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7/31/2019 Information Concepts
1/14
Information Concepts
MDATAST
Josefiel S. Javier
7/31/2019 Information Concepts
2/14
- 2-Asia Pacific College J.S.Javier October, 2009. All Rights Reserved.
Module Objectives :
Understand the philosophical and technical meaning
of information
Understand the key concepts of information :
Representation of Information
Hierarchy of Information
Information Theory Concepts Information Science Concepts
7/31/2019 Information Concepts
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- 3-Asia Pacific College J.S.Javier October, 2009. All Rights Reserved.
What is Information ?
?? One that is able to change thestructure and behavior of systems
- K. Kornwachs -
An observers construction or a mentaldifference that makes and/or finds adifference in the external world
- Maturana, Varela, Foester -
A difference that makes a difference
- Gregory Bateson -
The amount of uncertainty that isreduced when a message is returned
- Shannon & Weaver -
Information as a resource
Information as a commodity
Information as a perception of
patterns
Information as a constitutive force insociety
- S. Braman -
Something that is required forknowledge
- F. I. Dretske -
Anything that can change a personsknowledge
- N. J. Belkin -
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- 4-Asia Pacific College J.S.Javier October, 2009. All Rights Reserved.
Information : Conflict of Definitions
[T]he literature of information science is characterized byconceptual chaos. This conceptual chaos issues from a
variety of problems in the definitional literature of informationscience: uncritical citing of previous definitions; conflating ofstudy and practice; obsessive claims to scientific status; a
narrow view of technology; disregard for literature without thescience or technology label; inappropriate analogies; circulardefinition; and, the multiplicity of vague, contradictory, andsometimes bizarre notions of the nature of the term
information
A. M. Schrader. Towards a Theory of Library and Information
Science. (Doctoral Dissertation, Indiana University, 1983)
7/31/2019 Information Concepts
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- 5-Asia Pacific College J.S.Javier October, 2009. All Rights Reserved.
Information : Etymology
From the Latin verb informare meaning giveform to or mould the mind or character (as in to
discipline, teach, instruct)
From the Latin noun informacionmeaning outline, concept, or idea
Implications : Information may refer toboth the facts (noun) and the transmission
of the facts (verb)
7/31/2019 Information Concepts
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- 6-Asia Pacific College J.S.Javier October, 2009. All Rights Reserved.
Information : Common Usage
Information is a term
with many meanings
depending on contextbut is as a rule
closely related to
such concepts as : meaning
knowledge
instruction communication
representation
Information is message received
and understood
Information is
knowledge acquired
through study or
experience orinstruction
7/31/2019 Information Concepts
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- 7-Asia Pacific College J.S.Javier October, 2009. All Rights Reserved.
INFORMATION
Information : An Interdisciplinary Concept
Psychology
EngineeringHumanities
Sociology
Information
Science
Library
Science
Computer
Science
Philosophy
OtherDisciplines
Linguistics
7/31/2019 Information Concepts
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- 8-Asia Pacific College J.S.Javier October, 2009. All Rights Reserved.
What is Information ?
There is no fully satisfactory answer to the question of whatinformation is. [ Charles Meadow ]
Information is a contextual concept. [ G. Mahler ]
Information as related to the concepts such as signs, texts,and knowledge may provide more satisfactory conceptualframeworks for the kind of problems that informationscience is trying to answer We should always keep in
mind that information is what is informative for a givenperson. What is informative depends on the interpretiveneeds and skills of the individual. [ Capurro & Hjrland ]
7/31/2019 Information Concepts
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- 9-Asia Pacific College J.S.Javier October, 2009. All Rights Reserved.
Information Representation
Sight
Hearing
Touch
Taste
Smell
John Doe
Weight (kg) Height (m)
70 1.70
Statistics / NumbersText
ImageVideo
AugmentedReality
Virtual Reality
Real-WorldObjects
Audio
7/31/2019 Information Concepts
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- 10-Asia Pacific College J.S.Javier October, 2009. All Rights Reserved.
The Hierarchy of Information
Where is the Life
we have lost in living?
Where is the wisdom
we have lost in knowledge?
Where is the knowledge
we have lost in information?
T. S. Eliot (1934), The Rock
7/31/2019 Information Concepts
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- 11-Asia Pacific College J.S.Javier October, 2009. All Rights Reserved.
Information Concepts : DIKW Hierarchy
DATA
Raw material for the production of information
Has no meaning in and of itself
INFORMATION
Organized and formatted data placed within (or presented in) acontext
WISDOM
Accumulated knowledge
Gained via a combination of academic study and personal experience
KNOWLEDGE
A body of truths, beliefs, formalized information, instincts, ideas, rules,and procedures, that guide actions and decisions
7/31/2019 Information Concepts
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- 12-Asia Pacific College J.S.Javier October, 2009. All Rights Reserved.
Information Concepts : Information Theory
Introduced the science of cybernetics in 1948
Information has a structure with a meaning that is, themeaning is inherent in the information
Information is attached to issues of decisions,
communication, and control
Norbert Wiener
Claude Shannon
Developed the mathematical theory of communication
Information is a signal there is no meaning in the
information it must be interpreted by the receiver ofinformation
Information is a measure of ones freedom in selecting a
message
7/31/2019 Information Concepts
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- 13-Asia Pacific College J.S.Javier October, 2009. All Rights Reserved.
Information Concepts : Information Science
Information can be used in relation to things, processes, and
knowledge
Intangible Thing
(or Object)
Information-as-Knowledge
Tangible Thing
(or Object)
Information-as-Thing
ProcessInformation-as-Process
Information Processing
Just as anything might be symbolic, anything may also be
information [ M.K.Buckland ]
7/31/2019 Information Concepts
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- 14-Asia Pacific College J.S.Javier October, 2009. All Rights Reserved.
Guest Lecturer
Information Concepts
by Gary Marchionini
University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
22 May 2007
This video is accessible at You-Tube