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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 10, Issue 02, February 2019, pp. 607–612, Article ID: IJMET_10_02_063

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=02

ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

INFLUENCE OF ROCK STRATIFICATION ON

FRACTURING OF FERRUGINOUS QUARTZITES

Jargal Dambaev and Valeriy Anakhin

(Buryat State University, Department of applied mathematics, Ulan-Ude, Russia)

Dashadondok Shirapov and Elena Chimitova

(Department of informatics systems, East Siberia State University of Technology and

Management, Ulan-Ude, Russia)

ABSTRACT

Every explored and developed mineral deposit has its own structural features. The

mining practice shows that when designing of large-scale blasts, the individual structural

features of the blasted rock mass, as a rule, are not considered. In this regard, the

estimated parameters of drilling and blasting operations do not meet the requirements for

obtaining a given particle size distribution of the blasted rock mass. Despite the high

specific consumption of explosives, there is a significant percentage of oversize yield at

the Mikhailovskое field, which significantly increases costs. This phenomenon is

conditioned by complex mining and geological conditions, including the rock

stratification.

The article considers the effect of the stratification of banded iron formations from

the Mikhailovskое field on their blasting destruction process. The dependences of the

ultimate tensile and compressive strengths on the angle of inclined stratification are

identified. The dependences of the change in the particle drift velocity during the stress

wave propagation along the strike of stratification and in the direction perpendicular to

the layers are determined.

Keywords: stratification, banded iron formations, ferruginous quartzite, ultimate

strength, particle drift velocity.

Cite this Article: Jargal Dambaev, Valeriy Anakhin, Dashadondok Shirapov and Elena

Chimitova, Influence of Rock Stratification on Fracturing of Ferruginous Quartzites,

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(02), 2019, pp. 607–

612

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=02

1. INTRODUCTION

Information about the physical-mechanical properties of banded iron formations from the

Mikhailovskoe deposit is found in different sources. In the inventory of the physical properties

of rocks [1] various physical and technical characteristics are given considering the layering

Jargal Dambaev, Valeriy Anakhin, Dashadondok Shirapov and Elena Chimitova

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 608 editor@iaeme.com

specifics. However, only the properties of oxidized quartzites are given. The strength is

determined by the splitting of plates [2,3].

Significant amount of research was conducted by the VIOGEM research institute. The values

of strength characteristics under tensile and compressive load have a significant range. Tensile

strength varies from 7.8 to 36 MPa, and compressive strength from 129 to 292 MPa [4, 5].

However, these studies do not consider the orientation of the banded iron formations,

stratification peculiarities. It is fair to assume that such a significant variation in strength

characteristics is due to the different inclination angle of the stratification in the tested samples.

As it is noted in [6,7], the dimensions of the crack formation zone with the orientation of the

core charge parallel to the texture layers of ferruginous quartzites are: maximum radius (along

the layers) - (25-30) r, minimum radius (across the layers) - (10-12) r; with orthogonal orientation

- (22-26) r, on average – 24 r. In the latter case, the fracture zone has the correct axisymmetric

character and is determined by the length of the radial fractures [8,9].

2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

To determine the effect of stratification on the strength properties of unoxidized ferruginous

quartzites, cores with a diameter of 42 mm and cubic samples with an average edge size of 35

mm were prepared, they are shown in Figure 1. The samples were produced using the stone-

cutting and grinding machines. The angle of stratification inclination differed in all samples.

Figure. 1. Samples of unoxidized ferruginous quartzites before testing of their physical-mechanical

properties.

Various techniques were used to determine the strength characteristics. The ultimate strength

of unoxidized ferruginous quartzites for uniaxial compression was measured by the method

[10,11,12], the direct GOST method and the uniaxial compression method in the stabilometer

without lateral loads; the after-testing samples are presented in Figure 2.

Figure. 2. Samples of of unoxidized ferruginous quartzites after compression tests.

Influence of Rock Stratification on Fracturing of Ferruginous Quartzites

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As a result of the experiments, the dependence of the angle of stratification inclination of

unoxidized ferruginous quartzites on their ultimate compressive strength, which is shown in

Figure 3, was established. The minimum strength of ferruginous quartzites corresponds to the

range of angles between 40 – 500.

Figure. 3. Dependency of ultimate compressive strength on stratification angle.

The obtained results show that under uniaxial compression, maximum shear stresses are

achieved in the cross sections of the sample, oriented at an angle of 45 to the direction of

compressive loads. Since the shear strength is 3–4 times less than that of compression, the

minimum possible load will be required to destroy the sample to ensure that the maximum

tangential stresses coincide with the weakness plane [13,14].

The tensile strength under uniaxial tension was determined by the method described in [15].

Figure 4 shows the samples after testing.

Experimental studies to determine the tensile strength showed that it decreases with

increasing inclination angle relative to the direction of tensile loads and reaches minimum values

at an angle of 90 , which can be seen in Figure 5. When tension is spreading along stratification,

the strong layers take part of the load and increase the overall resistance of the rock.

Figure.4. Samples of unoxidized ferruginous quartzites after tensile testing.

Jargal Dambaev, Valeriy Anakhin, Dashadondok Shirapov and Elena Chimitova

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 610 editor@iaeme.com

Figure. 5. Dependency of ultimate tensile strength on stratification angle.

It is known that the fracture zone is determined by the parameters of the stress wave and the

strength characteristics of the rock. The maximum radial component of the stress wave, which is

needed to identify the dimensions of the fracture zones, can be determined in terms of the particle

drift velocity behind the wave front.

To study the effect of stratification of unoxidized ferruginous quartzites on the particle drift

velocity behind the wave front, a set of experimental studies was carried out on physical models

[16].

To determine the particle drift velocity deformation-protected accelerometers adapted to the

conditions of mining production were used [17,18]. Experimental models before and after the

explosion are presented in Figure 6.

Figure. 6. Samples of ferruginous quartzite after testing

Influence of Rock Stratification on Fracturing of Ferruginous Quartzites

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Based on the obtained results the dependences of the change in the maximum components of

the particle drift velocities behind the stress wave front in unoxidized ferruginous quartzites on

the distance are plotted, considering the arrangement of the layers shown in Figure 7.

Figure. 7. Dependency of maximum radial particle drift velocity on distance in unoxidized

ferruginous quartzites during the explosion of the penthrite charge.

4. CONCLUSION

The approximating curves shown in Figure 7 can be described by following dependencies:

when the stress wave propagates along the stratification

58.1__max

492

r

vr = (1)

When the stress wave propagates perpendicular to the stratification

7.1__max

424

r

vr = (2)

The effect of the ferruginous quartzites stratification features on the change in tensile and

compressive strengths, depending on the angle of stratification inclination relative to the direction

of the breaking load, was experimentally established.

Based on the obtained experimental values of the maximum particle drift velocities, the

change in the maximum stresses in unoxidized ferruginous quartzites is determined at different

distances from the charge along and perpendicular to the stratification plane.

Jargal Dambaev, Valeriy Anakhin, Dashadondok Shirapov and Elena Chimitova

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 612 editor@iaeme.com

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