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WWI MAIN CAUSES
MILITARISM
ALLIANCESIMPERIALISM
NATIONALISM
Strengthening of the military to compete with other countries for economic, political, and/or nationalistic reasons
MILITARISM
“RED FLAGS”Developing Alliances
Conscription
Increased Military Spending
Stockpiling Ammo
MILITARISM
William II, leader of Germany, began to strengthen the military, especially the navy
•Created competitions among countries
•Created uneasiness among countries
MILITARISM
England was alarmed by Germany’s naval increase, so they began to increase their naval power as well
Why?
MILITARISM
MILITARISM
Problem for Germany
prevented Germany from being able to defeat England during the war
ALLIANCES
Agreements among countries to back each other should a conflict break out
Otto Von BismarckRealpolitikBlood and IronFranco-Prussian War
1871 German Empire (2nd Reich) formso Bismarck wanted to preserve the
empireo Alliances
ALLIANCES
ALLIANCES
1879 Dual Alliance1882 Triple Alliance1887 Reinsurance Treaty
1888 William II leader of GermanyForces Bismarck to resignEnds treaty with Russia
ALLIANCES
TRIPLE ALLIANCE
TRIPLE ENTENTE
GermanyAustria-Hungary
Italy
FranceRussia
England
1907 Triple Entente forms
PROBLEM WITH ALLIANCES
EXPAND CONFLICTS BECAUSE THEY ARE
PULLED INTO A CONFLICT THAT DID NOT
CONCERN THEM
IMPERIALISM
Taking control of other areas for economic, political, and/or military power
IMPERIALISM
Competition to control countries which had valuable resources
•Industrial Revolution
IMPERIALISM
Ottoman Empire weakening creating a “power vacuum” by pulling imperialistic countries in to gain control
•“Sick Man of Europe”
Nationalism
Patriotism
pride in your country
France wanting Alsace-Lorraine back from Germany
Pan Slavism
Austria Hungary and Serbia competing for control
Russia supports Serbia
Balkan Peninsula – “Powder Keg of Europe”•Balkan Wars [1912 / 1913]
Nationalism
BALKAN PENINSU
LA
June 28, 1914 – “The Spark”
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of AH was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip
Serbia
Black Hand
Nationalism
Path to WWI
1. the “Spark”
2. A.H. asks Germany for support
3. Germany gives A.H. a “Carte Blanche”
4. A.H. gives Serbia an ultimatum
5. Serbia does not accept
July 28, 1914
A.H. attacks Serbia = beginning of WWI
•Russia begins mobilizing
8.1.1914 – Germany declares war on Russia
8.3.1914 – Germany declares war on France
8.4.1914 – Great Britain declares war on Germany
END DAY 1 NOTES
ADOLF HITLER celebratingbeginning of WWI – 7.28.1914
BELLIGERENTSCentral Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
Allied Powers
Russia
France
Great Britain
Italy (1915)
U.S. (1917)“My dear ones be proud that you live in such a time and in such a nation that you…
have the privilege of sending those you love into so glorious a battle.”
Total War
All resources used to fight the war•Conscription
•Women
•Victory Gardens
•Propaganda
WWI Weapons
•Submarines = “U-boats”
•Machine Gun = 100 guns
•Artillery Gun = shoot from 10 miles
•Poisonous Gas
•Airplane = “recon”
•Tank = “Little Willie”
Fighting on Western
Front
Front between France and Germany
Germany = Schlieffen Plan
•based on poor transportation system of Russia
•defeat France before Russia mobilized
•10 soldiers on “WF” // 1 soldier on “EF”
Germany attacked France thru Belgium
Problems with Schlieffen Plan
1) Russia began mobilizing quicker
2) 1st Battle of Marne
•France stopped Germany
Started a “Race to the Sea”
“WF” turned into Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”
Major Trench BattlesFeb 1916 – VerdunJuly 1916 - Somme
Other Fronts
Eastern Front
•between Germany and Russia
•Russia’s only advantage = MANPOWER
•made Germany split their men
Ottoman Front (Gallipolli Campaign)
•failure for Allies
End Day 2 Notes
GERMANYUnrestricted Sub Warfare
1914-16 U.S. exports - +350%
International Law•“Stop, Confiscate, Release”
•Contraband•Unwritten, but agreed to
Germany declared all water around England a “War Zone”
•began “USW”•shoot without warning
Sinking of the Lusitania -- 5/7/1915
•sunk in 18 minutes•128 Americans on board•President Wilson urged Germany to back down
•U.S. “supposedly” neutral
Germany “backed off”•did not want U.S. in war in 1915
March 1916 Sussex Pledge•no longer attack “cruise” ships•provide safety for crews before trade ships shot
U.S. Enters
WWI
1917 – Germany began re-using “USW”•war effort stalling•get England out before U.S. could mobilize
1) Germany’s re-use of “USW”•U.S. using “Convoys”
2) Zimmerman Telegram•Germany trying to get Mexico as an ally•Create 2 front war for U.S.
APRIL 6, 1917
U.S. officially enters WWI
End Day 3 Notes
Russian Revolution
By 1915, Russia is in bad shape•Allies feared Nicholas II would make
separate treaty with Germany•Allies offered straits in Balkan Pen.
March 15,1917 Nicholas II abdicates•Alexander Kerensky replaces•keeps Russia in WWI
Russian Revolution
November 1917 Bolshevik Revolution
•Lenin overthrows government•beginning of Communism
March 3, 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
•treaty between Russia and Germany•Russia is out of WWI•closed Eastern front•Allies will not forget
End of WWI
July 15 2nd Battle of Marne•Germany’s last offensive (failed)
11.9.1918 William II abdicates11.11.1918 WWI over
June 1919 Treaty of Versailles•“Big 4” •Russia not invited
End of WWI
European leaders wanted harsh punishment for Germany
U.S. President Wilson – “14 Points”•more lenient treatment of Germany•14th Point – form a League of Nations
•U.S. did not join•stay isolated from European problems
End of WWI
Germany’s Punishment•Lost all colonial territory•Military reduced•Could not produce any war material•No troops in Rhineland•Pay Reparations•War Guilt Clause•Sudetenland given to Czechoslovakia•Anschluss forbidden
TREATY OF VERSAILLES WILL BE A
MAJOR CAUSE OF
WWII
TREATY OF VERSAILLES WILL BE A
MAJOR CAUSE OF
WWII