Industrial Revolution lecture

8/7/2019 Industrial Revolution lecture

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/industrial-revolution-lecture 1/45

+

Industrial Revolution

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.All Rights Reserved.

1



+W orld economies at end of 1700s

M ajor civilizations are agriculturalrural societies

Some trade and commerceSome arts and crafts

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

2



+

Industrialization

C oincided with political revolutions in America, France, andthe Atlantic world

Decades long process with no clear-cut beginning and endbut did change lives like amn


3



+

Industrialization

Industrialization: M ass production of goods by means of machine power

M achine as the disposal of ordinary people

Importance of trade and commerce skyrocketed

Rural populations move to cities

Affected social classes

C apitalism is dominant economic system


4



+O verview: The Industrial

RevolutionE nergy: coal and steam replace wind, water, humanand animal labor

O rganization: factories over cottage industries

Rural agriculture declines, urban manufacturingincreases

Transportation: trains, automobiles replaceanimals, watercraft


5



+C hange to Factories

Factories over cottage industries small-scale industry carried on at home by

family members using their own equipmentW hen would families work at a small business?W hat are their hours like?W hat are hours like at factories?


6



+B ackground

C onsidered to have begun in E ngland in 1780s

Application of steam engine to mining and textiles

Already in place since 1600s:

Proto-industrial practices ² methods more productive thantraditional artistry and craftsmanship

Flying shuttle (1733)

Spinning jenny (1764)


7



+

Spinning Jenny An early form of spinning machine having several spindles


8



+Flying shuttle

Shuttle was passed through threads by hands requiringtwo weavers. John Kay mounted on wheels and made

weaving much faster.©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

9



+B ackground

E nclosure Acts in E ngland

Series of UK Acts of Parliament enclosed fields and common

land

Rights people once held to graze animals and use of resources (wood, water, etc.) of area were denied

Favored wealthy landowners

Fenced off large amounts of farmland that had been commonproperty

Impoverished farmers and forced them to relocate to the cities

Large pool of available labor


10



+B ackground

E xcellent infastructure in E nglandRoads and canals

Strong tradition of trade and commerce

E nvironmental changes:Depletion of forests in E ngland and Ireland

Timber used to build ships for Royal NavyIncreased dependency on coalE ffieicnet coal mining required machine power

E sp. to pump water out of coal mine shafts

11



+G enesis of the Industrial

RevolutionG reat B ritain, 1780s

Followed agricultural revolutionFood surplusDisposable incomePopulation increase

M arketLabor supply

12



+B ritish Advantages

N atural resourcesCoal, iron ore

Ease of transportationSize of countryRiver and canal system

Exports to imperial coloniesEspecially machine textiles

13



+C otton-Producing Technology

F lying shuttle (1733), John KaySped up weaving output; stimulated demand for thread

The ³mule´ (1779), Samuel ComptonCould produce 100 times more thread than a

manual wheel

Power loom (1785), Edmund CartwrightSupplanted hand weavers in cotton industry by

1820s

14



+

Steam Power

Steam engine James W att (1736-1819)- ScottishC oal-fired so powerfuland cost-effective

Applied to rotaryengine, multipleapplications

Horsepower

E specially prominent intextile industry

15



+

Steam E ngine (1782)

1 st stage of Industrial Revolution

16



+E ngland at time of Industrial RevolutionHow would E ngland·s size benefit theindustrialization process?


17



+

Key trends of 2 nd phase

M odernization of transportSteamships (1807); railroads (1820s)

Modernization of communicationsTelegraph (1837)

Factory systemSystematized, mechanized, and increasedscale of production

C oncept of interchangeable partsTwo Americans: W hitney and C olt

18



+

Industrial E ra

Industrial Revolution thought to have ended in mid-1800s

The Industrial era continued throughout the rest of thecentury and gave birth to huge wave of invention

19



+

Innovations

V ulcanization of rubber(1840s)

B essemerprocess

(1850s)Use of electricity

C ommercial use of petroleum(begins1859)

Internal

combustion engine(1860s-70s)

Telephone(1876-9)

Radio(1895-1901)

Airplane(1903)

W arfare

(machinegun)

tractor

20



+

Iron and Steel

1709, B ritish smelters begin to use cokeIron production skyrockets

B essemer converter (1856), Henry B essemerRefined blast furnace makes production of steeleasier, faster, and cheaper

21



+

Transportation

Railroads1815, first steam-powered locomotive

The R ocket (1829), 28 mph

Steamships

Dense transportation networks developed

13,000 miles of railroads laid between 1830 and1870

Rapid and inexpensive transportation encouragedindustrialization

22



+

The G rowth of Factories

M assive machinery

Supply of labor

Transport of raw materials, finished product tomarkets

C oncentration in newly built factory towns on

rivers


23



+

The Factory System

E arly modern E urope adopts putting-out system

Individuals work at home, employers avoid wage restrictions

of medieval guilds

Rising prices cause factories to replace both guilds andputting-out system

M achines too large, expensive for home use

Large buildings could house specialized laborers

Urbanization guarantees supply of cheap unskilled labor


24



+W orking C onditions

Dramatic shift from rural work rhythms

Six days a week, fourteen hours a day

Immediate supervision, punishments

Luddite protest against machines 1811-1816Name from legend about boy named Ludlam who broke a knitting frameLeader called King Lud

M asked Luddites destroy machinery, enjoyed popular support

14 Luddites hung in 1813, movement dies out


25



+

Spread of Industrialization

W estern E uropeSpread to G ermany, B elgium, France

French revolution and Napoleonic wars set stagefor industrialization

Abolish internal trade barriersDismantle guilds

After 1871, B ismarck sponsors rapidindustrialization in G ermany


26



+

Industrial Europe ca. 1850

Insert map 29.1


27



+

Industrialization in North America

B egan in 1820s in New E ngland with cotton textileindustry

1870s, heavy iron and steel industries emerged inPennsylvania, Alabama

B y 1900, U.S. an economic powerhouse,industrialization spilling over into C anada

Railroad construction stimulates industry


28



+M ass Production

E li W hitney (U.S., 1765-1825) invents cotton gin(1793), also technique of using machine tools tomake interchangeable parts for firearms

M ass production becoming hallmark of industrialsocieties

Henry Ford, 1913, develops assembly lineapproach

C omplete automobile chassis every 93 minutesPreviously: 728 minutes

29



+B ig B usiness

Large factories require start-upcapital

C orporations formed to share risk,maximize profits

B ritain and France lay foundations formodern corporation, 1850-1860s


30



+M onopolies, Trusts, and C artels

L arge corporations form blocs to drive out competition,keep prices high

John D. Rockefeller controls almost all oil drilling, processing, refining, marketing in U.S.German firm IG F arben controls 90% of chemical

production

Governments often slow to control monopolies


31



+

Industrial Demographics

Technological innovationImproved agricultural tools

C heap manufactured goodsE specially textiles

Travel and transportation

32



+

Population Growth (millions)


33



+

The Demographic Transition

Industrialization results in marked decline of bothfertility and mortality

Better diets

Improved disease controlSmallpox vaccine (1797)

Declining fertility


34



+

The Urban E nvironment

Urbanization proceeds dramatically1800: only 20% of B ritons live in towns

with population over 10,0001900: 75% of B ritons live in urbanenvironments

Intensified industrial pollutionC ity centers become overcrowded,unsanitary


35



+

Transcontinental M igrations

Nineteenth to early twentieth century, rapidpopulation growth drives E uropeans to Americas

50 million cross AtlanticB ritons to avoid urban slums, Irish to avoid potatofamines of 1840s, Jews to abandon tsaristpersecutionUnited States is favored destination


36



+

New Social C lasses

E conomic factors result in decline of slavery

C apitalist wealth brings new status to non-aristocratic families

New urban classes of professionals

B lue-collar factory workers

Urban environment also creates new types of diversions

Sporting events


37



+W omen at Home and W ork

Agricultural, cottage industry work involved women:natural transition

B ut development of men as prime breadwinners, women in private sphere, working cheap labor

Double burden: women expected to maintain home as well as work in industry

W orking class women expected to work until marriage

Domestic service

Related to child labor: lack of day care facilities

38



+C hild Labor

E asily exploited, abused

1840s B ritish Parliament began to passchild labor laws

M oral concerns remove children from laborpool

Also, need for educated workforce


39



+

The Socialist C hallenge

Socialism first used in context of utopiansocialists C harles Fourier (1772-1837) and

Robert O wen (1771-1858)O pposed competition of market system

Attempted to create small modelcommunities

Inspirational for larger social units


40



+

Karl M arx (1818-1883) and

Friedrich E ngels (1820-1895)Two major classes:

C apitalists, who control means of production

Proletariat, wageworkers who sell laborE xploitative nature of capitalist system

Religion: opiate of the masses

Argued for an overthrow of capitalists in favor of adictatorship of the proletariat


41



+

Social Reform and Trade Unions

Socialism had major impact on nineteenth-centuryreformers

Addressed issues of medical insurance,unemployment compensation, retirementbenefits

Trade unions form for collective bargaining

Strikes to address workers concerns


42



+

Global Effects

Global division of labor Rural societies that produce raw materials

Urban societies that produce manufactured goods

Uneven economic development

Developing export dependencies of L atin America, sub-SaharanAfrica, south and southeast Asia

L ow wages, small domestic markets


43



+O verview: Unexpected Costs of the

Industrial RevolutionGenesis of an environmental catastrophe

Intellectual origins of human domination over natural resources

Unforeseen toxins, occupational hazards

Social illsL andless proletariat

Migrating work forces


44



+O verview: C reation of New C lasses

The industrial middle class

Urban proletariat

Shift in political power

Inspiration for new political systems, especially M arxism


45

Documents

Industrial Revolution lecture