INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL

Volume 22 Number 2 December 2016Acreditation Number: 704/AU3/P2MI-LIPI/10/2015

(Period: October 2015-October 2018)

Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal is the English version of fisheries research journal.The first edition was published in 1994 with once a year in 1994. Since 2005, this journal

has been published twice a year on JUNE and DECEMBER.

Editor in Chief:Prof. Dr. Ir. Ngurah Nyoman Wiadnyana, DEA (Fisheries Ecology-Center for Fisheries Research and

Development)

Associate Editor:Dr. Wijopriono (Fisheries Hidro Acoustic-Center for Fisheries Research and Development)

Editorial Board:Prof. Dr. Ir. Hari Eko Irianto (Fisheries Technology-Center for Fisheries Research and Development)

Prof. Dr. Ir. Gadis Sri Haryani (Limnology-Limnology Reseach Center)Prof. Dr. Ir. Husnah, M. Phil (Toxicology-Center for Fisheries Research and Development)

Prof. Dr. Ir. M.F. Rahardjo, DEA (Fisheries Ecology-Bogor Agricultural Institute)

Language Editor:Andhika Prima Prasetyo, S.Pi, (Center for Fisheries Research and Development)

Assistant Editor:Dra. Endang SriyatiDarwanto, S.Sos.

Amalia Setiasari, A.Md

Editorial Office:Ofan Bosman, S.Pi

Published by:Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development

Manuscript send to the publisher:Indonesian Fisheries Research JournalCenter for Fisheries Research and DevelopmentGedung Balitbang KP II, Jl. Pasir Putih II Ancol Timur Jakarta 14430 IndonesiaPhone: (021) 64700928, Fax: (021) 64700929Website : http://ejournal-balitbang.kkp.go.id/index.php/ifrj/., Email: ifrj.puslitbangkan@gmail.com.

Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal is printed by Center for Fisheries Research and Development Budgeting

F.Y. 2016.

p-ISSN 0853–8980e-ISSN 2502–6569

Available online at: http://ejournal-balitbang.kkp.go.id/index.php/ifrj

e-mail:ifrj.puslitbangkan@gmail.comp-ISSN: 0853-8980

e-ISSN: 2502-6569Accreditation Number: 704/AU3/P2MI-LIPI/10/2015

INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL

SHEET INDEXING

FOCUS AND SCOPE OF INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL

Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal (http://ejournal-balitbang.kkp.go.id/index.php/ifrj) has p-ISSN 0853-8980; e-ISSN 2502-6569 with accreditation number: 704/AU3/P2MI-LIPI/10/2015 (periode Oktober 2015-Oktober2018). The first edition was published in 1994 with once a year in 1994. Since 2005, this journal has beenpublished twice a year on June and December.

Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal publishes research results on resources, oceanography and limnologyfor fisheries, fisheries biology, management, socio-economic and enhancement, resource utilization, aquaculture,post harvest, of marine, coastal and inland waters.

Manuscript is entering to Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal will be checked on the guidelines writing byEditorial Office. If it is in compliance will be reviewed by two (2) person Editorial Board and one (1) person peer-reviewer based on the appointment of Editor in Chief. The decision whether or not a manuscript accepted therights of Editor in Chief based on the recommendations of Editorial Board and peer-reviewer.

INDEXING INFORMATION OF INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL

Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal (http://ejournal-balitbang.kkp.go.id/index.php/ifrj) has p-ISSN 0853-8980; e-ISSN 2502-6569 that have been indexed in some indexers repute, among others: World Cat, Cross Ref,Indonesian Scientific Journal Database (ISJD), SCILIT, Sherpa/Romeo, Google Scholar dan Directory OpenAccessJournals (DOAJ).

Sheets Indexing

Sheet Peer-Reviewers

PEER-REVIEWERS OFINDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL

i

1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Wudianto, M.Sc. (Fishing Technology-Center for Fisheries Research and Development)

2. Dr. Purwito Martosubroto (The National Commission on Fish Stock Assessment)

3. Dr. Imam Musthofa Zainudin (Marine Biologist-World Wide Fund for Nature, WWF), Indonesia

4. Prof. Dr. Ir. Cecep Kusmana, M.S. (Ecology and mangrove silviculture-Bogor Agricultural Intitute)

5. Dr. Tonny Wagey (Fisheries Oceanography-The University of British Columbia), Canada

6. Dr. Régis Hocdé (Mathematics-Institute of Research for Development), France

7. Dr. Laurent Pouyaud (Marine Biologist-Institute of Research for Development), France

8. Dr. Campbell Davies, Australia

9. Prof. Colin Simpfendorfer (Fisheries-Biologist-Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquac-ulture & James Cook University), Australia

10. Dr. Shinsuke Morioka, Japan

11. Prof. Neil Loneragan (Fisheries Biologist-Murdoch University), Australia

12. Dr. Ario Damar, M.Si. (Fisheries Ecology-Bogor Agricultural Institute)

13. Prof. Dr. Ir. Setyo Budi Susilo, M.Sc. (Bogor Agricultural Institute)

14. Prof. Dr. Ir. Ari Purbayanto, M.Sc. (Bogor Agricultural Institute)

15. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sonny Koeshendrajana, M. Sc. (Resources Economics-Research Centre for Marine andFisheries Socio-Economics), Indonesia

16. Prof. Dr. Sam Wouthuyzen (Oceanography LIPI)

17. Prof. Dr. Ir. Endi Setiadi Kartamihardja, M.Sc. (Institute for Fisheries Enhancement and Conservation)

18. Dr. Ir. Augy Syahailatua (Research Center for Oceanography-The Indonesian Institute of Sciences)

19. Dr. Sudarto (Research Center and Development Aquaculture)

20. Dr. Priyanto Rahardjo, M.Sc. (Estimation of stock-Fisheries High School)

21. Dr. Estu Nugroho (Research Center and DevelopmentAquaculture)

22. Ir. Duto Nugroho, M.Si. (Resources and Environment-Center for Fisheries Research and Development)

23. Dr. Ir. Rudhy Gustiano, M.Sc. (Genetic Fisheries-Institute for Freshwater Research and Development)

24. Ir. Badrudin, M.Sc. (Demersal Fisheries Biology-BPPL)

25. Dr. Ir. Mochammad Riyanto, M.Si. (Fishing Technology-Bogor Agricultural Institute)

26. Dr. Ir. Abdul Ghofar, M. Sc. (Fish Stock Assessment Resource-UNDIP)

Sheet Peer-Reviewers

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FORPEER-REVIEWERS

Editor of Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal (IFRJ) would like to thank for Peer-Reviewers who haveparticipated in the review paper published in the scientific journal's, so that this journal can be published in atimely manner. Peer-Reviewers who participated in the publication Volume 22 Number 2 December 2016 are:

1. Dr. Priyanto Rahardjo, M.Sc. (Estimation of stock-Fisheries High School)

2. Dr. Ario Damar, M.Si. (Fisheries Ecology-Bogor Agricultural Institute)

3. Prof. Dr. Ir. Wudianto, M.Sc. (Fishing Technology-Center for Fisheries Research and Development)

4. Ir. Badrudin, M.Sc. (Demersal Fisheries Biology-BPPL)

5. Ir. Duto Nugroho, M.Si. (Resources and Environment-Center for Fisheries Research andDevelopment)

ii

iii

PREFACE

Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal (IFRJ) in 2016 entered the Volume 22. The process of publishingthis journal is funded by Center for Fisheries Research and Development of the fiscal year 2016.All submissionsshould be published through the process of evaluation by the Editorial Board, Peer-Reviewers and editing byEditorial Office.

Management of Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal (IFRJ) in 2016 began referring to the Open JournalSystems (OJS). In terms of appearance there were some minor changes, namely:1. Inclusion of p-ISSN and e-ISSN in the upper right corner on the face skin page, title page and table of

contents page of issue, without colons2. Inclusion of numbered lists or ISSN barcode in the lower right corner on the back cover3. Special Sheets for Peer-Reviewers4. Sheet gratitude for Peer-Reviewers involved in the review of each number5. Each title sheet no additional information on the website, email address and information about the IFRJ,

as well as the logo and the cover on the left and right. This change information is displayed on eachforeword for 2 (two) publications.

The IFRJ Volume 22 Number 2 2016 presented seven fisheries research articles. Those seven articles are:The effect of depht of hooks, set and soak time to the catch per unit of effort of tuna in The Eastern IndianOcean; The influence of swimming layer and sub-surface oceanographic variables on catch of labacore (Thunnusalalunga) in Eastern Indian Ocean; Estimation of yellowfin tuna production landed in Benoa Port with weigh-weight, lenght-weight relationship and condition factor approaches; Inter-specific competition and fishing effectto population dynamic of Bali Sardine (Sardinella Lemuru); The distribution and abundance of decapod andfish communities in Cleveland Bay, Australia; Catch composition and some biological aspects of sharks inWestern Sumatera Waters of Indonesia; Diversity of reef fish fungsional groups in terms of coral reef resiliences.

Those scientific papers are expected to contribute to policy makers and managers of fisheries resourcesin Indonesia. Editor would deliver sincere thanks to reseachers from the Center for Fisheries Research andDevelopment and outside for their active participation in this edition.

Editor in Chief

INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNALVolume 22 Number 2 December 2016

CONTENS

Page

i

ii

iii

iv

v-vii

61-68

69-76

77-84

85-90

91-98

99-108

109-122

App. 123

App. 124

App. 125

iv

PEER-REVIEWER…………………………………………………………………………......................

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..………………………………………………………………………....................

PREFACE ……………………………………………………………………………………....................

CONTENTS …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................

The Effect of Depht of Hooks, Set and Soak Time to the Catch per Unit of Effort of Tuna in TheEastern Indian OceanBy: Bram Setyadji, Budi Nugraha and Lilis Sadiyah ............. .........................................………

The Influence of Swimming Layer and Sub-Surface Oceanographic Variables on Catch of Labacore(Thunnus alalunga) in Eastern Indian OceanBy: Fathur Rochman, Widodo Pranowo and Irwan Jatmiko …………………………………..................

Estimation of Yellowfin Tuna Production Landed in Benoa Port With Weigh-Weight, Lenght-WeightRelationship and Condition Factor ApproachesBy: Irwan Jatmiko, Hety Hartaty and Budi Nugraha .................................................................

Inter-Specific Competition and Fishing Effect to Population Dynamic of Bali Sardine (SardinellaLemuru)By: Andhika Prima Prasetyo and Rudy Masuswo Purwoko .................................…………………

The Distribution and Abundance of Decapod and Fish Communities in Cleveland Bay, AustraliaBy: Andhika Prima Prasetyo and Rudy Masuswo Purwoko .................................…………………

Catch Composition and Some BiologicalAspects of Sharks in Western Sumatera Waters of IndonesiaBy: Dharmadi, Mahiswara and Kamaluddin Kasim ....................…………………………………………

Diversity of Reef Fish Fungsional Groups in Terms of Coral Reef ResiliencesBy: Isa Nagib Edrus and Muhammad Abrar .............……………………………………………………

AUTHOR INDEX......................................................................................................................

CERTIFICATE.......................................................................................................................

AUTHOR GUIDELINES...........................................................................................................

p-ISSN 0853–8980e-ISSN 2502–6569

INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNALVolume 22 Number 2 December 2016

ABSTRACT

v

THE EFFECT OF DEPTH OF HOOKS, SET ANDSOAK TIME TO THE CATCH PER UNIT OF EFFORT

OF TUNA IN THE EASTERN INDIAN OCEAN

Bram Setyadji

IFRJ, Vol. 22 No. 2, Page: 61-68

ABSTRACT

Yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye (T. obesus)tuna have been intensively exploited by longline fleetssince 1980’s, however, a large proportion of zero catchper set of target species still accurred. Zero catch datacontributed significantly to the low catch per unit of effort(CPUE) compared to other countries at the same fishingarea. Therefore, understanding the factors contributed tothe CPUE of tuna is essential, in order to improve longlinefishing efficiency. A total of 2.115 set-by-set data wereobtained from Indonesian Scientific Observer Program.The onboard observations were carried out at commercialtuna longline operated in Eastern Indian Ocean fromAugust 2005 to December 2014. Several analyticalapproaches were conducted in this paper. First, GeneralLinear Model (GLM) was applied in order to model therelationship between CPUE with all the variables involved.Second, boxplot diagram, polynomial and linearregression were applied to fit the relationship betweenCPUE with set time, soak time and depth (representedby hook position) respectively. The result showed that,there was no significant relationship between set timeand CPUE of bigeye and yellowfin tuna. Soak time waspositively related with CPUE of yellowfin and affectadversely on bigeye. Depth also have significantrelationship with CPUE of tuna, where catch of yellowfindecreased linearly with hook depth, whereas catch ofbigeye was performed the opposite. Improvement in tunalongline fishery in eastern Indian Ocean can be achievedthrough implementation of the specific soak time andhook depth for each target species, i.e. yellowfin andbigeye tuna.

Keywords: Yellowfin tuna; bigeye tuna; set time; soak

time; hook depth; Indian Ocean

THE INFLUENCE OF SWIMMING LAYERAND SUB-SURFACE OCEANOGRAPHIC VARIABLES ONCATCH OF ALBACORE (Thunnus alalunga) IN

EASTERN INDIAN OCEAN

Fathur RochmanIFRJ, Vol. 22 No. 2, Page: 69-76

ABSTRACT

This study was highlighted the contenxt of albacore’snumber catch, swimming layer and sub-surfaceoceanographic variables (SSOV) at Eastern Indian Oceaninclude temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, nitrate,phosphate and silicate. Hopefully the information wouldbe useful for the longliners to understand the ALBbehaviour, environment and the best techniques on howto catch this fish. Data in this study were based on theResearch Institute for Tuna Fisheries (RITF) observerprogram in Benoa from 2010-2013. Data analysis wasbase on primary data and secondary data. Primary dataare albacore’s (ALB) swimming layer data which aremeasured by minilogger. Secondary data is SSOV datawhich extracted from World Ocean Atlas 2009 (WOA09).The results show that the optimum catch of albacoreoccurred at depth of 118 to 291 m with the averagetemperature between 12.41-20.47 °C, dissolved oxygen3.24-4.68 ml/l , salinity 34.78-35.01 psu, nitrate 6.78-17.50µ mol/l, phosphate 0.62-1.27 µ mol/l and silicate 10.06-24.77 µ mol/l. The highest catch of ALB was mostly atdepth of 156 m (hook number 2 and 11) with the averagetemperature 18.71°C, dissolved oxygen 4.68 ml/l, salinity34.78 psu, nitrate 10.71 µ mol/l, phosphate 0.86 µ mol/land silicate 15.95 µ mol/l. The highest influence ofswimming layer and sub-surface oceanographic variableto the number of ALB catch happened at depth of 291 mof ALB swimming layer with coefficient correlation (r) of0.934 and determination coefficient (R2) of 0.872. Thelowest influence of swimming layer and sub-surfaceoceanographic variable to the number of ALB catchhappened at depth of 156 m of albacore swimming layerwith coefficient correlation (r) of 0.528 and determinationcoefficient (R2) of 0.279.The relationship betweenswimming layer and sub-surface oceanographic variableon catch of ALB tuna was low (<0.500).

Keywords: Swimming layer; sub surfaceoceanographic variable; albacore;Eastern Indian Ocean

Abstract

vi

ESTIMATION OF YELLOWFIN TUNAPRODUCTIONLANDED IN BENOAPORT WITH WEIGHT-WEIGHT,LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS AND

CONDITION FACTOR APPROACHES

Irwan Jatmiko

IFRJ, Vol. 22 No.2, Page: 77-84

ABSTRACT

Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is one of theimportant catch for the fishing industry in Indonesia.Length-weight relationship study is one of important toolsto support fisheries management. However it could notbe done to yellowfin tuna landed in Benoa port sincethey are in the form of gilled-gutted condition. Theobjectives of this study are to determine the relationshipbetween gilled-gutted weight (GW) and whole weight(WW), to calculate length weight relationship betweenfork length (FL) and estimated whole weight (WW) andto assess the relative condition factor (K

n) of yellowfin

tuna in Eastern Indian Ocean. Data were collected fromthree landing sites i.e. Malang, East Java; Benoa, Baliand Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara from January 2013 toFebruary 2014. Linear regression analysis applied totest the significance baseline between weight-weightrelationships and log transformed length weightrelationship. Relative condition factor (K

n) used to identify

fish condition among length groups and months. Theresults showed a significant positive linear relationshipsbetween whole weight (WW) and gilled-gutted weight(GW) of T. albacares (p<0.001). There was a significantpositive linier relationships between log transformed forklength and log transformed whole weight of T. albacares(p<0.001). Relative condition factor (K

n) showed

declining pattern along with length increase and variedamong months. The findings from this study providedata for management of yellowfin tuna stock andpopulation.

Keywords: Weight-weight relationships; length-weight relationships; condition factor;yellowfin tuna; Eastern Indian Ocean

INTER-SPECIFIC COMPETITION AND FISHINGEFFECT TO POPULATION DYNAMIC OF BALI

SARDINE (SARDINELLA LEMURU)

Andhika Prima PrasetyoIFRJ, Vol. 22 No.2, Page: 85-90

ABSTRACT

Stock-recruitment relationship of Bali sardine wasinvestigated based on Beverton-Holt model by assuminginter-specif ic competit ion. Model is modified toincorporate the effect of fishing pressure that is density-independent to population dynamic by developingscenario fishing on adult and/or juvenile population. Theresults show that harvested adult the dramatic decline

of recruitment supply. However, harvested juvenile is ledto the positive response to population size, as anincrease in fishing mortality rate will reduce competitionmortality rate. Precautionary approach required byconsidering bipartite life cycle.

Keywords: Stock-recruitment relationship; fishingpressure; Bali sardine

THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OFDECAPOD AND FISH COMMUNITIES IN

CLEVELAND BAY, AUSTRALIA

Andhika Prima PrasetyoIFRJ, Vol. 22 No.2, Page: 91-98

ABSTRACT

Spatial and temporal variations in the fish anddecapod communities were investigated at three stationsin Cleveland Bay along with other zooplankton andphytoplankton communities. The linkage betweenbiological assemblages and physical properties of theocean was explained to develop better understandingof population dynamic of planktonic communities.Biological and physical properties data were gatheredin 3 stations by 6 different trips. The results show thatthere is a significant association between daytime andtidal period to the abundance of planktonic communities(P < 0.05). Spatial distribution of fish and decapodcommunities are likely explained by “predator pit” and“match/mismatch” concepts to increase the survivalprobability along with physical properties of the ocean.

Keywords: Biological oceanography; decapod andfish communities; Cleveland bay

CATCH COMPOSITION AND SOME BIOLOGICALASPECTS OF SHARKS IN WESTERN SUMATERA

WATERS OF INDONESIA

DharmadiIFRJ, Vol. 22 No.2, Page: 99-108

ABTRACT

This study was conducted in western Sumatera andsince October 2013 to June 2014. The sampling locationsin Banda Aceh and Sibolga-North Sumatera which werethe largest base of fisheries in western Sumatera region.Shark landing recorded by enumerators was used assampling data daily . This research aim to describ sexratio, size composition, catch composition of sharks, andlength at first maturity. In Banda Aceh, the sharks astarget fish collected by sorting the bycatch from tunalonglines and tuna handlines. In Sibolga, sharks isbycatch from fish net, bottom gillnet and purse seine.Overall, there were 20 species of shark caught in westIndian Ocean and landed at those fish landing sites,dominated by Spot tail shark (23%) and Silky shark (13%),

Abstract

vii

whereas Hammerhead shark contributed about 10% andOceanic whitetip shark was only less than 1 %. Almost ofSpot tail shark, Silky shark, and Scalloped hammerheadthat caught in that area were immature, while for thealmost part of Tiger shark and Pelagic thresher werematured. The sex ratios for Spot tail shark, Silky shark,Tiger shark, Pelagic thresher, and Scallopedhammerhead caught and landed at Lampulo and Sibolgafish landing sites were not balance. The length at firstmaturity for Spot tail shark was Lm=87,1 cm and Lm =213,2 cm total length for Tiger shark.

Keywords : Sharks; biology; fisheries; westernsumatera

DIVERSITY OF REEF FISH FUNGSIONAL GROUPS

IN TERMS OF CORAL REEF RESILIENCES

Isa Nagib EdrusIFRJ, Vol. 22 No.2, Page: 109-122

ABSTARCT

Infrastructure development in the particular sites ofSeribu Islands as well as those in main land of JakartaCity increased with coastal population this phenomenonis likely to increase the effects to the adjacent coral watersof Seribu Islands. Chemical pollutants, sedimentation,

Abstractand domestic wastes are the common impact andthreatening, the survival of coral reef ecosystem. Coralreef resiliences naturaly remained on their processesunder many influences of supporting factors. One of themajor factor is the role of reef fish functional groups oncontroling algae growth to recolonize coral juveniles. Theaim of this study to obtain data of a herbivory and otherfish functional groups of reef fishes in the Pari Islandsthat are resilience indicators, or that may indicate theeffectiveness of management actions. A conventionalscientific approach on fish diversity and abundance datagathering was conducted by the underwater visualcencus. Diversity values of the reef fish functional groups,such as the abundance of individual fish includingspecies, were collected and tabulated by classes andweighted as a baseline to understand the resilience ofcoral reed based on Obura and Grimsditch (2009)techniques. The results succesfully identified several fishfunctional groups such as harbivores (21 species),carnivores (13 species) and fish indicator (5 species)occurred in the area. Regarding the aspects of fish densityand its diversity, especially herbivorous fish functionalgroup, were presumably in the state of rarely available tosupport the coral reef resiliences. Resilience indicesranged from 1 (low level) to 3 (moderate level) andaverages of the quality levels ranged from 227 to 674.These levels were inadequate to support coral reefrecolonization.

Keywords: Resiliences; reef fishes; Pari Islands

77

Copyright © 2016, Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal (IFRJ)

Estimation of Yellowfin Tuna …. Relationships and Condition Factor Approaches (Jatmiko, I., et al.)

Available online at: http://ejournal-balitbang.kkp.go.id/index.php/ifrj

e-mail:ifrj.puslitbangkan@gmail.com

INDONESIANFISHERIESRESEARCHJOURNALVolume 22 Nomor 2 December 2016

p-ISSN: 0853-8980

e-ISSN: 2502-6569Accreditation Number: 704/AU3/P2MI-LIPI/10/2015

ESTIMATION OF YELLOWFIN TUNA PRODUCTION LANDED IN BENOA PORTWITH WEIGHT-WEIGHT, LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS AND CONDITION

FACTOR APPROACHES

Irwan Jatmiko*1, Hety Hartaty1 and Budi Nugraha2

1Research Institute for Tuna Fisheries, Jl. Mertasari No. 140, Sidakarya, Denpasar Selatan, Denpasar, Bali – 80224. Indonesian2Research Institute for Marine Fisheries, Jl. Muara Baru Ujung, Komp Pelabuhan Perikanan Nizam Zachman, Penjaringan,

Jakarta Utara, Jakarta – 14440. IndonesianReceived; August 20-2014 Received in revised from Dec 5-2016; Accepted December 15-2016

ABSTRACT

Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is one of the important catch for the fishing industry in Indonesia.Length-weight relationship study is one of important tools to support fisheries management. Howeverit could not be done to yellowfin tuna landed in Benoa port since they are in the form of gilled-guttedcondition. The objectives of this study are to determine the relationship between gilled-gutted weight(GW) and whole weight (WW), to calculate length weight relationship between fork length (FL) andestimated whole weight (WW) and to assess the relative condition factor (K

n) of yellowfin tuna in

Eastern Indian Ocean. Data were collected from three landing sites i.e. Malang, East Java; Benoa,Bali and Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara from January 2013 to February 2014. Linear regression analysisapplied to test the significance baseline between weight-weight relationships and log transformedlength weight relationship. Relative condition factor (K

n) used to identify fish condition among length

groups and months. The results showed a significant positive linear relationships between wholeweight (WW) and gilled-gutted weight (GW) of T. albacares (p<0.001). There was a significant positivelinier relationships between log transformed fork length and log transformed whole weight of T.albacares (p<0.001). Relative condition factor (K

n) showed declining pattern along with length increase

and varied among months. The findings from this study provide data for management of yellowfintuna stock and population.

Keywords: Weight-weight relationships; length-weight relationships; condition factor; yellowfintuna; Eastern Indian Ocean

___________________correspondence author:

e-mail: irwan.jatmiko@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION

Tuna is one of important export commodity inIndonesia with total production reaches 1.352.802 tonsfrom 2005 to 2012. Yellowfin tuna is the highestpercentage with 72% from total big tuna groupproduction, followed by bigeye tuna (21%), albacore(6%) and southern bluefin tuna (1%) (DGCF, 2015).Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is highly migratoryspecies with distribution in trophic and temperatewater. This species can be found in Atlantic, Hindianand Pacific Ocean (Collette & Nauen, 1983). InIndonesia, the distribution of this species spreadingfrom west and south Sumatera; south of Java, Baliand Nusa Tenggara; Banda and Sulawesi Sea; andwest of Papuan waters (Uktolseja et al., 1991).

Length-weight relationship study is one of animportant tool to support fisheries management. This

information can estimate the average weight fromknown fish length which can then be used to estimatethe biomass of fish population (Froese, 2006).Furthermore, length-weight relationships and conditionfactor studies were applied to support stockassessment of population (Ricker, 1979) and alsovaluable to understand the life history includingreproduction aspect and general health of the species(Pauly, 1993).

One of the important tuna landing site in Indonesiais located in Benoaport, Bali. Different with albacorethat landed in whole condition in this port, three otherspecies of tuna were processed onboard (removinggill and stomach content) and landed in gilled-guttedcondition. This process performed to maintain thequality of the fish for export destination. However, thisprocedure affects the loss of fish weight due to gilland gutted removal. The objectives of this study are

78

Copyright © 2016, Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal (IFRJ)

Ind.Fish.Res.J. Vol. 22 No. 2 December 2016:

to determine the weight-weight relationship betweengilled-gutted weight (GW) and whole weight (WW), tocalculate length weight relationship between forklength (FL) and whole weight (WW) and to assessthe relative condition factor(K

n) of yellowfin tuna in

Eastern Indian Ocean. The finding of this study beable to become data base for the estimation ofyellowfin tuna production. Moreover, the results fromthis study can be used to determine the quota foryellowfin tuna in the Regional Fisheries ManagementOrganization (RFMO).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data Collection

Yellowfin tuna data were collected from threelanding sites i.e. Malang, East Java; Benoa, Bali andKupang, East Nusa Tenggara (Figure 1). For weight-weight relationships study, the fish samples gainedfrom August 2013 to February 2014 in Malang, EastJava and Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. The fork length

(FL) of fish was measured (±1 cm), weighing wholeweight (WW) and gilled-gutted weight (± 0.01 kg) witha digital balance. The yellowfin tuna from these siteswere caught by handline fishing. For length-weightrelationships and condition factor study, other fishsamples were measured monthly by enumerator fromJanuary to December 2013 in Benoa, Bali. The forklength (FL) of fish was measured (±1 cm), weighinggilled-gutted weight (± 1 kg) with a regular balance.The yellowfin tuna from this site was caught by longlinefishing.

The first survey conducted from August 2013 toFebruary 2014 collected 79 samples with fork lengthranged 26-68 cm, whole weight (WW) ranged 0.32-6.40 kg and gilled-gutted weight (GW) ranged 0.27-5.80 kg. The second survey covered a period of 12consecutive months from January to December 2013.A total of 7,254 measured samples of T. albacareswere examined with fork lengths (FL) ranging from 77to 180 cm and gilled-gutted weight (GW) ranged 8-103 kg (Table 1).

Figure 1. Sampling site in Malang, East Java (circular), Benoa, Bali (triangle) and Kupang, East NusaTenggara (square).

Table 1. The summary of descriptive statistics of T. albacares samples.

Range Mean ± SE Range Mean ± SE Range Mean ± SE

I 79 26-68 41.73±1.05 0.32-6.40 1.51±0.11 0.27-5.80 1.33±0.10

II 7254 77-180 132.53±0.20 - - 8-103 43.21±0.19

Surv ey NF ork length (cm ) Whole w eight (k g) G illed-gutted w eight (k g)

77-84

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Copyright © 2016, Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal (IFRJ)

Data Analysis

Relationships between whole weight (WW) andgilled-gutted weight (GW) was analyzed using linearregression model Y = a + b X, where a is interceptand b is slope.Linear regression analysis performedto determine the amount of deviation in Y variableexplained by X variable. Test for linear regressionwas conducted to examine the significance betweentwo variables (Barnett, 2003). This relationship wasused to convert from gilled-gutted weight data intoestimated whole weight data to generate length-weightrelationships.

The relationships between the length andestimated whole weight of a fish calculated usingequation, W = aLb. Where W is body weight (kg), Lis fork length (cm), a is a coefficient related to bodyform and b is an exponent indicating fish growth(Ricker, 1979).

Log transformed length and log transformed weightwere plotted in order to examine the significancebetween these two variables. Values of the exponentb provide information on fish growth. When b=3,increase in weight is isometric. When the value of bis other than 3, weight increase is allometric, (positiveallometric if b>3, negative allometric if b<3). The nullhypothesis of the isometric growth (H

0: b=3) was

tested using t-test (Morey et al., 2003).

To detect seasonal variations in the condition ofthe fish, relative condition factors (K

n) were calculated

from monthly samples. The conditional factors canbe calculated by comparing the mean weight of fishin a sample with the predicted weight of fish from ageneralized length-weight relationship using equation(King, 2007):

Where:K

n= relative condition factor

Wm

= monthly of mean weightW

p= general predicted weight of fish from the same

mean length

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONResults

Whole Weight (WW) and Gilled-gutted Weight(GW) Relationship

There was a significant positive linear relationshipsbetween whole weight (WW) and gilled-gutted weight(GW) of T. albacares (F

1,77= 80,383.60, p< 0.001, R2

= 0.999). As gilled-gutted weight increases, the wholeweight of T. albacares increases. Gilled-gutted weightexplained 99% variation in the whole weight of T.albacares with equation WW = 1.1167 GW + 0.0266(Figure 2).

y = 1.1167x + 0.0266R² = 0.9990

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Wh

ole

wei

gh

t(k

g)

Gilled-gutted weight (kg)

n = 79

Figure 2. Weight-weight relationships between gilled-gutted weight (GW) and whole weight (WW) of T.albacares in Eastern Indian Ocean.

Estimation of Yellowfin Tuna …. Relationships and Condition Factor Approaches (Jatmiko, I., et al.)

pW

mWKn

80

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Ind.Fish.Res.J. Vol. 22 No. 2 December 2016:

Length and Estimated Whole Weight (WW)Relationship

Monthly descriptive statistics and estimatedparameters of length-weight relationships for T.albacares were shown in Table 1. Growth pattern ofT. albacares showed that positive allometric growthoccurred in January, March, April, October andDecember. Whereas the isometric growth appeared

in February, May, June, July, August, September andNovember. Overall, the growth pattern of T. albacaresin Eastern Indian Ocean is isometric (Table 2).

Length-weight analysis showed the equation W =0.00002 L3.0294 with coefficient determination (R2)0.9635. Fork length explained 96% variation in theweight of T. albacares (Figure 3).

Table 2. Monthly growth pattern of yellowfin tuna caught in Indian Ocean southern of Java, Bali and NusaTenggara

Range Mean±SE Range Mean±SE a b R ²Jan 672 79-176 127.29±0.74 10-106 44.88±0.76 0.00001 3.0892 0.9774 Positive allometric

Feb 336 77-165 124.06±0.94 10-90 39.78±0.94 0.00002 3.0295 0.9605 Isometric

Mar 292 85-165 125.85±0.96 12-98 41.41±1.04 0.00001 3.1056 0.9642 Positive allometric

Apr 462 87-171 126.77±0.73 15-103 42.33±0.79 0.00001 3.1221 0.9545 Positive allometric

May 980 89-174 136.21±0.50 12-95 51.57±0.55 0.00002 3.0459 0.9696 Isometric

Jun 958 91-171 134.95±0.52 17-93 50.11±0.57 0.00002 3.0261 0.9614 Isometric

Jul 1337 81-172 136.13±0.46 11-90 50.95±0.47 0.00002 2.9555 0.9469 Isometric

Aug 257 94-162 133.42±0.89 13-86 46.27±0.89 0.00002 2.9565 0.9576 Isometric

Sep 328 81-165 128.67±0.73 10-88 43.98±0.74 0.00002 2.9985 0.9389 Isometric

Oct 369 80-180 129.98±1.05 9-115 48.14±1.08 0.000009 3.1779 0.9664 Positive allometric

Nov 600 80-169 133.63±0.82 10-102 50.41±0.81 0.00002 3.0217 0.9793 Isometric

Dec 663 85-173 134.88±0.62 11-105 51.38±0.66 0.00001 3.0700 0.9693 Positive allometric

All 7254 77-180 132.53±0.20 9-115 48.30±0.21 0.00002 3.0294 0.9635 Isometric

Growth patternFork length (cm) Whole weight (kg) Parameters

Month N

W = 2E-05 L3.0294

R² = 0.9635

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Wh

ole

wei

gh

t(k

g)

Fork length (cm)

n = 7254

Figure 3. Length-weight relationships between fork length (FL) and whole weight (WW) of T. albacares inEastern Indian Ocean. Whole weight data were estimated from weight-weight relationship.

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Relative Condition Factor (Kn)

The relative condition factor (Kn) has been

calculated for each 5 cm length groups. Generally,the relative condition factor (K

n) decreased along with

the increasing of fork length. The highest value with1.04 occurred at length group 80 cm then decreasedsignificantly up to 0.83 at length group 110 cm. Therehas been slightly increased at length group 115 cm

and tend to steady until length group 160 cm thendecline drastically to 0.75 at length group 180 cm(Figure 4).

Monthly relative condition factor (Kn) of T.

albacares showed fluctuated during the year. Thehighest relative condition factor (K

n) occurred in March

with 0.89 and the lowest appeared in August with 0.82(Figure 5).

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

80

85

90

95

10

01

05

11

01

15

12

01

25

13

01

35

14

01

45

15

01

55

16

01

65

17

01

75

18

0

Re

lati

ve

cond

itio

nfa

cto

r(K

n)

Fork length (cm)

n = 7254

Figure 4. Variation of relative condition factors (mean±SE) of T. albacares in Eastern Indian Ocean. Valueson fork length are the upper limit of 5 cm length groups.

0.80

0.82

0.84

0.86

0.88

0.90

0.92

Ja

n

Feb

Ma

r

Ap

r

Ma

y

Jun

Ju

l

Au

g

Sep

Oct

No

v

Dec

Rel

ati

veco

nd

itio

nfa

cto

r(K

n)

Months

n = 7254

Figure 5. Monthly relative condition factors (mean±SE) of T. albacares in Eastern Indian Ocean.

Estimation of Yellowfin Tuna …. Relationships and Condition Factor Approaches (Jatmiko, I., et al.)

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Ind.Fish.Res.J. Vol. 22 No. 2 December 2016:

Discussion

Weight-weight relationships and length-weightrelationships studies are important for fisheriesmanagement, for example in calculating yield andbiomass (King, 2007). However, processing fish onboard had consequences in the loss weight of thefish. This study showed that additional weight of T.albacares landed in Benoa port ranged from 1.2 kg atlength class 80 cm to 10.2 kg at length class 180cm. The additional weight increased along with theincrease of length. The increasing length of fish leadsthe greater on the weight of the fish.

Length-weight relationship showed that a value(intercept) is less influential than b value (slope) tothe equation because its value is very small (Table3). The a value in this study is 0.00002, relativelysimilar to other studies except in Indian Ocean, Sri

Lanka waters with a value is 0.033 (Perera et al.,2013). The b value in this study is 3.029 higher thanother studies except in Pacific Ocean with b value is3.244 (Zhu et al., 2010). After t-test analysis the resultshowed that this value is not significantly different(b=3), ensuing that growth pattern of T. albacares isisometric. It means that growth occurred at the samerate for length and weight of the fish so that its shapeis consistent throughout development or in the samedimension as the cube of length (Pauly, 1984). Thisgrowth pattern is different with other studies inAtlanticand Indian Ocean where the growth pattern is negativeallometric and in Pacific Ocean where the growthpattern is positive allometric (Zhu et al., 2010). Thevariability of growth pattern of fish can be depend onthe food availability, season and environmentalconditions (Froese, 2006; Effendie, 2002) and theswimming activity of the fish (Muchlisin et al., 2010).

Table 3. Estimated parameters of length-weight relationships for T. albacares from various studies.

Location a b R² Growth pattern Reference

Pacific Ocean,

Taiwan0.00004 2.854 - -

Wang et al. ,

2002

Pacific Ocean,

Hawaii0.00003 2.889 0.975 -

Uchiyama &

Kazama, 2003

Atlantic Ocean 0.00002 2.969 0.941Negative

allometric

Zhu et al. ,

2010

Indian Ocean 0.00002 2.985 0.969Negative

allometric

Zhu et al. ,

2010

Pacific Ocean 0.000004 3.244 0.945Positive

allometric

Zhu et al. ,

2010

Indian Ocean,

Sri Lanka0.033 2.848 0.918 -

Perera et al. ,

2013

Indian Ocean,

Indonesia0.00002 3.029 0.964 Isometric Present study

Condition factor (Kn) was used to identify the

condition of the fish. Study on salmonid fish showedthat the higher K

nvalue showed fish in good condition.

On the contrary, the lower Kn

value showed poorcondition (Barnham & Baxter, 1998). The similarresults occured in this study.The relative conditionfactor (K

n) of T. albacares showed high value for small

fish and decreased along with the development of fishlength. There was steep declining of relative conditionfactor (K

n) when fish reach 106-110 cm to 0.83. This

decreased probably related with the reproductionstrategies of yellowfin tuna which reach their lengthat 50% maturity (L

50) at 102 cm (Zudaire et al., 2013),

105 cm (Itano, 2000), 105 cm for male and 110 cm for

female (Nootmorn et al., 2005) and 110-115 (Hassani& Stequert, 1991).

Monthly relative condition factor (Kn) showed high

value from September to April with the highest valueoccurred in March with 0.89. On the other hand, itshowed low value from May toAugust with the lowestvalue happened in August with 0.82. It means thatthe index of well-being of the fish from September toApril was better than the condition of the fish fromMay to August. The variability of relative conditionfactor (K

n) among months allegedly due to seasonal

variations which may vary with food availability anddietary habit (King, 2007; Saha et al., 2009).

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Moreover, monthly condition factor also influencedby environmental condition (Froese, 2006; Effendie,2002). Indian Ocean waters has distinctivecharacteristics that its environmental condition hadinfluence from Indian Ocean Dipole-zonal Mode/IODM(Li et al., 2003), El Nino Southern Oscillation/ENSO(Reason et al., 2000) and monsoon (Yang et al.,2007). Monsoon can be categorized into foursegments, which are west monsoon (Dec-Feb),transitional season I (Mar-May), east monsoon (Jun-Aug) and transitional season II (Sep-Nov). Monthlycondition factor showed that well-being index ofyellowfin tuna is better in west monsoon andtransitional II. It was allegedly as this season occurredhealthy of water fertility that have a positive impacton the availability of abundant food resources (Realinoet al., 2010).

CONCLUSION

The strong positive linear relationship betweenwhole weight and gilled-gutted weight resulted fromthis study indicated that the total weight of yellowfintuna that landed in Benoa Port can be estimated fromgilled-gutted weight (processed weight). Therefore, thisfinding can be used to determine the quota foryellowfin tuna in Regional Fisheries ManagementOrganizations (RFMO’s). The growth in weight andlength of yellowfin tuna is proportional to each otherwith its relative condition factor tend to decrease alongwith the increasing of length.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This study is funded by research project atResearch Institute for Tuna Fisheries. The authorswish to thank all enumerators for their contribution indata collection.

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