Industrial Revolution, Social Change, Nationalism &

Imperialism

SSWH15

Industrial Revolution• Began in Great Britain 1780s• Why Britain?

– Change in agricultural practices• More farmland, good weather, better transport, new crops

(potato)• Meant population growth• Meant more families could buy manufactured goods

– Population growth meant labor force– Ready money supply (capital) to invest– Natural resources were plentiful– Had markets to which they could sell

• All of this made manufacturers start looking to increase production

Process in Britain

• Conditions were favorable.

• Progression of event & inventions just kept the process moving.

SO IT GOES SOMETHING LIKE THIS:

1)Agricultural improvements led to surplus food.

2)Surplus food led to population growth

3)Population growth led to a) labor pool and b) market to sell goods.

4) Inventions begin making production easier, faster, and more efficient

A) first in cotton (textiles)

b) in coal and iron industries

c) in railroads

5) Extra capital is reinvested and business keeps growing.

• Innovations (Inventions) of the Industrial Revolution– Spinning jenny (James Hargreaves)

• Spun thread faster

– Water powered loom (Edmund Cartwright)• Weave fabric faster to keep up with the spinning.

– Steam engine (James Watt)• Made machines run faster• Increased the demand for coal

– Railroads• Increase demand for iron• Made transportation of products easier, so factories moved

inland & away from direct water access.

• Impact of Industrial Revolution– Growth of cities

• More population (increased food, decreased death rate, disease & wars)

• Movement of people to cities for work

– 2 new classes of people:• Industrial middle class (factory owners)• Industrial working class (factory workers)

– 12-16 hr/day, 6 days/wk – ½ hour lunch/dinner– Harsh conditions

– A large portion of workforce were women and children (limited to above age 9 in 1833)

Germany

• The Industrial Revolution began about a century later in Germany than it did in England. – Germany did not exist as a unified political

unit until 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War.

• Germany focused on nationalistic identity, which created a push for economic & industrial growth.

Germany• Historians believe Germany came to replace the Great

Britain as the primary industrial nation because of four factors:– Germany was able to model its factories after those of Britain,

saving a substantial amount of capital, effort, and time.– Germany made use of the latest technological concepts and

invested more in science and research. – The German banking system was a cartel, and being

significantly concentrated, was able to make more efficient use of money.

– Results of Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71• Reparation payments provided the needed capital to allow massive

public investments in infrastructure like railways, creating both market for steel products and facilitated transportation once installed.

• annexation of Alsace-Lorraine gave Germany a number of large factories

Germany• Industry, particularly heavy industry, boomed.

– Iron became the major thrust of industrial growth– By 1900 Germany had surpassed Britain in the

manufacture of steel. • build railroads, a mighty merchant fleet, machinery for

domestic use and export and, of course, armaments.

• The major accomplishment for Germany: the electrical and chemical industry.– electrification of Germany, including an extensive

trolley system and over-land power-transmission stations.

Impact of Industrial Revolution for Germany

• Urbanization (growth of cities)

• Migration (movement from the country to the city)

• Nationalism (extreme pride in country)

Japan

• Industrialization was a movement of the Meiji Restoration after the decline of the shogunate.– military reforms to modernize Japan's army

and established the foundation for industrialization.

– internal infrastructure was created– guilds and internal tariffs were abolished– clear title to land was granted to individuals.

Japan

– Lack of capital dictated direct government involvement in the stages of industrialization.

– Japan established the Ministry of Industry in 1870 to oversee economic development.

• Built model factories to provide experience with new technology.

• Education was extended as a means of developing a work force.

• Private enterprise soon joined government initiatives, particularly in textiles.

Japan

• Japan's tried to limited foreign involvement, but – depended on importation of equipment and

raw materials from the West. – depended on the existence of a cheap supply

of labor, often drawn from poorly paid women.– depended on selling manufactured goods

abroad.

• Initially, rapid population growth that strained Japanese resources but sustained a ready supply of cheap labor.

• education system stressed science and loyalty to the emperor.

• Western culture arrived in Japan along with models of constitutional structure and industrialization.

Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Japan

• As industrialization progressed, population growth dropped off.

• Patriarchal households remained the norm, but divorce rates indicated increasing instability within family life.

• Movement toward imperialism emerged. – Searching for raw materials, – Trying to prevent Western encroachment

• Movement toward nationalism to keep from losing distinctive Japanese identity.

Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Japan

Conditions Created by Industrialization

• Growing gap between rich and poor.

• Increased wealth

• Increased demand for goods & territories.

• Increased competition between nations.

• Increased ties to national identities.

Socialism

• Society (government) owns & controls means of production

• Developed as an idea to get rid of competition to promote equality of all people

• Changed a little by Karl Marx

• Recognized the importance of class divisions in society– Class that owns means of production is the ruling

class– To gain control, the lower classes would have to

revolt, so class conflict was inevitable

• Stages of economic life: primitive, slave, feudal, capitalism, communism– Capitalism is just a temporary stage– Proletariat was the truly productive class, would revolt

& start new society without government, private property & classes leading to Communism

Karl Marx

Adam Smith

• Wealth of Nations introducing laissez-faire economics– Natural forces of supply & demand without

government intervention make economy work best

– Let people pursue their own self-interest & the economy will be successful

Urbanization

• Urbanization: the growth of cities (particularly after the beginning of the Industrial Revolution)

• Impact on Women– Working Condition

• Women made up a significant portion of the workforce

• Low pay

• Workdays were long and hard

• Workers rights were nonexistent

Urbanization

• Impact on Women continued…– Began to be included in education laws

• Women’s colleges open– Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (1837)

– Economic equality led women to demand political equality

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B Anthony

Nationalism

• People become aware of being part of a community (common institutions, traditions, languages, and customs) called a Nation.– Loyalty shifts from dynasty, monarchy, ruling

unit to the nation

• Germans, who had many political units throughout Europe, began to want to become a nation-state – turned to Prussia

Rise of Germany

• After the Napoleonic Wars, the Congress of Vienna laid out new lines of countries in Europe and recognizes a German Confederation – a collection of countries that shared a Germanic ancestry.

• Two major powers, Prussia and Austria, claimed German leadership.– Both spoke German language– Both followed traditional German folk customs.

• Represented Prussia in the German Confederation from 1851

• Ambassador to Russia & France in late 1850s

• Named Prussia’s chief minister in 1862 by King Wilhelm I

• As chief minister, saw the nationalistic desires of his people as the opportunity to create expanding power for Prussia.– To do that he needed to eliminate Austria’s

influence.

Otto Von Bismarck

• Created Realpolitik, meaning practical politics.– Determined to strengthened Prussia by any

means necessary– Alliances are convenient and could be

dissolved to exploit and opportunity– Supported democracy to gain internal support– Collected taxes to build the military despite

the disapproval of the Prussian legislature.

Otto Von Bismarck

• Became active in foreign affairs, which eventually led to war.– Created alliances with the southern German

states to protect them from France– Franco-Prussian War: defeated France in

1871• took Alsace & Lorraine• $1 billion in reparations• Southern German states joined Northern German

Confederation creating a unified German kingdom.– Wilhelm I was named Kaiser (Emperor)– Set up a 2 house legislature

Otto Von Bismarck

• Became active in foreign affairs, which eventually led to war.– Created alliances with the southern German

states to protect them from France– Franco-Prussian War: defeated France in

1871• took Alsace & Lorraine• $1 billion in reparations• Southern German states joined Northern German

Confederation creating a unified German kingdom.– Wilhelm I was named Kaiser (Emperor)– Set up a 2 house legislature

Otto Von Bismarck

Japanese Nation-State• In 1868, the people (daimyo & samurai) of Japan

ended the Tokugawa Shogunate and reinstated the emperor. Japan was at the time– militarily weak– primarily agricultural– little technological development– controlled by hundreds of semi-independent feudal

lords (daimyos) – had been forced by the West to sign treaties

• limiting its control over its own foreign trade • requiring that crimes concerning foreigners in Japan be tried

in Western courts.

Japanese Nation-State

• The emperor (Mutsuhito) moved to making Japan a modern nation-state

• Called the Meiji (may-jee) Restoration – Undercut old order power

• Created a modern political system after studying the models of Britain, France, Germany & USA

– Constitution

– Modeled after Germany

– 2 house legislative assembly

– Executive Branch had most power

» Emperor (figure head)

» Prime minister & cabinet (most power)

Japanese Nation-State

– Undercut old order power• Convinced daimyos to give land in exchange for

government bonds for their value & made them governors over the land instead. – prefectures in a unified state

• declared all classes to be equal. • Disbanded regional armies and created a national

army based on universal conscription in 1872– required three years’ military service from all men

Japanese Nation-State

– Economic Reform• opened land for private ownership and established

a 3% land tax system requiring payment in money instead of rice

– allowed a stable, national budget to build up the strength of the nation.

» Helped industry through subsidies» Training & advisors» New education system stressing applied science and

moral training (loyalty to the emperor)» Improved transportation & communication (rail,

telegraph, shipping, etc.)

Japanese Nation-State

• By the end, Japan had– a highly centralized, bureaucratic government– a constitution establishing an elected parliament – a well-developed transport and communication

system– a highly educated population free of feudal class

restriction– an established and rapidly growing industrial

sector based on the latest technology– a powerful army and navy

Reaction for Foreign Domination

• How do people respond to a foreign nation that comes in to take over?

• What have you witnessed in your lifetime?

Historical Examples

• Russo-Japanese War– Japanese defeat the Russians in naval battles over

ports in the Liaodong Peninsula (Manchuria China)– Russia harbors negative feelings toward Japan about

the high human and financial cost of the war

• Young Turks– A group of ethnic Turks who called for reform of the

Ottoman Empire, maintaining a constitutional government there

– They faced challenges from many ethnic Turks who wanted to unite all Turkish people in a nation state

Imperialism• Definition: extension of a nation’s power over

other lands (political, economic, & social)• Factors leading to Imperialism

– Nationalism (pride in national identity)– Competitiveness - my country is better than your

country– Industrial Revolution

• (need for markets and materials)

– Social Darwinism • (survival of the fittest culture)

Imperialism• Ways to gain imperial lands

– Make treaties with residents– Purchase lands– Conquer by force

• British Imperialism– “The sun never sets on the British Empire”– Africa

• David Livingston – purpose: spread Christianity• Cecil Rhodes – profit from gold & diamond trade in

South Africa• Anglo-Boar War (1899-1902) – created an

independent Union of South Africa

– India• British ruled for many years, forcing Christianity &

European customs on Indian people – led to rebellion

• French Imperialism– Vietnam

• Sent missionaries but Vietnam tried to stop• Ended up dividing country into two separate

governments• 1857 – forced Vietnam to accept French protection

& made it a Protectorate

• Differences between British & French– British ruled through existing political elites &

institutions– French tried to assimilate their subjects into

French culture

• Imperialism in the Americas– Europe wanted to colonize in the Americas– Led to Monroe Doctrine (by USA) in 1823

• Protected new independence of Latin American countries

• Told other countries to not try to colonize there• US pledged to fight if any country tried to violate

those two things

– Spanish-America War• US defeated Spain

– Won Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines– Created an empire for the US.

• Japanese Imperialism– Japan was small, had dense population, and lacked

natural resources – They learned from the West that expansion was

needed– Became aggressive

• Took Ryukyu Island from China - 1874• Forced Korean ports open to trade - 1876• China-Japan war over influence in Korea

– Japan won - 1894

– Freed Korea from China

– Gained Taiwan & Liaodong Peninsula

• Russia-Japan war over influence in Korea– Japan won – 1905

– Gained Liaodong Peninsula & ½ of Sakhalin

– Established themselves as world power