees deur volgens die
Projekvennote: Universiteit van die Vrystaat se departemente Landbou-ekonomie, Veekunde en Voedselwetenskap sowel as die Sernick-groep, LNR en Veeplaas.
Tabel 1: Voerperiodes vir verskillende prysscenario’s
Carcass Price R 33.00 R 34.00 R 35.00 R 36.00 R 37.00
Feed Price Week Day Week Day Week Day Week Day Week Day
R 2.40 22 154 22 154 22 154 23 161 23 161
R 2.60 22 154 22 154 22 154 22 154 22 154
R 2.80 20 140 21 147 21 147 22 154 22 154
R 3.00 19 133 20 140 20 140 20 140 21 147
R 3.20 18 126 19 133 19 133 19 133 20 140
winsmaksimerende voerperiode te voer. In ’n scenario waar ’n voerkraal 10 000 bees voer, sal hulle dus R612 600 meer wins per siklus kan genereer. Teen 2.7 siklusse per jaar, sal daar R1 654 020 miljoen meer wins per jaar gemaak word.
Volgens dié resultate, kan ’n voerkraal bykomende wins genereer deur hierdie diere 14 dae langer as die normale voerperiode te voer. Tabel 1 dui aan dat prysveranderinge ’n invloed op die winsmaksimerende voerperiode het en in ag geneem moet word.
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Important information to improve the breed:
Condition BCS Description
Thin 1 Severely emaciated. All ribs and bone structure easily visible and physically weak.
2 Emaciated, similar to 1 above but not weakened. Little visible muscle tissue.
3 Very thin, no fat on ribs or brisket, and some muscle still visible. Back easily visible.
Borderline 4 Thin, with ribs easily visible but shoulders and hindquarters still showing fair muscling. Backbone visible.
Optimum 5 Moderate to thin. Last two to three ribs visible. Little evidence of fat in brisket, over ribs or around tailhead.
6 Good, smooth appearance throughout. Some fat deposition in brisket and over tailhead. Ribs covered and back appears rounded.
7 Very good fl esh, brisket full, tailhead shows pockets of fat, and back appears square due to fat. Ribs very smooth.
Fat 8 Obese, back very square, brisket distended, heavy fat pockets around tailhead and cow has square appearance due to excessive fat. Neck thick and short.
9 Rarely seen. Very obese. Description of 8 taken to greater extremes. Heavy deposition of udder fat.
1
2
4
3
Age at fi rst calving of all females
before or on 39 months.
All females DLC (days last calved)
not to exceed 730 days.
Body condition score (score 1 to 9,
to be completed on weigh form):
Wean weight/200 day calf and
dam weight and hip height.
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5 Hip height:Days to
calving form:
Simbra branding for
registered bulls:
All bulls entered for the National
Auction require a DNA profi le, sire
confi rmation and fertility certifi cate.
All bulls born on or after 1 January 2014 to be used for
stud breeding purposes require a sire confi rmation.
• Add a ruler to the front or back of your scale.
This form should be submitted at the end of your calving season. Information of all female animals should be completed – whether she calved or not.
Due to the great demand for Simbra bulls and the number of “Simbra type bulls” sold by commercial farmers, it was decided to make use of a unique Simbra brand mark.
Only registered bulls that have passed a strict visual inspection may wear this brand mark on the left shoulder blade.
It aims to protect the buyer of Simbra bulls, to assure the buyer that these bulls have the necessary pedigree history on record and that the bull was visually inspected for structural and functional correctness according to the Simbra breed standards. It also protects Simbra breeders against fraudulent marketing of “Simbra type bulls” as Simbra bulls.
From 2015, all Simbra bulls born in 2012 and thereafter may be only be traded as breeding bulls when they wear this unique Simbra brand.
Determine height by measuring to the topline directly over the hip or hooks.
Examples of measuring devices
Measuring Stick.
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Daar is verskeie fases waartydens bulkalwers gevoer en getoets word. Die inligting wat deur middel van hierdie toetse verkry word, word gebruik om die prestasie van die pa, sowel as die ma, van kalf te meet.
Die doel van stoeterye is hoofsaaklik om hoë gehalte kalwers met goeie groeieienskappe te produseer wat deur voerkrale gekoop kan word. Prestasietoetsing bied aan die boer ’n wetenskaplik-ontwikkelde, mededingende voordeel. Daar is verskeie fases van toetsing wat direk en indirek van die genetika van die bul getuig.
Fase A kyk na die prestasie van die koeikudde. Die prestasie van ’n bul se dogters is ’n direkte weer-spieëling van die genetika wat aan hulle oorgedra is. Die eienskappe wat hulle ten toon stel ten opsigte van reproduksie en melkproduksie (speengewig) kom helfte van die ma en die ander helfte van die pa. Die belangrikste evaluasies van hierdie fase is melkproduksie van die koei, voorspeense groei en koeidoeltreffendheid.
Fase B kyk na die prestasie van al die kalwers wat na speen gehou word. Die kalwers word op grond van fi siese eienskappe deur die boer geselekteer om net
Die trots van jou kudde
wanneer dit kom by voedingverdien net die beste
Vin Marcantuono Tegniese adviseur van Opti Feeds
Maak nie saak hoe lief ’n boer sy mooiste koeie en verse het
nie; die trots van elke boer wat met suiwerrasbeeste stoet, is die
pragbul op die plaas – die pa van al sy beste kalwers. Die pad
na volmaaktheid is egter ’n lang een wat uitstekende bestuur en
boekhouding verg.
Vervolg op bl. 26
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die beste vers- en bulkalwers te hou. Die ekonomiese eienskap waarna daar in hierdie fase gekyk word, is groeivermoë. Die belangrikste evaluasies van hierdie fase is naspeense groei, gewigstoename en skrotumomvang van die bulletjies.
Fase C-toetsing behels die intensiewe toetsing van die voeromset-verhouding (VOV) van uitgesoekte jong bulletjies in die kudde. Hierdie uitgesoekte bulletjies word gewoonlik na ’n aanleg geneem, waar hulle elkeen afsonderlik gevoer word, om sodoende die presiese hoeveelheid voer gevreet om ’n kilogram lewendige gewig te groei, te kan vasstel. Hierdie is dan die voeromset-verhouding van die beeste. Hierdie aanlegte word deur professionele mense bestuur wat na die gesondheid van die bulletjies omsien en ook sorg dat die bulle elke dag genoegsame voer van ’n hoë gehalte ontvang. Al die bulle word in dieselfde omstandighede gevoer en aan almal word genoeg voer gegee om tot sy volle potensiaal ten opsigte van groei te kan presteer. Op hierdie manier kan presies vasgestel word wat die voeromset van elke individuele bulletjie is. In stoet-genootskappe moet die bulletjies aan sekere groeitempo’s en voeromset-verhoudings voldoen om gekeur te kan word en as stoetbulle geregistreer te kan word. Die ekonomiese eienskappe wat tydens hierdie fase geëvalueer word, is voeromset-verhouding, groeivermoë en skrotumomvang van die bulle. Die belangrikste evaluasies gedurende hierdie fase is naspeense groeivermoë, voerinname, skrotum omtrek, gewigs toename, funksionele voorkoms-punting, lig gaams mates, ultrasoniese skandering en kondisie punting. Voeromset-verhouding word al belangriker met voerpryse wat bly styg. Dit gaan al belangriker word vir instansies soos voerkrale om kalwers te koop wat meer doeltreffende groei-eienskappe besit om beter, meer ekonomiese groei te verseker. Tydens
hierdie toetsing word twee nageslag van drie teelbulle per seisoen getoets.
Fase D-toetse vind plaas wanneer ’n groep van die bulkalwers in ’n groep gevoer word om naspeense groei te evalueer. Die ekonomiese eienskappe wat tydens hierdie fase getoets word, is naspeense groeivermoë, doeltreffendheid van voerverbruik ten opsigte van die Kleiber-verhouding en skrotumomvang van die bulle. Kleiber-verhouding (KV) is ’n evaluasie van die dier se vermoë om te groei in verhouding tot sy metaboliese onder houds behoeftes. ’n Hoër KV is meer gewens. Die rede hoekom KV gebruik word is omdat die bulle in ’n groep gevoer word, en elke individuele bul se presiese inname nie bepaal kan word nie. Die belangrikste evaluasies van hierdie fase is naspeense groeivermoë, gewigs toename, skrotumomtrek, liggaams metings, bosluis-tellings, funksionele voorkomspunting, ultra-soniese skandering en kondisie-punting. Elke toets bestaan uit drie periodes naamlik aanpassing (om ’n positiewe groeikurwe te bewerkstellig), die toetsperiode (om maksimale groei te verkry) en die afsluitingsdag (neem van liggaams mates en resultate bereken). Keuring van die bulle gebeur op grond van hierdie data.
Dit is van kardinale belang dat al die bulletjies genoegsame, hoë gehalte voer ontvang sodat hulle tot hulle volle potensiaal kan presteer. Tydens die voer van die kalwers en bulle in hierdie toetsfases word ’n goed geformuleerde en gebalanseerde fase C- of fase D-voer gebruik. Hierdie voer is gewoonlik hoog in natuurlike proteïen en voldoen aan die onderhoud en groeivereistes van die spesifi eke beeste ten opsigte van die energie-inhoud. Al die bogenoemde toetsdata word dan gebruik om die beste bulle te selekteer en sodoende die verbetering en vooruitgang van die kudde te verseker.
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Executive summaryIt is evident that national investments in genomic programmes yield economic returns. This is also true for the agricultural sector, where a large number of countries have adopted utilisation of genomic information in animal breeding programmes. Such investments ensure that steady increased genetic progress is made on an annual basis, and that the animal genetic resource-base for the country remains competitive in the world market.
It remains essential that the traits of economic importance are measured in the environments in which these animals are produced. South Africa is very unique in this regard, in terms of climatic conditions and availability of feed. While there has been a history of recording in certain beef and dairy cattle breeds, accurate recording of performance data in the industry has been lacking. The Beef Genomics Programme (BGP) will seek to implement accurate recording, and combining such data with genomic data (DNA markers with trait infl uence) in order to improve the accuracy of selection and thus the rate of genetic progress made by breeding programmes for the traits selected.
The Beef Genomics Programme (BGP) utilises and extends the existing capacity in genomics infrastructure
and human resources of the South African research institutions. Strong international collaborations already exist within the BGP to ensure best practice in the implementation of the programme.
Thirteen breeds (fi ve from the LRF and eight from Studbook) form part of the initial BGP agreement with a number of breeds considering commencing participation in 2016. The plan also includes a route for small-holder farmers and indigenous breeds to participate. This is extremely important in the South African context since nearly half of the cattle in the country are held by smallholders.
Implementation of the BGP holds many potential benefi ts, including improvements in productivity resulting in increased profi tability (or reduced cost of production); improvement of the competitiveness of the SA beef industry; improvement in sustainable food production; and improvement of smallholder animals leading to increased participation in economic activities for these farmers.
IntroductionGenetic progress, a measure of improvement of an animal’s performance for a specifi c trait, is improved
The Beef GenomicsProgramme
Thys MeyerLovedale Boerdery,
Free State
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breeding programmes12. The resultant increase in animal production effi ciency, coupled with rapidly decreasing costs for obtaining the genomic information for the animals, holds the promise of increased economic returns for the livestock farmers concerned, and a more competitive position for the country in the world market.
At least fi fteen countries utilises genomic information in cattle breeding programmes at a national level3. In South Africa, there has been a long history of performance recording within certain beef and milk cattle breeds4. The country has also made signifi cant investments into genomics and animal production infrastructure and associated human capital development. An outcome of such investment is the establishment of the Biotechnology Platform at the Agricultural Research Council’s (ARC) Onderstepoort campus. The platform houses cutting-edge equipment for genotyping and next-generation sequencing, as well as automation of sample
1 Potential benefi ts of genomic selection on genetic gain of small ruminant breeding programs. F Shumbuso et al. Journal of Animal Science, 2013, 3644-3657.
2 A review of genomic selection- Implications for the South African beef and dairy cattle industries. E van Marle-Koster et al., 2013, 43, No
3 The development and application of genomic selection as new breeding paradigm. A Eggen, 2012, Animal Frontiers, Vol 2, No 1, 10-15.
4 A review of genomic selection- Implications for the South African beef and dairy cattle industries. E van Marle-Koster et al., 2013, 43, No
preparation. In addition, substantial human resource and infrastructure investments have been made at the ARC’s Animal Production Institute (API) at Irene. Universities have also developed the requisite research expertise to augment the phenotypic records with genotypic data. These factors make the addition of genomic information to conventional breeding programmes possible, utilising locally developed expertise.
World population growth fi gures and extrapolations suggest that the world population could exceed nine billion by 2050 with a potential doubling of the African population to more than two billion. The resources (e.g. available land) to produce food will not increase, yet Africa has the largest opportunity to improve its resource utilisation. Although beef could be regarded as a higher end (cost) protein, it remains true that the demand for beef is stimulated by improved levels of development. The ability to produce more and better quality beef from the same (or less) resources at a lower cost will therefore directly contribute to sustainable food production in the region. The beef genomics project will improve the ability of the beef producer to more accurately select for economically important traits (improved quality, improved fertility, lower feed requirements) which will improve the competitiveness of the industry as a whole.
Continue on pg. 30
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6 The BGP programme presents a strategic approach to the practical implementation of available technologies, in consideration of future developments in the industry, to ensure sustainable economic growth in Southern Africa. The execution of the BGP project will provide a solid foundation for a globally competitive animal genetic resource-base for the Southern African beef industry.
Implementation PlanThis BGP implementation plan recognises the established relationships between the role-players and seeks to utilise these structures and relationships to implement and execute the BGP project.
The following key regulating principles are embedded in the BGP programme:
• The utilisation and support of a central datatank, Intergis under management of ARC, capturing raw phenotype data for all measures of an animal.
• The establishment of a central databank under management of ARC to enable capturing of genotypic data for all measures of an animal.
• The intellectual property (IP) and usage of data stored on the central databanks will be guided by an IP agreement between the respective societies and ARC.
• The benefi ciaries (legal entities receiving the benefi t of external funding) are the respective breed societies, which imply that the responsibility to implement a breed-specifi c BGP, with the capability to establish and objectively measure progress made with the funds received, rests with the society.
• The management team will establish standards and principles to be contained in, and met through, the execution of the respective BGP project plans of each society. Allocation of funding in future years to a society will be infl uenced by their ability to acceptably report on progress made with funds received to date.
• External funds were made available by the RSA Government through TIA to be used for feed effi ciency measurement, meat quality measurement and genotyping (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism or SNP tests).
Route to market through breed societies
The inherent structure of the project ensures the route to market is through each of the respective breed societies, ensuring their involvement and maintaining their independence in a competitive environment.
BGP objectives
The objectives of a BGP project within a breed are defi ned by each breed individually, but generally consist of a selection from the following:
• Improved accuracy of breeding values (EBV’s) for each breed, which will lead to accelerated progress.
• The establishment of a genomic reference population/training population for each breed based on an accurate database for all performance traits, including the diffi cult to measure traits, with specifi c reference to:- Feed effi ciency;- Carcass attributes/meat quality; - Female fertility;- Maternal (milk) ability.
The outcome of this project is:
• Generating useful data for research;
• Data to be provided by the breed society to their service provider of choice for the development of the EBV’s/GEBV’s and economical indexes as required by the society.
Societies will naturally follow through on the above, given that this will enhance their competitive position in the marketplace. The value chain (commercial breeders, subsistence farmers, feedlots, retailers and consumers) will directly and indirectly benefi t from the improved genetics on the use of the improved genetic material.
Project durationThe initial funding granted by TIA for the project is for a period of three years. The BGP plan however provides for a project period of 10 years up to April 2025. The BGP management team is committed to seek appropriate levels of funding for the remainder of the period.
ResearchThe primary research component is the establishment of the reference populations where phenotypes will be recorded for the traits identifi ed by the various breeds. In addition, biological samples will be collected for genotyping. It is important to note that in the research phase, aspects such as a national bio-bank and national database will be of major importance to store and analyse the large volumes of data generated. The research component is led by a team including Prof Este van Marle-Koster (UP Animal Sciences), Dr Norman Maiwashe (ARC API) and Prof Frikkie Neser (UFS).
A summary of the research process is as follows:
1. Establishment of reference populations for the different breeds
The reference populations for each breed (and for each trait within a breed) will differ in size and period of phenotypic data and biological material collection.
2. Establishment of a bio-bank
Biological material in the form of hairs, blood and or semen needs to be stored until time of extraction and validation. A bio-bank is a national asset for preserving livestock genetic resources. Research is required for
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Acknowledgement
This article is an adaptation of a direct extract from the BGP expression of interest as submitted to TIA by the BGP team. The expression of interest was completed by the BGP management team under the guidance of Dr John Becker.
the development of a bio-bank for South African needs with due consideration to linking with phenotypic and genotypic databases.
3. Databank development
During the research for the bio-bank, an additional research project will focus on databank development for storage and management of phenotypic and genotypic data generated from the BGP.
4. Genotyping
During the 2015 cycle, a number of infl uential animals (as identifi ed by the society) from the participating breeds will be subjected to whole genome sequencing.
Available commercial SNP bead chips will be used for genotyping of the animals in BGP.
Low density chips can be developed to suit the needs of commercial and small farmers.
5. Estimation of direct genomic values and genomic EBV’s
Model development is a generic research step to test and adapt available models for application in South African breeds. Besides generic model development, it is envisaged that breed-specifi c models for application by the service delivery organisations will follow.
6. Validation
This phase will involve validation of the models that have been applied in industry and will be an important phase for validation of genomic selection in the different breeds. It will also identify further research to follow.
7. Application
In the application phase, the research will evaluate genetic improvement of the traits. The research focus will also move towards economic and social analyses to evaluate the impact of genomic selection on various levels of the South African society.
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?
Om verse, wat in die kudde opgeneem word, elke seisoen op twee jaar te laat kalf en daarna weer vir die volgende kalfseisoen dragtig te kry, moet die volgende in plek wees:
• Goed beplande weidingsbestuur, want hoë gehalte natuurlike weiding bly nog steeds die goedkoopste voedingsbron. Dit behels seisoenrus vir ten minste een derde of selfs die helfte van die weiveld om wortelreserwes op te bou. Die regte drakragnorme vir die omgewing moet toegepas word.
• Kalfseisoene van 75 tot 90 dae. Kortliks, is die grootste voordele van ’n vaste kalfseisoen die sinkronisering van al die bestuursfunksies soos kalwing, horings brand, inentings, wegings, speen, dragtigheidsondersoeke, bemarking asook die toets en versorging van bulle.
• Voervloei moet vir die volle seisoen geskik wees. Maak voorsiening vir die maande tussen oesreste/winterweiding en voldoende groenweiding, hetsy spaar kampe, staande hooi, bale hooi of kuilvoer. Alle koeie, des te meer die eerstekalfkoeie, behoort nie meer as een kondisiepunt vanaf kalwing tot en met dekking te verloor nie. Indien moontlik, maak voorsiening vir ’n voerbuffer vir seisoene soos die huidige.
Voordele van vroeë kalwing• Verse is vroeër deel van die produserende diere en
verleng hulle produktiewe lewe met ten minste een jaar, wat weer die vervangingskoers kan verlaag.
• Daar is geen groep verse wat ná speen van die bulle weggehou moet word nie.
Uitdagings met vroeë kalwing• Verse moet van speen (einde April vir somerkalwers)
tot dek (begin Desember) rondom 120 kg optel; dit is as ons aanneem dat ’n konserwatiewe gemiddelde speengewig min of meer 230 kg is. Dit kom neer op ’n gewigstoename van 0.6 kg/dag oor 200 dae. Dit gee ’n teikengewig van 360 kg, die vereiste 60% van ’n volwassekoeigewig wat vir eerste dekking aanbeveel word.
• Herbesetting van die eerstekalfkoei is moeiliker omdat die jong koei moet groei, ’n kalf groot maak en weer binne 80 tot 100 dae dragtig raak. ’n Produksielek of enige ander aanvulling van kalf tot speen verhoog die herbesettingspersentasie van die jong koeie. In ons kudde wissel die herbesetting tussen 65% en 80% afhangende van die seisoen. Verse, wat nie dragtig is nie, word nog een kans in die winterdekseisoen gegee.
Kostes in ons kudde om teikengewig te haal’n Totale gemengde rantsoen (TGR) bestaande uit mieliekuilvoer, smutsvingergrashooi en konsentraat word gegee. Voeromset word gereken op 6:1; om 120 kg gewig op te tel word 720 kg voer benodig wat die afgelope seisoen (2015) R2.65 per kg gekos het.
Klop die sommemet eerste kalf
op twee jaar Hennie Viljoen
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720 kg x R2.65 = R1 908.00
Van die vers se eerste kalf tot en met speen kry sy Molatek Meester 20 as aanvulling teen 1 kg per dag wat drie keer per week gegee word om kompetisie by die voerbak te verminder. Die huidige prys is R3.00 per kg en die tydperk van 1 September tot 30 April is 240 dae.
Aanvulling van kalf tot speen: 240 x R3.00 = R720.00
Totale voerkostes = R2 628.00
Marge bo voerkoste van die eerstekalfkoeieIn ons kudde is die jong koeie wat op 24 tot 26 maande kalf se kalwers ligter as die res van die kudde met ’n gemiddelde speengewig van 205 kg. Die afgelope
Bestuurstelsel Koeie Verse 2j+ Verse 1jr+ Nie-produserende diere
Verse kalf op 3 jaar 100 22 25 47 of 32 % van totale kudde
Verse kalf op 2 jaar 100 0 25 25 of 20 % van totale kudde
seisoen was die speenkalfprys R18.00 per kg, wat ’n gemiddelde opbrengs van R3 690.00 gee.
Marge bo voerkoste is: R3 690.00 – R2 628.00 = R1 062.00
Hieruit kan afgelei word dat dit steeds lonend is om teen ekstra koste ’n vers op twee jaar te laat kalf. Afgesien daarvan dat dit fi nansieel die moeite werd is, maak dit ook kuddebestuur makliker omdat daar nie verse is wat van die bulle weggehou moet word nie. Hou ook in gedagte dat die vers, wat eers op 27 maande by die bul kom, ook lekke en weiding nodig het wat nie hier in berekening gebring is nie.
Die grootste voordeel is egter minder nie-produktiewe diere in die kudde soos in die tabel hieronder aangetoon. Dit het tot gevolg dat die kilogramme vleis geproduseer per hektaar aansienlik sal verhoog.
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Back to the
This was the slogan of the 31st European Congress of Simmental-
Fleckvieh held in Thun, Switzerland, together with the council
meeting of the World Simmentaler/Fleckvieh Federation. A very
interesting four-day programme was arranged by a dedicated
team of experts, which included farm excursions, technical
speeches and a visit to a Simmental show. The meeting took place
at the lake of Thun with the most spectacular scenery surrounded
by a historic castle and old city centre.
roots
Stephan VoigtsPresident from
Namibian Simmentaler &
Simbra
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Livestock farming in SwitzerlandAgriculture takes up more than a third of Switzerland’s surface, a country of grasslands. The roughage-based animal husbandry is strong by tradition; the cattle population amounts to 20% of the human population. Economically important production branches are above all dairy and beef production, with the fattening of animals resulting from dairy and suckler cow husbandry. In 2014, dairy production contributed 25% to the value of agricultural production, and cattle production (beef and live animals) 14%. Since 2000, the number of suckler cows has doubled, amounting to over 117 000 animals. During that same period, the number of milk producers has decreased, whereas dairy production has never been higher than in 2014. Until some years ago, dairy farms counting more than 50 cows were very rare, but since 2000 the average dairy production per farm has increased by 70%.
These changes have been stimulated by farmers’ efforts to increase the effi ciency of their farms and society’s increasing demands on animal husbandry. In the environment of these new markets, growing attention is paid to animal welfare and consumers are ready to pay for it. Around 80% of the animals of the bovine species are held within the so-called RAUS programme and therefore have regular outdoor access. This is a government programme encouraged through direct payments. Buyers also pay better prices if products are labeled as such.
Improving the competitiveness of production is a great challenge - breeding ‘utility animals’ which allows cost effective production of high quality livestock products.
Development of the Simmental breedUnder the infl uence of a fl ourishing cattle trade far beyond the Swiss borders, the idea of a breed began to consolidate itself in the second half of the 19th century. This led to the formation of breeding cooperatives under a national umbrella organisation in 1890. Simmental-Fleckvieh is still kept and bred in its original regions. With comparatively big animals, the Simmental breed reached high milk yields as soon as the 1930’s; up to 10 000kg per lactation in some cases. With the change to the small, stout, so-called economic type, performance receded into the background from around 1945 onwards, which plunged the Simmental-Fleckvieh into crisis and, with the crossing of Simmentaler with Red Holstein from 1970 onwards, led to a strong decline in the breed. This led to breeding programmes of pure Simmental. Adapted to a demanding topography, Simmental-Fleckvieh today convinces with excellent milk yields and meat production, with around 25 000 herd-book animals in dairy production - 4% of the total number of dairy cows - and around 10 000 beef cows.
Suckler cow husbandryThe number of farms specialising in suckler cows has continually increased in Switzerland during the last few years. A decisive element for this increase is the label programmes by Swiss Beef.
Natura-BeefThe aim of this label programme is to offer meat of excellent quality to consumers, produced in harmony with nature and in consideration of high standards of animal welfare. Animals are slaughtered immediately after wean at age 9 to 11 months and average slaughter weight of 220kg. An important partner in the commercialisation of Natura-Beef was the retail company Coop. In 2014, the number of animals marketed under the label Natura-Beef increased to 38 650.
SwissPrimeBeefA label programme aimed at slaughtering weight of 260 to 330kg with a fattening period after weaning. In 2014, around 3 500 animals were marketed under this label programme.
NaturaVealProduction of veal in suckler cow husbandry is the aim of this label programme. Calves are slaughtered at 5,5 months of age at the most. Some farms buy additional calves, which they join to the mother cows’
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own calves. The demand cannot be satisfi ed by far; for producers it is the most demanding label programme. In 2014, more than 5 000 animals were marketed under this label.
All three label programmes are subject to production rules, which regulate the keeping and rearing of the animals. As the regulations for the three label programmes are identical, the member farms can deliver to all three programmes in parallel. Animal welfare is a very important requirement the farms have to meet. The principles are grazing in summer, loose housing in winter with permanent access to outside areas and feeding based on roughage. The farms are subject to regular and unannounced controls, executed by the inspection authority, Beefcontrol.
Thanks to the label programmes of Swiss Beef Cattle, more than 50 000 animals resulting from suckler cow husbandry can be sold every year with decisive added value for the producers.
Simmental breeding in the AlpsSimmental breeding has a very long tradition in alpine farming. Simmental breeder Ueli Bach showed us his farm and shared information with us. On the way to his farm, we drove across the Simme valley, the roots of the Simmental-Fleckvieh breed. His farm is a classical farm with alpine transhumance, comprising the main farm in the valley, the spring pastures and the alpine farm. This is a typical family farm, with all generations contributing as much as they can
to the farm work. During the fi ve summer months, they have an employee and during the period on the Alps they have a trainee. Altogether, the Bach family cultivate 47 hectares of farmland, which is composed of 20ha permanent meadows, 6,5ha of extensive and little intensive meadows, 14,5ha of pastures and 2,6ha of litter meadows. Their herd counts around 70 animals, of which 26 cows and fi ve young bulls are used for raising. The rest are young cattle. With the exception of one cow, the whole herd has been bred on the farm. Cow lines are very important in Ueli Bachs breeding programme. We were shown fi ve generations of one line in the Bach barn, the oldest cow being 17 years of age and still producing 7 200kg of milk per year. Animals are characterised by extremely good hooves and correct legs, well balanced udders and good breadth throughout. Colour and eye pigmentation are not selected for at all. Ueli Bach mentioned that from his experience, animals with a good breadth from the chest through to the udder are the ones with better constitution.
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Longevity is very important for farmer Bach. He does not want his cows to produce more than 7 500kg milk per year, as at this level supplementation is the most economical. Average milk yield amounts to 7 200kg with 4.27% of fat and 3.57% of protein. Ideally, most of the animals calve from September to the end of December. Per year, the Bach family sells about 10 cows and the bulls they raised to breeding farms. Some cows are artifi cially inseminated with selected sires, but natural mating with own bred bulls from superior cowlines is very common. Young bulls are only used for one mating season as sires and then sold. They deliver 115 000kg of milk to the industry and during the 100 days on the alpine pastures they process a further 35 000kg of milk into alpine cheese, which they sell privately.
The main farm is situated in the Turbach valley at 1 380m above sea level. The average annual rainfall amounts to 1 600mm and, unfortunately, the meadows cannot be used to cultivate ray grass. Nearly all farmland is on the slopes. The animals are on the main farm from the beginning of October to the 20th of May. Due to the short vegetation period, winter feeding lasts from the end of October to the beginning of May. During this time, the cows get two-thirds of dry roughage and a third of grass silage as a basic ration, and 1kg of crushed corncobs as supplementary feed, as well as concentrates according to their milk yield. The cows are kept in a stanchion barn, equipped with a pipeline milking plant. The young cattle are in a free stall barn. They get hay, which mostly comes from the extensive meadows.
Around 20 May, the entire herd walks up to the spring pastures, which is about 10km from the main farm. From that day until the end of the grazing season, the young cattle are outside day and night. The cows graze half-day and get some dry roughage as supplementary feeding.
From 10 June onwards, they move to the alpine farm at 1 700m above sea level with the entire herd. The alpine farm is wild and no roads lead up to the mountains, only foot paths. The cows graze at night and are in a barn during the day. Here, only the best cows get concentrates. During this time, the whole family lives in a simple alpine hut from where they do all the work that has to be done on the whole farm, such as hay making, manuring and pasture husbandry. Electricity on these alpine farms is generated with small generators because fuel has to be carried up by foot or by helicoptor at an hourly rate of SFF80,- (R1 200.00). The milk is processed daily into Bernes alpine cheese and fi ve tons of cheese is produced. According to tradition, the cheese is produced on the open fi re. At the beginning of September, they move back to the spring pastures with the entire herd for about four weeks.
Ueli Bach emphasises that due to changing feed and weather conditions they need a very robust, adaptable and nevertheless performant breed. The Simmental breed with its milk yield and meat production, as well as the very good somatic cell counts, fi tness and fertility, is ideally suited to satisfy the high demands of alpine farming. The good character of the breed is very precious and the Simmental cow ideally satisfi es the requirements of economic and successful farming.
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Een van ons teeldoelwitte behoort die verbetering van elke kudde se “completeness of performance” te wees, want hoe meer en beter ons meet, hoe meer weet ons van ons ras.
Die doelwitte vervat in die dekbeplanningstabel:
1. Verbetering van genetiese koppelings tussen kuddes;
2. Omsigtige samestelling van dekgroepe vir beter prestasiedata;
3. Uitskakeling van plaaslike seisoenale en omgewingseffekte deur beter beplanning en bestuur;
4. Groter kontemporêre groepe vir meer doeltreffende data.
Dekbeplanning
Genetiese vordering word gemaak wanneer die gemiddelde
genetiese waarde van die nageslag (kalwers) beter is as dié van
die vorige generasie (ouers). Om genetiese vordering behoorlik te
meet en te kwantifi seer, is meer en beter data van meer eienskappe
nodig. Metings moet die moeilik meetbare eienskappe soos
vrugbaarheid, voeromset en karkaseienskappe insluit.
OPSOMMING: DEKBEPLANNINGvir meer doeltreffende en akkurate prestasiedata
1 BULSELEKSIE VIR GENETIESE VORDERING
Merk
1.1 Hersien jou teeldoelwitte Meetbare en ekonomies belangrike kriteria
1.2 Kies ekonomiese seleksie-indeks wat pas by jou teeldoelwit Basis waarteen jy vordering meet
1.3 Verlaag die gemiddelde ouderdom van jou bulspan Grootste enkele komponent vir vinniger genetiese vordering
1.4 Verhoog die intensiteit van seleksie; gebruik bulle met die hoogste moontlike persentiel-rangorde. Hoër intensiteit seleksie versnel genetiese vordering
1.5 Akkuraatheid van die teelwaarde moet in ag geneem word Akkuraatheid antagonisties tot ouderdom, maar versnel vordering
prestasiedatavir beter
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0162 MEER DOELTREFFENDE PRESTASIEDATA VIR KUDDES WAAR KI GEBRUIK WORD
Merk
2.1 DIE MOETS
2.1.1 Dekseisoene, hoe korter hoe beter. Enkel, kort seisoen die ideaal Seleksiedruk op vrugbaarheid, groter kalf kontemporêre groepe
2.1.2 Gebruik verkieslik TWEE, maar ten minste EEN BGP KI-bul (Verwys item 2.1.5)
Seleksiedruk op vrugbaarheid, groter kalf kontemporêre groepe
2.1.3 Gebruik ten minste EEN BGP KI-bul op beide koeie en verse, verkieslik vir twee opeenvolgende seisoene Beter koppeling “links” tussen kuddes
2.1.4 Vir verdere KI-bulle oorweeg die volgende:
(i) Enige ander BGP-bul Uitstekende koppeling met ander BGP-kuddes
(ii) Hoogs akkurate bulle (90%+) wat geneties in jou kudde ’n bydrae kan maak (Verwys item 1.2) Beter koppeling tussen kuddes
(iii) Bulle wat in dieselfde jaar ook in ander kuddes (meer is beter) gebruik word Beter koppeling tussen kuddes
2.1.5 KI genoeg vroulike diere om ten minste agt kalwers per bul op die grond te kry
Meer kalwers van ’n vaar verbeter doeltreffendheid van data
2.1.6 Maak natuurlike dekgroepe groot genoeg om ten minste agt kalwers per bul op die grond te kry
Meer kalwers van ’n vaar verbeter doeltreffendheid van data
2.1.7 Hergebruik ten minste EEN, verkieslik TWEE bulle van die vorige seisoen (KI of natuurlik) Oorkom seisoenale effekte in data
2.1.8 Verander elke jaar die samestelling van die koeigroepe Meer doeltreffende prestasiedata
2.1.9 Roteer alle koeigroepe deur weidingtipes Poog om op die plaas omgewingeffekte te verminder
2.2 DIE MOENIES
2.2.1 Moenie alle bulle in EEN seisoen vervang nie (KI en natuurlik) Seisoenale effekte
2.2.2 Moenie alle vroulike diere in ’n dekseisoen sinkroniseer vir KI nie Verseker DTC-data vir die kudde
2.2.3 Moenie die vroulike nageslag van ’n VAAR almal by een dekbul sit nie Meer akkurate Melk TW
2.2.4 Moenie dieselfde koeigroep in die volgende jaar by ’n bul sit nie Meer doeltreffende prestasiedata
3 MEER DOELTREFFENDE PRESTASIEDATA VIR KUDDES WAAR NET NATUURLIKE DEKKINGS GEBRUIK WORD
Merk
3.1 DIE MOETS
3.1.1 Dekseisoene, hoe korter hoe beter. Enkel, kort seisoen die ideaal Seleksiedruk op vrugbaarheid, groter kalf kontemporêre groepe
3.1.2 Gebruik ten minste EEN, verkieslik TWEE hoë akkuraatheid bulle met nageslag in ander kuddes Beter koppeling tussen kuddes
Oorweeg om jaarliks bulle tussen kuddes te ruil (bulkonsortiums werk goed) (Onthou item 3.1.5) Beter koppeling tussen kuddes
3.1.3 Gebruik ten minste EEN bul op koeie en verse, verkieslik vir twee opeenvolgende seisoene Koppel op die plaasbestuursgroepe
3.1.4 Maak dekgroepe groot genoeg om ten minste agt kalwers per bul op die grond te kry
Meer kalwers van ’n vaar verbeter doeltreffendheid van data
3.1.5 Hergebruik ten minste EEN, verkieslik TWEE bulle van die vorige seisoen Oorkom seisoenale effekte in data
3.1.6 Verander elke dekseisoen die samestelling van die koeigroepe Meer doeltreffende prestasiedata
3.1.7 Roteer alle koeigroepe deur weidingtipes Poog om omgewingeffekte op die plaas te verminder
3.2 DIE MOENIES
3.2.1 Moenie alle bulle in EEN seisoen vervang nie Seisoenale effekte
3.2.1 Moenie die vroulike nageslag van ’n VAAR almal by een dekbul sit nie Meer akkurate Melk TW
Moenie dieselfde koeigroep in die volgende jaar by ’n bul sit nie Meer doeltreffende prestasiedata
Opgestel deur Johan Styger, BTB Simmentalers_Januarie 2016 Vers 1.1
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Different techniques are currently used, including Short Tandem Repeat (STR) genotyping and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. All these techniques rely on interrogating the DNA from the offspring and parents to generate the different genotypes. For this reason, it is critical to start with good quality DNA to ensure the results are reliable. Low quality or fragmented DNA can easily lead to some alleles (the regions of interest from both the mother and the father inherited by the offspring) being incorrectly typed, compromising all results obtained from the samples. This will result in incomplete DNA profi les, impacting negatively on routine identifi cation and parentage analysis. DNA preservation is key to ensuring that the DNA sample remains of suffi cient quality to generate reliable results.
DNA degradation and resistance to amplifi cation can occur due to physical, chemical and biological reasons. Physical DNA degradation is normally due to exposure of the sample (containing the DNA) to high temperatures for extended periods (not usually a problem, since you would have to boil a DNA sample several minutes to lead to DNA degradation). Chemical degradation of samples taken from animals is also not a major concern, since relative high concentrations of chemicals (that usually do not occur on or within the animal at the required concentrations) are needed for chemical degradation of the DNA. Exposure of DNA, post-sampling, to ultraviolet light also leads to DNA being resistant to amplifi cation and will result in reduced reliability of DNA genotyping.
DNA samplingfor genotyping
DNA genotyping for routine identifi cation
and parentage purposes is based on
identifying and measuring specifi c
regions in the inherited DNA present in
the offspring and the parents in order to
perform a comparison between these
measurements and determine relatedness.
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The biggest problem with DNA sample degradation is usually related to biological degradation of the sample and the DNA within. Cells contain DNA nucleases (enzymes that degrade DNA) that cause degradation
of cellular DNA once the cell starts to die. This cell death is effectively what is initiated once a sample is removed from the organism and not supplied with suffi cient nutrients and a suitable environment to allow
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the normal functioning of the cell. Enzymatic DNA degradation is subsequently initiated to degrade the cellular DNA. Another form of biological sample DNA degradation is caused by microbial contaminants that can grow under ideal conditions on the samples, degrading the samples and their content enzymatically. Both these enzymatic DNA degradation processes can be slowed down and stopped by several simple methods that will still allow for the sample to be used for successful DNA genotyping. These methods include drying and lowering the temperature of the sample.
Tips for sampling and effective preservation of DNA present in the samples:
1. Make sure that the sample taken is free of foreign material (faeces, urine, mud);
2. Ensure suffi cient quantity of sample material (10 – 20 hair roots from the tail, 1 ml blood, rice grain-sized tissue sample);
3. Ensure that the sampling device is free from any visible debris between animals to prevent cross contamination;
4. Place sample to be dried in a “breathable” container, such as an envelope and store at room temperature in a cool, dry place out of direct sunlight;
5. Place samples that need to be cooled down in a cooler and freeze as soon as possible to limit DNA degradation;
6. Send the samples to the DNA genotyping laboratory using the temperature conditions used for storage.
Effective drying removes the water needed for DNA degradation enzymes to be active. Cooling of the samples lowers its temperature, effectively arresting the DNA degradation enzymes. Drying can be a simple evaporation of moisture from cells that have a large surface area (hair roots or small tissue samples). Placing the samples in a paper envelope and storing the envelope in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight will assist in evaporation of moisture and prevent contamination of the sample. Tissue samples can be added to any container (including an envelope) with normal table salt added to the container to assist in the desiccation (drying out) of the sample. These samples can be easily transported to the DNA genotyping laboratory of choice without cooling. Liquid samples, including blood and semen, as well as tissue samples, can also be kept cool (preferably frozen at -15˚C or colder) and shipped to the DNA analysis laboratory using ice packs to ensure the samples remain cold until arrival at the laboratory.
Once received by the laboratory, samples are processed and high quality DNA is isolated and preserved by storing it under environmental conditions that will sustain the DNA for future use.
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For any production system, there are a number of production criteria that must be clearly defi ned to ensure success. Of these, the producer’s focus should be on weaning percentage. The weaning percentage of the cow herd should be no less than 85%. However, it is the reconception rate of fi rst calf cows that proves to be a challenge, resulting in weaning percentages of less than 60% being recorded for this group of animals. On average, the intercalving period of South African herds is in excess of 400 days. The aim should be to have all animals reconceive within 82 days after calving to reach the 365 day intercalving period target.
Other than genetics and the management of the herd’s genetics, it is clear that nutrition remains one of the most manageable aspects when it comes to reproduction. An
important point to bear in mind, however, is that no single nutrient is able to dramatically increase reproduction. The emphasis should always be on a continuously balanced nutritional programme, which should be monitored against production responses and by using management tools such as body condition scoring.
One of the major causes of poor fertility in any production system is energy defi ciency and its balance in relation to protein and other nutrients. Energy is important for growth and sexual maturity, follicle development and ovulation, oestrous and maintenance of the placenta and other related organs during gestation. Energy imbalances often also lead to metabolic disturbances, which in turn can lead to abortions and/or poor calf survival.
Nutritional aspects
Dr Francois van de VyverVoermol Voere032 439 5879
of beef cattle performance
The generally low reproduction rate of South African cattle has
drawn attention to meticulous management and effective feeding
programmes that will allow animals to produce in accordance with
their genetic potential. A farmer’s income is determined largely
by reproduction rate, the replacement rate in the herd and the
percentage of surplus animals available for marketing.
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Similarly, protein infl uences the growth and maturation of the reproductive organs as well as the endocrine system of the animal. This is why animals must be fed in accordance with their protein requirements. It is advisable to manage heifers as a separate herd from the cow herd. The heifer has additional requirements for growth and hence should be fed a higher protein feed or supplement than the cow herd. Their body weight and body condition should be managed carefully to ensure that they are fully grown out, but not obese at fi rst calving. An excessive energy intake especially during the last trimester should be prevented. Also, the quality of protein is of critical importance and NPN (urea) should not exceed more than 30% of the total protein intake. NPN should be closely managed in cases where livestock graze on fertilised and especially cultivated pastures.
Although a number of minerals are directly or indirectly involved in reproduction, the following minerals should be singled out:
• Phosphate (P) defi ciencies lead to poor, suppressed or irregular oestrous (heat) due to malfunctioning of the ovaries. It is also directly linked with the animal’s energy metabolism. In areas with brackish soil or water, excessive calcium (Ca) intake will lead to a P-shortage as the excessive Ca, together with the Phosphate, will be excreted by the kidneys. The recommended ratio of Ca:P is therefore at least 1.5:1 to 2:1.
• Salt (NaCl): When ruminants have not had access to suffi cient amounts of NaCl for long periods of time, they develop a salt hunger which can adversely affect fertility and cause retained placenta problems.
• Magnesium (Mg): Subclinical magnesium shortages sometimes occur under grazing conditions and have a defi nite infl uence on reproduction via the various functions of Mg in the body. Magnesium shortages are often an induced shortage due to over-fertilisation of K and N or high levels of Ca and P in the diet, which then lowers the absorption of Mg.
• Copper (Cu) shortages can result in prenatal deaths, especially during the early embryonal stage, as copper is present during embryo implantation. As in the case of Mg, induced Cu-shortages will occur as a result of imbalances with molybdenum, zinc, sulphur and other antagonists. Semen quality can be affected in the case of serious shortages. Copper can lead to toxicity in sheep and Cu-supplementation should therefore be closely managed.
• Zinc (Zn) is especially important for male animals and plays a signifi cant role in the morphological processes of spermatogenesis. A shortage can lead to low semen production and suppressed libido. Once again the balance of nutritional elements is important and excessive Ca in the diet can lower the absorption of Zn from the digestive system.
• On the other hand, the effect of manganese (Mn) shortages is greater in female reproductive processes. The clinical symptoms of Mn shortages include poor, irregular heats coupled with low conception fi gures. As in the case of Mg, excessive Ca-intake can inhibit the absorption of Mn and can lead to a secondary shortage. Severe Mn-shortages can have an adverse effect on male animals’ libido and spermatogenesis.
• Early births, poor viability, muscle dystrophy in severe cases and low fertility in male and female animals, are all symptoms of possible selenium (Se) shortages. However, acute Se-shortages are not common and research has shown more positive than negative effects emanating from above normal Se-supplementation, although these levels were still below toxic levels. The relationship between Se and Vitamin E as anti-oxidants is well-known and has been the subject of numerous research studies over the past decades.
• Cobalt (Co) has a dual function in reproduction. On an indirect level Co has a critical function in energy metabolism, as it forms the centre of Vitamin B12 structure, which in turn is involved in energy metabolism. There is also proof that Co-shortages can have a direct infl uence on reproduction through its involvement in the reparation of the uterus post-partum and its support of oestrous (heat).
When we look at reproduction it is important not to lose sight of the role of vitamins. Vitamin A is known for its role in fertility, more specifi cally during the dry season when grazing is unable to supply suffi cient levels of Vitamin A. This is why Vitamin A is administered in different ways at strategic times – from oral doses or injectable formats to licks. Vitamin E plays a lesser role, but is important in its synergistic interaction with other nutritional ingredients such as selenium.
It is clear that many nutrients are involved in reproduction, and that these elements should not be viewed in isolation. A carefully planned fodder fl ow programme is of essence, especially during the critical 100-day period around calving (last 30 days of gestation and fi rst 70 days of lactation). During this critical 100-day period, the nutrient requirements of the cows are extremely high and the use of appropriate production supplements will be benefi cial. After the critical 100-day period, a balanced nutritional programme needs to be followed and body condition score of the animals monitored. In short, the three-phase lick programme is a good starting point in planning such a nutritional programme.
To conclude, a planned and balanced nutritional programme is essential if production targets are to be achieved. Only by measuring success against certain critical production targets can the producer truly affect the herd’s performance.
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Opportunities for the utilisation of the Simbra breed
for dual production purposes in arid, sub-tropical and tropical regions in Africa,
with a higher emphasis on milk production.
The objective of this article is to establish which breed would
be ideally suited for milk and beef production purposes under
intensive as well as extensive conditions, in various farming
systems. The breed must be able to meet all outlined requirements
and must fl ourish and reach greatness under the African sun to
benefi t the local population.
Mirko WilckensAbstract
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1. Current situation in Africa1.1 Climatic conditions
Africa is known for its very versatile climate. A large part of Africa lies within the central regions around the equator where the climate is tropical. These regions experience a very high relative humidity, resulting in large amounts of rainfall at an average of around 2 850 mm per year. Temperatures average at around 26°C and never reach freezing point. There is an average of around 177 rainy days per year.
The northern half of Africa is made up primarily of desert and arid areas, while the southern regions consist of large savannas and dry land with distinct wet and dry seasons. Africa is the hottest continent on earth where dry land and deserts make up 60% of the entire area. Temperatures in the desert can easily reach a maximum of 45°C during the day and drop to negative digits during the night, so large temperature ranges between the maximum and minimum temperature are the norm. The average maximum temperature is around 38°C. Hardly any rain falls in these regions with an average rainfall of less than 20 mm per year.
Savannas and dry land make up a large part of the southern regions of the continent. Climate varies greatly according to season. In summer, high temperatures around 25°C to 35°C are experienced with rainfall varying from 150 mm to 500 mm. The rainy season usually does not exceed four to fi ve months. The temperature in winter ranges between -5°C and 25°C. Winters
are very dry with no rainfall making water a very valuable resource. Most of Africa’s game live in these regions.
1.2 Extensive farming
Extensive farming is the main farming practice in Africa. This implies that cattle graze freely on natural pastures and are actively exposed to all natural conditions and threats in the wild. These animals have to walk great distances in order to ingest enough feed to satisfy their daily needs. The size of farms in general range from anything greater than 2 500 ha to about 15 000 ha. The land usually has a carrying capacity of more than 1 to 10, which implies that one head of cattle can be kept on 10 ha of land. These areas have a low input cost per hectare when compared to intensive farming systems, but on the other hand it also results in low agricultural productivity. Animals are exposed to parasites, diseases and predators, which poses a great threat to the animals and their health. Due to the large and often highly vegetated areas, including bushes and other shrubs, it is diffi cult to manage these threats. Usually, the only time when sick or injured animals can be treated is when they come to drink water, which in general is once per day. This makes health management very diffi cult.
1.3 Subsistence and commercial farming
Subsistence farming and commercial farming are the two main farming systems in Africa. Subsistence farming is based on keeping animals in order to survive. The animals and their products serve as a direct food source to feed the owner and his family and meet their daily living requirements. The key aspect of this farming method is self-suffi ciency. This way of farming is usually very simple and production is low. This farming system is often implemented in large communal areas in Africa. The land belongs to the community and individuals have no specifi c property rights. Land is allocated to families by the chiefs or the elderly of the specifi c community. Each family usually has just enough land to nourish and support its family members. However, continuous population growth in Africa, with ever larger growing families, is threatening the existence of these communal farmers and causing increasing unemployment, which is ultimately refl ected in riots and disorder especially among the youth.
The commercial farming system is the direct opposite and is based on large-scale production of livestock. Land usually belongs to one individual, who has specifi c property rights. The
Mirko WilckensArtikel deur Mirko geskryf 2015 toe hy by Bayern Genetic in Duitsland gewerk het.
Mirko Wilckens het einde 2014 op Stellenbosch Universiteit sy B.Sc. Agric (Animal Science and Economics) graad suksesvol afgesluit en het gedurende 2015 by Bayern Genetics in Muenchen gewerk, waar hy waardevolle ervaring opgedoen het t.o.v. aanhouding en bestuur van teelkoeie en -bulle/teling/Kunsmatige Inseminasie/ Embryospoeling/werk verrigtinge in die laboratorium en praktiese werk verrigtinge op ’n Intensiewe melkbedryf.
Huidiglik het Mirko hom aangesluit by sy ouers op plaas Ondekaremba-Nord met stoetbedryf Ondeka Simbra, waar hy saam met sy pa, Werner die hantering van die stoetkudde, insluitende kunsmatige inseminasie, handhaaf.
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aim of this farming system is to market products at the highest possible profi t. Productivity in these farming systems is high. Synthetic and natural resources are used together with modern technologies in order to realise profi ts. Economies of scale aid in the realisation of large profi ts, which entails increasing the output of a specifi c product, thereby decreasing the cost per unit of output as fi xed costs are spread over more units. The majority of farm land in Africa is farmed commercially.
1.4 Single purpose farming
Most production systems in Africa focus on single purpose production practices, which means that the key focus of production is either on beef or on milk, and not on both as is often seen in Europe in dual purpose production systems.
1.5 Market situation
Africa, a continent with more than 10% of the world’s cattle population, currently produces less than 3% of the milk worldwide. Milk production in Africa, with over a billion people to feed, is the lowest in the world. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) the average African consumes about 36 kg of milk per year, which is far below the WHO’s recommended annual consumption of 200 kg of milk per person per year. It is also far below
the average global consumption of 103 kg of milk per year. In the year 2004, total cow milk production in Africa amounted to 21 244 474 tons produced from a total of 46 million dairy cows, giving an average milk yield of 461 kg of milk per cow during the year. This is only one fi fth of the world average yield (FAOSTAT 2006). It is a shocking statistic when compared to the average annual milk production of cows in Europe, which produced about 6 553 kg of milk per head in 2013 (eurostat).
A few more worrying African statistics:
“The mean age at fi rst calving is 48 months, the mean calving rate is 71.9 percent and the mean milk offtake per lactation is 2 050 kg. The mean weight of cows and bulls in smallholder dairy systems is 320 kg and 450 kg.
In large-scale dairy systems, the mean age at fi rst calving is 33.4 months and the average calving rate is 87.2 percent. The mean milk offtake per lactation in large-scale dairy systems is 3 911 kg, with a median of 3 195 kg and a range of 2 112 kg to 6 715 kg. The mean weight of mature cows and bulls is 414 kg and 450 kg respectively” (MJ Otte and P Chilonda; 2002).
Africa has a huge milk defi cit as the high and rising demand simply cannot be met by low supply, which forces many countries to spend
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product imports. Most milk and milk products are imported from Europe and North America. A country like Nigeria can be taken as a good example to illustrate these problems.
“Nigeria, a country with a population of roughly over 170 million people and an annual milk demand of roughly 1.5 billion liters, produces less than 5% of its milk demand locally. As a result, Nigeria spends more than $200 million on milk imports from abroad each year” ( Paul, 2014). Milk volumes are increasing in most areas, but milk production is still not growing fast enough to satisfy Africa’s ever growing milk demands.
About 52% of Africa’s total milk output, in terms of milk volume, is being produced by fi ve African countries, namely South Africa, Sudan, Egypt, Kenia and Algeria. Milk production, however, varies largely between different countries and different parts of the continent.
According to Charles Moore, a consulting nutritionist from Cape Town in South Africa, Africa has great potential for milk production processes.
“Angola would be an excellent place to start a dairy in Africa because there is a large population with an economy fueled by the oil industry. The climate is well suited for milk production and access to water is not a problem. There would also be the potential for export because of the close proximity to Middle East and Southeast Asian markets. Zimbabwe would be another good fi t for dairy production thanks to a built-in infrastructure, a culture that values cattle, favourable climate and quality water sources.”
However, Moore notes that political turmoil is a road block to development.
“Kenya, we know, is a big dairy market. There is about a million dairy farmers in Kenya milking 3 million cows, so that is three cows per farmer,” Moore adds.
“There is a lot of room for investment to increase the size and the scale of those farms.”
According to Moore, South Africa already has a well-established dairy industry. He believes that the country now needs to look at value-added
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products to increase profi tability. Much like the rest of the world, there is a lot of consolidation within the South African dairy industry, but farmers here are on the cutting edge compared to the rest of the continent. South Africa produces approximately 50% of Africa’s milk. Other countries that could benefi t from investment include Zambia and Ethiopia. Northern Africa is the one region of Africa that is not suitable for raising cattle because it is a desert (Agweb 2014, Africa land of milk and beef?).
2. Fundamental problems, aims and goalsAfrica’s great potential for dual purpose farming practices has to be acknowledged and integrated by governments and local populations. Whereas beef production in Africa is quite advanced, milk production has great room for improvement. The fi gures stated above prove this point. In South Africa, milk production is almost as high as in many European countries, which shows that milk production on an intensive, high yielding level in Africa is possible. Why then do only fi ve out of 54 African countries show reasonably good milk production fi gures? It is clear that climatic conditions play a major role, but that would still leave at least 30 countries where intensive milk production would be possible.
One fundamental problem in the African cattle industry is a lack of knowledge among local farmers, especially subsistence farmers. They do not possess the knowledge of how to farm effi ciently, sustainably and profi tably. No record keeping exists and infrastructure is almost non-existent in most cases. Capital is another major obstacle in African farming systems. Subsistent farmers simply do not have the ability to invest in better genetics and infrastructure, which leaves them at a point of no progress, as they do not own the land and therefore do not get access to fi nancial support for development. A large number of their cattle is also of low genetic quality as their sole purpose is to survive and reproduce, but not to produce resources that can be sold to generate an income. In many parts of Africa, farming is not seen as a business but as a means of surviving. Of course there are farmers in Africa with the capital, knowledge and means to make a success of their farming practices. They have cattle of high genetic quality and see farming as a business to generate income and drive the economy. The problem is that most African farmers unfortunately fall into the former category.
It is the role of governments and higher institutions to inform and lead local farmers
in the right direction by providing knowledge and means, like capital funding at low interest rates for example, in order to achieve economic progress in the livestock sectors. Another major problem, is that most African governments still favour a communal way of thinking whereby the land is divided into small plots and distributed to individual families. This certainly hampers economic growth. A further problem hindering development opportunities, is believing that all land should belong to the state or government. It is essential for African leaders and governments to change their perspective and way of thinking, not only to alleviate their own problems (poverty, unemployment, etc.), but also to keep up with the rest of the world from a development viewpoint. This is especially important in light of Africa’s vast development potential.
Poverty reduction is a major concern to African governments. Improving livestock quality through dual purpose production practices can alleviate poverty. It would provide opportunities for the local population and would ultimately help them to generate an income. Higher incomes for the population would result in higher living standards, which would lead to a better quality of life for all. An increase in quality and quantity in milk and meat production through genetically superior animals would also provide cheap and viable sources of protein to the local population.
In short, dual purpose farming would not only benefi t the farmers directly, but would benefi t the whole population by improving living standards, improving the overall quality of livestock, providing opportunities for the local population to generate an income, reducing poverty, reducing unemployment rates, driving economic growth and providing cheap, viable protein sources.
3. Ideas, solutions, alternatives3.1. Requirements
In order to realise the aims and goals above, a suitable breed needs to be identifi ed that will meet all specifi c requirements, whether environmentally or economically. The breed needs to be suitable for dual production, or should at least have the potential within its genes to be bred for dual purpose production. Very important traits include a calm, easy handling temperament as farmers would have to work with the cattle on a daily basis. This is only possible with calm animals that by nature respond peacefully to stressful situations. Heat and drought resistance is important, seeing as
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climate can become extremely hot, wet and dry. Animals therefore need to be able to cope with these extreme environmental conditions. The sole aim in breeding and keeping animals is for them to produce resources which can be harvested, so it is pretty clear and obvious that good milk and meat qualities are the most important characteristics and that higher production ultimately leads to greater revenues.
The right pigmentation of animals is extremely important in Africa as animals are exposed to very high solar radiation levels, which could lead to skin damage and tumours. A smooth, short hair coat is important for thermoregulation to occur effi ciently. High temperatures mean that excess body heat must be lost to the environment and this can only occur effectively if the hair coat is short and the skin contains a high number of sweat glands. A second reason to favour a short hair coat, is the presence of external parasites. Most animals live out in the wild and are exposed to high numbers of parasites. It is a well known fact that short-haired animals carry less external parasites than long-haired animals as the long coat provides
more shelter and comfort for the parasites. Strong legs, hooves and joints are important as animals usually need to walk great distances in order to ingest enough feed for production and daily maintenance requirements. Strong bone structure is essential in order to support their own weight (remember, these animals produce high quantities of milk and meat). Good udders and teats are extremely important for milk production. Udders need to be large, spacious and well balanced. Udders should also be smoothly attached to the body in the front and rear and teats should be well placed, and of uniform shape and size. Animals should be of such a size and weight as to guarantee optimal production under the specifi c conditions they are exposed to. In Africa, medium or medium to large animals are favored.
3.2. Possible breeds
European or British breeds, which have excellent milk yields, are not adapted to the harsh African environment. Heat, drought and parasites all have negative effects on the production fi gures of the animals and make adaptation to African conditions extremely diffi cult. In the selection of a possible dual purpose breed under extensive
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to semi-intensive environmental conditions, they are not well suited. Zebu cattle and indigenous cattle, however, are not known for good milk yields. Therefore, we must look elsewhere to fi nd a synthetic breed that is very well adapted and has good milk yields, or at least the potential to be bred for dual purposes.
Possible synthetic breeds, which have already proven that they are adapted to the African environment include the Beefmaster, Brangus, Braford, Santa Gertrudis, Bonsmara, Huguenot and Simbra. These breeds are all successfully established beef breeds that have been bred from various base breeds with different characteristics. The breed with the most potential for dual production purposes, however, is the Simbra. Its ancestors the Simmental/Fleckvieh are internationally known for its milk and beef characteristics. Brangus and Braford may have an advantage over the Simbra in beef quality, but in all other criteria the positive characteristics of the Simmental/Fleckvieh dominate. Neither Angus nor Hereford have the same milk production as the Simmental or Fleckvieh. This only leaves us with one suitable breed that has potential for dual production purposes in Africa, namely the Simbra.
4. The Simbra breed4.1 What is Simbra?
4.1.1. Origin and breed composition
The Simbra is a synthetic breed that was bred from two base breeds, namely the Simmental and the Brahman. The evolutionary development of the Simbra’s ancestor breeds differs greatly. The Simmental from central Europe is adapted to long, cold winters and is used for both milk and beef production. The Brahman, whose genetic pool originally derives out of Zebu cattle, originated in India in an environment of heat, humidity, diseases and parasites.
When Simmental semen was imported for the fi rst time to the USA in the 1960’s, breeders in Texas used it on the Brahman. The performance of the half-blood cross was astonishing. That was the birth of the Simbrah (with an “h” in America) and the fi rst animal was registered by the American Simmental Association in 1977. The outstanding performance of Simmental/Brahman crosses was also the reason why the Simmental Association of South Africa decided in the 1980’s to change their constitution in order to accommodate the Simbra. The fi rst F1’s were registered in South Africa in 1986.
In Southern Africa, the Simbra has shown the highest percentage increase in all females of all breeds for a number of years already. The annual growth for the last fi ve years was 15% per annum. Today, 27 962 females are registered.
4.1.2. Breed association
Registration, performance testing and administration of Simbra in South Africa, Namibia and Botswana are managed by the Simmentaler/Simbra Cattle Breeders’ Society of Southern Africa, which is recognised by the World Federation as the sole registering authority for Simbra in South Africa. Simbra did not experience the teething problems of a new organisation, since its parent organisation provided the necessary experience, fi nancial strength as well as an established infrastructure.
The Society’s main objective is to provide its members with a comprehensive service comparable to the best in the world at local, market-related prices. Besides consulting services and annual farm visits, the Society handles its own modern registration and world-renowned Breedplan performance testing services.
The breed association believes its direct involvement in shows (formulating classes, training judges and supplying production data) is a valuable tool to achieve its national breeding aim. A quarter of a century ago, the Society was the fi rst to move away from the subjective method of judging by combining reproduction data and appearance in the show ring. It is the only society in Southern Africa where judges, in terms of the constitution, are compelled to consider reproduction data in the placing of cows. The well known Simbradex system (SIMBRA reproduction inDEX), which combines intercalving period, age at fi rst calving, number of calvings and even embryo fl ushings, was established with the origin of the breed. It was also the fi rst breed to create BLUP breeding value show classes in 1999.
4.1.3. Aims and breeding goals of the Society
The Society believes in a clear and defi ned breeding policy that is implemented and controlled by a compulsory classifi cation for registration system. Its overall goal is to breed an animal that is a profi table producer and for which there is a demand in the industry. The Simbra breeding aim consists of (i) a Standard of Excellence and (ii) a balanced set of BLUP breeding values for the ideal Simbra. More info available at www.simbra.org.
Reproduction (fertility) enjoys the highest priority at all levels and it is also the best barometer of
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The Society believes a cow that calves yearly in her natural environment and weans a heavy calf relative to her weight (>50%) has the correct size. Simbra breeders select according to “eye and scale”, as there may be good performers with a poor appearance and poor performers with a good appearance. Inspection of the animals for sound structural correctness (appearance) is compulsory for registration and currently ¾ of the Simbra population is under BLUP performance testing. The Simbra Society’s measurable breeding aims are defi ned in a set of ideal EBV’s.
4.1.4. Breeding programme
The Society allows fl exibility in the Simbra breeding programme. Simmental and Brahman crosses can be registered as F1 animals. A breeder can dictate the optimum combination of Simmental to Brahman best suited to his environment, management system and market by altering the blood composition through crossbreeding. Animals that can be registered as base breed animals /F1 animals are the progeny of registered Simmental, Brahman or Simbra bulls and registered or foundation
Simmental, Brahman or “Simbra type” cows. Direct entry of the so called F1 or “cum system” of Simmental/Brahman cross-type females approved by a breed improvement offi cer is also possible. Visual appraisal for functional effi ciency by a breed improvement offi cer is a prerequisite for the registration of any F1 to F4 animal. Animals that do not meet the requirements, regardless of their ancestry, strictly do not qualify for registration.
As the Simbra is a synthetic breed, stabilisation of the breed occurs via the F1 to F4 breeding programme where the animals’ F-grading is always one higher than the lowest grading of its parents (e.g. F4 bull x F2 cow = F3 calf). An F4 animal is seen as a stud book proper animal and no higher F-rating is possible.
4.2. Appearance
Current Simbra’s are beefy animals with good depth, length and width. They possess excellent meat characteristics and are hardy animals that thrive in dry, wet and humid environments. They have a smooth, loose hair coat which provides protection, enables them to easily loose excess body heat and gives the animal the capability,
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through vibration of the skin, to get rid of fl ies and other biting insects. This ability originates from the Brahman and can reduce the chances of contracting infections and diseases. Heat tolerance and eye pigmentation are of great importance. Simbra’s are highly adaptable and can easily adjust to new environments and environmental conditions. They can walk long distances to fi nd feed and are able to cope with high parasite infestations. Simbra’s also have an excellent fl eshing ability, which implies that they can easily retain fat and fatten easily even under poor feeding conditions. The Society also places great emphasis on structurally correct animals with special focus on correct feet and legs.
Most animals are medium framed with small birth weights to guarantee easy calving and excellent growth characteristics. Females are very feminine and fertile with excellent reproduction effi ciency. Cows express good maternal instincts. For a beef breed, Simbra’s have excellent and way above average milk production characteristics when compared to other beef breeds. A red to red-brown coat with a white blaze is favored, but a wide colour range within the Society’s standard of excellence
is accepted. For Simbra breeders the most profi table cow has the desired colour.
4.3. Visual evaluation
As a prerequisite to registration, all animals to be registered are visually inspected by a highly qualifi ed breed expert, who evaluates each individual animal according to the Society’s standard of excellence. Functional effi ciency plays a large role in this process as research has shown that cattle with certain visual, observable characteristics don’t perform well under extensive conditions. Walking ability is one example. The breed expert looks at the hooves (large, closed, deep and uniform), pasterns (elastic), hocks (broad, dry and with correct angle) and bone structure (not too coarse and not too fi ne). Stride should be comfortable. Animals that do not meet these standards are not registered.
Wooly or curly coated animals are eliminated as studies have shown that they perform weaker in stressful situations like hot, dry or wet tropical environments. They are also more susceptible to ticks and tick-borne diseases. Skeletal correctness is of utmost importance; animals with fl at rumps are discriminated against and a sloping rump is
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registration is required, as scrotal circumference is related to semen production and daughters’ puberty age. These are only a few examples in a long list and animals for registration have to pass all of these to be registered.
4.4. Reproduction
One of the most important attributes of profi table production is reproduction, which is why it plays the biggest role in the Society. As mentioned before, Simbra has excellent maternal abilities and cows are known to produce a calf every year, even under harsh, extensive conditions. Females are evaluated for visual reproductive effi ciency by technical breed advisors upon registration.
In addition to the generally used ICP (intercalving period) the Society makes use of a more applicable fertility measurement index, namely the Simbradex. It uses a mathematical equation, which takes into consideration the age at the last calving, number of calvings, intercalving period and, if applicable, the number of embryo fl ushings. This is then expressed in one comparative fi gure namely the Simbradex. According to the Society, a
cow has an ideal Simbradex of 100 if it calves for the fi rst time at 33 months and thereafter re-calves every 365 days.
In recent years, the focus has shifted more and more away from ICP and Simbradex and towards “days to calving” and gestation length, as these measures are more reliable. It also makes comparisons across different regions possible as the environmental factor can be taken out of the equation. Days to calving measures the time it took for the cow to reconceive after she was placed with the bull. Gestation length however, is only applicable to cows that were artifi cially inseminated.
Bulls are physically evaluated for reproductive correctness and semen is analysed for fertility before the sale of the bull.
4.5. Performance testing
The Society and breeders make use of modern performance testing technologies. The animal’s performance is expressed in the so-called BLUP breeding values (EBV). It uses modern computer technology and takes performance information of thousands of animals together with extensive pedigree records to link an animal to its
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estimated, expected performance fi gure. It is well known that environment and genes determine the appearance of an animal. BLUP, however, separates the two so that only the genetically transmissible traits are estimated. Pedigree record-keeping is essential for the determination of BLUP EBVs, as the relationships between the animals play a key role in the estimation.
Breedplan, the world’s most advanced beef genetic evaluation system, is used to estimate the EBVs for a range of important characteristics. These include for example weight, milk, reproduction and carcass characteristics. EBVs are fi ve to nine times more accurate than performance indices.
4.6. Heterosis
Hybrid vigour (heterosis) can be defi ned as the increased performance of a composite breed relative to the purebred parents. When the Simmental and Brahmann were fi rst crossed the aim was to maintain heterosis in future generations without continuous crossbreeding of the two base breeds. This was fortunately achieved and today the Simbra maintains its hybrid vigour, no crossbreeding necessary. It can however only be maintained by minimising inbreeding through a large population and an open herdbook. The estimated increase in weaning weight is highest at 50% heterosis (½ Simmental x ½ Brahmann) with an estimated increase in weaning weight of 11.6 %.
4.7. Performance
The average birth weight for the last few years was around 34 to 36 kg. Weaning weights averaged at around 232 kg at 205 days. However, these weaning weights are not a very good indication of what the Simbra is capable of. A median value would be a much better indication. In a growth test conducted in 2012, 87 young bulls were put on a growth ration to test their performance in feedlot conditions and the results were remarkable. They had an average daily gain of 1.87 kg with the best performer growing at 2.31 kg per day.
4.8. Milk production
No current data exists for milk production as the Simbra is currently only used for the production of beef. Farmers do not record how much milk their cows produce, but cows produce more than enough to successfully raise their calves. A simple yet very practical method can be used to estimate the milk production in beef cows. For each 1 kg daily gain in the calf, the cow has to produce approximately 10 kg of milk.
For example, a good quality Simbra bull calf at 205 days (weaning age) would weigh about 280 kg under extensive conditions. Birth weight is 35 kg. This means that the calf had a daily gain of 1.2 kg.
(Weaning weight – birth weight) / age at weaning = daily gain
Thus, the cow produced about 2 460 kg of milk during these 205 days.
(Daily gain x age at weaning) x 10 = approximate milk production
I am sure that Simbra, when selected and bred for milk production, will attain much greater quantities of milk per lactation than this estimated value, as they inherited all the good milk and milking characteristics from their ancestors, the Simmental. The potential for milk production certainly lies within the genes of the Simbra. It is for us to realise, develop and utilise this great potential.
5. SWOT analysisStrengths
• Great growth potential• Adaptability (drought and temperature tolerant)• Pigmentation• Excellent reproduction effi ciency and easy
calving• Excellent fl eshing ability• Longevity
Opportunity
• Large gene pool with an open herdbook• Great potential for milk production
Weaknesses
• Udder and teat conformation (for milking purposes)
• Temperament may become an issue in animals with a higher Brahmann blood composition
• Marbling and meat tenderness (when compared to Angus)
Threats
• Great variation between type traits (Brahman vs Simmental)
• Breed identity
6. Why SimbraThe Simbra has been described as the all-rounder Southern African breed. It is a breed with outstanding maternal and longevity characteristics. It is highly adapted to hot, wet and dry environments and produces high quality products. It is a composite breed that
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References:- Simbra Society; www.simbra.org
- Paul 2004; Can you guess how much the African milk market is worth?
- Agweb 2014; Africa Land of milk and beef?
- FOASTAT
- M.J. Otte and P. Chilonda; Cattle and small ruminant production systems in sub-Saharan Africa; A systematic review; 2002
- EUROSTAT
maintains its hybrid vigour by combining the best characteristics of the Simmental and the Brahman.
“Simbra delivers optimal performance in a number of economically important properties, which satisfi es the needs of commercial breeders, feedlots and the end user. The Simbra system uses and manages the genetic resources of two unique breeds as effectively as possible. Risk is reduced as a result of the adaptability of
both the breed and the system, a large gene pool, open herdbook, as well as compulsory inspection and selection. The breed as part of a large Society is economically viable and very profi table, thanks to excellent production and low input costs. Simbra and the Simbra system are socially acceptable because it can be managed and controlled with ease and because it is based on logical and scientifi cally found principles” (Simbra Society).
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There are numerous factors which need to be considered when selecting a bull to mate over heifers. In many cases, the primary aim of the beef producer is to produce a live calf which is born unassisted, with other economic traits (e.g. growth) of secondary importance. Traditionally this has been done by selecting a ‘heifer bull’ to mate over the heifers; that is, a bull with a low birth weight EBV which will produce small calves which are easily calved down by the heifer. However, as birth weight is highly correlated with the other growth traits (e.g. 200, 400 and 600 Day Weight), this has traditionally been done at the expense of later growth. For those that are breeding replacement females, this has longer term implications for the genetic progress of the herd as a whole.
The need for heifer bulls is of more importance for herds which are calving in spring compared to autumn, and for herds which are grazing improved pastures compared to native pastures. This is because calves
born from dams which have been on good nutrition during pregnancy are heavier at birth than calves born from dams on poorer nutrition.
This article will discuss which BREEDPLAN traits are of particular importance when selecting heifer bulls. In addition, this article will outline the relationships between these traits, and the trade-offs that need to be considered when making these selection decisions. While this article has been written to focus on bull selection for heifers having their fi rst calves, where the birth and fertility traits are of particular importance, these concepts are also applicable when considering bull selection for cow matings.
Birth WeightBirth Weight EBVs are estimates of the genetic difference between animals for birth weight, expressed in kilograms. Small or moderate Birth Weight EBVs are
Making
for heifer matingsBull Selection Decisions
Article provided by Southern Beef Technology Services (SBTS) and Agricultural Business Research Institute (ABRI)
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example, a bull with a Birth Weight EBV of +1 kg would be expected to produce lighter calves at birth than a bull with a Birth Weight EBV of +7 kg, with a lower risk of a diffi cult birth.
The importance of considering Birth Weight EBVs when selecting bulls to mate to heifers was highlighted at a recent herd visit. At this particular stud, the producer had used a team of bulls which had Birth Weight EBVs which were approximately double the breed average. These bulls had some of the heaviest Birth Weight EBVs in the entire breed. This bull team had been mated to the heifers; not surprisingly approximately 50% of these heifers needed assistance at calving.
This had a number of fl ow on effects for the business. In particular, this led to:
• Many sleepless nights checking heifers and pulling calves during the calving period.
• A greater number of vet visits and associated costs during the calving period.
• Some mortalities – both heifers and calves.
While selecting an animal with a low to average Birth Weight EBV to use over heifers should help to reduce calving diffi culties, correlations between birth weight and other traits need to be considered. Specifi cally, lower birth weight sires may cause fewer calving diffi culties, but they also tend to produce calves with poorer growth to target market endpoints.
The sire below is a good example of this. This sire has a Birth Weight EBV which is below breed average, being in the 10th percentile of the breed for birth weight. However his EBVs for 200, 400 and 600 Day Growth are all well below breed average.
Fortunately, there are bulls out there that are “curvebenders”; that is, those bulls that have below average Birth Weight EBVs but above average Growth EBVs. A good example of this is the bull below. Like the fi rst bull, this bull is also in the 10th percentile of the breed for birth weight. However, unlike the fi rst bull, this bull has good growth EBVs, being above breed average for 200 Day Weight (10th percentile), 400 Day Weight (10th percentile) and 600 Day Weight (25th percentile).
All other factors being equal (e.g. structure), the second bull would be a better choice to mate over heifers. Both bulls would be expected to produce calves which are lighter than the breed average for birth weight, thus reducing the chance of calving diffi culties, which is an important trait for a heifer bull. However, the second bull has better growth EBVs, and thus his calves would be expected to have better growth to target market endpoint than the calves of the fi rst bull.
Gestation LengthAnother trait to consider when selecting a heifer bull is gestation length. Gestation Length EBVs provide an estimate of genetic differences between animals in gestation length, and are expressed in days.
Lower or more negative Gestation Length EBVs are considered to be more favourable. For example, a bull with a Gestation Length EBV of –2 days would be expected to produce calves that are born earlier than a bull with a Gestation Length EBV of +2 days.
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6 Gestation length is favourably correlated with birth weight and calving ease. In general:
• As gestation length decreases, birth weight also decreases. Similarly, as gestation length increases, birth weights also increase.
• As gestation length decreases, calving diffi culties decrease. The converse is also true; as gestation length increases, calving diffi culties also increase.
Calves which have had a shorter gestation length are generally smaller, and thus the dam is able to deliver her calf with less diffi culty. Therefore, when selecting heifer bulls, consideration should be given to the Gestation Length EBVS of the candidates.
Calving EaseWhilst many large studies have consistently shown birth weight to be the most important genetic factor infl uencing calving diffi culty, there are also other aspects that need to be considered. For example, calf shape, pelvic area and calving “will” all infl uence calving ease. BREEDPLAN Calving Ease EBVs attempt to take all the factors affecting calving diffi culty into consideration and allow the best possible genetic improvement to be made for ease of calving.
Two Calving Ease EBVs are produced by BREEDPLAN; these are Calving Ease Direct and Calving Ease Daughters.
1. Calving Ease DIRECT
Calving Ease Direct EBVs are estimates of genetic differences in the ability of a sires’ calves to be born unassisted from 2 year old heifers. Calving Ease Direct EBVs are reported as differences in the percentage of unassisted calvings.
Higher, more positive, Calving Ease Direct EBVs are more favourable. For example, a bull with an EBV of +5.0% would be expected, on average, to produce 3% fewer diffi cult calvings from 2 year old heifers than a bull with an EBV of –1.0% (6% difference between the sires, then halved as they only contribute half the genetics).
2. Calving Ease Daughters
Calving Ease Daughters EBVs are estimates of genetic differences in the ability of a sire’s 2 year old daughters to calve without assistance. Calving Ease Daughters EBVs are also reported as differences in the percentage of unassisted calvings.
Higher, more positive, Calving Ease Daughters EBVs are more favourable. For example, a bull with an EBV of +4.0% would be expected to on average produce 2 year old daughters that have 3% less calving problems than the daughters of a bull with an EBV of –2.0%.
When selecting heifer bulls, more positive Calving Ease Direct EBVs are more favourable. However, Calving Ease Daughters EBVs should also be considered, with more positive Calving Ease Daughters EBVs also desirable for heifer bulls.
The relationship between the two Calving Ease EBVs is generally antagonistic. As Calving Ease Direct increases, Calving Ease Daughters typically decreases. This is because a bull with a high Calving Ease Direct EBV will generally produce smaller calves. As his daughters grow, they tend to develop into smaller cows, with smaller pelvises. Thus, when they calve as heifers, they are more likely to have calving problems than bigger, more roomy heifers.
The bull below is a good example of the antagonist relationship between Calving Ease Direct and Calving Ease Daughters. This bull has a Calving Ease Direct EBV well above the breed average, but a Calving Ease Daughters EBV well below breed average. This bull may help to reduce calving diffi culties in the current heifers, but his daughters may experience calving diffi culties when they themselves are heifers. For those in a self-replacing herd situation, this is not desirable, as this can have a negative impact on the calving ease of the herd into the future.
Luckily, as is the case with birth weight and growth, curve-bender bulls also exist for calving ease traits. Curve-benders in this situation are those bulls who have above average EBVs for both Calving Ease Direct and Calving Ease Daughters. The bull below is a good example, having some of the top Calving Ease Direct and Calving Ease Daughters EBVs within this particular breed.
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For those with self-replacing herds, selecting heifer bulls with above average Calving Ease Direct and Calving Ease Daughters EBVs is especially important, both for reducing calving problems in the current heifers and those in the future. For those beef producers who are producing male and female calves for a terminal market, Calving Ease Direct will be of importance while Calving Ease Daughters may not be.
Best Practice Guide to Selecting Heifer BullsThe traits discussed so far in this article are not inherited indvidually; they are correlated with each other. Relationships also exist with other traits of economic importance. Therefore, placing selection pressure on
one trait could push other traits in an unfavourable direction.
To avoid this, it is recommended that heifer bulls are selected using selection indexes. Selection indexes rank animal on profi t (dollars per cow mated), within a specifi c production to market scenario. They have been designed to balance genetic improvement across traits, thus taking the hard work out of deciding how much emphasis to place on each individual trait.
To use selection indexes to select heifer bulls:
1. Identify the selection index of most relevance
Identify which selection index available for your breed best fi ts your breeding objectives.
2. Rank animals on selection index
Rank bulls available for selection on the selection index of most relevance.
3. Consider fertility and birth traits
Animals with the same selection index value can have very different individual EBVs. Consider the Calving Ease Direct, Calving Ease Daughters, Birth Weight and Gestation Length EBVs and exclude any bulls which don’t have EBVs in acceptable ranges.
4. Consider other traits
Consider EBVs for all other traits of economic importance, as per your breeding objective. Exclude any bulls which don’t have EBVs in acceptable ranges.
5. Consider other information
Consider other selection critieria of importance (e.g. horn status, structural and functional soundness
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and genetic condition status). Exclude any bulls that do not meet requirements.
This approach should allow beef producers to select heifer bulls which, in addition to reducing the risk of calving problems in their heifers, should also improve other economically important traits within the herd.
Take Home MessageWhen selecting heifer bulls, selection indexes should be used to rank bulls on economic merit. Particular consideration should then be given to Birth Weight, Gestation Length, Calving Ease and Growth EBVs. Other traits which are of importance to the breeding objectives for the herd, and other information should also be considered before fi nalising selection decisions.
When selecting heifer bulls, remember:• While lower birth weight is generally associated
with lower growth, curve-bender bulls do exist. Where possible, try to select bulls with low to average Birth Weight EBVs and above average Growth EBVs. This should equate to smaller calves
at birth, thus reducing the likelyhood of calving diffi culties, without compromising on growth as the calf gets older.
• Shorter gestation lengths are more favourable. Bulls who have shorter Gestation Length EBVs should sire calves who are born earlier than those sired by bulls with longer Gestation Lengths. Thus the progeny of bulls with shorter Gestation Length EBVs are generally smaller at birth, and in turn, more likely to be delivered with less calving diffi culties.
• Bulls with higher, more positive Calving Ease Direct EBVs are more favourable, as they are more likely to have calves that are born unassisted from 2 year old heifers. For those in self-replacing herd situations, higher, more positive Calving Ease Daughters EBVS are also desirable in a heifer bull. These two traits need to be carefully managed to avoid decreasing the calving ease ability of future heifers.
For further information regarding selection of heifer bulls, or to discuss the relationships between the traits discussed in this article, please contact staff at SBTS or TBTS.
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Many fear that Southern Africa may be on the brink of the worst drought recorded in history, surpassing the levels reached in 1992. There are several differences between the 1992 situation and the present though.
Firstly, the regional dynamics are quite different in that there are more surplus producers in the region, namely South Africa, Zambia, Tanzania and Malawi. Secondly, the region is far more exposed to the impacts of global food markets with efforts to integrate regional food markets, making the region somewhat more able to move grain from place to place than before.
Given these structural changes in national, regional and global food markets, the region faces what could be an entirely new challenge to what is fundamentally an old problem.
Chief among these challenges is determining the level of production and import requirements – there is a need to start thinking of possible strategies that would ensure that food is available to the entire regional population at an affordable price.
This involves answering the following questions:
• Will there be enough grain to feed the population within the region?
• If not, where is the grain imports going to come from?
• Is the infrastructure going to be able to cope with the level of imports needed to augment regional production?
Will there be enough maize to feed the population within the region?Southern Africa will not have enough grain to feed the population from the region’s own production and carryover stocks. It is clear that there is likely going to be a signifi cant amount of maize (and other grains) that will be imported from outside the region, with the likely sources being Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and the Ukraine.
In a normal season, gross estimated available maize for the Southern African Development Community
Tinashe KapuyaHead: Trade and Investment, Agbiz
Wandile SihloboEconomist: Grain SA
Will Southern Africa cope with the current
drought?
The beginning of 2016 saw heightened concerns about the
erratic rainfall distribution, with all previous maize projections
being revised downwards to “severe” and “disaster” scenarios.
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of 27 million tons (SADC, various years).
South Africa contributes between 40% and 42% of maize available in the region. From a maize perspective, the region has been relatively self-suffi cient, with record harvests from a number of countries, namely South Africa, Zambia and Malawi in the recent past.
In the previous season, a less favourable climate led to lower maize production that reduced the crop by around 30% in South Africa, 17% in Zambia, 26% in Malawi and 50% in Zimbabwe (Grain SA, 2015 and GIEWS, 2016).
The steep decline in production meant that the region could count on its carryover stocks to stabilise prices, which remained reasonably low across the region. Given that all net exporting countries are under severe pressure due to a second consecutive drought throughout Southern Africa, the large parts of the region’s reduced crop triggered expectations of a further signifi cant decline in expected production.
Revised expectations coming from Zambia are that output will decline by a third to 1,6 million tons, whereas sentiments from South Africa suggest that this season’s
harvest could possibly be between 5 and 6 million tons. The situation is worse in net importing countries such as Zimbabwe, where production is expected yet again, to halve compared to the previous season.
Where are the grain imports going to come from?The resultant effects of the expected steep declines in maize production are signifi cant maize imports. The expectation is that South Africa (including Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland [BLNS]) may import at least 5 million tons of maize (1,7 million tons white and 3,3 million tons yellow).
Zimbabwe is expected to import 1,2 million tons of maize (Agbiz, 2016, USDA, 2016 and ReNAPRI, 2016). In contrast, minimal imports are expected in Tanzania with good rainfall supporting production estimates of above 6 million tons (SADC FSEWS, 2016 and ReNAPRI, 2016).
Meanwhile, recent reports have highlighted that Zambia might be compelled to import, even though an estimate is not yet available. Zambia’s maize balance sheet seems to suggest, however, that they can rely on their carryover stocks and a 500 000 tons strategic grain reserve that could minimise the level of imports.
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6 This means that Zambia’s capacity to export into the region is curtailed. The aggregate picture of the regional total maize imports could be at least 7 million tons, most if not all, of which are from deep sea imports.
The question then is, from which countries will Southern Africa import the much-needed (white) maize?
Of the expected 7 million tons of imported maize required for the region, at least half of it should ideally be white maize meant for human consumption (authors’ calculations).
The issue of SADC maize import requirements needs to be answered concurrently with how much white maize is available in the global market. While yellow maize is readily available in the global market, white maize remains in limited supply amid a growing import need in the Southern African region and some Latin American countries.
Outside of the African continent, white maize is mainly produced in Mexico, with current surplus stocks of at least 1,5 million tons of non-GMO white maize available for export markets.
Is the infrastructure going to be able to handle expected import requirements?If the region becomes entirely dependent on deep sea imports, it brings the important question of whether the port capacity will manage to handle an unprecedented level of grain imports.
The question of whether infrastructural capacity is suffi cient to meet at least 6,2 million tons of maize imports and an additional 5 million tons of other grains (e.g. rice, soybean and soybean oilcake and wheat) is a question that is yet to be answered satisfactorily.
In the recent past, South Africa mainly used the Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and East London ports – all
of which have a combined capacity of roughly 4,8 million tons (refer to Table 1).
However, while it is unclear what the maximum grain import capacity is, industry experts suggest that ports have an additional capacity to handle imports of roughly 7 million tons. Moreover, there are arguments that suggest the creation of additional capacity in ports that are traditionally non-grain importing ports, such as Richards Bay.
Emerging concerns relate to the potential traffi c congestion at the ports and on roads – which will affect the turn-around time of grain trucks. This point is particularly important if we consider that 80% of all grain transported inland is done by road.
The potential problem of traffi c congestion could be averted, or at the very least lessened by the possibility of increasing the use of rail transport as an alternative. Provisional estimates from Transnet show that out of the 308 wagons in their fl eet, there are 108 wagons that are grain containers – which have a capacity to transport 7 920 tons per day (Transnet, 2016; authors’ deductions).
ConclusionsAll of the estimates regarding the import requirements and port capacity are based on expectations and in certain cases opinions, which might not necessarily refl ect the outcome.
It is also important to note that the summer crops are still in early growing stages, hence there is no certainty about the fi nal crop production volumes. All these factors will affect the import volumes and prices, but the emerging outcome will be much clearer within the next two to three months, once crop assessments have been completed across the SADC region.
Table 1: South Africa’s port capacity.
Port Draft Geared vessel Average discharge rate per month
Cape Town 11,9 m Yes 140 000
Port Elizabeth 10,8 m Yes 70 000
East London 10,4 m Yes 66 000
Durban 10,2 m n/a 130 000
Source: Ports authority (2016)
Disclaimer
We have done our utmost to ensure the accuracy of this information, however, Grain SA takes no responsibility for any losses or damages incurred due to the use of this information.
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InleidingDit was my voorreg om saam met ander lede van ons Genootskap, lede van die LRF en akademici, onder die bekwame leiding van ons toerleier, dr. Michael Bradfi eld, ’n baie insiggewende besoek aan verskeie instansies en boere in Australië te kon bring.
Ek gaan nie poog om alles wat ek daar geleer het in dié skrywe aan u oor te dra nie, maar ek deel graag my algemene indrukke met u en hou graag ’n oorsig aan u voor. Ons besoek het net na afl oop van Australië se National Beef Exposition (Beef Australia), wat in Rockhampton gehou is, plaasgevind.
Die toer het hoofsaaklik uit drie dele bestaan: akademies/Genootskap – University of New England, Angus Australia, Armidale; eksotiese rasse – Brigalouw, Moura, Dingo, QLD; en Hereford- en Angus-telers – Holbrook – NSW.
Australië se beesbevolking is 26 tot 27 miljoen sterk; ’n syfer wat voor die laaste erge droogte wat hulle gehad het op 30 miljoen koppe gestaan het. Bokant die Steenbokskeerkring het die diere ’n baie sterk Bos Indicus-bloedsamestelling (blykbaar uiters noodsaaklik vir oorlewing in die lig van parasietladings, hitte verdraagsaamheid en droogtetoestande). Suid van die Steenbokskeerkring het die beeste oorwegend ’n Bos Taurus-bloedsamestelling.
Na my mening het Simmentalers ’n baie klein verteenwoordiging in Australië, myns insiens weens totaal en al die verkeerde redes, wat ek dink baie jammer is en beslis ’n verlies vir hulle. Simbra is iets wat hulle glad nie ken nie, en ook nie daar bestaan nie.
Breedplan – Die wêreld se beste genetiese evalueringstelsel vir vleisbeesteBreedplan is een van ons Genootskap se diensverskaffers en ons het die geleentheid gehad om voordragte deur onder andere mnre. Steve Skinner, Cody Wilson, Marcus O’Sullivan en dr. Brad Crook te kon bywoon. Ons is ingelig oor hoe daar skakeling tussen onder andere Breedplan, ABRI (Agricultural Business Research Institute), UNE (University of New England) en ander rolspelers is.
ABRI het 78 personeellede in Australië en het in 2014 sowat 658 000 diereregistrasies vir 140 genootskappe hanteer. Breedplan het in 14 lande en vir 44 rasse die evaluasie op meer as 40 miljoen diere gedoen. Breedplan se navorsingsafdeling het 20 genetici in diens, wat deur ondersteuningspersoneel bygestaan word en deur die Australiese regering en deur die bedryf (produsente en rolspelers) befonds word. So byvoorbeeld, was die navorsings- en ontwikkelingsbegroting tussen 2001 en 2012, 12 tot
Besoek aan Australiëdeur LRF-verteenwoordigers
17 – 19 Mei 2015
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20 miljoen Australiese dollar per jaar, en ons as hul kliënt kry voordeel uit hierdie navorsingswerk wat ons op eie bodem nooit sou kon bekostig het nie.
Ons is dus, in die groter geheel gesien, ’n baie klein kliënt van hierdie organisasies, maar wat reuse voordeel kan trek uit dit wat hulle doen en aanbied.
Die bestuur van ABRI was die Dinsdagaand ons gashere en het ons op ’n wonderlike wyse onthaal en bederf.
AGBU, MSA & UNEVerskeie lesings is deur van die akademici aangebied en dit is baie duidelik dat die mense absolute kundiges op hulle vakgebied is. Nie net het hulle ’n besondere kennis van die onderwerpe nie, maar hulle is spesialiste wat nie net in in die teorie gestudeer het nie, maar werklik navorsing op ’n groot genoeg verteenwoordigende populasie gedoen het om dan nie net ’n mening te waag nie, maar ’n ingeligte mening te kan gee. So byvoorbeeld, het ons ’n lesing oor die genetiese komponent van vroulike produktiwiteit van Brahmaan-tipe diere bygewoon, waar 356 000 skanderings gedoen is om ’n mening oor die onderwerp te vorm.
’n Verskeidenheid van onderwerpe is hanteer - alles onderwerpe wat ’n impak op ’n beesboerdery se
fi nansies het. Dit is belangrik om dít wat ons mee besig is te verstaan en te interpreteer. Baie van die gemete eienskappe, wat ons in ons seleksieprosesse gebruik, is met ander eienskappe gekorreleer, hetsy positief of negatief, en dit is uiters belangrik dat dinge in balans moet gebeur ten einde oor die langtermyn ekonomies doeltreffend en effektief te kan boer.
Een van die mees insiggewende lesings wat ons bygewoon het, was oor Meat Standards Australia. Dit het verskeie vraagstukke oor vleis, die verbuik daarvan en die vraag daarna hanteer. Hulle het navorsing gedoen oor waarom die verbruik van rooivleis tot ’n paar jaar gelede afgeneem het. Die antwoorde was:
• Die vleis-eetervaring het nie aan die verbruiker se verwagtinge voldoen nie;
• Verbruikers het nie ’n sinvolle manier gehad om beter gehalte vleis (wat aan verwagtinge sou voldoen) te identifi seer nie;
• Verbruikers was oningelig oor die voedingswaarde van vleis.
Navorsing het getoon dat verbuikers:
• Meer sal koop; en
• Duurder sal betaal; maar
• ’n Bevredigende eetervaring moet gewaarborg wees.
Longfed Angusse Tullimba.
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’n Behoorlike vleisklassifi seringstelsel is ontwikkel en die implimentering daarvan het nie net ’n groter verbruik van vleis tot gevolg gehad nie, maar ook dat verbruikers toe wel, soos wat navorsing aangedui het die geval sou wees, meer vir vleis van die regte standaard, wat as sulks geklassifi seer is, betaal. So kan Scotch Fillet teen AU$38.99 per kg (R389.90/kg) en 100Day Grain Fed Angus Beef Eye Fillet Steak vir AU$59.00/kg verkoop!
Die produsente, wat aan die MSA-klassifi kasiestelsel behoort, kry gemiddeld R2.90/kg méér vir die karkasse wat hulle lewer teenoor dié wat nie daaraan deelneem nie. Dit het baie duidelik geword hoe verouderd en onakkuraat ons Suid-Afrikaanse bees vleis klassi fi kasie-stelsel is.
Die Genootskap, en ons as telers, se grootste bate is nie ons beeste nie en ook nie die genetiese potensiaal van ons beeste nie, maar die data wat ons beskikbaar het. Die volledigheid, akkuraatheid, betroubaarheid en gehalte van ons data is van kardinale waarde. Ons moet seker maak dat ons eienaarskap daarvan behou en dat die integriteit daarvan nooit in gedrang sal kom nie.
Angus AustraliaOns het ook besoek by die kantore van Angus Australia afgelê. Dié kantoor word met ’n baie moderne
aanslag bedryf wat daarop gemik is om effektiwiteit en doeltreffendheid te bevorder. Die modernste toerusting word gebruik en hulle poog om soveel as moontlik papierloos te werk.
Hulle ledetal is net meer as 1 000 stoettelers en hulle het boonop byna dubbel soveel kommersiële telers as lede. Hul lede word deurlopend met inligting bedien; hulle stel nie ’n jaarlikse joernaal saam nie, maar publiseer elke week ’n e-nuusbrief wat deur sowat 3 000 mense gelees word. Hul kommersiële lede is verplig om alle manlike aanteel te kastreer, en byna al hul lede (stoet en kommersieel) neem deel aan prestasietoetsing.
Angus Australia fokus baie sterk op die jeug met bemarking en werwingsveldtogte. Hulle het drie voltydse amptenare wat hulle tyd en energie op die bevordering van hulle ras onder die jeug toespits.
Ons is ook breedvoerig oor hulle Angus Sire Benchmarking-program ingelig. So byvoorbeeld, gebruik hulle 35 bulle op 1 640 koeie in vyf verskillende kuddes. Die diere se nageslag se prestasie word noukeurig aangeteken en geëvalueer. Anders as by ons, moet eienaars van bulle betaal om bulle vir deelname aan die projek te nomineer (R10 000 per bul). Hulle kry geen vergoeding vir die gebruik van die bul se semen nie, maar wel prestasiedata met hoë, betroubare
Leucaena
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waarde neem baie skerp toe vir beide semen en die bul.
Hulle fokus geweldig sterk op vleiseienskappe en spesifi ek op marmering, oogspieroppervlak en algehele vleisgehalte.
Ons het ook hul toetsstasie by Tullimba besoek, waar hulle die Growsafe-stelsel gebruik. Hulle het osse in ’n “kortvoer”-program getoets, waar hulle vir 100 dae op ’n graanrantsoen afgerond word, asook op ’n “langvoer”-program, waar hulle vir ’n verdere 170 dae afgerond word. Lewendige gewig van “langvoer”-osse is meer as 800 kg en lewer karkasse van so 470 kg. Die hoofdoel van die “langvoer”-osse is om hul marmering te verhoog; ’n baie onekonomiese voeroefening, maar wat meer as voor vergoed word deur die hoë premie wat vir vleis met die marmering betaal word.
Palgrove – We’re all about beefNá ons besoek aan Armidale het ons die eerste beesplaas, Strathgarve, Dalveen besoek, waar ons die gaste van David en Prue Bondfi eld was. Hier word met +/-2 000 Charolais-koeie geboer, en nog ’n sintetiese/komposietras wat David die “Ultra Black” noem. Daar word op verskeie plase in verskillende streke geboer, met die doel om droogterisiko’s te verskans. Palgrove lê heelwat klem op poenskopgenetika (kry +/-AU$1 000 ekstra per poenabul) en is baie ingestel op kliënte tevrededenheid, maar ook om hul kliënte te bedien soos wat die kliënt se behoeftes verander.
Hulle verkoop jaarliks 750 Charolais-bulle en 250 Ultra Black-bulle. Hulle verkope is darem effens vergemaklik deur een kliënt wat elke jaar 350 bulle (ongesiens) by hulle koop. Palgrove het ten doel om binne vyf jaar 750 bulle van elke ras te verkoop. Hulle lewer ook vroulike diere op kontrak aan kliënte. Geen bulle word onder AU$2 500 verkoop nie; hulle gemiddelde prys vanjaar (2015) was net meer as AU$8 000 (R80 000) met die hoogste prys AU$ 35 000.
ABBA – Australian Brahman Breeder’s AssociationIn Rockhampton was ons die gaste van ABBA. Hulle het breedvoerig verduidelik hoe hulle BIN-program werk, die resultate wat hulle tot dusver gekry het, en dat hulle spesifi ek daaraan werk om te verbeter op karkas- en vleisgehalte, vroulike vrugbaarheid en groei-eienskappe.
Mnr. John Croaker het ook baie moeite gedoen om hul vleisklassifi kasiestelsel aan ons te verduidelik en ons het maar net meer bewus geraak van hoeveel tekortkominge ons in die Suid-Afrikaanse stelsel het. Baie nuttige inligting, geskoei op navorsing in die ekstensiewe noordelike gebiede van Australië, is met ons gedeel. So is byvoorbeeld wetenskaplike verduidelikings gegee betreffende die verwantskap
tussen voeding, dagliglengte en ovulasie-aktiwiteite by Brahmane, en die invloed van vaars op hul dogters se uiers en spene.
Een van die bevindinge wat hulle met ons gedeel het, is hoe belangrike rol die insluiting van DTK-data (dae tot kalwing) in hulle vordering op die gebied van vroulike vrugbaarheid gespeel het. Hul navorsing het ook getoon dat sekere bulle se dogters baie beter moeders was as ander bulle s’n.
Gyranda Santa Gertrudis-stoet Hierdie is een van die oudste stoeterye in Australië, en is nommer drie in die Australiese register. Hier het ons die eerste keer die werk van die “Buffalo fl y” gesien. Hierdie vliegie, met baie skerp snydende monddele, sny die beeste se velle oop dat die bloed van hulle afdrup en dit los geweldige letsels. Hier het ons ook die eerste keer met leucaena onder spilpuntbesproeiing kennisgemaak. Hierdie is ’n peulgewas wat in rye geplant word met goeie weidingsgras tussen die rye. Hierdie plant, wat lang lote en fyn blaartjies het, is baie smaaklik en kan tot 20% proteïen hê.
Te midde van die leucaena beskou Gyranda hulself as ekstensiewe Santa-telers. Afhangend van hoe goed die reënseisoen was, verkoop hulle jaarliks tussen 200 en 350 bulle. Ongeveer 100 bulle word op hul produksieveiling aangebied en teen gemiddeld AU$4 500 per bul verkoop. Gyranda verkoop ook jaarliks ’n redelike hoeveelheid verse teen gemiddeld AU$1 500 stuk.
Brigalow Brahman - ElroseHierdie plaas was ’n ou toetsstasie met fantastiese geriewe, waar daar baie navorsing oor baie jare gedoen is. Tans is die plaas in privaatbesit en word daar met wit Brahmane geboer. Die goeie infrastruktuur maak dit moontlik om die hele boerdery met net twee persone (getroude man en vrou), ’n span honde en perde te behartig. Hoewel ek omtrent geen bosluise op die Brahmane kon sien nie, het hulle my verseker dat hulle in ’n gebied met grootskaalse bosluisinfestering boer.
Dit was opmerklik dat hul Brahmane die buffelvlieë baie beter as van die ander beeste wat ons gesien het kon hanteer. Daar word planmatig met spesifi eke doelwitte as teiken geboer, en hulle steun swaar op teelwaardes om hul doelwitte te verwesenlik. Om vinniger genetiese vordering te maak, gebruik hulle baie jong bulle in hul teelprogram. Negentig persent van bulkalwers wat gebore word, word later as teelbulle bemark.
BBB Brangus, Araluen, DingoHier word werklik ekstensief met Brangusse geboer en die beeste loop kwaai onder die buffelvlieë deur. Ons is hier aan ’n interessante konsep, waarvolgens versnelde genetiese vordering gemaak word, bekendgestel. Die
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Barlow-familie identifi seer elke jaar ses besondere koeie wat hulle dan na ’n embrio-spoelstasie stuur om gespoel te word. Hulle gee hul voorskrifte deur ten opsigte van met watter bulle die koeie gespoel moet word en hoeveel kalwers hulle terug wil hê.
Hulle versoek gewoonlik so 20 kalwers per embrioskenker wat dan deur die stasie in die lewe gebring word deur self ontvangerkoeie vir die oefening beskikbaar te maak. Nadat die kalwers gespeen is, word hulle en hul biologiese ma’s na Araluen teen ’n totale koste van AU$1 500 per kalf teruggestuur.
BBB Brangus bemark ongeveer 250 bulle per jaar, waarvan ’n groot deel op hul eie veiling aan stoettelers gaan. Die koste verbonde aan hul veilings is onder andere ’n kommissie van 6% aan die afslaershuis, maar dan word daar daadwerklik bulle bemark en is die veilingsgemiddeld AU$4 000 per bul. BBB se bemarking-, afrondings- en veeartskostes is ongeveer AU$1 000 per veilingsbul. Hulle fokus baie sterk op bemarking aan kommersiële boere. Hierdie bulle word spesifi ek op gras afgerond om makliker by hul kopers se plase te kan aanpas.
BBB Brangus koeie weeg gemiddeld 600 kg en speenkalwers tussen 300 en 400 kg. Hierdie kalwers
is egter ouer as sewe maande en die ouderdomme met speen is nie altyd beskikbaar nie. Heelwat oop verse, gereed vir die bul word teen gemiddeld AU$900 per kop bemark.
Kaiuroo BrahmaneHierdie is ’n besondere plaas, met baie water (Mackenzie- en Fitzroy-riviere) waar bykomend tot akkerbou ook organiese beesvleis vir die plaaslike en uitvoermark produseer word. Die leucaena- en buffelsgrasaanplanting word danksy goeie beplanning en puik infrastruktuur by wyse van vloedbesproeiing in hul vleisproduksiestelsel gebruik. Tom Emmery en Jennifer McCamley boer met ongeveer 10 000 beeste.
Hulle bedien stoettelers (300 teelbulle per jaar), maar hulle fokus is op die produksie van organiese beesvleis. Osse word op 500-550kg geslag en hulle behaal hierdie gewig rondom 24-maande ouderdom. Die enigste aanvulling wat hul beeste mag kry om steeds as organies gesertifi seer te mag word, is organiese fosfaat en organiese sout. Naspeurbaarheid is krities belangrik en hulle maak gelyktydig gebruik van ’n viervoudige identifi seringstelsel om te verseker dat hul status as organiese produsent behou word.
Wirruna Polled Herefords.
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016Hulle lewer elke 14 dae ’n vrag beeste aan ’n abattoir
en bemarkingsagent met wie vooruit teen AU$5.75 per kilogram gekontrakteer word. As hulle meer karkasse kan lewer, kan hulle onder hulle eie naam die vleis bemark, wat vir hulle ’n bykomende AU$0.50 per kg sal beteken.
Wirruna polled Herefords – Holbrook NSWUit die noorde, waar daar ekstensief geboer word, is ons na Spring Valley waar ons die gaste van Ian en Diana Locke was. Ian Locke is ’n absolute kenner op sy gebied en weet presies hoe om BLUP as ’n hulpmiddel in te span om genetiese vordering te maak. Akkurate produksie- en reproduksiedata word sedert 1986 aangeteken en in die bestuur van die kudde gebruik. Wirruna se kalfgewig met geboorte het oor tyd basies konstant gebly, terwyl kalwingsgemak verbeter het. Die klem is op kalwingsgemak! Kalwers moet ’n spesifi eke groeitempo volgens ’n groeikurwe kan handhaaf, anders word hulle geprul.
Op 1 400 ha word met 1 200 beeste (530 koeie) en 3 400 skape geboer. Die plaas lê verder suid as die Kaap en kry jaarliks ongeveer 700 mm reën
(winterreënvalstreek). ’n Groot deel van die plaas is onder aangeplante weiding - palaris, ryegras en klawer.
Die bestuur van die hele boerdery is op optimale winsgewendheid ingestel, met die koeikudde as winsdrywer en die bulle as drywer van genetiese vordering. Verse word op 14-15 maande gedek en die dekseisoen is net ses weke lank. Verse en koeie wat oorslaan word nie geduld nie en word summier uit die kudde uitgeskot. Koeie word op agt jaar ouderdom verkoop en word gewoonlik deur ander telers vir teeldoeleindes aangekoop.
Rennylea Angus – Wagra, NSWRennylea Angus-stoetery van Bryan Corrigan bestaan uit 3 500 beeste, waarvaan 1 100 teelkoeie is, en word op 2 800 ha bedryf. Rennylea is een van die voorste Angus-stoeterye in Australië en word baie wetenskaplik bedryf. Hulle maak gebruik van moderne tegnieke soos genotipiese ontledings, BLUP-teelwaardes en fenotipiese evaluasies in hul teelprogram.
Die genetiese vordering en fokus op vleisgehalte en karkaseienskappe van die 500 Rennylea Angus-
Vervolg op bl. 78
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bulle wat jaarliks bemark word, is baie duidelik. Hulle het dan ook een van die mees suksesvolle embrio-oorplasingsprogramme in die wêreld met ’n sukseskoers van 85% kalwers van embrio’s oorgeplaas.
Die dekseisoen in die Rennylea-kudde is 21 dae. Geen tweede kans word gegee nie.
Ons is hier ook bekendgestel aan verskillende besigheidsmodelle, wat gewissel het van bulle wat op kontrak verhuur word, bulle wat suiwer op papier met die oog op spesifi eke eienskappe bestel word, tot koeie wat verhuur word. Rennylea het ook ’n besondere waarborgstelsel wat beteken dat kopers absolute gemoedsrus oor hul transaksies het.
Rennylea Angusse.
Ter samevattingDie Australiërs is ernstig oor beesboerdery, maar veral oor beesvleisproduksie.
Die staat, produsente en ander rolspelers in die bedryf neem deel op alle vlakke om die volhoubare uitbou en winsgewendheid daarvan te verseker.
Die gasvryheid van die mense by wie ons tuisgegaan het en wat ons besoek het, was wonderlik om te ervaar.
Die Aussies (mans en dames) is hardwerkende, fl ukse mense met trots in hulle werk; hul infrastruktuur op die plase is briljant en hulle bou ’n ding een keer om vir altyd te hou!
Die beste ding wat hulle kon doen, is om die wetenskap van beesteling en vleisproduksie verder te bestudeer, dit hulle eie te maak en dit te implementeer.
Hul identifi kasiestelsel vir naspeurbaarheid is vir hulle ’n groot bate.
Die MSA- (Meat Standards Australia) klassifi kasiestelsel het beesvleisproduksie nie net momentum gegee nie, maar het die beesvleisbedryf meer winsgewend gemaak.
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2015 ToekenningsAlgemene Jaarvergadering
2 September 2015, Kroonstad
Voermol Simbra Reproduksie Toekenning van die Jaar
Geen kuddes wat onbekende (*OO) of ander-ras vaars kalwers van aangemeld het, kwalifi seer vir die Reproduksie toekenning nie.
10 – 24 KOEIE met 2 en meer kalwings:
1. Jacat Stoetery, Gobabis
2. N J van Zyl, Jr. Cedarville
3. Quatro SSG, Rant-en-Dal
25 – 49 KOEIE met 2 en meer kalwings:
1. Vorster Broers Boerdery (Edms) Bpk, Thabazimbi
2. Simlee Stoetery, Thabazimbi
3. DM Kotze, Senekal
50 – 74 KOEIE met 2 en meer kalwings:
1. H M Viljoen, Parys
2. Midkop Boerdery, Jagersfontein
3. AANW Olivier, Rehoboth
75+ KOEIE met 2 en meer kalwings:
1. Boswald Brahman (Edms) Bpk, Hopetown
2. Bleka Trust, Daniëlskuil
3. Kleine Monde, Southseas
Malemba Simbras, Molopo
GrootsteTeler
20ste jaar, sedert 1996
HM Viljoen
Volgens kalwers gebore 1 Januarie 2014 tot 31 Desember 2014
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Oorhandig deur Peet Nienaber
• Riaan Odendaal na Simmentaler Senior Beoordelaar
• Stephan Voigts na Simbra Ras Eksaminator
• Danie Erasmus na Simbra Ras Eksaminator
• Jaco Maré na Simmentaler Ras Eksaminator
Malemba Simbras, Molopo
11de jaar, sedert 2005
Willie Angus Sterkoei Toekenning
Klub/Studiegroep van die Jaar
Beoordelaar Bevorderings
Spesiale Toekenning
Vrystaat Simklub Fanie Maré Lisa Verwey
Van links: Stephan Voigts, Jaco Maré, Danie Erasmus, Riaan Odendaal en Peet Nienaber
Prosim Studiegroep
Kantoordame van die Jaar
Mnr. Swart Sr. & Deon van Zyl
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‘n Kombinasie van teelwaardes sowel as Simdeks en Simbradeks soos oorspronklik deur Mnr. Peter Massman uitgewerk word gebruik. Vanaf volgende jaar sal Dae tot Kalwing die kriteria bepaal. Reproduksie tel 60 % t esame met 40% teelwaardes wat groei en melk insluit. Alle vorms vir beide die Stoetteler van die jaar asook die Koeigroep van die jaar is op die webblad beskikbaar. http://www.stockmanschool.co.za/School-Competition.htm
WENNER:
Hennie Viljoen – Vlensburg Simbra
Aldam Stockmanschool
Volledigheid van prestasie is telers wat volledige data aan genootskappe verskaf en daardeur word die ster toekenning gesamentlik deur Breedplan en die genootskappe bepaal. Alle telers met ‘n 4 * of meer kom in aanmerking. Daar is ‘n verbetering in die rekordhouding onder kuddes. Verlede jaar was daar slegs 21 en vanjaar was daar 28.
• William Angus PTY LTD
• Ondeka Simbra
Zoetis bul van die jaar sluit in Lichtenburg-, Royal-, Windhoek-, Jacaranda Landbou-, en Vryburgskou. ’n Prestasie punt van 50% word gebruik en bulle word eerstens op prestasie uitgesoek waarna hulle visueel beoordeel word. ‘n Wenner vir elke skou word aangekondig waarna wenners vergelyk word deur dat dieselfde interras beoordelaar die wenners beoordeel. Die prestasie komponent sluit ook 6 verskillende teelwaardes in soos by die koeigroep. Sommige rasse gebruik ekonomiese seleksie indekse om bulle te selekteer.
14 – 16 Oktober 2015
LandbankKoeigroep van die Jaar
Zoetis Bul van die Jaar
Completeness of Performance Award
4* rating
Mnr. C. G. P. Nagel LZ03112C
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Pick ’n Pay Stud Producer
of the YearStoetteler van die jaar word met behulp van ’n vraelys wat onder andere insluit, produksie, genetiese tendense, betrokkenheid by die industrie, opleiding, bul en koei verkope gekies en word onafhanklik deur die Universiteit van die Vrystaat behartig. ‘n Besoek word ook aan alle telers gedoen.
Hennie Viljoen Vlensburg Simmentaler & Simbra
LRF/BreedplanCertifi cate of Merit
Thys Meyer
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Die kriteria vir die 2015 ster koei berekening is as volg:
• 1 Ster (*) – 4 Kalwings op rekord waarvan 2 kalwers goedgekeur is en 3 ’n speengewig op rekord het.
• 2 Sterre (**) – 5 kalwings waarvan 3 kalwers goedgekeur is en 4 ‘n speengewig op rekord het.
• 3 Sterre (***) – 6 en meer kalwings waarvan 4 kalwers goedgekeur is en 5 ‘n speengewig op rekord het.
• Reproduksie: Ouderdom met 1ste kalwing (38 maande) en Tussen Kalf Periode (TKP, 462dae) moet nie hoër as die rasgemiddeld wees nie.
• Prestasie: 200dae gewig EBV (>15) en 200dae melk EBV (>4) moet rasgemiddeld en hoër wees.
Ster Koeie 2015
1. J Swart Malemba Simbras
3. J A Roux Joleen Simbras
2. S Maré Stefmar
4. A BrinkBrink & Son
3. H M Viljoen Vlensburg
4. A G OdendaalOdensim
3. T VorsterDelft Vennootskap
4. S J MaréJacMar
Hierdie standaarde word jaarliks volgens die jongste rasgemiddeldes aangepas en dooie koeie ontvang ook sterre aan hand van hul nageslag se prestasie. Besonderhede van alle ster koeie is deur middel van die Internet aan almal beskikbaar.
Baie geluk aan die volgende telers (nie noodwendig eienaars nie)
wat die meeste nuwe sterre vir 2015 ontvang het.
Koeie wat in moedereienskappe uitblink word met *, ** of *** sterre
op die registrasiesertifi kaat, veilingskatalogus en www.simbra.org
as elite of ster koeie uitgewys.
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Bul Vaar Aantal2011
VLENSBURG PUTU BELLE OMBRE JARED 89MARNELL FANIE FANIE-MARE FM9950C 77KAMAB FLIPSIDE G96 PVR0080C 73JOLEEN CHAMP PRI NKWE 331 [BRA] 69KAMAB JACK BELLE OMBRE JOE 66NAKAPANDA 0623B DORSIM VERNON (P) 60
2012
MARNELL SPIKKELS MARIMBRA APPLE 74JORIBRA GERT MOOILAND JOENEW 71VILLION BART CORZEL CHD0330B 69STEINFURT KSP0240C METSIBRA TIMON 67BIANDI GATO MARIMBRA MEXICO 64HAPPY VENTURE SUPERMAN CORZEL SMITTIE 62
2013
MON BIJOU SMALDEEL SB0934C DIANA’S GUGI 120MARNELL FANIE FANIE-MARE FM9950C 97QUATRO-PRO QUINTON HAPPY VENTURE PAVAROTTI 79QUATRO-PRO PROTECTOR PRR PREVAIL 774S 66BIGGARSGAT MNR MISTAKE 0933 WISP-WILL ZANE (P) 63KIRIAKE RHODE DORSIM KING 61
2014
QUATRO-PRO GLADIATOR HAPPY VENTURE PAVAROTTI 90BRASIM BASJAN BRASIM BAKSTEEN 58DELFTKOM MONTI RENEGADE MARNELL FANIE 55MON BIJOU SMALDEEL SB0934C DIANA’S GUGI 52WISP-WILL LOOD P WISP-WILL ZANE (P) 52EXELSUS EL GUERRA LMC PATRIOT 48
2015
WISP-WILL LINO 2 P EXELSUS PRODIGY 122ROTSWAND ZORRO MARATANA PIETA 101MON BIJOU SMALDEEL SB0934C DIANA’S GUGI 61WISP-WILL LOOD P WISP-WILL ZANE (P) 58BOETAN FREDDIE CORZEL 92/00 53EXELSUS GALCO EXELSUS GALEN 52
Meeste KalwersBulle waarvan die afgelope 5 jaar, die meeste lewendige kalwers aangemeld is.
WISP-WILL LINO 2 P
4 QUATRO-PRO GLADIATOR
VLENSBURG PUTU
MARNELL SPIKKELS
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The purpose of the 2015 Elite Dams list is to pay tribute and honour cows in the Simbra breed who meet the highest standard of reproduction and production and to recognize the breeders/owners who produced them.
The cow must meet all of the minimum criteria to qualify as an Elite Dam, but her owner must manage the herd correctly to give her the opportunity to excel and reach her full genetic potential. In order to be honoured as an Elite Dam, a cow must meet the following criteria:
• Passed inspection for structural precision
• Be a three star cow
• Have 6 and more calvings of which 5 must have a wean weight on record and 4 must have have passed inspection for structural correctness
• Be within the Simbra Society’s breeding aim (EBVs) for
- 600 days
- 200 days
- Maternal milk
• An average age at fi rst calving (AFC) not higher than the breed average (38 months)
• An average inter-calving period (ICP) not higher than the breed average (462 days)
Elite Dams 2015
Herd Prefi xes with more than one cow on the list of 2015 Elite Dams:
Prefi x Number of Dams
ABENCO 3
BEE-ES 3
DIANA’S 4
KAMAB 2
ROTSWAND 2
SONBRI 5
TEKA 2
VLENSBURG 3
WISP-WILL 11
ZARISSA 2
ZINKEV 5
PREFIX ID NO APPR NO WW BW WW FW MILK
ABENCO 29 AJP0029B 12 7 9 1.3 23 23 6
ABENCO 31 AJP0031C 11 7 7 1.5 21 34 7
ABENCO 46 AJP0246C 10 5 7 1.9 25 31 4
ASMER RIKA ASM0239A 10 8 5 1 21 27 6
BEE-ES BS02220 BS02220 6 7 5 0.8 13 25 7
BEE-ES BS99117C BS99117C 7 7 6 2.2 26 28 6
BEE-ES BS9942C BS9942C 10 7 8 2.1 22 30 6
CORZEL CHD02130A CHD02130A 10 7 7 2.1 27 37 6
DIANA’S CHRISTINE - 03 OH0345C 9 6 6 1.9 29 41 7
DIANA’S DAISY OH0182B 10 7 7 2.1 24 37 5
DIANA’S KIRSTIN OH0338B 8 5 6 2 22 36 5
DIANA’S MARTINA OH0333B 8 8 6 2.8 39 40 6
EXITO ARC97650B ARC97650B 7 6 7 2.9 23 33 5
FANIE-MARE 98 5B FM985B 8 7 8 1.7 20 36 5
JACMAR 0242C JM0242C 10 6 10 1.5 26 35 7
JOLEEN CHRISSIE 2 JAR0619A 8 7 5 2 30 40 5
KAMAB DM03339 DM03339 9 7 9 2.7 26 38 3
Automatic evaluation is done once a year for all cows on the Simbra database. The Elite Dam award is a permanent recognition.
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KAMAB DM98146B DM98146B 10 6 8 2.1 25 41 6
MHS BLANCHE MHS0014C 8 8 5 3 30 38 6
MOOILAND BEKKIE GB9704A 11 6 6 3 29 38 4
OMUHEKE JANNA JGB9937B 11 7 6 1.3 22 32 7
RICHTER JHR9911A JHR9911A 7 7 6 1.9 28 41 5
ROTSWAND 0034C LZ0034C 12 7 7 1.7 22 33 4
ROTSWAND LZ9957 LZ9957 8 6 6 1.5 21 32 7
SCHUBRA NS 98 17B NS9817B 13 7 9 1.8 19 29 3
SIMMCHRIS SIMONÈ SEN9931B 12 6 7 2.8 21 29 4
SONBRI CLARA 6TH BIN98112C 7 7 7 2.2 22 31 3
SONBRI EDNA 14TH BIN9963C 8 7 7 0.5 22 28 7
SONBRI IRENE 6TH BIN9998C 7 5 7 2.7 18 34 4
SONBRI MARY 8TH BIN9821 7 7 6 2.7 29 38 3
SONBRI PENNY 6TH BIN0162 8 7 6 2.6 28 35 6
SSS 00220 GS00220 9 7 7 0.7 26 34 7
STEFMAR FM0025C FM0025C 6 7 6 2.3 17 23 7
STEINFURT KSP9910C KSP9910C 6 6 6 1.6 28 36 5
STONY GS9617B GS9617B 15 5 8 3.5 18 35 4
TAUDICUS SPATSELS VOV005C 9 7 5 2.4 27 40 6
TEKA RK9826C RK9826C 7 8 6 1.7 15 28 7
TEKA RK999B RK999B 7 7 7 1.5 23 37 6
VLENSBURG 02123A VLB02123A 12 6 11 4.3 17 28 6
VLENSBURG 03122A VLB03122A 7 7 6 1.2 27 34 6
VLENSBURG 05123A VLB05123A 9 8 7 2.2 28 38 6
WISP-WILL CORINE 2 WC0562A 9 6 8 2.7 26 32 7
WISP-WILL FLORA 4 WC0055B 10 7 5 2.8 25 40 6
WISP-WILL GILDA 2 WC0571A 9 7 6 2.4 25 36 5
WISP-WILL HEIDE WC0574A 8 5 7 1.5 24 26 6
WISP-WILL HETTA WC0024A 9 5 6 2.4 26 35 5
WISP-WILL MART 2 WC9896C 23 6 11 2.5 31 34 7
WISP-WILL PAULA WC0412B 7 6 7 1.6 23 28 6
WISP-WILL STEFI 6 WC04206A 9 7 9 0.9 18 29 6
WISP-WILL TANIA WC9986A 11 7 7 1.7 24 38 4
WISP-WILL VALDA WC012A 9 6 5 3.3 30 39 5
WISP-WILL ZELMA 4TH WC003C 9 6 8 0.9 27 30 5
ZARISSA VOB 2 VNW0055A 10 7 7 2.5 19 31 7
ZARISSA ZIM 1 VNW9922A 14 7 9 0.7 20 27 6
ZINKEV ILKA OLI9710B 12 8 5 2.4 23 34 6
ZINKEV OLI038C OLI038C 8 8 5 2.8 26 37 5
ZINKEV OLI9934B OLI9934B 10 6 5 1.1 23 26 4
ZINKEV OLI9935A OLI9935A 11 7 7 1.7 17 25 7
ZINKEV PEGGY OLI004C 8 6 5 0.4 29 37 6
NO Number of calvings
APPR Appearance score
NO WW Calves with Weaning Weight
BW Birth Weight (EBV)
WW Weaning Weight / 200 Days (EBV)
FW Final Weight / 600 Days (EBV)
MILK Maternal Milk (EBV)
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6 Statistiek • StatisticsHerdbook Composition (Registered and Calfbook animals)
2011 2012 2013
Females Males Females Males Females Males
F1 Cum 8 036 25% 7 411 22% 7 124 21%F1 3 871 12% 1 107 10% 3 792 11% 963 8% 3 396 10% 749 7%F2 10 595 32% 4 905 43% 11 200 33% 4 938 43% 11 399 33% 4 749 41%F3 6 363 19% 3 236 29% 6 961 21% 3 270 29% 7 708 22% 3 542 31%SP 3 848 12% 2 045 18% 4 185 12% 2 212 19% 4 840 14% 2 442 21%
32 713 11 293 33 549 11 383 34 467 11 48244 006 44 932 45 949
2014 2015 2016
Females Males Females Males Females Males
F1 Cum 3 828 13% 5 191 17% 2 939 12%F1 3 100 11% 683 7% 3 055 10% 965 9% 2 584 11% 797 10%F2 10 259 35% 3 975 40% 9 733 32% 3 798 36% 7 492 31% 2 381 29%F3 7 317 25% 3 016 30% 7 545 25% 3 314 31% 6 612 27% 2 581 31%SP 4 659 16% 2 292 23% 4 944 16% 2 564 24% 4 503 19% 2 443 30%
29 163 9 966 30 468 10 641 24 130 8 20239 129 41 109 32 332
Simbra Numbers2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Active Studs 222 218 217 230 228 211 202 173Average Herd Size (Females) 130 146 150 146 151 138 151 139Average Herd Size (Bulls) 43 50 52 49 50 47 53 47
Simbra Bulpryse November 2014 - November 2015Gemiddeld van veilings gehou onder die reëls van die Genootskap en bulveilings. November 2014 - November 2015
Veiling Datum Aangebied Verkoop GM HP
Central Select Nam Maart 2015 18 17 94% R 25 555 R 38 000Biandi Simbras Maart 2015 35 32 91% R 29 156 R 80 000Multi-SIM veiling April 2015 17 11 65% R 31 000 R 23 000Circle J Uitverkoping April 2015 22 22 100% R 55 000 R 12 602Stefmar & JacMar veiling Mei 2015 20 20 100% R 29 800 R 65 000OTVL Bulveiling Julie 2015 21 10 48% R 29 400 R 40 000Lovedale Veiling Julie 2015 25 15 60% R 17 600 R 25 000Tri Bulveiling Julie 2015 12 12 100% R 37 000 R 29 842Noordwes Simbra veiling Julie 2015 35 29 83% R 30 051 R 50 000Jamica veiling Julie 2015 5 3 60% R 46 500 R 60 000Wisp-Will & Gaste Augustus 2015 36 30 83% R 34 733 R 80 000Malemba veiling Augustus 2015 12 8 67% R 32 000 R 38 000Excelsus Trust Augustus 2015 26 20 77% R 36 000 R 100 000Oos Vrystaat veiling September 2015 27 25 93% R 30 640 R 58 000L Becker & Seuns September 2015 12 10 83% R 27 800 R 45 000Nasionale veiling September 2015 34 21 62% R 38 571 R 102 000Elliot bulveiling September 2015 18 17 94% R 27 058 R 38 000Odensim & Lewenslus September 2015 11 5 45% R 23 100 R 25 000Vryburg November bulveiling November 2015 1 1 100% R 25 000 R 26 00019 Veilings 387 308 80% R 32 329 R 935 444
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68% Of all breeders and 78% of all Active Animals are registered for Performance Testing.90% of 2014 born calves have a weight (either BW, 200day, 400day or 600day) on record.
The Average Performance of calves born 2014
2016 January SBA Group
TraitHeifers Bulls
No. records Adjusted Ave. No. records Adjusted Ave.
Gestation Length (days) 123 286 147 286
Birth Weight 4 974 31.8 4 955 33.2
200-day Weight 3 109 201 2 832 216
400-day Weight 1 081 287 831 356
600-day Weight 285 335 122 442
Scrotal Size 402 30.4
Number of Simbra animals and members per province
Genetic trend for Birth Weight and Milk
Genetic trend in growth traits for Simbra
Growth in Simbra numbers
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Grootste telers
Malemba Simbra’s
Kamab Simbra’s Sanleo Simbra’s Rumba Simbra’s
Ou Transvaal Simbra’s Exito Simbra’s J J B van Niekerk Familie Trust
Marichelle Simbra’s Brasim Simbra’s Bleka Simbra’s
2
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8
3
6
9
4
7
10
1
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VRYBURG SKOU25 – 27 MAART 2015
Beoordelaars: Fanie Maré & Hendrik Grobbelaar3 Vertoners & 34 Diere
ALGEHEEL:1. Marang Turnkey Solutions
(Pty) Ltd, Rivonia2. G P Coetzee, Lichtenburg3. Cornelis Derksen Trust,
Viljoenskroon
GROEPE:1. Marang Turnkey Solutions
(Pty) Ltd, Rivonia2. G P Coetzee, Lichtenburg3. Cornelis Derksen Trust,
Viljoenskroon
VROULIK:1. G P Coetzee, Lichtenburg2. Marang Turnkey Solutions
(Pty) Ltd, Rivonia3. Cornelis Derksen Trust,
Viljoenskroon
BULLE:1. Marang Turnkey Solutions
(Pty) Ltd, Rivonia2. G P Coetzee, Lichtenburg3. Cornelis Derksen Trust,
Viljoenskroon
VADERAFSTAMMELINGSGROEP - bestaande uit twee seuns, ouer as 12 maande:1. Jacmar Libido, JM0463, Marang Turnkey Solutions (Pty) Ltd2. Summa Gratia 0839B, GPC0839B, G P Coetzee3. Jacmar Libido, JM0463, Marang Turnkey Solutions (Pty) Ltd
VADERAFSTAMMELINGSGROEP - bestaande uit twee dogters, ouer as 12 maande:1. Summa Gratia CVD0627B, G P Coetzee2. Jacmar Libido, JM0463, Marang Turnkey Solutions (Pty) Ltd3. Corzel CHD0840, Cornelis Derksen Trust
VADERAFSTAMMELINGSGROEP - bestaande uit ’n seun en dogter, ouer as 12 maande:1. Jacmar Libido, JM0463, Marang Turnkey Solutions (Pty) Ltd2. Jacmar Libido, JM0463, Marang Turnkey Solutions (Pty) Ltd3. PRR Prevail 774S, 2341008, Cornelis Derksen Trust
MOEDERAFSTAMMELINGSGROEP - bestaande uit twee kalwers, enige geslag en ouer as 12 maande van ‘n koei wat nie in hierdie klas vertoon word nie:1. Corzel CHD04012, Cornelis Derksen Trust2. Summa Gratia GPC0937B, G P Coetzee3. Lekatu LKT0919A, Marang Turnkey Solutions (Pty) Ltd
GROEPE VAN 4 DIERE - bestaande uit twee bulle ouer as 12 maande en twee vroulike diere – eiendom van vertoner1. Marang Turnkey Solutions (Pty) Ltd2. Cornelis Derksen Trust3. G P Coetzee
2015
MEESTE PUNTE VIR:
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Gebore: 2013/10/24(Jacmar Libido JM0463 x Bekendvlei Leoni (P) NTU0787A)
Eienaar: Marang Turnkey Solutions (Pty) Ltd
Lekatu Lincoln LKT1358B
BULLE
Gebore: 2013/10/25(Jacmar Libido JM0463 x Bekendvlei Rabu NTU0561A)
Eienaar: Marang Turnkey Solutions (Pty) Ltd
Groot & Penkop Kampioen Res Groot & Res Penkop Kampioen
Lekatu Liam LKT1362B Lekatu Ladd LKT1351B
Gebore: 2013/10/12(Jacmar Libido JM0463 x Lekatu LKT084A)
Eienaar: Marang Turnkey Solutions (Pty) Ltd
BLUP Kampioen
The farmer has to be an optimist or he wouldn’t
still be a farmer. – Will Rogers
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VROULIK
Senior, Groot Kampioen & Superkoei
Junior Kampioen
Mej. Tiener Kampioen
Res Senior & Res Groot Kampioen
Reserwe Junior Kampioen
Reserwe Mej. Tiener Kampioen
Summa Gratia GPC0937B
Corzel CHD1220
Tauro Jordan DIP1364C
Corzel CHD09104
Lekatu Buttons LKT1216B
Lekatu Angel LKT1334
Gebore: 2009/09/29(Summa Gratia CVD0627B x Summa Gratia CVD0535A)
Eienaar: G P Coetzee
Gebore: 2012/04/07(Omuheke Dollar JGB0023C x Corzel CHD0820C)
Eienaar: Cornelis Derksen Trust
Gebore: 2013/09/15(PRR Paragon 31 8U x Tauro Corne DIP1151)Eienaar: Marang Turnkey Solutions (Pty) Ltd
Gebore: 2009/11/29(Rumba Hepo HB07111C x Corzel CHD0550D)
Eienaar: Cornelis Derksen Trust
Gebore: 2012/07/20(Steinfurt KSP0759C x Bekendvlei NTU07200A)
Eienaar: Marang Turnkey Solutions (Pty) Ltd
Gebore: 2013/08/04(Circle-J Avenger JJ0730C x Corzel CHD04123C)
Eienaar: Marang Turnkey Solutions (Pty) Ltd
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LICHTENBURG SKOU21-24 April 2015
Beoordelaars: Stephan Voigts & Dewald Walters5 Vertoners & 39 Diere
ALGEHEEL:1. Marang Turnkey Solutions
(Pty) Ltd, Rivonia2. G P Coetzee, Lichtenburg3. G Visser & A Kallis,
Piketberg
GROEPE:1. Marang Turnkey Solutions
(Pty) Ltd, Rivonia2. G P Coetzee, Lichtenburg3. G Visser & A Kallis,
Piketberg
VROULIK:1. Marang Turnkey Solutions
(Pty) Ltd, Rivonia2. G P Coetzee, Lichtenburg3. G Visser & A Kallis,
Piketberg
BULLE:1. Marang Turnkey Solutions
(Pty) Ltd, Rivonia2. G P Coetzee, Lichtenburg3. G Visser & A Kallis,
Piketberg
2015
MEESTE PUNTE VIR:
VADERAFSTAMMELINGSGROEP – bestaande uit twee seuns, ouer as 12 maande:1. PRR Prevail 774S, 2341008, G Visser & A Kallis2. Summa Gratia 0839B, GPC0839B, GP Coetzee3. Jacmar Libido, JM0463, Marang Turnkey Solutions (Pty) Ltd
VADERAFSTAMMELINGSGROEP – bestaande uit twee dogters, ouer as 12 maande:1. Summa Gratia CVD0672B, CVD0672B, GP Coetzee2. Jacmar Libido, JM0463, Marang Turnkey Solutions (Pty) Ltd
VADERAFSTAMMELINGSGROEP – bestaande uit ‘n seun en ‘n dogter, ouer as 12 maande:1. Summa Gratia 0839B, GPC0839B, GP Coetzee2. Jacmar Libido, JM0463, Marang Turnkey Solutions (Pty) Ltd3. Jacmar Libido, JM0463, Marang Turnkey Solutions (Pty) Ltd
MOEDERAFSTAMMELINGSGROEP – bestaande uit twee kalwers, enige geslag en ouer as 12 maande van ‘n koei wat nie in hierdie klas vertoon word nie:1. Lekatu LKT0919A, LKT0919A, Marang Turnkey Solutions
(Pty) Ltd
GROEP VAN 4 DIERE – bestaande uit twee bulle, ouer as 12 maande, en twee vroulike diere – eiendom van eienaar:1. GP Coetzee2. Marang Turnkey Solutions (Pty) Ltd
BULLE
28 mnde; BW: +0.1 & WW: +13; (GS0842 SSS Liberty x DVV37A Hartklop)
Teler & Eienaar: D VAN VUUREN
Junior Kampioen Reserwe Junior KampioenHARTKLOP NEEF SHIMMIE 37, DVV1242B SUMMA GRATIA GPC1232B
35 mnde; BW: +1.4 & WW: +10;(Summa Gratia 0728, GPC0728B X Kamab DM99387A)
Teler & Eienaar: GP COETZEE
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17 mnde; BW: +0.8 & WW: +23(PRR Prevail 774S, 2341008 x GK0726B Groenkol Kolta)
Teler & Eienaar: G VISSER & A KALLIS
Penkop, Groot & BLUP Kampioen Res Groot & Res Penkop KampioenPLATBOOM PRINS P (AI), GMF1311C LEKATU LINCOLN, LKT1358B
17 mnde; BW: +1.3 & WW: +17;(JM0463 Jacmar Libido x NTU0787A Bekendvlei Leoni (P))
Teler: ELLICIDOR 77 CCEienaar: MARANG TURNKEY SOLUTIONS (PTY) LTD
Do not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path
and leave a trail. – Ralph Waldo Emerson
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66 mnde(CVD0627B Summa Gratia x CVD0535A Summa Gratia)
Teler & Eienaar: GP COETZEE
26 mnde(WWL0880B Brasim Tarra x NTU07152A Bekendvlei 07152A)
Teler: ELLICIDOR 77 CCEienaar: MARANG TURNKEY SOLUTIONS (PTY) LTD
16 mnde(JM0463 Jacmar Libido x NTU61A Bekendvlei 61A)
Teler: ELLICIDOR 77 CCEienaar: MARANG TURNKEY SOLUTIONS (PTY) LTD
Senior & Reserwe Groot Kampioen
Junior & Groot Kampioen
Mej Tiener Kampioen
Superkoei & Reserwe Senior Kampioen
Reserwe Junior Kampioen
Reserwe Mej Tiener Kampioen
SUMMA GRATIA GPC0937B
LEKATU TINKI, LKT134B
LEKATU SOKKIES, LKT1387B
SUMMA GRATIA GPC1049B
LEKATU BUTTONS, LKT1216B
TAURO JORDAN (AI), DIP1364
53 mnde(CVD0627B Summa Gratia x CVD0554A Summa Gratia)
Teler & Eienaar: GP COETZEE
32 mnde(KSP0759C Steinfurt x NTU07200A Bekendvlei)
Teler: ELLICIDOR 77 CCEienaar: MARANG TURNKEY SOLUTIONS (PTY) LTD
18 mnde(2474022 PPR Paragon 318U x DIP1151 Tauro Corne)
Tele r: DESERT STAR TRADING 348Eienaar: MARANG TURNKEY SOLUTIONS (PTY) LTD
VROULIKE DIERE
98
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Joer
naal
201
6
BLOEMFONTEIN SKOU
30 April 2015 Beoordelaar: Pieter van Zyl8 Vertoners & 44 Diere
VADERAFSTAMMELINGSGROEP – bestaande uit twee seuns, ouer as 12 maande:1. Norval JN0413B, Midkop Boerdery2. Marnell Fanie, MZ078, Die Glendoring Besigheidstrust3. PRR Prevail 774S, 2341008, G Visser & A Kallis
VADERAFSTAMMELINGSGROEP – bestaande uit twee dogters, ouer as 12 maande:1. Norval JN0413B, Midkop Boerdery2. Marnell Fanie, MZ078, Die Glendoring Besigheidstrust
VADERAFSTAMMELINGSGROEP – bestaande uit ‘n seun en ‘n dogter, ouer as 12 maande:1. Marnell Fanie, MZ078, Die Glendoring Besigheidstrust2. Norval JN0413B, Midkop Boerdery
MOEDERAFSTAMMELINGSGROEP – bestaande uit twee kalwers, enige geslag en ouer as 12 maande van ‘n koei wat nie in hierdie klas vertoon word nie:1. Midkop Delia 0933, JJL0933B, Midkop Boerdery
GROEP VAN 4 DIERE – bestaande uit twee bulle, ouer as 12 maande, en twee vroulike diere –eiendom van eienaar:1. Midkop Boerdery
2015
MEESTE PUNTE VIR:
ALGEHEEL:1. Midkop Boerdery,
Jagersfontein2. Die Glendoring
Besigheidstrust, Bloemfontein3. Marang Turnkey Solutions
(Pty. Ltd, Rivonia
GROEPE:1. Midkop Boerdery,
Jagersfontein2. Die Glendoring
Besigheidstrust, Bloemfontein
3. G Visser & A Kallis
VROULIK:1. Midkop Boerdery,
Jagersfontein2. R Dell, Ficksburg & Marang
Turnkey Solutions (Pty. Ltd, Rivonia
3. C Swanepoel, Senekal
BULLE:1. Midkop Boerdery,
Jagersfontein2. Die Glendoring
Besigheidstrust, Bloemfontein3. L P Becker, Warden
BULLE
42 mnde; BW: +2.2 & WW: +20(MZ078 Marnell Fanie x DS065A 3-STAR DS065A)
Teler: THE 3 STAR TRUSTEienaar: DIE GLENDORING BESIGHEIDSTRUST
Senior & Reserwe Groot Kampioen Reserwe Senior Kampioen3-STAR DUKE, DS1169B ZARISSA MATRIX, VNW1156C
48 mnde; BW: +0.5 & WW: +10 (DM05282C Kamab Metzi x VNW0551B Zarissa Anora 2)
Teler: JJB VAN NIEKERKEienaar: R DELL
99
Sim
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Jour
nal 2
016Groot, Junior & BLUP Kampioen Reserwe Junior Kampioen
MIDKOP BOTTER 3, JJL1318C 3-STAR DS1255C, DS1255C
17 mnde; BW: +1.1 & WW: +15;(JN0413B Norval JN0413B x JJL065B Midkop Botter 065)
Teler & Eienaar: MIDKOP BOERDERY
29 mnde; BW: -0.9 & WW: +12;(MZ078 Marnell Fanie x GV0519B Vero Barbie)
Teler: THE 3 STAR TRUST Eienaar: DIE GLENDORING BESIGHEIDSTRUST
Senior Kampioen
Groot & Junior Kampioen
Reserwe Senior Kampioen
Reserwe Groot & Reserwe Junior Kampioen
R2K RACH 7, RIC11110C
MIDKOP MARIANNE 1234, JJL1234B
SIMMCHRIS MONJA, SEN121C
MIDKOP DELIA 1258, JJL1258C
VROULIKE DIERE
39 mnde(MZ0630B Marnell Morris x RIC0857B R2K RACH 4)
Teler & Eienaar: R DELL
29 mnde(JN0413B Norval JN0413B x CPL05122A Happy Venture
Marianne 05122)Teler & Eienaar: MIDKOP BOERDERY
34 mnde(SEN07113B Simmchris Borris x SEN047C Simmchris Mona)
Teler & Eienaar: C SWANEPOEL
28 mnde(MZ065C Marnell Spikkels x JJL0933B Midkop Delia 0933)
Teler & Eienaar: MIDKOP BOERDERY
100
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ROYAL SKOU29 Mei – 7 Junie 2015
Beoordelaar: Llewellyn Angus4 Vertoners & 10 Diere
ALGEHEEL:1. G K Taylor, Underberg2. E L Barry, Dalton3. C Swanepoel, Senekal
VROULIK:1. G K Taylor, Underberg2. E L Barry, Dalton
BULLE:1. E L Barry, Dalton & C Swanepoel,
Senekal2. M V Newborn, Matatiele
2015
MEESTE PUNTE VIR:
BULLE
59 mnde; BW: +2.1 & WW: +20 (SEN07113B SIMMCHRIS BORRIS x SEN02103B SIMMCHRIS
BEKKIE) Teler: C SWANEPOEL
Senior Kampioen BLUP, Fase C, Groot & Junior KampioenSIMMCHRIS BARKLEY (P), SEN1019C SIMMCHRIS BORRIS BECKER, SEN1311C
24 mnde; BW: +1.6 & WW: +19 (SEN07113B SIMMCHRIS BORRIS x SEN0216B SIMMCHRIS
SANDRA P) Teler & Eienaar: C SWANEPOEL
19 mnde; BW: +1.8 & WW: +19; (MPB07112 FOUR FEET HARRY x MN075B INTSIZWA LULU 2)
Teler & Eienaar: M V NEWBORN
Reserwe Groot & Reserwe Junior KampioenINTSIZWA HARRY, MN13338C
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016
Senior & Groot Kampioen
Reserwe Senior & Reserwe Groot Kampioen
Junior KampioenFOUR FEET NATA, MPB10137B
GARRISFORD T1055B, T1055B
GARRISFORD T11092, T1192C
56 mnde (MPB07112 FOUR FEET HARRY x MPB07163A
FOUR FEET NATALIE) Teler & Eienaar: E L BARRY
54 mnde (T0762C GARRISFORD FLIRT x T0228A GARRISFORD T0228A)
Teler & Eienaar: G K TAYLOR
41 mnde (T0762C GARRISFORD FLIRT x T0647 GARRISFORD T06047B)
Teler & Eienaar: G K TAYLOR
VROULIKE DIERE
102
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Joer
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6
Groot, Junior & BLUP Kampioen
Penkop & Reserwe Junior Kampioen
Reserwe Groot KampioenUkupha UKU1321C
Poerie Becker POE1418C
Simmchris Borris Becker SEN1311C
Gebore: 2013/08/01(Talerman Pax MAN096B x Stefmar FM03138C)
Eienaar: P H C van Rooyen
Gebore: 2014/07/29(Brasim Basjan WWL09510B x Bee-Es BS05130)
Eienaar: P H C van Rooyen
Gebore: 2013/04/30(Simmchris Borris SEN07113B x Simmchris Sandra P SEN0216B)
Eienaar: C Swanepoel
BULLE
PRETORIA / JAKARANDA SKOU
26 – 29 Augustus 2015
Beoordelaars: Erich Schulenburg & Pieter Loubser
2015
103
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016
WINDHOEK SHOW29 September 2015
Judges: Kiep Lepen, Paul Klein, Egbert Hoff
2015
BULLS
Born: 2010/07/14Sire: Ohange
JC0720
Dam: Hatagob CHU01902A
Owner: C Urib
Senior and Grand ChampionHatagob CHU1089B
Born: 2012/10/25Sire: Kamab Ginger Ale
DM09113C
Dam: Kamab DM09101A
Owner: D Metzger
Junior ChampionKamab Governor DM12366B
Born: 2013/06/08Sire: Hatagob
CHU10089B
Dam: Hatagob CHU249A
Owner: C Urib
Reserve Junior ChampionHatagob CHU1383B
Born: 2010/10/02Sire: Rumba Dasy
HB06169C
Dam: Rumba HB07158B
Owner: H Breedt
Res Senior & Res Grand ChampionRumba Dassie HB10102C
104
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FEMALE
Born: 2012/10/04Sire: Rumba Hanz
HB08215C
Dam: Rumba HB09237A
Owner: H Breedt
Born: 2015/01/15Sire: Hatagob
CHU10089B
Dam: Hatagob CHU1225B
Owner: C Urib
Born: 2014/10/09Sire: Hatagob
CHU10089B
Dam: Hatagob CHU10075
Owner: C Urib
Born: 2012/10/07Sire: Kamab Puma
DM06338C
Dam: Kamab DM08404
Owner: D Metzger
Junior and Grand Champion
Reserve Calf Champion
Calf Champion
Res Junior & Res Grand Champion
Rumba Hanetta HB12164B
Hatagob CHU1522B
Hatagob Lady Monique CHU1451C
Kamab Phoebe DM12388
Born: 2014/07/08Sire: Kamab Kookaburra
DM11395
Dam: Rumba Hemie HB127C
Owner: H Breedt
BLUP ChampionRumba Kookolie HB14133
105
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CUT Beginners Course
Glen Agricultural Training Institute
17 & 18 February 2016
Examinators and group of CUT students
The Simbra Training Course examiners at the Glen Agricultural Training Institute on 2 & 3 March 2016.
Students from the Glen Agricultural Training Institute at the Simbra Training Course on 2 & 3 March 2016. 69 Students attended the course.
2 & 3 March 2016
106
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6
’n Baie geslaagde beesinligtingsdag is aangebied op 6 Augustus
op die plaas van Diethelm en Katja Metzger. Die dag is bygewoon
deur 120 mense met baie interessante lesings en demonstrasies.
Kamab Boeredag
Die borge van die dag: Hannes Smit (Santam), Dawid Krause (Voermeester), André Botes (Standard Bank), Christo du Plessis (Voermeester), Dr. Pauline Lindeque en Frank Witneben (Agra ProVision) saam met Diethelm Metzger.
6 Augustus 2015
107
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Met die tema vir die dag “Ons pad na volhoubare en suksesvolle produksie” is daar lig op die kalfstelsel gewerp, waar koeie in klein kampies rondom die huis kalf en kalwers vir die eerste vyf weke ná geboorte afgehok word. Hierdie stelsel het tot gevolg gehad dat die speenpersentasie na 90% verhoog kon word, wat die winsmarge by Ondeka Simbra aansienlik verbeter het, omdat verliese weens roofdiere en erdvarkgate drasties beperk kon word.
Die tweede tema wat deurlig is, is die belangrikheid om die akkuraatheid van teelwaardes deur gereelde meting te verhoog. Dit is gestaaf deur die voorbeeld van ‘n ou stoetbul te gebruik, wat se teelwaardes met aankoop bogemiddeld was, maar ná ‘n paar jaar in gebruik op Ondeka na eensyfer teelwaardes gesak het. Bykomend is skandering as belangrike eienskap geïdentifi seer, om seleksie vir karkaseienskappe en die vermoë van ‘n dier om sonder byvoeding vet aan te sit, moontlik te maak. Prestasietoetsing en Namibiese statistieke is bespreek en die verantwoordelikheid teenoor kopers is weer as belangrikste faktor uitgelig.
Op praktiese vlak, is ‘n aktiewe Ondeka-stoetbul en sy nageslag deur alle telers saam met sy voorkoms
Telersdag byOndeka Simbra
‘n Telersdag is op 16 April 2015 by Werner en Dagmar
Wilckens op Ondekaremba-Noord gehou en ‘n goeie opkoms
van telers en selfs besoekers uit Suid-Afrika, mnre. Fred en Rick
Dell, het daar ingeloer.
en teelwaardes besigtig, bespreek en geëvalueer. Ná ‘n plaasbesigtiging en bespreking van verdere stoetdiere in die namiddag is die dag met ‘n gesellige skemerdrankie afgesluit.
Ondeka diere besigtiging
Ondedag koeie en kalwers bespreek
Ondeka opkomende stoetbul
108
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Sim Week 31Aug – 2 Sept 2015
Halter-vry skoute Kroon Boma
1 September 2015
109
Sim
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Jour
nal 2
016
31Aug – 2 Sept 2015 Sim Week
Van links na regs: Danie Erasmus, Stephan Voigts, Jaco Maré
110
DineeSim Week 31Aug – 2 Sept 2015
1 September 2015
111
Sim
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Jour
nal 2
016
AGM31Aug – 2 Sept 2015 Sim Week
2 September 2015
112
Sim Week 31Aug – 2 Sept 2015
Nasionale Veiling2 September 2015
113
Sim
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Jour
nal 2
016
31Aug – 2 Sept 2015 Sim Week
