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Industrial RevolutionChapter 9
Honors World History (B)
Coach Simmons
A Different Revolution
• Agriculture paves the way – new improvements, enclosures, seeding (drill), harvesting (machines), crop rotation, livestock breeding
• Industrial beginning in England, Why?1. Natural resources – rivers, iron ore,
harbors2. Wealth and investment into inventions3. Large population and workforce
New Inventions
• Flying shuttle clothed the world (John Kay)• Spinning jenny-water powered wheel (James
Hargreaves)• Reaper improved wheat production (Cyrus
McCormick)• Telegraph and eventually telephone improved
communication (Samuel Morse & A. G. Bell)• All of these machines used in new buildings
called factories
Transportation improvements
• Steam Power led to many inventions
- James Watt improved the steam engine making it more efficient
- Entrepreneurs invested in new technologies (businessmen)
- Steam Boats like the Clermont
- Improved roads such as turnpikes
Railroads
• George Stephenson designed steam-powered locomotive engines
• Liverpool to Manchester first rail line• The Rocket could haul 13 tons @24 mph• Effects of Railroads1. Efficient transportation of raw materials2. More Jobs3. Boosted other industries4. Improved Travel
Chapter 9 Sec 2
Industrialization Changes Life
• Urbanization – movement into cities
• As industry grew the population of cities grew
• Factories sprung up close to resources
• Size of cities doubled, some even quadrupled (Manchester 1775, 45,000 1825, 300,000)
Standard of living
• Growth was so quick the cities were not planned very well
• No sanitation codes, building codes, or development plans
• Elizabeth Gaskell describes this in Mary Burton p.290
• Disease ran rampant (cholera) during this time avg life span 17 yrs.
Working conditions
• Business wanted as much production as possible.
• Led to long hours (14-16) and 6 day work weeks
• Dangerous conditions
• Women and children employed due to cheap source of labor
• Child labor p.290
Class Tensions
• Rise of the middle class
• Industrialization produced massive amounts of wealth and poverty
• Change of social hierarchy landowners v. businessmen
• The working class continued to struggle in poverty (importance of education)
Positive effects of Industrialization
• Creation of jobs for workers – led to healthier diets, housing, cheaper goods
• Need for educated professions
• Fostered technological process
• Created the role of consumer goods
• Needs v. wants
• Created better tax base for governments
Chapter 9 Sec 3
Industrialization Spreads
• Development in the U.S.
• Textile Industry grew rapidly (King Cotton) in the South
• Creation of mill towns
• Women and children were heavily employed in textile industry
• Steel becomes chief source of industrialization in U.S. (Railroads)
Rise of corporations
• Large businesses require large sums of money (Big Business)
• Stocks give entrepreneurs the opportunity
• Corporations are businesses owned by shareholders
• Examples: Standard Oil (Rockefeller) and Carnegie Steel (Carnegie)
Europe Industrializes
• The Napoleonic Wars slowed progress in Europe and allowed Britain to take the lead
• Belgium, Germany, Russia were future stars of industry
• Slowly each country would steal, spy, and cheat to discover these new technologies and copy Britain
• Other countries lacked the resources to industrialize (Spain, Austria-Hungary)
Industrial Impact
• Shifted balance of world power
• Widened gap of wealth
• Led to imperialism (exploitation of overseas colonies) Chp 11
• Changed daily lives of the people
• Increased opportunities and participation of people in government
Chapter 9 Sec 4
Industrial philosophy
• Capitalism – privately owned factors of production with ability to invest capital
• Laissez faire – businesses run business with no interference
• Rise of the Free Market• Adam Smith – “Wealth of Nations”1. Self-interest = people work for own good2. Competition = forces people to be better3. Supply and demand = price reflects market
value
Another Industrial philosophy
• Socialism – publicly owned factors of production in which capital is used for good of all
• Utilitarianism – Jeremy Bentham “greatest good for the greatest number of people”
• Robert Owen and Utopian ideas• Socialist vowed for government control of
economy to end poverty and create equality
Marxism
• Radical solution: The Communist Manifesto
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
• “Haves” v. “Have-nots”
• Middle class sat back while the proletariat did all the work (leads to revolt)
• Communism – end to private ownership all goods and services shared equally
Reforms
• Formation of labor unions to protect workers rights
• They used collective bargaining tactics to negotiate deals
• Strikes were planned if negotiations failed• Skilled working positions had greater power to
strike• Factory Act of 1833 – child labor reduced• Mines Act – prevented women and children from
working underground• Ten Hours Act – 10 hr day for women and
children
Reform Spreads
• Britain first to abolish slavery in 1833 most other industrial nations followed within the 19th century
• Motives for abolitionist?
• Women’s Rights
• Jane Addams (Hull House)
• Free Public school systems
• Reform of prisons (rehabilitation)