Indian Plant Genetic Resource Management (IPGeRM) … · genetic material of plant origin of actual or potential value for ... •Raw materials for crop improvement, ... tomato, pumpkin,

Indian Plant Genetic Resource Management (IPGeRM) System

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources New Delhi – 110 012

J L J L KarihalooKarihaloo

What are Plant Genetic Resources (PGR)?What are Plant Genetic Resources (PGR)?

• Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture means any genetic material of plant origin of actual or potential value for food and agriculture.

• Genetic material means any material of plant origin, including reproductive and vegetative propagating material, containing functional units of heredity.

• Recognized as a natural resource similar to mineral, oil, soil and water

Categories of Plant Genetic Resources

• Modern cultivars

• Breeding lines and genetic stocks

• Landraces and Farmers’ varieties

• Obsolete cultivars

• Wild relatives

• Weedy races

• Potential domesticates or other wild species

• Biotechnological cell lines/GMOs

Importance of PGR

•Agricultural crops/varieties per se

•Raw materials for crop improvement, help in increasing productivity

Genes for plant type/adaptation/ nutrition/ resistance/ tolerance to biotic/ abiotic stresses

•Diversification of cropping and farming systems

•Adaptation to changes in climate

•Food, nutritional and environmental security

Destruction and fragmentation of

natural ecosystems

Over-exploitationeg. for fuelwood, timber, medicine

Changes in agricultural

practices (HYV)and land use

Human socio-economic

changes Exotic weed species (AIS)

Pollution due to natural

or anthropogenic activities

Natural calamities

LOSS OF

GENETIC DIVERSITY

Richness of Plant Resources : Global and Indian

TAXA India World PercentageBacteria 850 4,000 21.25Algae 6,500 40,000 16.25Fungi 14,500 72,000 20.14Lichens 2,000 17,000 11.80Bryophyta 2,850 16,000 17.80Pteridophyta 1,100 13,000 8.46Gymnosperms 64 750 8.53Angiosperms 17,500 250,000 7.00

Number of Species

Source: Adopted from UNEP-GBA (1995), MoEF (1997), ZSI and BSI

Total (Biodiversity) 126,656 1,719,183 7.36

Global Distribution of PGRGlobal Distribution of PGR‘Centers of origin and diversity’Centers of origin and diversity’

Zeven and Zhukovsky (1975)12 mega biodiversity centres

Vavilov (1926)8 centres (two sub-centres)

of diversity

Two of the 25 Hot Spots of biodiversity exist in India

Primary Centre of Diversityrice, kodo millet, little millet,

pigeonpea, urdbean, mothbean, cotton, Capsularis jute, smooth gourd,

ridged gourd, pointed gourd, jack fruit, banana, mango,

jamun , Bengal cardamom, black pepper, Rauvolfia serpentina and

Saussurea lappa.

Regional Centre of Diversity(Expansion of Primary Centre) wheat, barley, proso millet, foxtail

millet, sugarcane, bamboos, buckwheat, mungbean, chickpea, rice bean, clusterbean, Brassica

spp., cucumber, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, snake gourd, citrus, taro, yams, ginger, turmeric and small

cardamom

Secondary Centre of Diversity:African Crops: sorghum, pearl millet, finger

millet, cowpea, niger, safflower, brinjal, okra*, sesame* and castor*

Tropical American Crops: maize, amaranth, tomato, pumpkin, chillies and chayote

India : Centre of Origin and Diversity of PGR

India - A Gene Rich Centre of PGR

17,500 species of higher plants(About 29% of flowering plants are endemic)5,000 total economically useful species583 crop species cultivated166 crop species of Hindustani Centre334 wild relatives of crop species1,000 wild edible plant species

Diversity in paddy (Oryza sativa )

GLOBAL PGR INTER-DEPENDENCE

Production % by nonProduction % by non--native cropsnative cropsRegionRegionCooper et al (1994)Cooper et al (1994) NBPGR (2004)*NBPGR (2004)*

Australia 100 100

Chino-Japan 62 85.6

Latin America 56 85.2

Hindustan 49 63.7

Indo-China 34 75.5

West Central Asia 31 63.7

North America 100 94.5

Mediterranean 99 100

Africa 88 91.4

* Based on 90 crops, production during 1998-2000

Indian Plant Genetic Resource Management System (IPGeRM)

NETWORK COLLABORATORS

The Umbrella Organization DARE/ICAR

NBPGR & its Regional Stations11 Regional stations located all across the country as per agro-ecological analogues

National Active Germplasm Sites (NAGS)-59

comprisingICAR institutes, Project Directorates, National Research Centres, All India

Coordinated Research Projects, State Agricultural Universities

Other National Stakeholders

International Collaborators

The Nodal InstituteNBPGR

MandateNodal institute at national level for acquisition and management of indigenous and exotic plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, and to carry out related research and human resource development, for sustainable growth of agriculture.

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR)

Objectives• To plan, organize, conduct and coordinate exploration and

collection of indigenous and exotic plant genetic resources.• To undertake introduction, exchange and quarantine of

plant genetic resources.• To characterize, evaluate, document and conserve crop

genetic resources and promote their use, in collaboration with other national organizations.

• To develop information network on plant genetic resources.• To conduct research, undertake teaching and training,

develop guidelines and create public awareness on plant genetic resources.

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources

Objectives• Development of molecular marker system for DNA profiling of

economically important plants.

• Standardisation of experimental protocols, sample size and statistical methods for application of molecular techniques in variety identification, DUS testing and essential derivation.

• DNA fingerprinting of released / notified crop varieties, parental lines of hybrids and elite strains/ genetic stocks of potential value in agri-horticultural crops (in collaboration with respective crop institutes).

• Training of manpower and human resource development in molecularmarker techniques.

National Research Centre on DNA Fingerprinting

NBPGR NetworkNBPGR Network

National Active Germplasm Sites(59)

Major Activities IN IPGeRMS

REGULATORY / SERVICES / RESEARCH / HRD REGULATORY / SERVICES / RESEARCH / HRD

• Germplasm collection, introduction and exchange

• Plant quarantine / phytosanitary check

• Germplasm registration

Germplasm characterization / evaluation / seed increase

• Ex situ conservation in different modes

• Information documentation and database management

• Human resource development

Plant Exploration and CollectionPlant Exploration and Collection

Explorations undertaken(including special exploration missions to inaccessible areas, natural calamity affected areas )

~ 2000

Germplasm accessions collected ~ 2.3 lakh(23,000 wild relatives)

Collaborative explorations: Explorations undertaken within India, under PL 480 scheme, Indo-Australian mission, Indo-Canadian mission, Indo-Japanese mission, INDO-USAID, USIF, G-15, IPGRI, IRRI, ICRISAT and other international organizations.

Germplasm collection of cultivated and wild speciesGermplasm collection of cultivated and wild species

1976-99 1999-2004

113,040 accessions collected

94% 6%

Cultivated Wild

96,471 accessions collected

81%19%

Cultivated Wild

National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants (NHCP)(NHCP)

• Herbarium specimens : 17,726• Seed samples : 2,272

• Economic products : 477• Families : 253

– Genera : 1,343– Species : 3,469

Germplasm Exchange and QuarantineGermplasm Exchange and Quarantine

Crops/varieties exchanged with 113 countries and 8 IARC(Average exchange 1,00,000 accessions per annum)

• Introduced accessions 20,18,064

• Exported accessions 6,50,046

• National Supply 3,61,191

• Samples examined for Quarantine ~ 28 lakh(import and export)

Maximum germplasm obtained from CG centers; AVDRC, Taiwan; USDA, USA ; IPK, Germany

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

1976 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004

import export national supply

6093

9304

8861

Germplasm fromCG centres

Trials from CGcentres

Other countries

Trend in Germplasm Exchange

Some Important Introductions Released as Varieties

Wheat Ridley, Lerma rojo-64, Sonara-63, CPAN1796, PBW34

Rice IR8, IR36, IR50

Barley BG105, BG108, DL70

Pearl millet HB1, HB4, HB5

Cowpea NP1, NP2, NP3, Chinegra

Pea Arkel, Uncoln, Bonneville, Harbhajan

Cabbage Pusa Drumhead

Tomato Siuox, La Bonita, Dwarf Money Maker

Restoration of Indian Germplasm

CG Centers

•ICRISAT, India*•ICARDA, Syria*•CIMMYT, Mexico•IITA, Nigeria•CIAT, Columbia•IRRI, Philippines*•WARDA, Ivory Coast

National Genebanks

•NSSL, USDA, USA•Nordic Genebank, Sweden•AVRDC, Taiwan•Royal Botanic Garden, UK•NIAR, Japan•IPK, Germany•NBRI, Namibia•Service de Genetique, Switzerland*

* Germplasm already obtained

Plant QuarantinePlant Quarantine• Total samples processed 27,97,064

– Import samples processed 21,47,082 – Export samples processed 6,49,982

• Total infested/ infected/ contaminated samples 1,48,992 – insects and mites (99,137) – pathogens (29,546) – nematodes (16,970) – weeds (3,339)

• Total samples salvaged 1,48,912

• Phytosanitary Certificates issued 9,415

• Trials of wheat, barley & triticale in PEQN 16,26,032

• Exotic legumes grown in quarantine glass houses and harvest of disease-free material was released to indentors.

Germplasm Characterisation and EvaluationGermplasm Characterisation and Evaluation

•Germplasm characterised/ evaluated : ~85,000•Phytochemical evaluation : ~6,000•Crop catalogues (43 crops, ~80,000 acc.) : 79

Germplasm ConservationGermplasm Conservation

SEED GENEBANK~ 3.07 lakh accessions

579 species

CRYOGENEBANK6811 accessions590 species

IN VITRO GENEBANK1,685 accessions

125 species

Crop Group Distribution of PGR at Seed Crop Group Distribution of PGR at Seed GenebankGenebank

46.2%

8.7%16.3%

12.9%

3.5%5.6% 0.4% 5.2% 1.2%

Cereals and pseudocereals Millets and foragesGrain legumes OilseedsFibre crops Fruits, vegetables and spicesMedicinal & aromatic plants Duplicate safety samplesOthers

Total : 1,93,696

43.5%

15.2%

15.2%

12.2%

3.1%6.1% 0.9% 3.8% 0.0%

Cereals and pseudocereals Millets and foragesGrain legumes OilseedsFibre Crops Fruits, vegetables and spicesMedicinal & Aromatic Plants and Narcotics Duplicate Safety SamplesOthers

Total : 3,06,252

20051999

Registration of Germplasm

Cereals 157Millets and Forages 16Grain legumes 41Oilseeds 67Fibres 25Vegetables 36Fruits 21Ornamental 10Beverages and narcotics 14Medicinal/aromatic plants 13Sugarcane 03

Total 403

Germplasm Database Development Germplasm Database Development (ARIS)

• Databases developed for– Passport information for indigenous collections– Introduced germplasm– Gene bank Information– Registered Germplasm– Germplasm holdings with various institutes

• Database entries made for– Introduced germplasm (~5 lakhs)– Indigenous collections (~4 lakhs)– Germplasm conserved in Gene bank (~3 lakhs)– Registered germplasm (400 accessions)

NRC on DNA FingerprintingNRC on DNA FingerprintingEstablished: December 1995Infrastructure: Five crop-specific labs , six central facilities Major Equipments: Automated DNA Sequencer, DNA Synthesiser, Gel Documentation System, Image Analyser, Radioisotope Laboratory, Photography LaboratoryPriority Crops

Cereals: Rice, Wheat, Sorghum, BarleyMillets: Pearl milletPulses:Chickpea, Mungbean, PigeonpeaOilseeds: Brassica, Soybean, Groundnut, Safflower, SesameFibres: CottonVegetables: Tomato, Chillies, BrinjalFruits: Banana, Mango, Cashew, CitrusMedicinal Plants: Vetiver, Neem, Isbgol, Periwinkle

Crop and Techniques Standardized for DNA Fingerprinting

Crop Varieties Fingerprinted

Techniques

Cereals

1

2

3

4

Millets

5 Finger millet 94 ISSR

8 French bean 26 AFLP, STMS

9 Lentil 41 AFLP

10 Mungbean 96 AFLP, RAPD

11 Pea 38 AFLP

12 Pigeon pea 96 AFLP, RAPD

6 Pearl millet 17 RAPD, AFLP

Pulses

7

13

274

153

65

54

72

54

Rice RAPD, STMS, AFLP

Wheat RAPD, STMS, AFLP

Sorghum RAPD, STMS, AFLP

Barley RAPD, STMS

Chickpea RAPD, STMS, AFLP, ISSR

Urdbean AFLP

Crop Varieties Fingerprinted

Techniques

OilSeeds

14 Brassica 42 RAPD, ISSR, AFLP

15 Niger 30 RAPD

16 Safflower 14 AFLP, RAPD

20 Brinjal 19 RAPD, ISSR

19 Cotton 94 RAPD, AFLP

Vegetables

21 Chillies 42 ISSR, AFLP, RAPD, STMS

22 Tomato 27 RAPD

17 Sesame 67 RAPD, AFLP

18 Soybean 75 AFLP, RAPD, STMS

Fibre

Contd.

Contd.Crop Varieties

FingerprintedTechniques

Fruits & Nuts

23 Banana 243 AFLP, RAPD, STMS, RFLP

24 Cashew 140 RAPD, ISSR, AFLP

25 Citrus 34 AFLP, ISSR

Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

28 Vetiver 24 AFLP, RAPD

30

69

13

48

34

21

Total 2,146

26 Mango RAPD, ISSR, AFLP

27 Neem RAPD, AFLP, ISSR

29 Saffron AFLP

30 Plantago RAPD, ISSR, AFLP

31 Palmarosa ISSR, RAPD

32 Chlorophytum ISSR, RAPD

Genetic relationship in rice varieties based on microsatellite markers

•Similarity Coefficient range from - 0.148 to 0.920

•Mean Similarity Coefficient- 0.55

Development of New Molecular Markers (STMS) in Chilli

Sequence analysis of a positive clone showing (AGGAAG)n repeat region

Autoradiogram showing secondary screening for

positive clones with (AGA)15

1. More attention on collection of wild relatives of crop plants, vegetable and minor fruits.

2. Digitization of herbarium holdings of over 100 species of legumes, economically important species done.

3. Multilocation evaluation of four major crops viz.rice, wheat, chickpea and pigeonpea.

4. Catalogues in the digitized form.

5. Physical verification of germplasm in genebank and preparation of inventory.

6. Restoration of germplasm of Indian origin from other genebanks.

7. Exploring permafrost conditions as alternative conservation strategy.

New Initiatives at NBPGR

Germplasm Management at National Level

Germplasm Acquisition NBPGR + NAGS + Others

Multiplication and CharacterizationNBPGR + NAGS if required (in relevant environment)

Characterization and Preliminary EvaluationNAGS + NBPGR

Joint data recording

Conservation -Active Collection

NAGS

Conservation -Base Collection

National Genebank

I

III

II

Multilocation Evaluation and UtilizationAICRP (NBPGR): (i) Agronomic traits, (ii) Biotic

and abiotic stresses, (iii) Quality traits

Regeneration and Replenishment

Elit

e m

ater

ials

Pre-breeding

Exotic germplasm PCs/PDs

Germplasm Evaluation Network

AICCIP CENTRESRice 44 + 56Wheat 36Maize 27Chickpea 22Pigeonpea 21Groundnut 23

Rapeseed Mustard 18Under-utilized Crops 13

1970’s1970’s• Public sector breeding

and research• Little use of IPR

• Common heritage • FAO International

Undertaking (1983)

1990’s1990’s• Expanding private sector

(biotechnology) for profit • Growing use of IPR• National sovereignty• Convention on Biological

Diversity (1993), World Trade Agreements (GATT-TRIPs)

Agricultural research and PGR management :Agricultural research and PGR management :an evolving paradigman evolving paradigm

Global Efforts for Management of Plant Genetic Resources

• 1940s, Rockefeller Foundation in cooperation with Mexican Government, began a programme on wheat and maize improvement in Mexico .

• In 1960s - 70s, genetic erosion in the developing countries (also gene-rich countries) and genetic vulnerability (eg. US southern corn leaf blight and catastrophic outbreak of coffee rust in Brazil).

• In 1967, FAO/IBP Meeting on ‘Plant Exploration and Conservation’established the principles and strategies for crop genetic resources activities.

• General consensus for concerted efforts for collection and gene bank conservation of crop genetic resources at national and international levels.

• During early 1970s and 80s, tremendous response to collection and conservation of germplasm in seed gene banks.

Ex Situ Accessions Maintained in National and CGIAR Genebanks(1470 genebanks in 150 countries)

Crop National CGIAR Totalcollections centers

Cereals 1,971,000 362,000 2,333,000Food legumes 758,000 132,000 890,000Vegetables 481,000 - 481,000Forages 350,000 58,000 408,000Fruit 279,000 - 279,000Root and tubers 77,000 24,000 101,000Oil crops 95,000 - 95,000Banana - 2,500 2,500Others 1,389,000 21,500 1,410,500

Total 5,400,000 600,000 6,000,000

Source : FAO Report, 1996

1992 UN Convention on Biological Diversity (Entered in force Dec, 1993)

UPOV 91 (Entered in force

Apr, 1998)

1994 WTO TRIPS(Entered in force

Jan, 1995 )

2001 FAO International

Treaty(Entered in force

Jun, 2004)

International Treaties Governing PGRInternational Treaties Governing PGR

Biological Diversity Act, 2002

Protection of Plant Varieties and

Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001

Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into India) Order 2003

Patents Act, 1970 (Amendment

2003)

National Laws Governing Access and Use of National Laws Governing Access and Use of PGRPGR

Involve ICARInvolve ICAR--NBPGR in all NBPGR in all MoUsMoUs/ / MTAsMTAs/ / LoAsLoAs on germplasm including, exploration on germplasm including, exploration and collection, conservation and use in order and collection, conservation and use in order to effectively implement the 'single window to effectively implement the 'single window system' in operationsystem' in operation

National Partnership in PGR Management

Collaborations in ExplorationCollaborations in Exploration

All germplasm explorations within the country All germplasm explorations within the country should be undertaken in should be undertaken in collaboration/consultation with NBPGR collaboration/consultation with NBPGR following the rules in BDAfollowing the rules in BDA

National Accessioning of GermplasmNational Accessioning of Germplasm

Each and every germplasm collection, whether Each and every germplasm collection, whether indigenous or exotic, must have a indigenous or exotic, must have a national national identifier numberidentifier number

(IC, EC numbers are allocated by NBPGR)(IC, EC numbers are allocated by NBPGR)

National Partnership in ----

Germplasm ExchangeGermplasm ExchangeAdhere to the guidelines for exchange of Adhere to the guidelines for exchange of germplasm for research purposes as issued by germplasm for research purposes as issued by NBPGR/ICAR/GoINBPGR/ICAR/GoI from time to time.from time to time.

Quarantine Quarantine

There is risk of transferring pathogens There is risk of transferring pathogens through introduction of germplasm. through introduction of germplasm. Phytosanitary certificate/Phytosanitary certificate/biosafetybiosafety norms are to norms are to be followed.be followed.

National Partnership in ---

Internal supply of PGRInternal supply of PGR

In order to meet the requirements of PGR by In order to meet the requirements of PGR by research organisations in public/private/NGO research organisations in public/private/NGO sector and in the light of WTO/CBD/FAO sector and in the light of WTO/CBD/FAO requirements for access and benefit sharing, requirements for access and benefit sharing, exchange of exchange of MTAs/LoAsMTAs/LoAs should be adoptedshould be adopted


ConservationConservationSupply samples of all plant germplasm collections Supply samples of all plant germplasm collections (seeds,vegetative (seeds,vegetative propagulespropagules, , cryocryo--preserved materials, preserved materials, in in vitrovitro cultures) for the National Gene Bank as base cultures) for the National Gene Bank as base collectioncollection

National DatabaseNational DatabaseMake available information about germplasm holdings, Make available information about germplasm holdings, passport and evaluation data, indigenous knowledge, etc. passport and evaluation data, indigenous knowledge, etc. to the National Database on PGR at NBPGR.to the National Database on PGR at NBPGR.


Mass awarenessMass awarenessThere is an urgent need to generate awareness There is an urgent need to generate awareness among the public, NGOs and private agencies to among the public, NGOs and private agencies to deposit their seed/ plant material in the National deposit their seed/ plant material in the National Gene BankGene Bank

FeedbackFeedbackEnsure feed back of information on the Ensure feed back of information on the utilisation of germplasm supplied through utilisation of germplasm supplied through NBPGRNBPGR


Indigenous Knowledge/ WisdomIndigenous Knowledge/ Wisdom

Make concerted efforts for Make concerted efforts for documentation documentation of indigenous of indigenous knowledge/ wisdom availableknowledge/ wisdom available

Plant Germplasm RegistrationPlant Germplasm RegistrationSpeed up efforts for the registration of Speed up efforts for the registration of germplasm/ genetic stocks of proven germplasm/ genetic stocks of proven value/traits with NBPGR.value/traits with NBPGR.


HRD on PGRHRD on PGR

Create separate unit of PGR in all institutions Create separate unit of PGR in all institutions dealing with germplasm. dealing with germplasm. Introduce separate course on PGR and recognise Introduce separate course on PGR and recognise PGR as one of the qualifications for PGR as one of the qualifications for recruitment in disciplines related to PGR. recruitment in disciplines related to PGR.


•• How can you help in managing the National PGR wealth ? How can you help in managing the National PGR wealth ?

•• How can you coHow can you co--operate with NBPGR in this endeavour ?operate with NBPGR in this endeavour ?

•• What can be your contribution?What can be your contribution?

•• What are your expectations from NBPGR?What are your expectations from NBPGR?


Documents

Indian Plant Genetic Resource Management (IPGeRM) … · genetic material of plant origin of actual or potential value for ... •Raw materials for crop improvement, ... tomato, pumpkin,