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ISG NEWSLETTER
Volume 18, No. 1 Special Issue on ‘Urban Planning’ January, 2012
In this Issue
Editorial
Article Author Pg No.
1. Urban Planning Using Geoinformatics – A Case Study
of Bhopal City
R J Bhanderi, Late S K Pathan, Amit
Gajbhiye, S S Rathore, V P
Kulshrestha 3 to 8
2. Integrated Approach for Urban Planning, Development
And Management Using Remote Sensing, GIS & GPS –
A case-study of Hyderabad
B.Purushothama Reddy, K.Santosh
Kumar & M. Anji Reddy 9 to 13
3. Geospatial Technologies in Urban Information Systems Arup Dasgupta 14 to 19
4. Generation of Geo-Correlated Urban Cadastre : The
Maiden Spatial-IT Initiatives of MRSAC
Dilip M. Kolte, Dr. Ajay S.
Deshpande, Arun. H. Atkare &
Vinod M. Bothale 20 to 24
5. Development of 3D City Models
Shashikant A. Sharma, Jayaprasad P,
Rajendra Gaikwad & Ritesh
Agrawal 25 to 27
6. Applications of Geographic Information System in an
Organisation
Shashikant A. Sharma, Gaurav Jain,
R. J. Bhanderi, Jayaprasad P , Ritesh
Agrawal, Shweta Jaiswal & late Dr.
S. K. Pathan
28 to 30
7. Infrastructure Development in India: Review of
JNNURM and India Infrastructure Report (1996-Rakesh
Mohan Committee) Prof. Ar. Bhavna Vimawala 31 to 34
8. Natural Resources Data Base: Its role in urban planning
and improved urban services Pushpalata B Shah 35 to 38
9. Urban Environment and Development Manju Mohan 39 to 42
10. Site Selection for Industries J.G. Patel 43 to 48
Regional Conferences 34
ISG Membership-form 49
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ISG Executive - Council 2011-2014
President
Dr. Shailesh Nayak, President and Secretary, MOES, New Delhi Email: [email protected]
Vice-President
Dr. R.L.N. Murthy, Vice President and Deputy Director, Antrix Corporation, Email: [email protected]
ISRO HQ., Bangalore
Secretary
Shri N.S. Mehta, Secretary and Manager, RAF / UPDG / SAC (ISRO), Ahmedabad Email: [email protected]
Joint Secretary
Shri G. Hanumantha Rao, Jt. Secretary, Scientist, NRSC (ISRO), Hyderabad Email: [email protected]
Treasurer
Shri K.P. Bharucha, Treasurer, Scientist, SEDA, SAC (ISRO), Ahmedabad Email: [email protected]
Members Dr. Shakil Ahmed Romshoo, Member and Professor, Univ. of J&K, Srinagar Email: [email protected]
Dr. A.S. Rajawat, Member and Head, GSD/MPSG/EPSA, SAC (ISRO), Ahmedabad Email: [email protected]
Shri Pramod Mirji, Member, ISG and Senior Executive, TCS Mumbai Email: [email protected]
Dr. (Mrs.) Sandhya Kiran, Member and Professor, MSU, Vadodara Email: [email protected]
Dr. R. Nandakumar, Head, SPEC / SIPA, SAC/ISRO, Ahmedabad Email: [email protected]
Ex-officio
Dr. R.R. Navalgund, Director SAC, Ahmedabad Email: [email protected]
Permanent Invitees
Dr Ajai, Chief Editor, Journal of Geomatics Email: [email protected] Shri R P Dubey, Associate Editor, JoG & Editor, ISG Newsletter Email : [email protected],.in
Address for correspondence:
C/o. Secretary, Indian Society of Geomatics (ISG), Room No. 4017, Space Applications Centre (ISRO),
Ahmedabad-380015, Gujarat.
url : www.isgindia.org Phone: +91-79-26914017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Editorial Board – ISG Newsletter Editor: R P Dubey [email protected]
Members: Dr. Beena Kumari [email protected]
Dr. Nandakumar [email protected]
Pushpalata Shah [email protected]
Shashikant A Sharma [email protected]
C P Singh [email protected]
Dr. Puneet Swaroop. [email protected]
Co-Opted for this issue
K.L.N. Sastry [email protected]
P. Jayaprasad [email protected]
Send your contributions/comments to the Editor at the above e-mail.
ISG NEWSLETTER
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Editorial
This special additional issue of the newsletter centred on the theme of “Urban Planning” is dedicated to the memory of Late Dr S K Pathan who pioneered many developments related to this field. Dr Pathan was Vice President of ISG and had contributed significantly towards growth of the ISG. The issue aptly contains the theme articles contributed by many professional associates and colleagues of Late Dr S K Pathan.
The present issue covers the applications of geomatics in urban planning, infrastructure development and urban environment. The articles by R J Bhanderi et al and by B Purushottam Reddy et al bring out the operational applications of Geomatics in core area while those by A R Dasgupta and S A Sharma et al showcase the advances like 3D city models which are the indicators of future developments in this field. Dilip M Kolte et al deliberate on subject of urban cadastres which are so important for urban planning on larger scale. With advent of high resolution data, the Geomatics now gets used effectively in managing the campuses as demonstrated for SAC by Sharma et al. Multifarious Issues related to development of Urban infrastructure has been brought out by Bhavna Vimawala while Manju Mohan demonstrates how Geomatics can be used to monitor the health of cities. The issue of disseminating geo-data is brought out by Pushpalata Shah through the article on NRDB. The issue also features an early study on site selection method by J G Patel.
We would like to thank all the authors for the articles, K L N Sastry and P Jayaprasad for coordination with contributors, Puneet Swaroop for compilation and C P Singh for cover design.
We are grateful to Dr Shailesh Nayak, President ISG and the Executive Council for supporting this special additional issue and thank Shri N S Mehta for coordination.
We look forward to your feedback and suggestions.
R P Dubey
Editor
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Introduction
Planning of urban land use is a process of allocating of suitable land parcels for different kind of uses as per
requirement/need for the society. Remote sensing and GIS technology was demonstrated for urban planning in
India with the preparation of GIS database for DMA (Delhi Metropolitan Authority) and pilot project of BMR
(Bombay Metropolitan Region) under NRIS was taken up in the year of around 1990 by Space Applications
Centre, Ahmedabad. The multivariate index approach in GIS was employed to derive various planning
scenarios. Subsequently the similar methodology was adopted for the cities of Ahmedabad (AUDA -
Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority), Indore, Pimpri Chinchvad Municipal Corporation, Pune (PCMC),
Bhopal and Perambalur. The experience gained during the above projects and other studies were lead to
formulate the programme called NUIS at national level.
As all urban settlements subsist on land, it is land that constitutes the single most important component of the
total environment. The condition of the land on which the settlement is built, its effect on the surrounding lands
and the changes, which occur in land use, would determine, whether this single most important resource has
been used wisely by mankind or not. The studies on various human settlement analysis shows that the rapid and
haphazard growth of urban sprawl and increasing population pressure is resulting in deterioration of infrastruc-
ture facilities, loss of productive agricultural lands, green open spaces, loss of surface water bodies, depletion of
ground water aquifer zones, air pollution, water contamination, health hazards and many micro-climatic
changes. Therefore, the environmentally compatible urban planning must begin with a comprehensive look on
the use of land. It is in this regard, the development plan or Master Plan of the city is revised every 10 years to
take care of the population pressure and provide better quality of life in the city and its environs.
In the preparation of a environmentally compatible urban development plan, it is a prerequisite to understand
linkages and interactions that exist between different components of the urban environment. Secondly, the data
collected on different aspects of the urban environment has to be translated into useful information for the
purpose of urban development. Thirdly, there is also a need to aggregate this information according to
administrative/natural and hierarchical units. Basic caveat for this is the availability of systematic, detailed,
reliable, timely and accurate information on various facets of urban environment. Experiences gained so far
show certain shortcomings in regard to acquisition of statistics, processing, generation of graphic outputs and
their storing in the existing conventional system. Such a lacuna impedes efficient and meaningful planning,
implementation of programmes and their monitoring. Moreover, by the time the plan is made using conven-
tional surveys, the data becomes old and the plan may not be suitable for implementation. It is in this context,
the Orbital Remote Sensing (RS) data and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques play a major role
by providing reliable, accurate, timely, periodic data and methods of integration of spatial and non-spatial data
to create various planning scenarios for decision making. This type of planning scenarios helps planners and
administrators to view various advantages and disadvantages of different perspectives and select best
perspective for implementation and monitoring. GIS database for various physical and socio-economic
parameters were generated and carried out urban land use suitability analysis, urban sprawl, environmental
sensitivity, and socio-economic analysis using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. These analyses were
served bases for preparation of urban development plan for the planners and decision makers. Customisation of
user-friendly menu-driven Query Shell in Arc/Info GIS using AML programming language for interactive
analysis, querying and easy access of GIS database. This shell was transferred to planning department for
information retrieval and decision-making processes.
Urban Planning Using Geoinformatics – A Case Study of Bhopal City
R J Bhanderi1, Late S K Pathan
2, Amit Gajbhiye
3, S S Rathore
4 & V P Kulshrestha
5
Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad 1&2
Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Bhopal 3, 4 & 5
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Retrospective and Prospective Planning Efforts
The development plan is normally made on the basis of field surveys using conventional methods. As per this
procedure, the spatial data, particularly on land use pattern, existing transportation network and terrain
characteristics are collected by visiting the areas and personal interviews with Presidents of Gram-panchayat,
Nagar Panchayat/Nagarpalika and the non-spatial data on demographic and infrastructure facilities like water
supply, sewage, communications, electricity etc. are collected from census records or other collateral data.
Later the spatial and non-spatial data is analysed in a related manner and a draft development plan is made.
This plan is then open to planners, representatives of the people, local self-government officers, non-
governmental organizations, leading citizens for suggestions. Suggestions from these people are taken into
consideration in finalising the development plan. Finally land use zoning is proposed based on the local
demands and the estimated population to meet the future planning requirements. Subsequently the town
planning schemes are made on cadastral maps covering an area of about 100 to 150 ha depending upon the re-
quirements.
Objectives and Information Required
The prime objective of the study is to prepare a sustainable urban development plan for the city of Bhopal and
its environs. The preparation of a scientific and environmentally compatible development plan requires
consideration of all components of the environment that exist today and the environment to be created
tomorrow. Thus a comprehensive land use plan should inter relate all elements that form a community. Because
land is a concrete form, any land use plan must be flexible enough to change established uses either to correct
mistakes or to accommodate changing needs. Hence the goals to formulate a sustainable urban land use plan is
to focus on all physical, geographic, historic and cultural characteristics of the city and environs, harmonisation
of sectorial development plans and evolve development portfolio on the basis of carrying capacity of the region,
because the human settlement is nothing but the people, living organism and is not inanimate things like roads,
buildings, gardens and open spaces. Therefore, a city is an integration of folk, work and place. It essentially
means that in preparing a plan one must take into consideration, the number and kind of people living in the
city, their needs for work viz. industries, other employment centers etc. and place includes housing, education,
recreation and all the amenities so as to make the life of the citizens comfortable and happy. In the case of
ailments of a man a surgery for removal of unwanted cancerous growth is carried out. Similarly, the
development of the city should also be carried out on the principles of ‗conservative surgery‘ that is only be
removing or re-arranging of problematic decayed area of the city. Therefore, the problems of cities need to be
diagnosed by undertaking the surveys and preparation of plan by integrating physical, social and economic
aspects of development of the city. Optimal management of a city involves a) proper land management to
promote the right use of land at sustainable level, b) management of environment, c) integrated approach to the
development of water supply, open spaces, utilities, transportation, amenities, infrastructure facilities and d)
sound organization of financial and legislative framework. The preparation of such an integrated plan requires
detailed information on the following parameters.
Terrain characteristics: Physiography, contours, low-lying areas, water bodies, land available for
development, problem areas such as steep and very steep slopes, flood and erosion hazard areas, soil depth, soil
texture, geology, ground water prospects, minerals, construction materials, productive agricultural lands, dense
forest areas, aquaculture sites, temperature, wind, rainfall, sun paths etc.
Land use patterns: Urban spread, area under cultivation and wastelands, area under different types of forests,
good landscape areas, urban land uses such as residential, commercial, industrial, public and semi-public,
recreational and transportation areas, vacant areas for future development, types and intensities of each of the
users etc.
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Population characteristics: Number, age, sex distribution, growth trends, migration patterns, estimation about
future, population density, workers and non-workers and occupational pattern etc.
Economic characteristics: Agricultural, horticultural and other land based activities, economic base problems
and prospects, market locations and volumes handled, financial conditions of local authority and agencies
involved and resources for future development.
Transportation characteristics: Types and capacities of available facilities, problems and prospects of
development of the facilities such as movement of goods and people by cars, public transportation, cycle ways,
pedestrian ways, water ways, railways, airways, terminal facilities, transit systems etc.
Housing characteristics: Available stock and its condition, effective demand, need of squatters and effective
dwellers and how to satisfy them, land and financial availability.
Utility services: Water supply and demand, sewerage system, drainage, power supply, telephone services etc.
Community facilities: Educational institutions, recreational areas, medical facilities, markets, clubs, temples
etc.
Methodology
The steps that are followed in the preparation of urban land use suitability map proceed from deciding what
land to develop to when and how to develop it. Therefore, the urban land use suitability analysis encompasses
physical characteristics, constraints and socio-economic possibilities. Basically it refers to the potentiality of the
land for development. Land potentiality not only includes both land suitability as well as land value. The land
suitability designates land according to its physical capability regardless of any planner's conceptual interest.
The land value should index the value of various sections of the land into three categories such as a) market
value which is calculated from past, present and future values, b) subjective value of topographical characteris-
tics and c) values of proximity. The integration of land suitability and land value maps produce a land potential
map, which can be later, combined with socio-economic variables to prepare final alternative development
plan.
Identification of suitable areas for urban development is, therefore, one of the critical issues in the preparation
of a development plan. The land suitability is thus not only based on a set of physical parameters but also very
much on the economic factors. The composite effect of these parameters determines the degree of suitability
and also helps in further categorising the land into different classes of development. Moreover, the process of
suitability assessment is very much dependent upon the prevalent conditions such as pressure on land. If the
pressure on land is too high, it may give rise to a high order of speculation and may lead to development of
land, which is otherwise not suitable from suitability point of view. This clearly states that the level of inputs
would be high due to the market forces. It is in this context, the suitability analysis attempted in this study must
be viewed as a basic "Prioritisation of land for urban development".
Therefore, in the present study, a multi-disciplinary study (field surveys, ground realities, old maps and remote
sensing imagery) has been taken up to carry out land use suitability analysis (Figure-1) identifying the areas to
be used for construction purpose and the areas to be conserved under green belt. The parameters considered for
land use suitability are: (1) Existing land use, (2) Ground water prospects, (3) Soil depth, (4) Soil texture, (5)
Slope in percent (gradient), (6) Flood hazard, (7) Water bodies /Watershed buffer, (8) Soil Erosion, (9) Road
network, (10) Rail nodes, (11) Land values and (12) City Proximity
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SOIL DEPTH SOIL TEXTURE SLOPE GROUND WATER
PROSPECTS
LAND USE
EARTHQUAKE
ZONES
FLOOD
HAZARD
AREA
ROAD
NETWORK
BUFFER
ZONES
RAILWAY
STATION
BUFFER
ZONES
LAND
VALUE
WATERSHED &
WATERBODY
BUFFER ZONES
OVERLAY
ANALYSIS IN GIS
COMPOSITE MAP
INDEXING
PARAMETERS
CRITERIA
URBAN SUITABILITY
MAP
PROPOSED LAND
USE PLAN
RESIDENTIAL
INDUSTRIAL
COMMERCIAL
RECREATIONAL
TRANSPORTATION
PUBLIC & SEMI PUBLIC
CONSERVATION AREAS
POPULATION PROJECTION
& LAND REQUIREMENTS
Figure-1: RS and GIS based methodology for urban suitability and zoning
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The assessment of physical parameters gives an identification of the limitations of the land for urban
development. The concept of limitation is derived from the quality of the land. For example, if the
slope is high the limitation it offers is more than for a land, which has gentle slopes or a flat terrain.
Practically, this would mean that the development of the high slope land would require considerable
inputs (finance, manpower, materials, time etc.) and thus may be less suitable as against the flat land
where the inputs required are considerably less. This concept is true for all the land parameters that are
assessed.
All the above mentioned physical parameters have been considered for analysis towards the
identification of suitable areas for urban development in the town as well as its environs. A
multivariate index analysis of these parameters has been carried out by integrating them in GIS
environment. All the parameters were compared to each other and given a weightages based on
significance towards development. All the categories within the parameters were given a ranks based
on their importance towards suitability. Suitability Index was calculated by multiplying ranks and
weightages. Urban land use suitability map generated based on suitability index is shown in Figure-2.
Figure-2 Urban land use suitability map
Result
Urban land use suitability map prepared based on integrated analysis in GIS using various physical
parameters was use full to planners for further allocation of land parcels for different uses and come
out with development planning scenarios. Suitable area required for the future planning will be
allocated in the proximity of the city and inside the planning area limit to prepare the final proposed
land use plan (Figure-3). Thus remote sensing and GIS techniques found very useful for the
preparation of urban development plan.
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Figure-3 Proposed urban development plan
References
1. Anon., 2007, ―Bhopal Development Plan – 2021 (draft)‖, August 2007. Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad
and Directorate of Town & Country Planning, Bhopal.
2. Anon., 2003, ―Indore Development Plan – 2011 (draft)‖, April, 2003, SAC/RESA/TR-01/APRIL 2003.
3. Anon, 1999, Remote Sensing and GIS inputs for the preparation of perspective plan of Pimpri-Chinchwad
municipal corporation area – 2018. SAC/RESA/TR-03/July 1999.
4. Anon. 1997, Revised development plan of Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA) area – 2011,
Report no. SAC/RSAG/TR/12/AUG/1997.
5. Anon, 1992, Macro Level Urban Information System – A GIS case study for BMR, Report no. SAC/RSA/NRIS-
URIS/PR-18/MARCH 1992.
6. Tor Bernhardsen, 2002, Geographic Information System. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7. Burrough P A, Principles of Geographic Information System for land resources assessment.
8. Jeffrey Star and John Estes, 1990, Geographic Information System – An Introduction, Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersy.
9. Satty T L, The Analytical Hierarchy Process. A McGraw Hill, New York publication, 1980.
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Integrated Approach for Urban Planning, Development & Management Using Remote
Sensing, GIS & GPS – A Case Study of Hyderabad B.Purushothama Reddy1, K.Santosh Kumar2 & M. Anji Reddy3
Director of Town & Country Planning1, Govt. of A.P, Lecturer2, Professor of Environmental Sciences & Director 3 Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500085, A.P, India
Urbanization is an inevitable part of Country‘s economic evolution. The growth of the urban population in
India is unprecedented and it has the world‘s second largest urban population. India has 28 percent urban in
2001 and it is expected that it will be 50 percent by 2030. It means that from 280 million it will increase to 600
million in the next 20 years. This means that there will be tremendous pressure in urban environment which is a
major challenge to the urban planners, administrators and public representatives. The city administration will
have a heavy burden and responsibility in fulfilling the aspirations of the growing city dwellers for various
needs such as housing, drinking water supply, solid waste disposal, roads and other infrastructure network. The
responsibility also lies in augmenting the resources in providing the better living conditions to this growing
population. The capacity of the city management is another major parameter in attending to all these
requirements. In order to face the challenge of providing the needs to the growing population, there is a need to
have an effective and efficient tool. Considering the scale and intensity of the problem, geospatial technology
can play a significant role in this regard. Remote Sensing technology coupled with GIS and GPS have come in
handy in helping to solve many gigantic problems in many fields. But the use of this technology is yet to have
an effective impression in Civic administration. Though practiced elsewhere, the utility is minimal. However
the potentiality of such technology is so enormous that it will be the most important solution for the days to
come in urban planning, development and management. Geospatial Technology should form the core of the IT
strategy of urban administration.
Introduction
Man, while living in human settlements, whether rural or urban, creates a built environment and in the process
disturbs the natural environment system. The environmental problems in rural settlements often arise through
use, overuse and misuse of natural resources which are caused due to lack of alternatives or poverty, while,
environmental problems in urban settlements occur due to transformation of natural environment into manmade
environment. The heavy concentration of population and consequently increasing activities in urban settlements
particularly in larger ones, has strained urban services and severely affected all types of urban environment viz.
physical, social, economic and aesthetic, in these settlements. It is observed that in the world over, this sort of
urbanization has resulted in tremendous pressure on urban infrastructure facilities and services, thereby
affecting the quality of life in our urban settlements to a great extent. In order to achieve healthy living
conditions in our urban areas, it is necessary to resort to innovative and efficient systems of urban planning and
management, which have to play an important role not only in fighting the urban growth, but to accept it as an
inevitable outcome of economic change and to prevent or minimize many negative effects of urban growth,
such as traffic problems, slums and environmental degradation etc. It is needless to say that a comprehensive
information system shall be generated which can control proper urban planning, decision making and also
implementation of various development proposals.
Study Area
Hyderabad City is been situated in the river Musi and
Krishna basin, which is a tributary of river Krishna,
passes through the city and bi-furcates it into Northern
and Southern Hyderabad. It is situated between
78d22‘30‖ & 78d32‘30‖ east longitude & between
17d18‘30‖ & 17d28‘30‖ north latitude. The ground
levels vary from 487 meters to 610 meters above mean
sea level.
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Study Objectives
To study and understand the existing strategies of urban planning, development and management of
Hyderabad city with special reference to urban growth, urban sprawl and population.
To produce high quality digital maps of land use, land cover and base maps for enhancing the capability
of inventory, mapping, monitoring and modelling to many environmental processes and urban planning
using Remote Sensing, GIS, GPS and Field studies.
To develop data base with special reference to revenue generation such as property tax utilities and
infrastructure such as road network, street light, storm water drainage system, water supply, garbage
disposal, greenery, open spaces and horticulture.
To identify the critical success factors in each of the services of the urban local body and to examine
the process of re-engineering through the deployment of Remote Sensing technology, GIS and GPS to
enable more efficient, reliable and timely services in a transparent manner.
To create integrated municipal information system (IMIS) with main parameters such as property tax,
utilities and infrastructure, Garbage disposal and greenery, open spaces and urban forestry and
horticulture using Remote Sensing techniques on GIS platforms.
Data Processing
The project is executed through the following steps
a) Acquisition of satellite data from NRSC, Balanagar, Hyderabad and toposheet from survey of India
(SOI), Hyderabad.
b) Geocoding and Georeferencing of LISS III and PAN digital data by extracting the Ground Control
(GCPs) from SOI toposheet
c) Digital Image enhancement and application of correction models for making the digital data free from
error and distortions in terms of radiometry and geometry of the satellite data.
d) Fusion of PAN and LISS III for merged product preparation of a mosaic corporation. This is FCC mode
and is used for visual interpretation to extract the land use/land cover information by applying both
previsual interpretation ground truthing and post visual interpretation of this image mosaic.
e) Preparation of cartographic output for making the data layer ready for scanning for further GIS analysis.
f) Scanning of cartographic output using Ao scanner, digitized data compatible to ARC/INFO GIS
software.
g) GIS data manipulation and analysis, linking the spatial data file and attribute data file for the creation
of topology.
h) GIS output in the form of land use/land cover map showing various land use/land cover patterns of
MCH jurisdiction.
i) Overlay of major road network on the land use/land cover map for the final project as required by MCH
administration.
Data Collection & Field Surveys
The maps and secondary data from various authorities concerned with the city functions need to be collected. A
set of such maps that can help add layers to the digitized maps is illustrated below:
a) Prevailing Master Plan / General Town Planning Scheme (if any) showing proposed land use zoning,
transport network and sites designated for various public purposes.
b) Maps showing administrative boundaries of ULB jurisdiction, administrative and electoral wards, area
units used by census.
c) Maps showing Cadastral Boundaries
d) Maps of utilities like sewerage water supply, drainage, storm water, roads and street lights along with
the data available
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e) Data regarding services like Fire Protection, Cremation and Burial Grounds, Slaughter Houses, Cattle
Ponds, Primary Schools, Primary Health Centers, Parks, Gardens and Swimming Pools etc. In case such
data is missing, the said attribute data is collected through field survey.
f) Locations of facilities provided by State and Central Governments like Railways and highways, post and
telegraph offices, police stations, universities, hospitals etc. also need to be located on the maps and
available data collected through field survey.
g) Existing land use categories like residential including slums, industrial, commercial and healthcare,
educational, sports and sports and recreation facilities.
h) Marking of property boundaries on image through field survey
i) Property tax data identifying properties with their area, use and assessed values
Functions of Urban Local Bodies
Functions are broadly divided into following two categories.
(i) Obligatory functions relate to erection of boundary marks, defining the limits of the city; maintenance of
public streets, roads, public health and other matters relating to sanitation and improvement of the city,
etc.
(ii) Discretionary functions relate to the general welfare of various classes of the population, transport
facilities improvement of socio-economic status of the inhabitants of the city, etc.
The functional domain was expanded in 1994 as per the 12th Schedule of the 74
th Constitution Amendment Act.
In Andhra Pradesh, the Municipalities and Corporation Acts provide for a majority of the functions listed in the
12th Schedule of the constitution. They include:
Urban Planning including Town Planning
Regulation of land use and construction of buildings
Roads and bridges
Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes
Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste management
Slum improvement and up gradation
Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, play grounds
Burials and burial ground; cremations, cremation grounds and electric crematoriums
Cattle ponds; prevention of cruelty to animals
Vital statistics including registration of births and death
Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences.
Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries
Conclusion
Integrated urban information is thus needed to provide for such an exchange of data that will not only guarantee
rapid access to data whenever and wherever required but also prevent detrimental duplicalication & degradation
of the system.
Geospatial Technology should form the core of the IT strategy of Urban Local Bodies. The Urban Local
Bodies have valuable and large data in the shape of maps, plans, registers, records etc. The
computerization of the records and GIS are the solutions to preserve, update, retrieve and analyze the
data and helpful for decision-making and advantageous and dependable in crisis management.
Based on the map prepared it helps to designate the properties with unique identification number which
can be used for various purposes including the GIS applications in property tax also. The map also
contains the other features such as roads, streetlights, manholes, dust bins etc. Since the maps are
digitized the regular updating of the map will be easy whenever a building permission is given or a road
is repaired or re-laid.
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Due to the usage of the real-time data it saves not only the time and enhances the accuracy but it also
avoids the repetition of the same work and increases the confidence of the public in the administration.
Property information such as type of building, number of floors, number of units, area, density, taxation,
zoning, use of the buildings, tax collection etc are easily known and can be retrieved. Location of all
taxable property with types of uses of the properties can be identified. Since the data pertaining to the
vacant lands are also captured it is very effective in fixing the vacant land tax and collection of the same
as this is one of the major items of pilferage in the absence of clarity.
It also helps to zone the properties depending on the use of the properties. Helps to calculate an amount
of tax to be collected from individual property.It also helps in find out the range of properties based on
the tax-range.Collection of tax can be streamlined by fixing the targets to the bill collectors in issuing
the demand notices based on the routes of the bill collectors. Their work load can also be fixed as per
‗the equal work per field staff.‘Since there is a possibility to attach the photograph of the property to the
land parcel on the base map, it is easy for the Officers to find out the defaulters who have not paid the
tax arrears by making the relevant query.Since there is a provision to attach the photograph of the
property it is to identify the under-assessed properties also.
It is also easy to find out the defaulters with huge arrears of tax and also period of non-payment. It helps
in estimating the revenue generation from property tax arrears of property tax.The tax collection centers
can also be fixed for the convenience of the tax payers based on the spatial distribution depending on the
density of the area.By superimposing the attribute data on the map pertaining to property tax assessment,
demand and collection, it is easy to identify the un-assessed properties, non-issue of demand notices and
defaulters.
Since use of the properties is also shown it is easy to fix up the valuation of the property and also to find
out the deviation or irregularity in the assessment of the property.In view of the spatial location of the
property is known, it is easy to identify the importance of the location vis-a-vis the determination of the
rate of the tax to be fixed.It is easy to bring in the transparency in tax assessment and collection and also
among the staff and also the citizens.
Recommendations
A comprehensive and integrated Municipal Information System integrated with GIS has become
important and crucial for efficient, economic, meaningful and people-friendly Municipal
Administration. The system should be based on the principle that a data set should be stored and
maintained within the department where expertise for that type of data is available but be freely and
easily available for all the other departments that require this type of data. The system should not be an
isolated or separate unit but integrated and implemented into all the departments and operated by the
people those need and use the information.
Property identification code / House Numbering System shall be introduced to introduce a unique code
which would identify the property and this should be used by all the departments and other Government
Departments, so that it would be useful to identify each property in the city.Self-assessment (SA) shall
be made statutory and submission of wrong particulars for assessing the property tax shall attract
penalty.The SA application shall be in simple format and ordinary citizen shall easily understand the
method of calculation.
Spatial data through GIS application shall be utilized for accurate and correct assessment. The
Collection of property tax shall be through e-seva, banks and on-line only and field collections (personal
contact) shall be banned. The staff shall be given training to use the GIS application for verification of
the collection, reassessment, usage of the building etc. All the previous property tax records shall be
computerized and the GIS database shall be regularly updated. Special teams shall be constituted to
survey and assess the properties. The correct plans shall be prepared on CAD or similar application so as
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to know the plinth area, floor area and usage of the building so that the assessment can be done
automatically.
All the building applications shall be submitted along with CAD drawing and after the approval is
accorded the GIS database shall be updated instantly, so that the same can be used for assessment of tax
and also to check unauthorized deviations to the approved plans. The entire GIS database shall be placed
on the web facilitating the citizens to browse the data pertaining to the plinth area, floor area, property
tax – paid, balance etc. The availability of data and maps are needed in the formation and maintenance
of roads. In number of instances the data collection, storing and retrieval of the data of roads are time
taking, cumbersome and incomplete. GIS application solves all these problems. The data including maps
shall be regularly updated.
GIS database for manholes, street lighting, potholes, works done, scheduling, etc has to be built and
used. GIS application is of a major help in storing and retrieving the data of details, which are
underground such as pipelines, drains with their dimensions. In the formation of new roads and to study
their impact can also be done through GIS application. The present grievance redressal mechanism shall
be linked to the road inventory and shall be used after analyzing the same on the GIS application. The
data shall be accessible to all the staff members so that the redressal mechanism will be instant and
monitoring will be simple. The GIS maps help to identify the areas based on the quantity of garbage
generated and problem areas can be identified and monitoring can be done effectively.
Garbage disposal can be streamlined with the GIS database. Optimal routing of the vehicles is possible
through GIS.No. of trips of each garbage lifting vehicle can be easily monitored through GIS maps and
by instant forwarding of the data through handsets with the staff. Web based GIS application in urban
administration shall be made mandatory for effective governance and shall be a pre-requisite
qualification for making the Urban Local Body (ULB) eligible for any financial assistance from the
government.
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Introduction
The dimensions of the urban scenario in India are mind boggling. The number of people living in cities in 2030
will be 590 million which is twice the population of the United States today. There are 42 cities with population
above 10 lac now and this will go up to 68. The number for Europe today is 35. To meet the needs of this
projected growth India needs a capital investment of Rs 60 trillion, 700 to 900 million sq m of commercial and
residential space, 2.5 billion sq m of paved roads and 7400 million km of metro rail and subways. These
numbers indicate the humongous nature of the task on hand. It is something that no country in the world has
faced or will face.
This task requires a fivefold approach addressing funding, governance, planning, sectoral policies and pattern
of population distribution. The JNNURM is the first effort by the government to address these issues. The
JNNRUM has identified geospatial technologies, specifically GIS as a tool which is needed to achieve some of
the goals of governance and planning. One goal is the reform of property tax with GIS, so that it becomes major
source of revenue for Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and arrangements for its effective implementation so that
collection efficiency reaches at least 85% within next seven years. The other is the introduction of system of e-
governance using IT applications like, GIS and MIS for various services provided by ULBs/Parastatals. Even at
this rather elementary level of induction of geospatial technologies it is depressing to note that though twenty
six towns have implemented the eight mandatory IT functions but not a single city has operationalised the GIS
part.
Problem Definition
The problem is that of an urban planning mindset which is tied to ‗building permissions‘ and ‗tax collection‘.
Very few metropolitan cities have planning departments and those that have are staffed at best by eight to ten
planners under an engineer who are busy with building permissions rather than planning because they are
understaffed, under budgeted and lack modern geospatial tools like GIS. The need is for 80 to 100 planners for
a large city and their domains of expertise should cover the various sectors of planning as well as economics
and architecture. Needless to say they also need to be able to handle modern geospatial technology in their
planning process. This technology goes much beyond a simple GIS and encompasses new data acquisition
systems, ERP and modelling. Thus, while JNNURM provides the entry of geospatial technologies into urban
management through its stress on use of GIS for efficient tax collection and rational building permissions,
geospatial professionals should use this opportunity as the thin edge of the wedge to push these technologies
into city and town planning which recognizes and accounts for social, cultural and economic factors along with
engineering considerations.
According to Wikipedia ―Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the control of the
use of land and design of the urban environment, including transportation networks, to guide and ensure the
orderly development of settlements and communities. It concerns itself with research and analysis, strategic
thinking, urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation and management.‖ Figure
1 shows the concept of GIS and urban design developed by Batty and others. It illustrates the multi-dimensional
nature of the activity.
Geospatial Technologies in Urban Information Systems Arup Dasgupta
Director, Scanpoint Geomatics Ltd
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Figure 1 Concept of GIS and Urban Design (Batty et.al.)
AM/FM
One of the earliest and most successful implementation of geospatial technologies for urban management goes
by the name of Automated Mapping and Facilities Management or AM/FM. AM/FM traditionally has
addressed utilities like power, water, sewerage and transportation which are based on a network model of the
data. With the additional capabilities of spatial analysis enabled by the geographic data model of a GIS, these
applications have been enhanced and newer areas have opened up. Some of the tasks that are enabled include
job design, engineering and estimation and integration with work flow management, customer information
systems and outage management systems. The systems can be web enabled to provide access across the
enterprise. Field information can be integrated and activities like field maintenance can be automated. A GIS
provides spatial visualisation, spatial query and modelling capabilities which make these applications more
effective.
However, where GIS comes into prominence is in new areas of AM/FM. An example is the computerisation of
land records. Traditionally these records are held as paper or cloth maps with the ownership information in a
ledger. The bane of these records is updating and here the use of GIS to digitise the maps and georeference
them using GPS control points is an excellent application of automated mapping. The ledger data is transferred
to a linked database to provide the attribute data. These maps can be distributed over the web at a nominal cost
to the owner. Another area that has enormous potential is facilitating planning, design and construction of
facilities and infrastructure projects. For proper planning, optimum utilization and management of the utilities
there is a need for detailed information about the extent and spatial distribution of various urban and rural
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utilities and the existing condition of infrastructure and utilities. Planners need spatial information on multiple
themes, their variation with time and tools for multi criteria analysis.
In the Asian context geo-informatics based utilities management is in a formative stage. The databases are
being created and conceptualized for the applications addressing faster decision making as well as actual
planning of the utilities. Certain issues need to be addressed during the spatial data base creation phase of the
utilities management.
Creation of the datasets
A major headache in AM/FM systems is availability of data. Old Asian cities and towns rarely have well
preserved maps or diagrams of water and sewage pipeline routings. Creating such data using radar and other
tools is expensive and time consuming but without this basic data the systems will have limited use. Even
where data exists there is a plethora of formats, media and standards which have to be reconciled. The worst
problem arises when the same theme is covered in different maps in different departments. Harmonising the
contents into one map is often a Herculean task. Yet another problem is the currency of the data. Update cycles
are irregular and the available data may not reflect the ground realities.
High Resolution Imagery
There is a possibility of using high resolution imagery for data acquisition. Today, metre and sub metre
resolution imagery is available from low earth orbiting satellites which are highly agile and use techniques like
‗step and stare‘ to image designated targets. In the process they compromise on the time of imaging and the
total coverage area. However, the volume of data increases as the square of the resolution. Data storage and
preservation problems will become significant as data assets increase. Furthermore such high resolution
imagery interpretation requires the application of techniques of image understanding rather than statistical
pattern recognition. A human interpreter who can, by looking at an image, differentiate between a canal and a
river is actually using shape and context information. Image understanding software may be based on neural
networks and on artificial intelligence techniques which can also take into account such features. The ‗step and
stare‘ technique of imaging results in imagery with oblique viewing angles. In urban environments tall
structures appear with their apexes displaced away from the viewing direction and features on the side opposite
the viewing side are occluded. Any mapping in such situations will require stereo pairs to be able to generate
urban Digital Elevation Models and fill in the occluded areas. These will double the cost but the urban DEM is
a product very much in demand by the communications industry among others and will offset the increased cost
of mapping. High resolution imagery has brought in a number of new applications in the area of Location
Based Services. Such imagery used as a map on a GPS enabled 3G mobile phone can become a significant LBS
application.
Two other imaging technologies are also capable of high resolution imaging. Synthetic Aperture Radar is able
to give metre level spatial resolution but the imagery interpretation requires special expertise. The other is
Hyper-spectral imaging which provides very high spectral resolution. Both these technologies have been
overshadowed by the explosion of sub metre optical imaging.
Standardisation / Codification of the information
To harmonise the datasets coming from various sources, a set of standards are needed that can address issues of
required accuracy, techniques to be used, content of database, and the format guidance to users. This would
make the datasets more interoperable, easy to understand, well organized and easily retrievable. This is shown
in Figure 2.
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Updating of the datasets
A mechanism for updating of the datasets should be evolved. Certain datasets require updating on regular basis.
This can be done by making easy updating of the datasets at the users end. For example in case of health
utilities, the performance of certain utilities like the performance of a Primary Health Centre, Sub centre are
being monitored monthly, data is collected every month. Such datasets require updating every month.
This can be done by
Capacity building of the respective departments,
Evolving simple updating mechanism wherein the updated datasets are regularly incorporated.
Certain geomatics based applications like web based GIS where in the new files can be imported and
updated automatically in the system
Using crowd sourcing by enabling citizens to update information through the web and incorporating
that information after due validation
Cost Effectiveness
Another issue for mapping of the urban utilities would be the cost involved. For ease of use, easy deployment
and compatibility to the available hardware and software, there is a need to develop low cost geo-spatial based
DSS for faster adaptability of the spatial application to the grass root level. Another aspect is to make the
system scalable so that it effortlessly grows in terms of data, scope of applications and number of users.
Scalability can be ensured by adopting open standards for the data models and the software and also
partitioning the system into logical units avoiding duplication.
Mobility
With the advent of broadband mobile systems AM/FM could also become mobile and the data could be
accessed from remote locations on a PDA through wireless networks. This would be a huge boon for outage
management and other field jobs.
3D Cities
Cities have a third dimension, height. As land becomes scarce cities grow vertically and this adds to the urban
management problem. Systems like AM/FM even when enhanced with GIS capabilities fail to include this
Figure 2 Organisation, Harmonisation and Standardisation
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dimension in its models except in an indirect way through enhanced demand for services. CAD provides an
ability to add this third dimension but does not have the capabilities of analysis. Technologists have found a
way to integrate both GIS and CAD into one platform with a technology called Geodesign. 3D CAD drawings
of buildings are georeferenced and placed on a map or imagery to give a very realistic visualization.
Figure 3 3D CAD Model of DAIICT Campus (LOD3) on Google Image
The 3D models can be at various levels of detail, LOD. The lowest is LOD0 which is more familiar to GIS
practitioners as 2.5D view. Here the terrain is accounted for and the building sites appear in their true terrain
position. In LOD1 the footprints of the buildings are extruded to scale height. In LOD 2 the building textures
and roof details are added. LOD3 includes architectural details and LOD4 includes internal building details.
The OGC standards relevant to Geodesign are CityGML.
3D city models are extremely useful for many applications like telecommunications tower siting, visualising
hidden assets like underground pipelines, training of municipal staff to handle disasters, simulating disasters,
harmonising new developments with existing architectures, transportation planning and many more.
LIDAR Imaging
Another way to obtain 3D model data is to use LIDAR imaging. The LIDAR creates a points cloud of the
returns from objects and these can recreate the object as each point has a three dimensional reference. LIDAR
can be used from aircraft and on ground based vehicles to create the images.
As a LIDAR image is of photogrammetric quality it can be used to quickly scan an area for building law
compliance thus removing the need for inspectors to visit sites and physically measure objects. An inherent
advantage of combining LiDAR with digital video imagery is that it allows the customers to load both LiDAR
and imagery into a GIS system and do inventories, maintain and manage assets from their office. The real
advantage of these technologies is that multipurpose data is being collected simultaneously which has different
horizontal applications. Encroachments and illegal constructions can be trapped much faster using this
technology.
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Building Information Model
Monitoring and planning for building activity is a multidimensional task involving
several sectors. Building information model or BIM is a very versatile tool which
integrates geographic and CAD data into a unified system. Building information
modelling includes geometry, spatial relationships, light analysis, geographic
information, quantities and properties of building components. BIM provides a single
integrated model to engineers, architects, contractors, and clients to work with. This
enables them to have reliable, coordinated information at every stage of a project
lifecycle—from planning to design through construction and ultimately into operations
and maintenance.
Conclusion
The issue of urban planning is complex and requires a structured approach. It has been suggested that there
should be a cascading planning approach starting with a 40 year regional perspective plan and coming down to
annual city plans. Such activities will be very data hungry. Geospatial technologies along with other modern
data handling systems like ERP will be essential for such planning activities. While the JNNRUM is a good
start India will need many more JNNRUMS to be able to come to grips with its urban woes. Upgrading of
planning tools to include modern digital systems is urgently needed. Capacity building to geospatially enable
the existing workforce and create a new workforce of geospatial savvy professionals is also a major need.
References
1. McKinsey Global Institute, ― India‘s urban awakening: building inclusive cities, sustaining economic growth‖, McKinsey&
Company, April 2010
2. Michael Batty, Martin Dodge, Bin Jiang, Andy Smith, ―GIS and Urban Design‖, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis,
Working Paper Series, Paper No 3, June 1998
3. Terry D Bennet, ―Urban Infrastructure: The time for change is now‖, Geospatial World, September 2010, pp 30-32
4. Chuck Killpack, ―Big data, bigger opportunity‖, Geospatial World April 2011, pp18-26
Figure 5 3D BIM model
Figure 4 LIDAR and video image of road assets
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Introducing the Hierarchical Development Of Survey Methods
Information on ownership of land is perhaps the most important prerequisite for any developmental activity.
The concept of measurement of land and recording the ownership rights for land holdings dates back to the
ancient times. In Maharashtra, this further got refined during the Mughal times and the period of great emperor
Shivaji. These were primarily used to rationalize the levy and collection of land revenue from the landholders.
The land records available today are continuation of refinements over the initial city survey carried out by the
City survey department of the British period. The data is available as a mix of maps and records in the field
measurement books (FMB) consisting of variable scales (1: 500 scale, 1:10,000) and different measurement
system like feet or meter units. The archival medium is also varied consisting of cloth, paper, blueprint, Xerox,
tracings, etc. Numerous survey methods were used in the 19th and 20th Century. Many of these systems led to
inaccuracies and were modified time and again. However, the Bombay Survey System and Madras Survey
System records, which evolved after 1880 were highly accurate and were adopted directly or with slight
variations as a standard in many States.
Present Need for Digital Geo-Correlated Cadastre
Updating of city cadastral maps using conventional mapping techniques of land survey is immensely time
consuming, cost ineffective, and human-resource hungry and therefore not feasible in near future. The city
cadastral maps in most of the states have not been updated for majority of the corporations and councils since
last 3 to 4 decades. The new cadastres have not been prepared for the upcoming townships and for the
extension of the existing old cities. Different map scales, lack of standard map symbology, lack of feature
continuity in adjacent maps, non-standard legend, missing coordinates or control grid, different type of
annotations for depiction of local landmarks are the vital issues which surfaces as primary concerns, when the
entire record of city survey is collated on the global level.
Since the existing maps of city survey are based on the local coordinate values, their geo-correlation with the
earth centered projection system is not available directly. The geo-correlation of each and every mappable unit
of city survey number with the satellite imageries is the need of hour. The digital geo-correlated cadastral
database is in consensus with the national and international efforts towards standardized GIS datasets. The
National Spatial Framework (NSF), Open GIS Consortium (OGC), National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)
and Global Spatial Data Infrastructure (GSDI) are some of the examples. Geoinformatics has now become an
effective tool in decision support information systems. The concept of land records management in a GIS
environment is a computerized storage, retrieval and analysis technique, which is a universally accepted
methodology for numerous information management applications.
Methodology
A new methodology for conversion of city survey records into digital format and the geo-correlation of city
survey with satellite data has been devised and executed by MRSAC for the entire state of Maharashtra and the
highlights of the maiden Spatial Information Technology approach is discussed below.
Generation of Geo-Correlated Urban Cadastre - The Maiden Spatial-IT Initiatives of MRSAC
Dilip M. Kolte1, Dr. Ajay S. Deshpande
2, Arun. H. Atkare
3 & Vinod M. Bothale
4
Senior Resources Scientist1, Associate Scientist
2, Scientific Associate
3 & Director
4, MRSAC
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Scanning
Action - The maps in vogue (Prachalit Nakashe), procured from the land records department are procured and
scanned.
Advantage – The record of the city survey is browsed, gaps found, inventory updated and data archived in
digital media
Reference Grid
Action - A reference grid is constructed in a cad environment using the local coordinate values provided on
the sheets. Meters are used as standard units for generation of the grid. The coordinates were converted to
meters, in cases where the values are in feet. The grid so obtained pertains to ground coordinates in the
scale of 1:1 and has origin (0,0) for each corporation / council.
Advantage – This grid forms a control for assessing the area in the local coordinate system used during the
time of original survey.
Process Of Rubbersheeting
Action - The scanned maps are fitted on the reference grid corner coordinates in the cad environment through
rubber sheeting on 1:1 ground coordinates. This helps in mosaiking and checking of the scanned maps for
adjacency and continuity of features.
Advantage – The task is executed to remove the errors and deformations induced in the process of storage
and scanning.
Digitisation / Vectorisation
Action - Scaling down the maps from 1:1 ground coordinates to 1:500 meter scales
Advantage – It is a prerequisite to bring all the maps on a common scale. The vectorisation is carried out in
the cad environment on 1:500 scale using the heads up digitisation.
OWNER= LAND
RECORDS
DEPT.
OWNER =
REVENUE DEPT.
METHODOLOGY
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Geo-Correlation
Action - Geo-correlation of city survey maps with satellite imageries, already referenced to the earth-centered
coordinate system, is achieved in a cad environment by simple process of ‗scaling‘ and ‗rotation‘ of the entire
mosaic containing raster, vector and reference grid.
Advantage – This process of geo-mosaic generation has distinct advantages over image-to-image registration
and transformation / rectification process using ‗TIC‘ & ‗Ground Control Points (GCP)‘. It is observed that
this process of geo-correlation preserves aspect ratios of original map sheets, unlike in other processes using
transformation algorithms, where distortions are introduced for areas with non-availability of proper GCPs.
SCANNING RUBBERSHEETING
DIGITISATION
GEO-CORRELATION
GEO-MOSAIKING & EDGEMATCHING LEGEND
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Feature Extraction – A Viable Solution to City Survey Updation
Utility of the Database
The availability of seamless database of village and city cadastre for the entire state of Maharashtra has
proved to be very useful for preparation of the Regional Plans (RP), Development Plans (DP) as well as
implementation of various schemes of the State and Municipal administration.
The availability of the temporal satellite data will help the civic authorities in regular updation and
monitoring of the properties for effective planning and monitoring.
Reference Grid
City Survey
Feature Extraction
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The urban authorities would be able to plan, implement and monitor the infrastructure, amenities and
property for effective taxation.
The database would also provide a strong support for the Disaster Management Planning in the difficult
urban setup.
Out of the innumerable possibilities a few major areas already being harnessed are as :
Regional plans for the district – Village / Zone level Existing and Proposed LandUse plan on Cadastral
basis.
Development plans for the Councils and Corporations - Parcel level Existing and Proposed LandUse
plan
Ready Recknors for the land valuation – Vicinity of land parcels to the developmental indicators based
on infrastructure facilities.
Property Mapping, Valuation and tax assessment – Building Foot Prints, building types (Pakka /
Kuccha), Floor Area Index,
Decision support for civic authorities (Civic Information system) - Linkage of Building Permit to the
Spatial records, Map Linkage to the Municipal Records, Restoration of the not functioning Municipal
Records System, Assistance to the tax billing and Collection
Application projects have already been implemented with the use of geocorrelated cadastre for the
Maharashtra state
1. Civic information system,
2. Mangrove mapping on 1:500 scale
3. Slum mapping and monitoring,
4. Utility inventory in the corporation
5. Non-Agriculture permission in Urban influence areas
6. Police Information system
Conclusions
The present approach is a success story of Spatial-IT engineering solution for addressing the
requirements of Land Records Management System.
Standards defined at various levels for 1:500 scale.
It attempts to preserve, maintain and analyze records in computer format accruing the numerous
benefits associated with this technology.
Use of Satellite images, Cadastral Maps, administrative Boundaries, Location Based Services
comprising Networks and Location Analysis is the requirement, on a day-to-day basis, of decision-
makers in almost all application areas.
MRSAC has used this methodology and work of more than 220 Corporations and councils have been
completed on these lines and generated the huge database for the urban applications.
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Introduction
Urban models are computer-based simulations used for testing theories about spatial location and interaction
between land uses and related activities. They also provide digital environments for testing the consequences of
physical planning policies on the future form of cities. As computers, software and data have become richer,
and as our conception of the way complex systems such as cities grow from the bottom up have been
reinforced, urban models have moved from theories and structures that articulate land use and movement in
aggregate static terms, to more dynamic models of individual behavior from which spatial structure emerges.
Urban India today, faces serious challenges of growth and its management. Across geographies, the issues of
urbanization manifest in the form of overcrowding, congestion, insufficient infrastructure, inadequate service
provisioning mainly in terms of drinking water, sanitation, energy, transport, solid waste management,
environmental degradation, and pollution, etc. These, along with the poor management of rapid growth, affect
the socio-economic development of the country. 3D city models of urban areas are an important input for many
applications in the field of urban monitoring. Besides the creation and updating of maps from sprawling urban
settlements the models are also used for simulation and planning in case of catastrophic events like flooding,
tsunamis or earthquakes.
The present study aimed at development of techniques for 3D modeling of buildings for urban morphological
analysis and to implement encoding standards prescribed in ‗OGC City GML‘ for urban features. An attempt
has been made to develop 3D city model with level of details 1 (LOD 1) for part of Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The
broad methodology involved use of a high resolution merged product classifying and extracting the urban
building foot prints using object oriented classification, generation of digital surface models using satellite
photogrammetric methods, extracting the average DTM and Urban 3D features extraction.
Objectives and data used
The main objective was to develop a methodology for building foot prints from high resolution merged product
and to develop procedures for 3D modelling of buildings. A part of Ahmedabad city was selected as study
area.Cartosat-1 Stereo (13 FEB 2010), and IKONOS merged data were used in the study.
Methodology
A method for automatic derivation of coarse models of
urban structure is therefore of great use. The strategy of
the approach is listed below.
DSM and Ortho Image Generation
Digital Surface Model (DSM) was derived from High
resolution stereo satellite data (Cartosat-I) using Rational
Function Model. Rational Polynomial Coefficients
(RPC's) are supplied along with Ortho kit products for
high resolution stereo images. A standard methodology
was adopted for the generation of DSM and Ortho Image.
It comprises of reconnaissance survey and DGPS survey, identification of GCPs from reference data, stereo
data analysis using RPCs and updation of RPCs using GCPs, generation of DSM, Orthoimage, accuracy
assessment of DSM and orthoimage. Triangulation accuracy was better than 3 m and 5m, respectively in
planimetry and elevation, respectively.
Development of 3D City Models Shashikant A. Sharma, Jayaprasad P, Rajendra Gaikwad and Ritesh Agrawal
Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad E-mail : [email protected]
IKONOS 1m Merged Product
DSM
Building Foot print Features
Object-based Classification
nDSM
Cartosat-1
S
3D City Model
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Extraction of Building Footprints
The footprint of buildings as well as the land use was extracted using object oriented classification of high
resolution data merged product (IKONOS data). Building footprints were extracted using eCognition software.
The major steps involved are (1) Creating a hierarchical network of image objects using the multi-resolution
segmentation. The upper level image segments represent small-scale objects while the lower-level segments
represent large-scale objects. (2) Classifying the derived objects by their physical properties. This also means
that the class names and the class hierarchy are representative with respect to two aspects: the mapped real-
world and the image objects' physically measurable attributes. Using inheritance mechanisms accelerates the
classification task while making it more transparent at the same time. (3) Describing the (semantic)
relationships of the network‘s objects in terms of neighborhood relationships or being a sub- or super-object.
This usually leads to an improvement of the physical classification res. the class hierarchy and (4) Aggregating
the classified objects to semantic groups which can be used further for a so called ‗classification-based‘
segmentation. The derived contiguous segments then can be exported and used in GIS. IKONOS multispectral
image was used as base image for 2D feature extraction (here building footprints).
Extraction of Building Heights from DSM
Average elevation values at open areas were subtracted from DSM to find the actual elevation of the urban
features. From this normalised DSM (nDSM) average elevation within the building footprints were extracted
for computing the building heights.
Generation of 3D City Model
Buildings are the most important part of a 3D city model for many applications. Manual modeling can lead to
very good results but is only feasible for very small areas. Visual analysis is an important component of
landscape planning and parts of a process which would identify the most suitable site for a development of a
project. In traditional 2D maps scale has been the factor defining the features on the map and for 3D
environments the concept of level of detail somehow replaces the concept of scale. Features represented in
LOD0 use representations that correspond to earth surface features. LOD1 describes a simple extruded
representation, LOD2 a textured representation where individual polygons are classified, LOD3 a detailed
geometric representation and LOD4 indoor environments. In the present study, an attempt has been made to
provide a procedure to LOD1 model. The extracted building footprints with building height derived from the
(nDSM), along with the merged product were overlaid over DEM. Level of Detail 1 (LOD 1) 3D City Model is
shown in Figure. 4.
Results and Discussion
Figure 1 shows the stereo data (Fore and Aft) of Cartosat-1. The stereo analysis carried out on Cartosat-1 data
provided triangulation accuracy better than 5 m in elevation and 3 m in planimetry. The DEM and orthoimage
are shown in Figure 2. Figure 3 represents the semi automatically extracted building foot prints. Figure 4
shows the 3D city model with LOD 1.
Conclusion
The study was carried out to demonstrate a procedure for generating 3D city model at LOD 1. The accuracy of
DSM restrict the delineating the building heights. This also prevents one to go for the details as listed in LOD
2.
References
1. AIig, R., J. Kline, and M .Lichtenstein. 2004. Determinants of developed area, with projections to 2025. Landscape and
Urban Planning 69: 2 19-234.
2. M. Crespi, F. Fratarcangeli, F. Giannone, G. Colosimo, F. Pieralice, K. Jacobsen, Geometric Potential of Cartosat-1
Stereo Imagery. (2008) Proceedings of XXI ISPRS Conference, Beijing, China.
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3. Nikolakaki, P., 2004, A GIS site-selection process for habitat creation: estimating connectivity of habitat patches.
Landscape and Urban Planning, 68, pp. 77-94.
4. P. Jayaprasad, Ritesh Agrawal and S. K. Pathan, 2008. Utilization Potential Of High Resolution Stereo Data For
Extracting Dem And Terrain Parameters, The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and
Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B1. Beijing 2008 pp: 1117-1122.
5. R J Bhanderi, Shweta Sharma and S K Pathan, 2006. ―Derivation of building footprints and 3D city modeling using
Cartosat-1 stereo data, NNRMS bulletin, December 2006. pp: 41-46.
6. T. Toutin, Geometric processing of remote sensing images: models, algorithms and methods (review paper).
International Journal of Remote Sensing 10 (2004), 1893-1924
Figure 1: CARTOSAT-1 Aft image CARTOSAT-1 Fore image
Figure 2: Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Ortho image
Figure 3: Building foot print extraction Figure 4: LOD1 3D building Model for part of Ahmedabad
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Introduction
This paper demonstrates various initiatives undertaken by Space Applications Centre (SAC) at Ahmedabad in
introducing spatial information for decision making pertaining to administration and campus infrastructure
management. A 3-D spatial information system was developed for SAC campus integrating remote sensing and
GIS technology with the CAD drawings of surface and sub-surface infrastructure. Geo-informatics was used for
optimizing water distribution network layout within SAC campus so as to cause least interference with existing
underground utility lines. Least cost distance method was used for alignment of water distribution network
within the campus leading to cost and energy benefits. In addition to facilitating within-campus infrastructure
management, GIS were applied towards welfare of employees. A web-based spatial information system for
medical facilities was developed to search nearest doctors, and to provide shortest route from employee‘s
residence to hospitals, medical officers, and specialist doctors. The spatial database of employee residences and
medical facilities was utilized for optimum distribution of medical facilities within Ahmedabad city. GIS
technology was also utilized for optimizing route of buses operated by department within Ahmedabad city.
The paper is divided in to five sections. First section discusses about 3D spatial information system for SAC
campus. This is followed by application of least cost distance analysis for alignment of water distribution
network pipelines within SAC campus. Third section discusses about medical facilities information system in
Ahmedabad city for SAC employees. Fourth section briefly highlights optimisation of route for buses operated
by the department for employee transport. Each of these sections highlights the benefits achieved by the
organisation in harnessing geospatial technology for decision making. The paper concludes with argument for
encouraging applications of remote sensing and GIS technology in benefiting organisations.
3D Spatial Information System (3D-SIS)
The paradigm shift from 2D information system to 3D information system in the recent years has evolved the
necessity for generation of 3D information system for the planning and management purposes. Most of 3D-GIS
applications tend to focus on visualization such as walk-through animations or scenic simulations. However,
true strength of 3D spatial information lies in 3D analysis capabilities, which can immensely benefit the modern
city management, particularly for the tasks of spatial planning, communication, emergency management etc.
These tasks can be realized easily and effectively by the 3D representations of the spatial and thematic attribute
information together within a geographic database.
The main campus of SAC at Ahmedabad, which is spread over 34 ha land area, accommodates several
buildings used as laboratories, facilities, conference rooms, administrative complexes, and seating places of
over 1800 employees. A 3D information system for the campus was contemplated with primary objective of
management and security of campus infrastructure. In order to create a powerful information system, the non-
spatial data about employees was collected from Manpower & Information System Division (MISD), and
building plans of all buildings in the campus were collected from Construction and Maintenance Division
(CMD). This data was later organized in the geo-database. Cartosat-2A panchromatic data and LISS-IV data
covering SAC campus was procured, processed and geo-referenced. CAD drawings of building layouts and
other utility layers were registered with the satellite image. These individual layers were subsequently
integrated in GIS and attribute information was attached. 3D building blocks and floor wise layout details were
hyperlinked to each floor of the respective building block. Detailed attribute information with respect to the
Applications of Geographic Information System in an Organisation
Shashikant A. Sharma, Gaurav Jain, R. J. Bhanderi, Jayaprasad P , Ritesh Agrawal,
Shweta Jaiswal & late Dr. S. K. Pathan
Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad
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floor and rooms were attached based on building and room numbers. Additional information such as road, lamp
post, trees, lawns, etc. was overlaid to visualize entire campus in 3D.
Layout of Water Distribution Network
Water distribution usually accounts for 40 to 70% of the capital cost of the water supply projects and hence its
proper planning is very much essential (CPHEEO, 1997). An optimum layout for distribution network
minimizes the cost of construction and operation. A distribution network should avoid cutting across steep
slopes, avoid excavation of existing built-up areas, avoid conflicts with existing utility lines, and minimize the
head loss. Geo-informatics can assist in locating lowest cost network layout by simultaneously taking into
account multiple parameters affecting the cost.
GIS was used to optimize the layout of pipelines for distribution of the Narmada water supplied by Ahmedabad
Municipal Corporation (AMC) to various buildings within the campus. As the campus is covered by different
types of paved and unpaved surfaces, it is desirable that interference of proposed layout with paved surfaces is
minimized. Furthermore the dense network of utility lines that occupy the sub-surface terrain of the campus
also requires to be avoided. The distribution network layout was proposed using least cost distance analysis
which substantially reduced the conflicts with the paved surfaces within campus, and sub-surface utility lines.
Public domain software EPANET, developed by Environment Protection Agency (EPA) of United States of
America (USA), was used for hydraulic analysis of the pipe network. The water distribution network thus
prepared was successful in reducing energy consumption by 13.0 m, and reduced intersection with paved
surfaces by 54% in comparison to the design proposed without using GIS.
Medical Facilities Spatial Information System
The healthcare facilities of all employees (including the retired employees) of SAC and their dependants
amounting to about 7000 beneficiaries are covered under Contributory Health Service Scheme (CHSS). CHSS
maintains its own dispensaries, and has empanelled Authorized Medical Officers (AMO), specialist doctors,
and Hospitals, spread all over Ahmedabad catering to the medical needs of employees. The location-allocation
of health services with respect to employees has been a major challenge for the Medical Advisory Committee
of SAC as it has direct bearing on economics of medical service delivery, and the quality of medical services
provided to the employees. With growing size of organization and outwardly expansion of the city, the
governing body of CHSS realized the necessity of introducing GIS for managing medical facilities. Towards
this, an exercise was carried out for optimization of medical services with respect to the location co-ordinates of
both employees and doctors.
Geo-tagging of all employee residence locations and medical facilities in Ahmedabad was undertaken on very
high resolution ―Cartosat-1 PAN and IRS-P6 LISS-IV‖ merged product data, using the web application.
A web-based spatial medical facilities information system was developed using Oracle Spatial 11g as database
for storage and retrieval of spatial data, and Oracle Application Server‘s MapViewer for visualization of spatial
data over intranet. The website provides not only the shortest route from employee residence to any medical
facility, but also searches for nearest AMO and specialist doctor/ hospital from employee‘s residence. The
spatial database was also employed to determine equitable distribution of medical facilities across the city and
suggesting assignment of employees to the respective nearest authorized medical officer. The study
demonstrates role of information in spatial domain and decision-making by the Medical Advisory Board
towards good governance.
The spatial database of locations of employees and medical facilities provided various inputs to the Medical
Advisory Committee of SAC for improving its decision making. The data was used in defining zones and
analyzing zonal distribution of medical facilities, assessing workload on medical officers, and analyzing spatial
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distribution of employees with respect to medical facilities. Moreover, it provided spatial search of medical
facilities and their shortest route from employee residences as service to SAC employees.
Optimisation Of Bus Routes Using Network Analysis
Network is a system of connected linear features that form a framework through which resources flow. The
network data set is very important in various planning activities to determine the optimal paths and to site a
service centre between the source and the linear features. The features may be streets, power lines, communi-
cation lines etc. Proper planning of these routes in optimal paths is very much essential for smooth
transportation and to save time, distance, fuel, and money. It is in this context an attempt has been made using
ARC/INFO GIS NETWORK to generate optimal paths for SAC transport service.
In 1994, SAC was operating 17 buses in different routes to pick up/ dropping of its employees from residence
to office and back. Nearly 850 employees were availing SAC transport service. As the expenditure is
continuously moving upwards on account of spiralling fuel prices, the need towards optimisation of bus routes
with respect to time, distance, and fuel consumption was realized. Thus a methodology was developed using
both RS and GIS Network techniques for optimising SAC transport service. Optimum paths have been
determined taking into account the traffic volumes on different types of roads, turn impedances at the
intersection of roads, traffic rules and regulations prevailing in the city. The study demonstrated that a
considerable amount of travel distance, time and cost on oil consumption can be saved by optimizing the bus
routes. An amount of about Rs.71, 280/- per year was saved on fuel cost alone apart from the maintenance,
wear and tear charges. This saving is in addition to the saving of a bus i.e. SAC has to operate only sixteen
buses instead of seventeen buses. It is also possible to find out alternate paths in case of curfew, alteration of
different routes etc. Moreover, the analysis can also assist in determining the optimum paths to access any
facility viz. Medical, Educational, Recreational etc. Therefore this methodology can be applied to any service
which is dependent upon linear features viz. telephones, drainage etc.
Conclusion
The spatial decision-making is gradually but steadily penetrating all spheres of life. Institutional campuses
spreading far and wide offer tremendous potential in terms of applications of geo-informatics. This study
demonstrates several avenues of applications of remote sensing and GIS technology that may be applied in
management of campus operations and welfare of employees. The study paves the way for more direct
involvement of these modern technologies in the processes of administration at institutional levels. Space
Applications Centre (SAC) at Ahmedabad has pioneered the use of remote sensing and GIS technologies for
the natural resource management of the nation and its environ. This study is extension of these very
technologies in more direct and intangible manner towards.
REFERENCES
1. Geo-Informatics and Databases Division, Report No. GIDD-GTDG/RESA Technical Note/1/2009, Geo-
informatics for Narmada Water Supply Optimisation in SAC Campus, Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad.
2. Geo-Informatics and Databases Division, Report No. SAC/RESA/GTDG/GIDD/TR-01/April, 2010, 3D SAC
Information System (3D SIS), Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad.
3. Jain, Gaurav, Sharma, Shashikant, and Pathan, S. K., (2011), ―GIS for Good Governance – a case of medical
facilities management‖, in proc. of Regional Conference on Good Governance, G-Goverance 2011, Srinagar, Sep,
13-14, 2011.
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Introduction
Urbanization is an index of conversion from rural economies to urban, the process through which the ratio of urban
and rural population gets changed in favor of urban settlements. The urban population of the countries of the world
is growing at a phenomenal pace. India is no exception to the prevailing trend. Number of population residing in
urban area has increased from 2.58 Crores in 1901 to 28.53 Crores in 1990-2000. The cities attained tremendously
large population size leading to virtual collapse in basic urban services. The rapid growth of urban population and
the escalating demand for basic services has an obvious implication in terms of infrastructure and service needs of
the cities resulting into serious deterioration of service quality. India's inadequate infrastructure has long been
identified as a serious basis for holding back the economy's growth. In 1994, it was Government initiatives to make
Indian industries globally competitive. Considering the vital role of infrastructure, the government decided to
constitute the experts‘ group to consider issues related to the commercialization of infrastructure. The high-powered
Rakesh Mohan Committee -1996 (constituted by Government of India under the leadership of Rakesh Mohan in
1996) had done an exhaustive study of infrastructure and made recommendations of a far-reaching nature carried
out as India Infrastructure Report (1996).
Inadequate infrastructure in Indian cities
This article particularly focuses on the appraisal of India Infrastructure Report-1996 and presently implemented
policies of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). The attempts have been made to
examine the recommendations given in the Rakesh Mohan Committee, India Infrastructure Report. Further it tries
to study the present policies and various strategies for implementation and financing, recommendations and reforms
considered by the Government of India to implement the process of provision of effective infrastructure
development for the identified Indian cities given in JNNURM, whether it is converge or diverge than the approach
suggested in the India infrastructure Report (1996) and what further progress has been made.
This particular India Infrastructure Report has identified the dimensions of the problems and the resources needed
for provision of infrastructure. The Report examines all issues and provides directions for policies reforms which
can help in greater commercialization along with the promotion of public-private partnership, estimates of the
investment required over the next 10 years, from 1996-97 to 2005-06. The Report has contributed to improving the
understanding of the many issues involved in the commercialization of infrastructure and set the stage for
assessment of infrastructure financing requirements.
24.4
75.6
1990.91 1993.94
23.3
76.7
1996-97
24.3
75.7
1999-00
33.10
66.90 60.90
39.10
2002-03 2002-06
44.20
55.80
CHANGING SHARE OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR IN
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS
PUBLIC SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR
Infrastructure Development in India - Review of JNNURM & India Infrastructure Report (1996-Rakesh Mohan Committee)
Prof. Ar. Bhavna Vimawala Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology (SCET), Surat- Gujarat- India.. Ph: 98791-99126 (m)
E-mail: [email protected]
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Changing structure of infrastructure investment and Sources of funds for infrastructure
SAVERS
INVESTORS
BANKS
FINANCIALINSTITUTIONS
INSURANCECOMPNIES
MUTUAL FUNDS
SMALL SAVING
WORKING CAPITAL TERM LOADS
TERM LOANS UNDERWRITING
DIRECT SUBSCRIPTION (DEBT & EQUITY)
(TERM LOANS) UNDERWRITING
DIRECT SUBSCRIPTION (DEBT & EQUITY)
DIRECT SUBSCRIPTION DEBT & EQUILTY
(DEBT EQUILTY))
DIRECT SUBSCRIPTION (DEBT EQUILTY))
PRE
-EM
PTIO
N
PRE-
EMPT
ION
GOVERNMENTINFRASTRUCTURE
CORPORATE
ISSUERSINTERMEDIARIES MARKET/ PRODUCTION
INFRASTRUCTURE
INSTITUTIONAL FRAME
WORK REGARDING PROPERTY RIGHTS,
ENVIRONMENTAL
REGULATION, ETC
STRUCTURE OF PROJECTS TYPE OF
PARTICIPANTSSECTOR SPESIFIC
REGULATION
PATTERN OF FLOWS TYPE AND
MATURITY OF
FINANCE
REGULATORY AND
TAX STRUCTURES FOR THE CAPITAL
MARKETS
PERCEPTION OF
COUNTRY RISK RISK, PREMIA
REGUIRED
The Report also discusses about the existing capital market frame work in the country and makes projections for the
sources of funds would be required for the investment. Recommendations were made on the role of government in
developing the capital market for intermediating long term saving to long infrastructure investment. Further it
provides policy directions required to activate the long term debt market, essential for infrastructure investments
and overall regulatory framework governing different infrastructure sector. It has estimated the total requirement
for urban infrastructure development during the decadal period to be enormous Rs. 2,500,000 million. Whereas the
funds from the governmental sources for urban infrastructure development, fall short by more than 10 times to meet
the actual requirements of funds. The implementation of the policy direction proposed would have been feasible to
commercialize many segments of infrastructure sector and made it possible to raise the required volume of
resources. According to this Report, if new policies made for infrastructure investment had been accelerated in this
manner, the target would have been achieved over ten years ago, but may be due to the changes in the political
setup of government, the course of action and directions for the implementation could not accelerate and somehow
it did not become visible to the fullest extent. In 1998, however, within two years of the submission of the Report,
there has been limited progress on its recommendations, leading to inflation, accelerating the urgency of the need to
address the widening gaps between the demand and supply of infrastructure.
Over the years, there has been a wide gap between the requirements and allocation of funds. Urban sector was
mainly focusing on growth-oriented projects rather than welfare of community development. The assistance
provided by the Central government has been unevenly spread and thus has failed to bring about any noticeable
improvement in urban infrastructure. Keeping in view the shortcomings in the existing programmes and the
commitment given in the Common Minimum Programme of the UPA Government, the Central government has
drawn a comprehensive programme of the formulation of JNNURM to accelerate urban infrastructure development.
JNNURM is the first comprehensive planned approach and it is significantly different from earlier GOI initiatives,
although its stand on issues like commercialization, public and private sector involvement, regulatory reforms and
the focuses are similar. The mission aims to create ‗economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive
cities‘. With the implementation of JNNURM policy, certain issues have been generated such as; can JNNURM
make Indian Cities ‗Magnets of Hope‘?
The focus on the very issue of whether the JNNURM would address the concern of the urban poor, their access to
shelter and basic services as without shelter, access to basic services is not possible. Is JNNURM is supposed to
convert mega and large cities into ―world class cities‖ and not necessarily serve the poor? JNNURM has a
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compliance and also conformity for the urban poor. A large amount of funds, have been committed for this mission.
In itself, such a transformation of a city is agreeable, if it would benefit all or benefit some and not adversely affect
others. In retrospect to this, concerns that may arise are discussed. At present, the Master Plans or Development
Plan prepared under the Town Planning Act and the City Development Plan envisaged under JNNURM stand on
two independent pedestals with no relevance to each other. Moreover, a CDP does not have statutory backing.
JNNURM should attempt, through the reform package, to make the CDP flow from the Master Plan through a legal
tool. The major metros, in particular, are quite enthusiastic about NURM and many states have already prepared
CDPs for the cities covered under the mission. It was likely that not all the 63 cities listed would be covered and
only those with the capability to raise their own resources would come forward.
Even today, India‘s case is very different from that of the other countries; given that the institutional framework for
urban infrastructure development is so varied across the states that it cannot be generalized. There are too many
institutions; all with few functions, resulting in a poor state of urban infrastructure, huge finance requirements to
meet the infrastructure goals and no institution made responsible and accountable for the purpose. The problem is
compounded by the municipal governments having no other source of revenue but the property tax, and with 25 per
cent of the urban population below the poverty line; there are large sections for which even basic services are
unaffordable if given at cost. Urban infrastructure investments therefore delay significantly, and there is too much
of fragmentation of urban institutions in India for infrastructure delivery. The urban issues are complex and
multidimensional with involvement of three tiers of Government and other stakeholders. Whether the report
presented by Rakesh Mohan Committee, Master Plans or Development Plan prepared under the Town Planning Act
and the CDP envisaged under JNNURM under the GOI JNNURM policies, the biggest question is, how far have
we progressed? If all these have been parallel and along the same line as the recommendations given in 1996 and so
on, then what further improvements have been made in 15 years or 63 years of Independence? What is the present
situation? Where we are now and from where we go? The greater urgency has risen to address these crucial issues.
Acknowledgment
This article is the abstracted version from completed Minor study12
carried out as the part of Doctoral programme
of CEPT University, the author express sincere gratitude towards Advisor, Respected Dr. R.Parthsarathy, Professor
at CEPT, former Director GIDR, Ahmedabad, for his constant inspiration and valuable guidance and also would
like to mentioned that this study ―Infrastructure Development: JNNURM and India Infrastructure Report" recently
has been selected and it is in the process of publication in form of book by LAP -Lambert Academic Publishing
,GmbH & Co. KG, GERMANY.
References:
1. 3inet, ―Indian Infrastructure Reports‖, Oxford University Press: New Delhi. (2003 -2008)
2. Darshini Mahadevia ―NURM and the Poor in Globalizing Mega Cities‖, Economic and Political Weekly; 41(31), August
5, 3399-3403 , (2006)
3. Gulfer & Kaustabh ―Presentation on Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission‖ (JNNURM): New Delhi. (2008).
4. Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India, ―Guidelines for Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal
Mission‖ (JNNURM): New Delhi, (2005)
5. Ministry of Finance, Govt. of India, by Dr. Rakesh Mohan, ―Rakesh Mohan Committee- India Infrastructure Report
(Policy Imperatives for Growth & Welfare), Vol. 1(Executive summery), Vol.2 (Main Report) and Vol.3 (Sector report)‖;
NCAER: New Delhi. (1996)
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6. SUSTAIN (Citizens Alliance for Sustainable Living) -PERT (Public Expenditure Roundtable) -UN-HABITAT-SICCI-
CUPA (Centre for Urban Poverty Alleviation) –TUFIDCO, ―Recommendations and Summary of the workshop
proceedings on JNNURM: Issues and Opportunities‖: Chennai, (2006).
Web Sites:
7. Cezayirli & Basu (2006), ―2 year of JNNURM‖, [Online]. Available:
http://www.adb.org/Documents/Periodicals/SAUD/2008/apr/docs/2yrs-JNNURM.pdf (13 july2008)
8. Cushman and Wakefield, (2007), ―India Infrastructure sector in India‖ [Online]. Available: http//www.
dyutita.blogspot.com/2007/12/infrasector sector –in- India-critical.html, (13th
July2008)
9. Mohanty,(2007) ―finance in India: an assessment‖ [Online].Available: www.rbi.org.in/scripts/bs (August‘08)
10. SUSTAIN,PERT(2006),―JNNURM‖[Online].Available: www.unhabitat.org/download/doc (3rd
August‘08)
Report & Review
11. Darshini Mahadevia, ―Financing Cities – Fiscal Responsibility and Urban Infrastructure in Brazil, China, India, Poland
and South Africa , reviewed in: EPW, June 14, 33-34, (2008)
12. Vimawala Bhavna, ―A Review of Infrastructure Development in India‖, submitted Minor study as part of Doctoral
Programme, CEPT University, Ahmedabad.(unpublished), (2008)
Regional Conference – 2012
Regional Conference on “Geomatics in Disaster Risk Management: Special Reference to Eastern India”
February 23 - 24, 2012 Venue: T.M. Bhagalpur University
Organised by Indian Society of Geomatics (ISG), Ahmedabad
Hosted by T.M. Bhagalpur University and ISG - Bhagalpur Chapter, Bhagalpur
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Background
Real urban planning is a relatively new concept. It gained popularity in
the mid-to-late 19th century, when it became obvious that there should be
some kind of plan or larger goals for the growth of big cities like New
York and Philadelphia. Before this time, cities very often grew as per
need, and the surrounding land was just swallowed up. London, Paris and
Tokyo - none of these world cities had much urban planning, and even
now, the addresses and streets in their older sections can be confusing even to natives. Urban planning takes all
aspects of a city into consideration. It includes plans for safety, aesthetics and common sense placement of
everything from houses to factories. Goals for attractive architecture for city buildings are put into place and
pleasing green spaces are planned. Good urban planning gets schools into the neighborhoods where they are
needed most, places hospitals in centralized locations, allows for growth and plans highways accordingly. Even
placing sewer systems and drainage systems is a necessary element of urban planning. When efficient urban
planning is used, cities are more attractive and serve their citizens to the best of their potential. Planning, also
called urban planning or city and regional planning, works to improve the welfare of people and their
communities by creating more convenient, equitable, healthful, efficient, and attractive places for present and
future generations. Good planning helps create communities that offer better choices for where and how people
live. Planning helps communities to envision their future. It helps them find the right balance of new
development and essential services, environmental protection, and innovative change.
Urban Planning – Data Components
What defines our city? How is the city arranged
spatially? How dynamic is the urban environment
changing over time? Where are traffic hot spots?
Where are climatologically and socially the best
neighbourhoods? How many people live there? Urban
planners need answers on these space-oriented
questions and many more. Remote sensing has the
unique capability to support decision-making with
spatial, quantitative data and information products on various topics, from the extraction of urban morphology
to the detection of urban growth, surface temperatures, to monitoring of traffic or assessment of population.
Urban planning covers under its gambit several disciplines like Community Development, Land Use & Code
Enforcement, Transportation Planning, Environmental/Natural Resources Planning, Economic Development,
Urban Design, Planning Management/Finance, Housing, Parks & Recreation and Historic Preservation. A
comprehensive plan can be arrived at with detailed studies on the following variety of datasets:
1. Land cover maps (1:25,000 to 1:100,000 and even better for city level) that are used to present land by
main usage of the areas that compose it.
2. The physical characteristics of a city including data relating to:
Relief configuration
Land type and aptitudes
Composition and structure of the subsoil
Hydrographic data
Climate and meteorological conditions
Natural Resources Data Base: Its role in urban planning and improved urban services
Pushpalata B Shah Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad
Email: [email protected]
Land use map
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3. Activity maps
Administrative establishments
Health / welfare centers
Post offices
Educational establishments
Emergency services
Sports centers
Religious buildings
4. Facility Maps
Structures for retaining, crossing and balancing water like dams, ditches, flood
barriers, platforms, bridges, tunnels etc.
Squares and public gardens
Transportation networks and equipment
Navigable waterways (rivers, canals, ...)
Utilities distribution network like water lines, irrigation canals, water tower,
electric lines, gas pipelines, telephone lines, Cabled network
Drainage network
Reservoirs
Waterworks
Waste collection sites
5. Socio-economic maps
6. Pollution maps
7. Cadastre maps
Data Availability
The availability and accessibility of these data sets is a grave problem faced by all planners. Adding to this is
the issue of standardisation of the data without which the data cannot be put to any fruitful use. The Natural
Resources Data Base (NRDB) an initiative of ISRO is a repository of thematic data sets at various scales.
NRDB is a collection of data sets on natural resources collected over past several years under NNRMS. It
consists of databases of spatial information created under NNRMS tied through common standards and
accessible through a common search engine over a secured network. The access to these databases has been
channelised through NNRMS portal http://www.nnrms.gov.in.
NRDB
The scope of NRDB is to organise and maintain a standardised GIS database of all the NNRMS spatial
information covering the entire country and position spatial data services from the database to serve the needs
of DOS users and NON-DOS users coming from government, business and citizens at large. The Major
Objectives accomplished are:
Facilitated evolution of a data exchange and distribution policy for NNRMS.
Evolved common procedures and design for organisation and maintenance of NR
database, using the NNRMS standards.
Facilitated Definition and implementation of procedures, processes and tools for data
quality vetting and database validation prior to incorporation into NRDB.
Defined and implemented procedures and tools for organising the in-coming data sets,
as per NRDB design structure, and populating the data servers.
Developed and implemented the tools for data services through NNRMS portal.
Developed and implemented tools for generating metadata.
Created a network of database servers using SPACENET.
Soil Erosion Map
Reservoirs Map
Rail Network Map
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The dissemination of NRDB data has been established over a country wide network of Regional nodes over
SPACENET. The request routing and processing and hosting the data on the respective FTP sites of each
regional node over Internet is a fully automated mechanism. The process of disseminating data to authorised
and authenticated users has been initiated and some of our esteemed data users are ADRIN, RRSC-W, NRSC,
RRSC-S, SAC, SPIPA, and others. The Database has been organized on the basis of design standards evolved
by NNRMS task team set-up by Chairman ISRO and includes inputs available in GIS format from:
Projects identified under NRR program of NNRMS including Natural Resources Census (NRC), Large
Scale Mapping (LSM) and Cadastral Referenced Database (CRD).
Other projects under NNRMS like Natural Resources Information System (NRIS), Disaster Management
System DMS), Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM), Wastelands and Wetland.
Foundation layers.
Typical case Study: Allocating land for the NANO Plant
The Landuse map of Gujarat generated at 1:50,000 scale was examined. This map had broad classification with
details about agriculture, built up land, forest, grassland, grazing land, wastelands, wetlands, water bodies and
so on. The third level of classification showed the degraded grasslands/grazing lands which was then examined
for transportation networks and then allocated to the NANO plant. The figure below clearly depicts the optimal
use of the Landuse layer for setting up an industry that has proved to be economically viable and generating
employment to the local people.
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Better planning leads to better and sustained services. This calls for availability of multifaceted data at multiple
scales for addressing planning at all levels right upto regional or state level.
Urban Services:
The Ministry of Urban Development has emphasised that that
India‘s economic growth momentum cannot be sustained if
urbanization is not actively facilitated nor can urban poverty be
effectively addressed if the needs of the urban poor are isolated
from the broader challenges of managing urbanization. The
infrastructural services like water supply, sewerage, solid waste
management, storm water drains, urban roads, urban transport,
street lighting, and traffic support infrastructure etc. are the major
challenges and opportunities emerging in the urban areas of India.
NRDB can play a major role in accepting and resolving these
challenges by enriching it with data at better scales and better
receptivity.
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Urban Environment and Development Manju Mohan
Professor, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Introduction
In the fast developing countries like India, there is a mass migration of people from rural to urban and also from
smaller to bigger urban areas such as metropolises like Delhi, Bangalore, and Mumbai etc. The urban sprawl
resulting due to increase in population creates a huge demand on land and other limited resources. The
phenomena of this accelerated urbanization and population growth impacts environment primarily through the
growth of dense and unplanned residential areas, environmental pollution, non-availability of services, use of
natural resources and production of wastes and growth of slums (Mohan, 2010). Delhi is one of the many
megacities struggling with rapid urbanization and gigantic levels of pollution from industrial, residential, and
transportation sources. Due to urbanization process mass scale deforestation, the reduction in the green cover,
the increase in the built-up land, the use of materials like concrete, asphalt, tar, etc. comes into picture which
significantly alters the energy balance of the urban areas often causing the temperature to reach relatively
higher value than its surroundings. This phenomenon is also known as Urban Heat Island. It is also believed
that air pollutants, in particular aerosols, can absorb and re-radiate long wave radiation and inhibit the
corresponding radiative surface cooling producing a pseudo-green house effect and contribute towards the
urban heat island phenomenon in urbanized cities. Recent technological advances made in the domain of spatial
technology resulted into considerable impact on planning activities. This domain of planning is of prime
importance for a country like India with varied geographic patterns, cultural activities etc.
Based on the above background, the impact studies of the dynamical city development are demonstrated here
based on the work carried out for the megacity Delhi in the following areas:
(i) Land- use land cover change detection by remote sensing techniques,
(ii) Temperature trends (as proxy to urbanization) and urban heat island studies,
(iii) Air Quality Assessment.
Landcover Dynamics and Change Detection Analysis by using Remote Sensing
(Mohan, 2010; Mohan et al 2011c)
A study was undertaken to identify the spatio-temporal pattern of landuse-landcover (LULC) changes which
occurred in Delhi using satellite images (LISS III and LISS IV) periodically from 1997 to 2008 (Mohan, 2010;
Mohan et al 2011c). The satellite imageries were used with supervised classification for landuse landcover
analysis. The imagery is classified into total 10 classes which are dense built-up, medium dense built-up, less
dense built-up, crop land, fallow land, forest, scrub land, sandy areas, deep water body and shallow water body.
Figure 1 (next page) shows the land-cover changes that occurred during this period.
There is an overall net increase of 251.18 km2 (16.87 %) in built–up area. On the other hand there is a decrease
in agricultural area of 146.75 km2 by combining the decrease in crop and fallow land. There is another
significant decrease in wasteland by 80.62 km2 by combining scrub-land and sandy areas. Area covered by
water bodies reduced from 58.26 km2 in 1997 to 27.43 km
2 in 2008 which is about 52.9% decrease in a ten year
period. Thus increase in built-up area in the city has been on the expense of majorly from the agricultural and
waste land together with the shrinking water bodies. As the city developed, the built-up category replaced most
of the land classes like sandy areas, fallow land and scrub land. The changes in LU-LC classes are more from
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population pressure as the population growth is very high in Delhi. It is highly recommended to restore the
water-bodies in the city.
Figure 1: Land Cover changes for different classes from 1997-2008 (Sq. km in Total area)
Temperature trends (as proxy to urbanization) and urban heat island studies
(a) Temperature trends in Delhi (Mohan et al, 2011b)
The local temperature is one of the major climatic elements to record the changes in the atmospheric
environment brought about by industrialization, increasing population and massive urbanization. In this study,
annual and seasonal temperature trends and anomalies for maximum, minimum and mean temperatures were
studied for four meteorological stations of the National Capital Region (NCR) of India namely Safdarjung,
Palam, Gurgaon and Rohtak for the past few decades (Mohan et al, 2011b). A consistent increasing trend was
seen in the annual mean minimum temperatures indicating an overall warming trend over the NCR especially
after 1990. This study reiterates the fact that increasing warming trends in the night-time temperatures reflect
the contribution of changing land-use patterns and additional anthropogenic heat. The association of increasing
temperatures with urbanization was further strengthened by the trends of differences in annual mean minimum
temperature of the two stations within the city namely Safdarjung and Palam (Figure 2). During the 1968-1985,
it was Safdarjung which had higher night time temperatures because it was more built up than Palam. After
2000, the two stations had almost the same annual mean minimum temperatures. In subsequent years as Palam
had also urbanized as most of the other areas in the city and with coming up of the Indira Gandhi International
(IGI) Airport, the differences between the two stations have diminished.
Figure 2: Annual Mean Minimum Temperature difference between Safdarjung and Palam during 1968 - 2005
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(b) Urban Heat Island Intensities observed over Delhi (Mohan et al, 2009b)
A study of ambient temperatures of Delhi for about two and a half years (2006-2008) indicated that a major
portion of the entire data (~ 58.7 %) fell under warm and uncomfortably hot categories (Mohan and Bhati,
2009a). These ‗Uncomfortable‘ conditions lead to more usage of air conditioners which in turn leads to more
heat emissions. An urban heat island is defined as a metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than a
comparatively rural or lesser developed area in vicinity. To understand the prevalence of urban heat island in
the city, a study was conducted to measure round the clock temperatures across the National Capital Region of
Delhi at about 30 sites which were representative of different LULC like Urban Built Up areas, Green Areas,
Open Areas and Riverside Areas (Mohan et al, 2009b). The urban heat island intensity (UHI), or the inter-
spatial temperature difference was found to be as high as 8.3 °C at locations like Sitaram Bazar and Connaught
Place when compared with green areas like Sanjay Van or Buddha Jayanti Park. The top three areas with
highest temperatures were found to be CP, Sitaram Bazar and Bhikaji Cama Place. Other pockets with
reasonably high UHI were residential or mixed use namely Noida, Dwarka, Janakpuri, Kaushambi, Adarsh
Nagar etc. In other words, densely populated areas or highly built up areas form the core UHI zones. Figure 3
displays an excerpt of the results of the study published in The Hindustan Times dated 26 September 2009.
Figure 3: Urban Heat Island zones in Delhi (The Hindustan Times dated 26 September 2009)
Air Quality Assessment (Mohan et al, 2011a)
Rapid urbanization of Delhi over the past few decades has also made it one of the most polluted cities in the
country. In particular, air quality of Delhi is of major concern among many regulatory policies. Studies have
indicated relationships between pollutants such as particulate matter and respiratory and cardiovascular
morbidity as well as mortality. Air quality models and exposure assessment studies provide a tool to understand
the implications of pollutant emissions and aid in deciding control and management strategies. With this
consideration, study was undertaken to evaluates the performance of a regulatory air quality model AERMOD
(version 07 026) for modelling concentrations of particulate matter in Delhi for the year 2004 and results
applied to undertake exposure assessment in terms of mortality response for two hypothetical scenarios as
shown in Table 1 (Mohan et al, 2011a).
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Table 1: Analysis of impact of hypothetical Air Pollution Control Scenario
Source Scenario
Reduction in
Respirable Particulate
Matter Emission
Decrease in
No. of
Deaths
(1)Vehicular
Traffic
Introduction of efficient public transport (like
metro rail) and CNG based vehicles 20% 2527
(2)Power Plants Shift to a cleaner fuel (like gas) in all power
stations 94 % 482
20% reduction in transport emissions leads five times greater decrease in mortality as compared to 94%
reduction in TSP emissions from power plants. The results highlight the impact of control measures of
important emission sectors towards total particulate matter concentration and consequent health benefits in this
city.
Conclusions
Remote sensing technology, meteorological and air quality measurements and modeling tools can be effectively
used to assess dynamical urbanization process of the cities and plan appropriate control strategies as illustrated
with the above case studies.
References
1. Mohan M. and Bhati S. 2009a. Are You Comfortable Weather-Wise? Science Reporter, 46:19-23.
2. Mohan M, Kikegawa Y, Gurjar BR, Bhati S, Kandya A, Ogawa K. 2009b. Assessment of Urban Heat Island
Intensities over Delhi. The seventh International Conference on Urban Climate, 29 June - 3 July 2009, Yokohama,
Japan http://www.ide.titech.ac.jp/~icuc7/extended_abstracts/pdf/375621-2-090515211144-004.pdf
3. Mohan M. 2010. Dynamics of Urban Pollution:A curative strategy using RS and GIS Techniques: A case study of
Mega city Delhi. RESPOND Project (ISRO code : 10/4/529 and OGP 45)
4. Mohan M, Bhati S, Rao A. 2011a. Application of air dispersion modelling for exposure assessment from particulate
matter pollution in Mega City Delhi. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 6:85-94.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/apj.468/full
5. Mohan M, Kandya A, Arunachalam B. 2011b. Urban Heat Island Effect over National Capital Region of India: A
Study using the Temperature Trends. Journal of Environmental Protection, 2011, 2: 465-477
http://www.scirp.org/Journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=5405
6. Mohan M, Pathan SK, Narendrareddy K, Kandya A, Pandey S. 2011c. Dynamics of Urbanization and Its Impact on
Land-Use/Land-Cover: A Case Study of Megacity Delhi. Journal of Environmental Protection, 2: 1274-1283
http://www.scirp.org/Journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=8286
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Geomatics is receiving growing attention in solving spatial decision problems for urban planning. Many
planning tasks such as industrial site selection or site evaluation require consideration of a comprehensive set of
decision parameters and preferences related to spatial and non-spatial in nature. It also requires integration and
manipulation of these data sets with respect to a set of suitable criterion for setting up industrial park.
Moreover, the need for site planners to attract economic activity to their locale becomes an ever increasing
priority for infrastructure development. In this context M/s Gujarat Infrastructure Limited (GIL), Ahmedabad,
an agency responsible for siting industrial areas and Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad jointly worked for
the purpose of identifying a suitable site using geomatics for setting up an industrial park in and around Khatrej
area. The study was carried out during 1996-97. This study demonstrates the potential offered by the integration
of the tools of image processing and Geographic Information System (GIS) for industrial site selection and
infrastructure development.
Introduction
Many planning tasks such as industrial site selection or site evaluation require consideration of a
comprehensive set of decision parameters and preferences related to spatial and non-spatial in nature. It also
requires integration and manipulation of these data sets with respect to a set of suitable criterion for setting up
industrial parks. Moreover, the need for site planners to attract economic activity to their locale becomes an
ever increasing priority for infrastructure development. In this context M/s Gujarat Infrastructure Limited
(GIL), Ahmedabad, an agency responsible for siting industrial areas and SAC jointly worked for the purpose of
identifying a suitable site using RS and GIS technique for setting up an industrial park in and around Khatrej
area, Gujarat. The issue of industrial site selection is a classic theme of locational theory. The site selection
process resembles a real estate transaction in which industrial site agents deal directly with a client to find a
suitable site that meets a series of locational and site specific criterion. This process is an iterative one in which
the client has a set of desirable site characteristics that include size, cost, utilities, existing built-up lands and
land use/land cover pattern that can be coupled with a series of desired locational constraints. This can be
developed as multiple knowledge based spatial decision support system by creating link between GIS and
Image processing techniques.
Objectives
To prepare urban land use map on 1:12,500 scale using IRS-1C merged products depicting level-II urban
land use information.
To prepare thematic maps viz. surface water bodies map, slope map, soil map, flood and erosion hazard
maps, hydrogeomorphological map, ground water
prospect map, and transportation network map for
the purpose of urban suitability analysis.
To carry out site selection analysis based on the
physical parameters towards siting a suitable area for
industrial park.
Study Area
The study area is located in north-west part of
Ahmedabad district. The area is between Kalol and
Ahmedabad cities which comprises 44 villages (full or
part) and covers an area of about 27920 ha (Fig. 1).
Site Selection for Industries J.G. Patel
Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India
E-mail: [email protected]
Fig. 1: Study Area
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Total population of the area was 84271 (1991 census). Physiographically, it has a flat terrain with gentle to very
gentle slopes. The significant physiographic feature in this area is the undulating terrain with small to big
mounds with an elevation of about 80 m. The soil in this region is generally a light sandy loam with deep to
very deep soils. There is a big industrial site near Santej town, in which different type of small industries like
polycot, polyplasts, filtration, agro-base industries exist.
4. Methodology
The overall methodology adopted for site selection analysis is presented in Fig. 2 and the details are as under.
Spatial database was created for entire study area. The data
base for the integrated development has basically two
components. i.e. Spatial and Non- Spatial data. Arc/Info GIS
software has been employed as the main tool to design,
creation, organisation, analyze and generation of cartographic
outputs. The spatial data is mainly from Remote Sensing data
and ancillary sources. IRS 1C LISS-III and PAN data of
1996-97 have been used for interpretation of various themes.
Survey of India topographic maps on 1:50,000 scales were
also referred for creation of some of the thematic maps.
Census 1971, 1981 and 1991 data for the study area was
collected and integrated with spatial database. Fig.2: Methodology adopted for site selection
Extensive GPS survey was carried out to collect ground control points (GCP‘s) in the study area. IRS LISS-III
and PAN data were geometrically corrected using GCP's. Merged data products were generated by taking
intensity from Panchromatic data, hue and saturation from LISS-III data. Various enhanced techniques have
been applied to improve the contrast between the features on this merged data. The products generated using
Laplacian filtering technique (edge enhancement
operation) was selected for the study employing visual
interpretation techniques. A ground survey was carried
out in the entire study area and the information obtained
from the preliminary interpretation has been correlated
with the actual thematic information on ground.
Land use/cover map: Information on land use/ land
cover, especially the extent and spatial distribution is a
prerequisite for the siting analysis. The land use/cover
information help in formulation of policies and program-
mes for urban development. The urban land use/land
cover database was prepared for the entire study area
(Fig. 3). Fig.3: Land use / Land cover map
The area is between Kalol and Ahmedabad cities which comprises 44 villages and covers an area of about
27920 ha. 52 per cent area is under fallow land category. About 12 per cent land is under wasteland mainly
with or without scrubs. Details are summarized in Table-1. Graphical distribution of different land use classes
is shown below.
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Table 1: Area under different land use/cover categories
S.No. Land use category Area (ha)
1. Built-up land
1.1 Rural settlement area
1.2 Institutions
765
60
2. Agricultural land
2.1 Crop land
2.2 Fallow land
2.3 Plantations
7538
15302
51
3. Wasteland
3.1 Salt affected land
3.2 Land with or without scrub
887
2597
4. Water bodies 641
5. Others (Brick kiln area) 279
Total 27920
Hydrogeomorphology and ground water prospects: In order to assess the ground water prospects within the
study area, a reconnaissance level remote sensing based qualitative analysis has been carried out and hydrogeo-
morphological mapping has been done. Collateral information and well/tube-well data of about 32 villages have
also been collected to understand groundwater prospects in the study area. Most of the area is under moderate
to good ground water prospect category.
Soil map: The information on soils has been collected from the maps prepared by National Bureau of Soil
Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP) organisation, Nagpur. These maps have been prepared using
both remote sensing data and with field checks. The soil information collected from NBSS&LUP has been
studied and a layer has been created. Each polygon has the information related to the association of soil series.
From these soil types, soil depth and soil texture have been separated out and the maps have been prepared
separately. The extent and spatial distribution of soil depth, soil texture play an important role in urban land use
suitability analysis and selection of industrial site.
Slope and aspect: Slope map was generated using elevation information derived from SOI topographical maps
and TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) module of
Arc/Info. A sampling method was used to extract
representative points to build a surface model that
approximates the actual surface. In all about 100 points
were selected representing the plain areas, undulating
terrain, depressions etc. in the entire study area and as
well as from the adjoining 5 Km buffer areas. A point
layer has been generated for the preparation of percent
slope map and surface views. The slope map was
prepared using both TIN and LATTICE methods. From
this slope map, 1-m contour information has been
derived for the entire study area. 1 m contour interval
map with proposed site is shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 4: contour map (1 m interval)
Information on slope and aspect of terrain in the study area are vital in determining the land suitable for
different types of land uses. This information is also useful for drainage schemes. It is found that most of areas
are under category of very gentle to gentle slope. However, it has been observed that two slope classes only are
3%
27%
55%
3%9% 2% 1%
Built-up land Crop land
Fallow land Salt affected land
Land with or without scrub Water bodies
Others (Brick kiln area)
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present in the entire study area. A few elevated areas are observed in the study area, which are called 'tekras'. A
depression zone is present near Thol Lake. But mostly the slope in the study area is less than 3 percent; hence
the area can be treated as flat area with very less significance of slope.
Flood hazard map: Identification of flood prone area plays a major role in the site selection process. The low
lying areas, marshy/wetlands are particularly not suitable for urban development. The low lying areas are
highly subjected to floods and are normally not used for construction purpose. Hence, a flood hazard map of the
study area has been prepared using multi-date RS data. This map has been finalized in conjunction with the
slope and 1-meter contour maps prepared using GIS techniques. From this map, the areas under different flood
zones are identified. These areas have to be conserved and construction activity should not to be allowed.
Drainage pattern and surface water bodies: Drainage pattern and surface water bodies have been studied
using both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon satellite data. The water spread of the surface water bodies were
delineated mainly from the post monsoon data. There are 28 village tanks/ponds exists in and around study
area. The most important surface water body in the study area is Thol Lake.
Settlement and transportation network map: The road network is one of the important parameters in
identifying the areas for urban development as it provides linkages between the settlements. The entire study
area has been classified under three types of roads viz. major roads, minor roads and kutcha roads. This map
was prepared using satellite data.
Village demography and amenities: Census and amenity data pertaining to 1971-91 censuses has been
collected. The population and its distribution in different parts of study area is an important input in planning
for the region. Thus the population of each settlement has been studied and used for the suitability analysis.
Analysis carried out to derive various demography parameters like population density, literacy, agricultural
workers, sex ratio etc.
Data Analysis and Results
The site selection comprised two phases viz. I) Search for a suitable area based on physical characteristics of
the terrain and ii) A conditional search. The physical suitability search phase refers to finding areas that match
the physical, environmental or geographic conditions. The conditional search phase identifies a set of preferred
conditions that are applied to the composite coverage. In the present study, both physical and conditional
searches were used for site selection analysis.
Search on the basis of physical parameters
Identification of suitable land for urban development is one of the critical issues of planning. The suitability of
the land for urban development is not only based on a set of physical parameters but also very much on the
economic factors. The cumulative effect of these factors determine the degree of suitability and also helps in
further categorising of the land into different orders of development. The assessment of the physical parameters
of the land is possible by analysing various thematic layers which are very much amenable to GIS analysis. As
against this, the economic pressures on urban land are very much difficult to be specified and used for analysis.
However the assessment of physical parameters gives an identification of the limitations of the land for urban
development. The concept of limitation is derived from the quality of the land. For example, if the slope is high
the limitation it offers is more than a land which has gentle slopes or a flat terrain. Practically, this would mean
that the development of the high slope land would require considerable inputs (finance, manpower, materials,
time etc.) and thus may be less suitable as against the flat land where the inputs required are considerably less.
This concept is true for all the land parameters that are assessed. Identification of suitable areas for urban
development is, therefore, one of the critical issues in the urban planning. The land suitability not only is based
on a set of physical parameters but also very much on the economic factors. The composite effect of these
parameters determines the degree of suitability and also helps in further categorising the land into different
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classes of development. Moreover, the process of suitability assessment is very much dependent upon the
prevalent conditions such as pressure on land. If the pressure on land is too high, it may give rise to a high order
of speculation and may lead to development of land which is otherwise not suitable from suitability point of
view. This clearly states that the level of inputs would be high due to the market forces. It is in this context, the
suitability analysis attempted in this study must be viewed as a basic "Priortisation of land for urban
development".
In this particular study, nine important physical parameters are considered for the analysis. They are i) Soil
depth, ii) Soil texture, iii) Slope, iv) Land use/cover, v) Ground water prospects, vi) Flood hazard, vii) Erosion
hazard, viii) Surface water bodies, and ix) Distance from road which are mostly accepted by Urban planners.
The inventory of these parameters has been carried out using RS and GIS techniques. The details with respect
to each parameter are already stated earlier. The physical parameters of the land were analysed in GIS
environment using a weighted index model (Revised Development Plan of Ahmedabad Urban Development
Authority, 1997). A composite layer has been generated by integrating nine thematic layers using union process
in GIS environment. The composite layer generated by integrating all the nine layers has been termed as "Com-
posite Urban Land Development Unit (CULDU)" layer. The CULDU layer has composite units and each unit
has the characteristics of all the parameters considered for the suitability analysis. All the units have been
assigned weightages derived using eigen vector method (Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority Report,
1997). The ranks also have been assigned to all the units by creating a separate field. Thus, each unit in the
composite layer is associated with both weightage and rank. A weighted index analysis has been done to
identify CULDU‘s for construction purpose and conservation activities.
Search on the basis of conditions
The conditional search phase identifies a set of preferred
conditions that are applied to the composite layer. Initially
urban land use suitability criteria have been applied on the
composite layer to identify the areas suitable for urbanisation
and the areas to be conserved. Then, conditional search
criteria were applied on the areas suitable for urbanisation to
arrive at a suitable site for industries in the study area. These
were
preferably it should be a wasteland
the site should have deep to very deep soils with loamy
texture Fig. 5: Proposed sites for industries
the site should not have any flood and erosion hazards
preferably it should be nearer to existing roads and
the site should not encroach settlements, temples,
defense establishments, air force station, high tension
electric lines, gas stations etc.
Using above mentioned criteria a map of three sites suitable
for construction has been prepared (Fig. 5). The conditional
search mentioned above has been applied on these three sites
suitable for industrialisation. Finally an area of about 2781
ha has been earmarked for the industrial park to be set up in
and around Khatrej without disturbing the existing
Fig. 6: Land use / Land cover map of proposed site for
industries
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settlements, temples, defense installations etc. The land use / land cover map of proposed site is shown in
Fig. 6. This industrial site will have residential, recreational, transportation network, public and semi-public
uses apart from the main industrial site meant for Arvind Polycots.
Conclusions
In all there are 44 settlements in the entire study area with Borisana having highest population of 5899
persons and Ganpatpura with the lowest population of 180. However, in the final site identified for
industrial siting has only four settlements viz. Bhimasan, Hazipur, Kaptanpura, and Karoli. Khatrej and
Santej are the settlements which are going through the phase of rapid development in this area.
The wastelands in the study area are mostly tekras with or without scrub lands. The water-logged areas
have also been observed in the study area located near Thol Lake.
The groundwater prospect in the study area is omnipresent. The aquifer system comprises both unconfined
as well as confined aquifers. The confined system is the main source of agricultural, industrial and domestic
water demand. The main limiting factor of potable water is the quality of groundwater in some areas. In
Alluvial plain (vegetated), at most places groundwater is drawn from deeper aquifers and provides usable
quality of groundwater with some exceptions. A systematic survey involving collection of groundwater
samples for quality analysis is required to assess the potability of the water precisely.
The soils in the study area are deep to very deep, moderately well drained, calcareous, fine soils on very
gently sloping flood plain with slight erosion, slight salinity and are associated with deep, moderately well
drained, calcareous, fine soils with slight erosion and slight salinity. These soils do not pose any problem
for the purposes of industrial development.
It has been observed that two slope classes are present in the entire study area. However, it has been
observed that the slope in the study area is mostly very gentle to gentle, from North to South. A few
undulating mounds have been observed which are called 'tekras' having terrain heights up to 80 m. A
depression zone has also been spotted near Thol Lake. But mostly the slope in the study area is less than 3
percent; hence the area can be treated as flat area and is good for industrial development.
The most important surface water body in the Study area is the Thol Lake. There are no major rivers or
stream in this area. However it has been found that all the village settlements are associated with tank/lakes.
The flood hazard has been observed only in some areas near Thol Lake. Apart from this, there is no flood
hazard in the entire study area.
All the village settlements have been linked with all weather roads which are motorable in all seasons.
The final site selected for setting up the industry in this area has an area of about 2781 ha. Majority of the
area is under fallow and wasteland category. The site does not have any hazards related to water logging,
erosion etc. The site is not encroaching any important land marks such as temples, high tension lines, gas
stations, electric stations, defense installations etc.
References
1. Patel J.G., Pathan S.K., Navalgund R.R., Naishad Parikh and Lalbhai Anang (1997), Remote Sensing and GIS
techniques in siting and industrial park in Khatrej Area, Gujarat. ISRS – National Symposium on Remote Sensing for
Natural Resources with special emphasis on Infrastructure Development, 26-27 November 1997, NRSA, Hyderabad
2. Pathan S. K., Patel J.G. et al (1997), RS and GIS Techniques in siting an industrial park in Khatrej are, Mehsana
District, Gujarat, Technical Report, SAC/RSAG/TR/11/September 1997, Space Applications Centre (ISRO),
Ahmedabad
3. Revised Development Plan of AUDA for the year 2011 - A Remote Sensing and GIS based approach,
SAC/RSAG/TR/01/August 1997, Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad
4. Expertise: A knowledge-based spatial decision support system for industrial site evaluation, Proceedings of the 14th
ESRI user conference - May 1994
5. Incorporating decision preferences into an expert GIS for industrial site selection, Proceeding of GIS/LIS 1996.
ISG NEWSLETTER
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6. Designation: _____________
7. Specialisation: ___________
8. Membership in other Societies:
9. Mailing Address: ________________________________
________________________________
________________________________ PIN: _______
Proposed by:
(Member’s Name and No) Signature of Proposer
For Office Use
ISG Membership No: ISG- -
Receipt No.: Date:
ISG NEWSLETTER
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MEMBERSHIP SUBSCRIPTION
Sr.
No.
Membership
Category
Admission Fee
Rs. (Indian) US $ (Foreign)
Annual
Subscription
Rs. (Indian)
1. Annual Member 10.00 200.00
2. Life Member
a) Admitted before
45 years of age
b) Admitted after 45
years of age
1500.00
1100.00
250.00
200.00
3. Sustaining Member --- ---- 2000.00
4. Patron Member 50000.00 2500.00 ----
5. Student Member 10.00 --- 100.00
MEMBERSHIP GUIDELINES
1. Subscription for Life Membership is also accepted in two equal installments payable within
duration of three months, if so desired by the applicant. In such a case, please specify that
payment will be in installments and also the probable date for the second installment (within
three months of the first installment).
2. A Member of the Society should countersign application of membership.
3. Subscription in DD or Cheque should be made out in the name of ‘INDIAN SOCIETY OF
GEOMATICS’ and payable at Ahmedabad.
4. Outstation cheques must include bank-clearing charges of Rs. 65.00/US$ 10.00.
5. For further details, contact Secretary, Indian Society of Geomatics at the address given
above.
6. Financial year of the society is from April 1 to March 31.
7. ISG has chapters already established at the following places: Ahmedabad, Ajmer, Chennai,
Hyderabad, Indore, Mangalore, Mumbai, New Delhi, Pune, Tiruchirappalli and Vadodara.
Applicants for membership have the option to contact Secretary/Chairman of the local
chapter for enrolment. Details can be found at the website of the society: www.isgindia.org
8. Journal of the society will be sent only to Patron Members, Sustaining Members and Life
Members.
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