Indian Journal of Research Anvikshiki - Hindi-(Anvikshikijournal.com)

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½ããÔã´¾ããè ‚ã¶¦ãÀãÃÓ›Èãè¾ã Íããñ£ã Ôã½ãØãÆ ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã¹ãÆ£ãã¶ã Ôã½¹ãããäª‡ãŠã

¡ãù. ½ã¶ããèÓãã Íãì‡ã‹Êãã,[email protected]

¹ãì¶ããä¶ãÃÀãèàã‡ãŠ Ôãâ¹ããª‡ãŠ¹ãÆãñ. ãäÌã¼ãã Àã¶ããè ªìºãñ, ‡ãŠãÍããè ãäÖ¶ªî ãäÌãÍÌããäÌã²ããÊã¾ã ÌããÀã¥ãÔããè, „.¹ãÆ.,¼ããÀ¦ã

¡ãù. ¶ããØãñ¶³ ¶ããÀã¾ã¥ã ãä½ãÑã, ƒÊããÖãºããª ãäÌãÍÌããäÌã²ããÊã¾ã ƒÊããÖãºããª,„.¹ãÆ.,¼ããÀ¦ã¹ãÆãñ. „½ãñÍã Þãâ³ ªìºãñ, ‡ãŠãÍããè ãäÖ¶ªî ãäÌãÍÌããäÌã²ããÊã¾ã, „. ¹ãÆ.,¼ããÀ¦ã

Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ¡ãù. ½ãÖñ¶³ Íãì‡ã‹Êã, ¡ãù. ‚ãâÍãì½ããÊãã ãä½ãÑãã

Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ½ã¥¡Êã¡ãù. Ôã¹ã¶ãã ¼ããÀ¦ããè, ¡ãù. ¼ããÌã¶ãã Øãì¹¦ãã, ¡ãù. Àã•ãñÍã, ¡ãù. Àñ¶ãî ‡ãìŠ½ããÀãè, ¡ãù. ãä¶ãÍããè Àã¶ããè, ¡ãù. ÔãâØããè¦ãã •ãõ¶ã, ¡ãù. ‚ããÀ¦ããè ºãâÔãÊã,

¡ãù. ‡ãŠÊãã •ããñÍããè, ¡ãù. Ôãì¶ããè¦ãã ãä¨ã¹ããŸãè, ¡ãù. Àã¶ããè ãäÔãâÖ, ¡ãù. ÔÌããè›ãè ºãâªãñ¹ãã£¾ãã¾ã, ¡ãù. ‚ãÞãÃ¶ãã Íã½ããÃ, ¡ãù. ãä¹ã¶›î ‡ãìŠ½ããÀ, ½ã£ãìãäÊã‡ãŠã ãäÔã¶Öã,¡ãù. ½ã£ãìãäÊã‡ãŠã, ¡ãù. ¶ããèÊãî ‡ãìŠ½ããÀãè, ¡ãù. ½ã¶ããèÓãã ‚ãã½ã›ñ, ¡ãù. ÔãìÓã½ãã ¹ãÀãÍãÀ, ¡ãù. ãäÔã®ã©ãÃ ¹ãã¥¡ñ¾ã, ¡ãù. ½ã¶ããñ•ã ‡ãìŠ½ããÀ Àã¾ã, ‚ããÍãã ½ããè¥ãã,¦ã¶½ã¾ã Þã›•ããê, ‚ã¶ããè¦ãã Ìã½ããÃ, ‚ã¶ã¶ª ÀÜãìÌãâÍããè, ¶ãâª ãä‡ãŠÍããñÀ, Àñ¶ãî Þããõ£ãÀãè, Í¾ãã½ã ãä‡ãŠÍããñÀ, ãäÌã½ãÊãñÍã ‡ãìŠ½ããÀ ãäÔãâÖ, ‚ããäŒãÊãñÍã À£Ìã•ã ãäÔãâÖ,

ãäª¶ãñÍã ½ããè¥ãã, Øãìâ•ã¶ã, ãäÌã¶ããè¦ã ãäÔãâÖ, ¶ããèÊã½ããä¥ã ãä¨ã¹ããŸãè, ‚ãâ•ãî ºããÊãã, ºãÆ•ãñÍã ‡ãìŠ½ããÀ, ¡ãù. ƒ¶ªì½ã¦ããè ãäÔãâÖ, À½ãñÍã Þã¶ª‚ã¶¦ãÀãÃÓ›Èãè¾ã ÔãÊããÖ‡ãŠãÀ ½ã¥¡Êã

ÀñÌã ¡ãñ¡ã½ãØããñ¡ã Ôãì½ã¶ããÔããÀ (ÑããèÊãâ‡ãŠã), Ìãñ¶ã ‡ãñŠ¶¡ãØãñÊãñ Ôãì½ã¶ããÀãâÔããè ©ãñÀãñ (ÑããèÊãâ‡ãŠã), ÀñÌã ›ãè £ã½½ããÀ¦ã¶ãã (ÑããèÊãâ‡ãŠã),¹ããè.ãä¨ãÀãÞããè Ôããñ¡ã½ãã (ÑããèÊãâ‡ãŠã), ¹ãÆŠã Þ¾ãìãä¦ãªñÍã Ôãõ¶Ôããñ½ºã› (ºãö‡ãŠã‡ãŠ,©ããƒÃÊãö¡), ¹ãÆŠã ºãî¶ãÔã½ãÃãäÔ¨ã©ãã (©ããƒÃÊãö¡), ¡ãù. Ôããè¦ããÀã½ã ºãÖãªìÀ ©ãã¹ãã(¶ãñ¹ããÊã), ½ããñÖ½½ãª ÔããõÀ•ããƒÃ (•ããºããñÊã, ƒÃÀã¶ã), ½ãããä•ãª ‡ãŠÀãè½ã•ããªñÖ (ƒÃÀã‡ãŠ), ¡ãù. ‚ãÖ½ãª Àñ•ãã ‡ãñŠƒÃŒãã¾ã ¹ãŠÀ•ãã¶ãñÖ (•ããÖñ¡ã¶ã, ƒÃÀã¶ã),

½ããñÖ½½ãª •ããÀñƒÃ (•ããÖñ¡ã¶ã, ƒÃÀã¶ã), ½ããñÖ½½ãª ½ããñ•ã›ãºãã ‡ãñŠ¾ããÖ¹ãŠÀ•ãã¶ãñÖ (•ããÖñ¡ã¶ã, ƒÃÀã¶ã),¡ãù. ÖãñÔãõ¶ã •ãñ¶ããºãªãè (ãäÔãÔ¦ãã¶ã †Ìãâ ºãÊãîãäÞãÔ¦ãã¶ã, ƒÃÀã¶ã), ½ããñÖ½½ãª •ããÌãñª ‡ãñŠ¾ããÖ ¹ãŠÀ•ãã¶ãñÖ (•ããºããñÊã, ƒÃÀã¶ã)

¹ãÆºã¶£ã‡ãŠ½ãÖñÍÌãÀ Íãì‡ã‹Êã,[email protected]

ÔããÀãâÍã †Ìãâ ÔãîÞããè¹ã¨ã½ããñ¦ããèÊããÊã ºã¶ããÀÔããèªãÔã ÔãîÞããè¹ã¨ã ÌããÀã¥ãÔããè, ½ããñ¦ããèÊããÊã ºã¶ããÀÔããèªãÔã ÔãîÞããè¹ã¨ã ãäªÊÊããè, ‡ãŠãÍããè ãäÖ¶ªî ãäÌãÍÌããäÌã²ããÊã¾ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã

ÔãîÞããè¹ã¨ã ÌããÀã¥ãÔããè, Ôãñ¶›ÈÊã ¶¾ãî•ã †•ãòÔããè ÔãîÞããè¹ã¨ã ãäªÊÊããè, ¡ãè.‡ãñŠ.¹ããäºÊã‡ãñŠÍã¶ã ÔãîÞããè¹ã¨ã ãäªÊÊããè, ¶ãñÍã¶ãÊã ƒ¶Ô›ãè›¿ãî› ‚ããù¹ãŠ ÔããƒâÔã‡ãŠ½¾ãîãä¶ã‡ãñŠÍã¶ã †¥¡ ƒ¶¹ãŠãÀ½ãñÍã¶ã ãäÀÔããñÔãÃ ÔãîÞããè¹ã¨ã ãäªÊÊããè, ¶ããñ†¡ã ‡ãŠãùÊãñ•ã ‚ããù¹ãŠ ãä¹ãŠãäû•ã‡ãŠÊã †•ãì‡ãñŠÍã¶ã ÔãîÞããè¹ã¨ã Øããõ¦ã½ãºãì® ¶ãØãÀ

¹ããŸ‡ãŠãâñ Ôãñ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè,¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ¹ãÆ¦¾ãñ‡ãŠ ªãñ ½ããÖ (•ã¶ãÌãÀãè, ½ããÞãÃ, ½ãƒÃ, •ãìÊããƒÃ, ãäÔã¦ã½ºãÀ †Ìãâ ¶ãÌã½ºãÀ) ¹ãÀ †½ã.¹ããè.†.†Ôã.Ìããè.‚ããñ.½ãì³¥ã

ÌããÀã¥ãÔããè „.¹ãÆ. ¼ããÀ¦ã ´ãÀã ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã ‡ãŠãè •ãã¦ããè Öõý †‡ãŠ ÌãÓãÃ ½ãò ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè,¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã Íããñ£ã ¹ããä ã‡ãŠã 6 ¼ããØã ãäÖ¶ªãè †Ìãâ 6 ¼ããØã ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè †Ìãâ 3‚ããä¦ããäÀ‡ã‹¦ããâ‡ãŠãò ‡ãñŠ ¼ããØã ½ãò ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã ‡ãŠãè •ãã¦ããè Öõý ¡ãù‡ãŠ ŒãÞãÃ ªÀ ‡ãñŠ Ôã½ºã¶£ã ½ãò •ãã¶ã‡ãŠãÀãè Öñ¦ãì Ôã½¹ã‡ãÃŠ ‡ãŠÀòý

ÌãããäÓãÃ‡ãŠ ¹ããŸ‡ãŠ ½ãîÊ¾ã ªÀÔãâÔ©ããØã¦ã †Ìãâ Ì¾ããä‡ã‹¦ãØã¦ã : ¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã 5000+1000/-¡ã‡ãŠ ÍãìÊ‡ãŠ, †‡ãŠ ¹ãÆãä¦ã 1200+100/- ¡ã‡ãŠ ÍãìÊ‡ãŠ, ÌãõªñãäÍã‡ãŠ : 6000+¡ã‡ãŠ ŒãÞãÃ,

†‡ãŠ ¹ãÆãä¦ã 1000+¡ã‡ãŠ ÍãìÊ‡ãŠãäÌã—ãã¹ã¶ã †Ìãâ ãä¶ãÌãñª¶ã

ãäÌã—ãã¹ã¶ã ‡ãñŠ Ôãâª¼ãÃ ½ãò •ãã¶ã‡ãŠãÀãè ¹ãÆã¹¦ã ‡ãŠÀ¶ãñ Öñ¦ãì ¹ãÆ£ãã¶ã Ôã½¹ãããäª‡ãŠã ‡ãñŠ ¹ã¦ãñ ¹ãÀ Ôãâ¹ã‡ãÃŠ ‡ãŠÀòý ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè †‡ãŠ ÔÌããäÌã¦¦ã¹ããñãäÓã¦ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã Öõ,‚ã¦ã: ãä‡ãŠÔããè¼ããè ¹ãÆ‡ãŠãÀ ‡ãŠã ‚ãããä©ãÃ‡ãŠ ÔãÖ¾ããñØã ÔãÀãÖ¶ããè¾ã ÖãñØããý ‡ãðŠ¹ã¾ãã ‚ã¹ã¶ããè ÔãÖ¾ããñØã ÀããäÍã Þãñ‡ãŠ ‚ã©ãÌãã ¡Èã¹ã‹› ‡ãñŠ ½ãã£¾ã½ã Ôãñ ãä¶ã½¶ããäÊããäŒã¦ã ¹ã¦ãñ ¹ãÀ ¹ãÆñãäÓã¦ã ‡ãŠÀòý

Ôã¼ããè ¹ã¨ããÞããÀ ãä¶ã½¶ããäÊããäŒã¦ã ¹ã¦ãñ ¹ãÀ Öãè ¹ãÆñãäÓã¦ã ‡ãŠÀò-ºããè.32/16 †. 2/1,Øããñ¹ããÊã‡ãìâŠ•ã,¶ããäÀ¾ãã,Êãâ‡ãŠã ÌããÀã¥ãÔããè „.¹ãÆ. ¼ããÀ¦ã,ãä¹ã¶ã ‡ãŠãñ¡ 221005 ½ããñºããƒÊã ¶ãâ. 09935784387,

›ñÊããè¹ãŠãñ¶ã ¶ãâ. 0542-2310539.,E-mail : [email protected],www.anvikshikijournal.com

ãä½ãÊã¶ãñ ‡ãŠã Ôã½ã¾ã : 3-5 ãäª¶ã ½ãò(ÀãäÌãÌããÀ ‚ãÌã‡ãŠãÍã)¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã Ôãâ¾ããñ•ã¶ã : ½ãÖñÍÌãÀ Íãì‡ã‹Êã,[email protected]

¹ãÆ‡ãŠãÍã¶ã :†½ã.¹ããè.†.†Ôã.Ìããè.‚ããñ.½ãì³¥ã¹ãÆ‡ãŠãÍã¶ã ãä¦ããä©ã : 1 ¶ãÌã½ºãÀ 2014

½ã¶ããèÓãã ¹ãÆ‡ãŠãÍã¶ã

(¹ã¨ããÌãÊããè ÔãâŒ¾ãã V-34564,¹ãâ•ããè‡ãŠÀ¥ã ÔãâŒ¾ãã 533/

2007-2008 ºããè.32/16 †. 2/1,Øããñ¹ããÊã‡ãìâŠ•ã,¶ããäÀ¾ãã,Êãâ‡ãŠã ÌããÀã¥ãÔããè „.¹ãÆ. ¼ããÀ¦ã)

‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã

ÌãÓãÃ-8 ‚ãâ‡ãŠ-6 ¶ãÌã½ºãÀ-2014

Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã‡ãìŠœ ¹ãÆ½ãìŒã „¹ããä¶ãÓãªãò ½ãò Ô¨ããè ãäÌã½ãÍãÃ -¡ãù. ½ã¶ããèÓãã Íãì‡ã‹Êãã 1-5

Ìãõãäª‡ãŠ ÔãããäÖ¦¾ã ½ãò •ããèÌã¶ã ½ãð¦¾ãì ‡ãŠãè Ôã¦¾ã¦ãã -¡ãù. ãäÔ½ã¦ãã ãä´Ìãñªãè 6-7

¹ãð©Ìããè Ôãî‡ã‹¦ã : Ìã¶ãÔ¹ããä¦ã ‚ããõÀ ‚ããõÓããä£ã¾ããò ‡ãŠã Õããñ¦ã -¡ãù. ãäÔ½ã¦ãã ÑããèÌããÔ¦ãÌã 8-10"‚ããÍãããäÍãÍãì" „¹ã¶¾ããÔã ‡ãŠãè ‡ãŠ©ããÌãÔ¦ãì ‡ãŠãè Ôã½ããèàãã -ÔãÀãñ•ã ºããÊãã 11-15

¹ããäÀÌã¦ãÃ¶ã ‡ãŠãè ¹ãÆãä‰ãŠ¾ãã ãä‰ãŠ¾ãã¶Ìã¾ã¶ã ‡ãŠã „¹ãã¾ã -¡ãù. ÔãâØããè¦ãã •ãõ¶ã 16-19ãäÖ¶ªãè ¼ããÓãã ‡ãŠã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã -¹ãî¶ã½ã Àã¶ããè 20-25

Øããò¡ãè ºããñÊããè ‡ãñŠ Êããñ‡ãŠØããè¦ããò ½ãò Àã½ã‡ãŠ©ãã Ôãâª¼ãÃ -¡ãù. ‡ãŠÊãã •ããñÍããè 26-30¶ã¾ããè ‡ãŠÖã¶ããè ‚ããõÀ ‡ãŠ½ãÊãñÍÌãÀ -¡ãù. ‚ã¶ãìÀãØã ãä¨ã¹ããŸãè 31-34

¡ãù. Ôãî¾ãÃ¶ããÀã¾ã¥ã ãä´Ìãñªãè ‡ãñŠ „¹ã¶¾ããÔããò ½ãò ¹ããõÀããä¥ã‡ãŠ¦ãã -ÔãÀãñ•ã ºããÊãã 39-42…•ããÃ ‡ãñŠ ¶ã¾ãñ Õããñ¦ã ¹ãÀ½ãã¥ããäÌã‡ãŠ ¶ãÖãé, ¹ãÆã‡ãðŠãä¦ã‡ãŠ ÖãòØãñ -¡ãù. ‚ãâ•ãÊããè ÑããèÌããÔ¦ãÌã 47-49

ÔãîÞã¶ãã ‡ãŠã ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãÀ ‚ããä£ããä¶ã¾ã½ã 2005 ‡ãŠã ãäÌããä¼ã¸ã ÍããÔã‡ãŠãè¾ã ãäÌã¼ããØããò ½ãò ¹ãÆ¼ããÌã ‡ãŠã †‡ãŠ ãäÌãÍÊãñÓã¥ãã¦½ã‡ãŠ ‚ã£¾ã¾ã¶ã 54-57-¡ãù. ¹ãÆ½ããñª ¾ããªÌã †Ìãâ ¼ãî¹ãñ¶³ ‡ãìŠ½ããÀ

ãä¹ãÆâ› ISSN 0973-9777, ÌãñºãÔããƒ› ISSN 0973-9777

¹ã¨ããÌãÊããè ÔãâŒ¾ãã V-34564,¹ãâ•ããè‡ãŠÀ¥ã ÔãâŒ¾ãã 533/2007-2008 ¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã Íããñ£ã Ôã½ãØãÆ ¹ããä ã‡ãŠã (2014) 8,1-5

‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ISSN 0973-9777 ¹ãÆ‡ãŠãÍã¶ãã©ãÃ ÔÌããè‡ãðŠ¦ã 22 ãäÔã¦ã½ºãÀ 2014

© ÊãñŒã‡ãŠ 2014, †½ã.¹ããè.†.†Ôã.Ìããè.‚ããñ.½ãì³¥ã †Ìãâ ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ÔãªÔ¾ã ÔãÖÔãâ¾ããñ•ã¶ã Ôãñ ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã,ÔãÌããÃãä£ã‡ãŠãÀ ÔãìÀãäàã¦ã ½ã¶ããèÓãã ¹ãÆ‡ãŠãÍã¶ãý ‚ãã—ãã Öñ¦ãì ‡ãðŠ¹ã¾ãã Ôã½¹ã‡ãÃŠ ‡ãŠÀò : E-

mail : [email protected] & [email protected], ƒÔã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠãñ www.anvikshikijournal.com ¹ãÀ ¹ãü¤ò

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Œeer DeLeJee heg™<e GBkeâej keâe efÛevleve keâjles ngÙes %eeveer heg™<e ™õ keâer Gheemevee ceW ceieve jns keäÙeeWefkeâ GBkeâej hej DeejesefheleØeeCe hejyeÇÿe lekeâ hengBÛe mekeâlee nw~

ØelÙeenej, OÙeeve, ØeeCeeÙeece, OeejCee, leke&â leLee meceeefOe Fve ÚŠ DebieeW mes Ùegòeâ meeOevee Ùeesie keânueeleer nw (Deewj GmekeâeDevegheeuekeâ meeOekeâ keânueelee nw)- ØelÙeenejmleLee OÙeeveb ØeeCeeÙeeceesÓLe OeejCee~ leke&â§ewJe meceeefOe§e <e[Áes Ùeesie GÛÙeles~~6~~

mecemle FefvõÙeeW Éeje efkeâÙes ieÙes oes<eeW keâe Meceve ØeeCeeÙeece kesâ ceeOÙece mes ner mecYeJe nw- ÙeLee heJe&leOeeletveeb o¢evlesOetcesveevce}eŠ~ leLesefvõÙeke=âlee oes<ee o¢evles ØeeCeOeejCeeled~~7~~

Fme Gheefve<eod ceW ØeeCeeÙeece keâjves keâer hetjer efJeefOe JeefCe&le nw meeLe ner hetjkeâ, kegâcYekeâ jsÛekeâ keâer Yeer JÙeeKÙee keâer ieF&nw~ Fme Gheefve<eod kesâ Devleie&le meÛÛes meeOekeâ (Œeer DeLeJee heg™<e) keâes heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ efpeme Yeebefle DevOes keâes kegâÚYeer efoKeeF& veneR oslee, Gmeer Øekeâej meeOekeâ veece ™heelcekeâ DevÙe kegâÚ Yeer ve osKes~ Meyo keâes yenjs keâer Yeebefle ßeJeCe keâjs DeewjMejerj keâes keâe" keâer Yeebefle peeves leYeer Jen ØeMeevle nes mekeâlee nw- DevOeJelheMÙe ™heeefCe Meyob yeefOejJeÛÚ=Ceg~ keâe<"JelheMÙeJew osnb ØeMeevlemÙesefle ue#eCeced~~15~~ Fme Gheefve<eod kesâ Devleie&le OeejCee keâer efmLeefle, leke&â, TBkeâej, (ØeCeJe), meceeefOe,kewâJeuÙe, JeeÙeg Deeefo keâes heefjYeeef<ele Yeer efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ Devle ceW keâne ieÙee nw- ÙemÙesob ceC[ueb efYelJee cee™lees Ùeeefle cetOe&efve/Ùe$e kegâ$e efceüÙesÉeefhe ve me YetÙeesÓ-eqYepeeÙeles/ ve me YetÙeesÓefYepeeÙesle FlÙegheefve<eled~~39~~ DeLee&led efpeme ßes‰ Ùeesieer DeLeJee

∗ ¹ãÆ£ãã¶ã Ôã½¹ãããäª‡ãŠã, ‚ã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã, ÌããÀã¥ãÔããè („¦¦ãÀ ¹ãÆªñÍã) ¼ããÀ¦ã

meeOekeâ (Œeer-heg™<e) keâe ØeeCe Fme ceC[ue (heÛÛeòJeelcekeâ Mejerj-#es$e, JeeÙeg mLeeve SJeb ùoÙe ØeosMe) keâe yesOeve keâj ceefmle<keâkesâ #es$e ceW ØeefJe° keâj peelee nw, Jen Deheves Mejerj keâe peneB keâneR Yeer heefjlÙeeie keâjs, hegveŠ pevce veneR }slee DeLee&led pevce-cejCe kesâ Ûe›eâ mes cegòeâ nes peelee nw, Ùener Gheefve<eod (jnmÙe) nw~

Ùen Gheefve<eod (Dece=leveeoesheefve<eod) ke=â<Ce ÙepegJexo mes mecyeæ nw~ Fme Gheefve<eod keâe ØeefleheeÅe efJe<eÙe Ùeesie meeOekeâ nw~Ùeesie meeOekeâ keâes YeÙe, ›eâesOe Deeefo mes cegòeâ meblegefuele peerJeve peerves keâer efMe#ee oer ieF& nw heâueleŠ yeÇÿe efveJee&Ce keâer GheueefyOeYeer yeleeF& ieÙeer nw~

F&MeeJeemÙeesheefve<eod kesâ Devleie&le 18 ceb$e nw~ ÙepegJexo keâe 40JeeB DeOÙeeÙe ner F&MeeJeemÙeesheefve<eod kesâ veece mes peevee ieÙeenw~ Fme me=ef° ceW pees kegâÚ Yeer peÌ[ Ùee Ûesleve nw, Jen meye F&Me Éeje DeeJe=le-DeeÛÚeefole nw~ nceW F&Õej Éeje meewhes ieÙes, keâener GheYeesie keâjvee ÛeeefnÙes~ DeefOekeâ keâe uee}Ûe veneR keâjvee ÛeeefnÙes~ nceejs Deeme-heeme pees kegâÚ Yeer Oeve-õJÙe nw Ùen meye GmeerefJeješd F&Õej keâe ner nw- TB F&MeeJeemÙeefceob meJeË ÙeeflkebâÛe peielÙeeb peieled~ lesve lÙeòesâve YegbefpeLee cee ie=OeŠ keâmÙeefmJeæveced~~1~~

meeLe ner nceW keâce& keâjles ngÙes meew Je<e& keâer hetCee&Ùeg peerves keâer keâceevee keâjveer ÛeeefnÙes~ keâce& ceveg<Ùe keâes efuehle veneR keâjles,nceW efJekeâej cegòeâ peerJeve peerves keâe mebkeâuhe uesvee ÛeeefnÙes~ Fme mebmeej ceW DevegMeemeveeW keâe GuuebIeve keâjves Jeeues peve DemegÙe& nQJes peerJeve Yej De%eeve mes efIejs jnles nQ Jes Deelcee keâe nveve keâjves Jeeues ueesie Mejerj Útšves hej Øesle ™he ceW DebOekeâej Ùegòeâ ueeskeâeWceW peeles nQ~

nceW Ùeeo jKevee ÛeeefnÙes F&Õej ner meJe&Meefòeâceeve nw, JesieJeeve nw, mHetâefle&Jeeve nw~ F&Õej kesâ Devleie&le DevegMeemeve ceW jnkeâjieefleMeerue JeeÙeg-Dehed (me=ef° Jesâ cetue Ieškeâ) keâes OeejCe efkeâÙes jnlee nw~ peye JÙeefòeâ peÌ[ Ûesleve me=ef° keâes DeelcelelJe ceW efmLeleDevegYeJe keâjlee nw leye Jen Yeüefcele veneR neslee nw~ Deelce lelJe ner mecemle YetleeW kesâ ™he ceW Øeieš ngDee nw DeleŠ ceesn Meeskeâ JÙeLe&nw~ efJeÅee, DeefJeÅee keâe ØeYeeJe efYeVe-efYeVe nw~ DeefJeÅee Éeje ce=lÙeg keâes heej keâjkesâ efJeÅee Éeje DecejlJe keâer Øeeefhle keâer peeleer nw~Ùen peerJeve hebÛeYetleeW SJeb DeelceÛeslevee mes efveefce&le nw~ Mejerj lees Yemce nes peeÙesiee DeleŠ nceW hejceelcee kesâ mcejCe keâe mebkeâuhe}svee ÛeeefnÙes, nceW meeLe ner Deheves efkeâÙes keâceeX keâe Yeer yeej yeej mcejCe keâjvee ÛeeefnÙes~ nceW F&Õej mes ØeeLe&vee keâjveer ÛeeefnÙesefkeâ Jes nceW ßes‰ ceeie& mes SsÕeÙe& keâer Deesj De«emej keâjs meeLe ner nceW kegâefšue heehe keâceeX mes yeÛeeÙes- Deives veÙe megheLee jeÙesDemceeefvJeÕeeefve osJe/ JeÙegveeefve efJeÉeved~ ÙegÙeesOÙemceppegngjeCecesvees YetefÙe‰eb/ les vece Gefòebâ efJeOesce~~18~~

Skeâe#ejesheefve<eod ceW F&Õej kesâ De#ej (MeeÕele) mJe™he keâer ÛeÛee& keâer ieF& nw~ F&Õej keâes efJeÕe kesâ keâejCe™he, ØeeefCecee$e kesâmJeeceer, hegjeCe heg™<e kesâ ¤he ceW mJeerke=âefle efceueer nw~ F&Õej ner Skeâcee$e efJeješd Deewj hetCe& heg™<e nw~ F&Õej ner ØeeCemJe™hemeJe&$e JÙeehle nw~ Fme Gheefve<eod kesâ Skeâ ceb$e ceW F&Õej keâes heefjYeeef<ele keâjles ngÙes keâne ieÙee nw efkeâ ns F&Õej! Deehe ner Œeer nQ,kegâceejer nQ SJeb kegâceej Yeer- lJeb Œeer hegceebmlJeb Ûe kegâceej SkeâmlJeb Jew/ kegâceejer ¢eLe YetmlJecesJe~ lJecesJe Oeelee Je™Ce§e jepee lJeb/JelmejesÓ-ivÙeÙe&ce SJe meJe&ced~~ DeLee&led ns hejceelcee Deehe Dekesâues ner Œeer, heg™<e, kegâceej SJeb kegâceejer nQ~ Deehe ner he=efLeJeer nQ~Deehe ner Oeelee, Je™Ce, meceüeš, mebJelmej, Deefive Deewj DeÙe&cee (metÙe&) nQ~ Deehe ner meyekegâÚ nQ~

SslejsÙeesheefve<eod ceW kegâue leerve DeOÙeeÙe nQ~ cegKÙe™he mes osKee peeÙe lees Fme Gheefve<eod ceW Œeer efJe<eÙekeâ DeeKÙeeve DeeÙeenw~ ÙeneB ceelee kesâ ieYe& ceW peerJe ØeJesMe Gmekeâe ØeLece pevce, yeeuekeâ ™he ceW yeenj Deevee; efÉleerÙe pevce leLee cejCeeshejevle DevÙeÙeesefveÙeeW ceW peevee; leermeje pevce keâne ieÙee nw~

Fme Gheefve<eod kesâ ØeLece DeOÙeeÙe ceW yeÇÿe mes ueeskeâeW, }eskeâheeueeW meefnle ceeveJeer me=ef°, Gmekesâ efJekeâeme leLee cees#e meefnleefJeješd peerJeve Ûe›eâ keâe GuuesKe nw~ Fmekesâ ØeLece ceb$e ceW mhe° ™he mes DeefYeJÙeòeâ efkeâÙee ieÙee nw efkeâ me=ef° esâ DeejcYe ceW Skeâcee$eDeelcee ner Lee Jener meye kegâÚ Lee DeleŠ Gmeves efve§eÙe efkeâÙee efkeâ ceQ ueeskeâeW keâe me=peve keâ™B- Deelcee Jee Foceskeâ SJee«e DeemeerVee-vÙeeflkeâÛÛeved efce<eled~ me F&#eleueeskeâeVeg me=pee Fefle~~1.1~~ Gme hejceelcee ves ner DecYe, cejerefÛe, cej Deewj DeeheŠ ueeskeâeW keâe me=peveefkeâÙee~

efÉleerÙe KeC[; hejcesÕej ves meJe&ØeLece iees, leoghejevle DeÕe efheâj ceeveJe Mejerj keâer jÛevee keâer~le=leerÙe KeC[; F&Õej ves #egOee leLee efheheemee mes le=efhle nsleg DeVe Yeer yeveeÙee~ Fme Gheefve<eod ceW osn keâes hejceelcee keâe DeeJeeme yeleeÙee

ieÙee nw~

2

Íãì‡ã‹Êãã

SslejsÙeesheefve<eod kesâ efÉleerÙe DeOÙeeÙe kesâ ØeLece KeC[ ceW peerJe kesâ heg™<e kesâ Mejerj ceW ieYe&™he ceW efJeÅeceeve nesves keâeryeele keâer ieF& nw~ keâne ieÙee efkeâ heg™<e kesâ Mejerj ceW efmLele JeerÙe& heg™<e kesâ mecemle De”eW mes GlheVe lespe nw~ heg™<e DeelcemLelespe keâes Deheves ner Devoj heesef<ele keâjlee nw, leoghejevle Jen Fme JeerÙe&™heer lespe keâes Œeer ceW meeRÛelee ngDee ieYe&™he keâes Øeehle keâjeleenw, Ùener peerJe keâe ØeLece pevce nw- heg™<es n Jee DeÙeceeefoleeb ieYeex YeJeefle~ ÙeosleõslejleoblelmeJe&sYÙeesÓ”sYÙemlespeŠ mebYetleceelcevÙesJee-lceeveb efyeYeefle& leÅeoe efŒeÙeeB efmebÛelÙeLewveppeveÙeefle leomÙe ØeLeceb pevce~~1~~

ceevee ieÙee efkeâ Œeer keâe Mejerj heg™<e JeerÙe& mes leeoelcÙe mLeeefhele keâj ueslee nw~ heg™<e JeerÙe& Œeer keâes efkeâmeer Øekeâej keâ° veneRhengBÛeelee nw~ Œeer Deheves Goj ceW heefle kesâ JeerÙe& ™heer Deelcee keâes heesef<ele keâjleer nw~ Œeer keâes heeueve keâ$eea Œeer SJeb heeueveerÙeeYeer keâne ieÙee~ ieYe&Ùegòeâ veejer efMeMeg keâes pevce osves kesâ henues efMeMeg keâe Goj ceW heeueve keâjleer nw SJeb vej (efhelee) pevceeshejevlemeyemes henues peelekeâce& Deeefo mebmkeâej mes Gme yeeuepeerJe keâes megmebmke=âle keâjlee nw~ heg™<e yeeuekeâ keâes megmebmke=âle keâjkesâ JeemleJeceW Dehevee ner GVeÙeve keâjlee nw~ Ùener peerJe keâe efÉleerÙe pevce nw~

efhelee keâe Ùen heg$emJe™he Deelcee hegCÙeeW kesâ efueÙes efhelee kesâ ØeefleefveefOe kesâ ™he ceW neslee nw SJeb Je=æeJemLee heÙe&vle keâle&JÙeheLe hej jle jnkeâj Fme ueeskeâ mes peelee nw~ leoghejevle Gmekeâe efheâj pevce neslee nw~ Ùen Fme peerJe keâe leermeje pevce nw~ GheÙeg&òeâyeeleeW kesâ meboYe& ceW $e+ef<e JeeceosJe Deheves DevegYeJe keâes yeleeles ngÙes keâjles nQ efkeâ GvneWves ieYe& ceW jnkeâj ner osJeleeDeeW kesâ pevceeWkeâe jnmÙe efJeefOeJeled %eele keâj efueÙee Lee~ $e+ef<eJeeceosJe lelJe%eeve mes Dece=lelelJe keâes Øeehle nes ieÙes~

SslejsÙeesheefve<eod kesâ le=leerÙe DeOÙeeÙe kesâ KeC[-1 ceW Yeer Deelcee efJeMues<eCe keâe efJe<eÙe yevee~ ceevee ieÙee efkeâ Øe%eeve ceW nermeYeer ueeskeâ Deeefßele nQ~ Øe%ee ner Gvekeâe efJeueÙe mLeeve nw, DeleŠ Øe%eeve ner yeÇÿe nw Ssmee mJeerke=âle efkeâÙee ieÙee- Øe%ee Øeefle‰eØe%eeveb yeÇÿe~

Fme %eeve keâes peevevesJeeuee %eeveer ner Decej nw~keâ"eshee fve<eod ke=â<Ce ÙepegJe xo keâe r keâ"MeeKee hej DeeOeeefjle nw~ Fmekesâ Devleie&le oes DeOÙeeÙe SJeb ØelÙeskeâ DeOÙeeÙe

ceW leerve Jeuueer nw~ Ùen Gheefve<eod JeepeßeJee kesâ heg$e veefÛekesâlee SJeb Ùece kesâ ceOÙe ngÙes JewÛeeefjkeâ DeeKÙeeve hej DeeOeeefjle nw~veefÛekesâlee kesâ efhelee ves Ùe%e kesâ oeve mJe™he yeskeâej, SJeb GheÙeesiejefnle JemlegDeeW keâe ÛeÙeve efkeâÙee Fme hej veefÛekesâlee ves efhelee meshetÚe cegYesâ efkeâmes oWies- me nesJeeÛe efhelejb lele keâmcew ceeb oemÙemeerefle~ efÉleerÙeb le=leerÙeb le nesJeeÛe ce=lÙeJes lJeeooeceerefle~~4~~

JeepeßeJee kesâ Éeje ›eâesOe ceW efkeâÙes ieÙes mebkeâuhe keâe heeueve veefÛekesâlee ves efkeâÙee~ veefÛekesâlee peye Ùece kesâ mece#e GheefmLelenesles nQ leye Jes GvnW Deheveer ØeYeeJehetCe& JeeCeer mes ceesefnle keâj uesles nQ~ Ùece GvnW ØemeVe neskeâj leerve Jej ceebieves keâes keânles nQ~ØeLece Jejoeve ceW Ùecejepe GvnW efhelee keâer Devegketâuelee, efÉleerÙe ceW Deefive efJeÅee Deewj le=leerÙe ceW DeelceefJeÅee keâe %eeve osles nQ~keâ"esheefve<eod keâe mecemle DeeKÙeeve FvneR GheÙeg&òeâ efyevogDeeW hej DeeOeeefjle nw~ keâ"esheefve<eod ceW DeOÙeeÙe Skeâ ØeLece Jeuueer ceb$e6 ceW JeefCe&le nw- JewÕeevejŠ ØeefJeMelÙeefleefLeyeÇe&ÿeCees ie=neved~ lemÙewleeb Meeefvle kegâJe&efvle nj JewJemJeleesokeâced~~6~~ DeLee&led peye heg$e kesâJeÛeve mes mencele yeepeßeJee ves veefÛekesâlee keâes Ùece kesâ heeme Yespee, leye Ùece JeneB GheefmLele ve Les~ DeleŠ veefÛekesâlee Øeleer#eeceW JeneR ™keâ ieÙes~ peye Ùece Jeeheme DeeÙes leye Gvekeâer helveer ves keâne, ‘‘JewÕeevej Deefive ner yeÇeÿeCe DeefleefLe ™he ceW IejeW ceW ØeefJe°nesles nQ mecYeüevle ueesie Gvekeâe DeIÙe&-heeÅeeefo Éeje melkeâej keâjles nQ~ DeleŠ Deehe DeIÙe& nsleg peue Øeoeve keâjW~ Deeies kesâ MueeskeâceW Ùece helveer keânleer nQ- DeeMeeØeleer#es me”leBmetve=lee Ûes°ehetlex heg$eheMetB§emeJee&ved/ SleodJe=¿s heg™<emÙeeuhecesOemees ÙemÙeeveMvevJemeefle yeÇeÿeCeesie=ns~~8~~ DeLee&led efpevekesâ Iej ceW yeÇeÿeCe-DeefleefLe Yeespeve efkeâÙes efyevee efveJeeme keâjlee nw, Gme cevoyegefæ heg™<e keâer DeeMee (De%eeleF°eLe& keâer Øeeefhle DeefYeuee<ee), Øeleer#ee (efveef§ele F°eLe& keâer Øeeefhle Øeleer#ee) keâes, Gvekesâ mebÙeesie mes GheueyOe nesves Jeeues heâue keâes,ketâheeefo efvecee&CepevÙe heâue keâes leLee mecemle heg$e Deewj heMeg keâes (DeeefleLÙe melkeâej mes jefnle),DeefleefLe ve° Jeâj oslee nw~

Ùece Éeje leerve JejoeveeW kesâ DeeÕeemeve hej peye veefÛekesâlee le=leerÙe Jej kesâ ¤he ceW Deelce jnmÙe peevevee Ûeene leye Ùece veskeâne- Ùes Ùes keâecee ogue&Yee celÙe&ueeskesâ meJee&vkeâeceeBMÚvolee ØeeLe&ÙemJe~ Fcee jeceeŠ meeLeeŠ meletÙee& ve ner ÂMee uecYeveerÙee ceveg<ÙewŠ~~DeeefYece&lØeòeeefYeŠ heefjÛeejÙemJeveefÛekesâlees cejCeb ceevegØee#eerŠ~~1.1.25~~ DeLee&led ns veefÛekesâlee! celÙe&ueeskeâ ceW pees ogue&Ye heoeLe& nw,Gve meYeer keâes legce mJesÛÚehetJe&keâ ceebie uees~ jLe Deewj keâCe&efØeÙe JeeÅe efJeMes<eeW mes Ùegòeâ Fve mJeie& keâer DehmejeDeeW keâes Øeehle keâjuees, ceveg<ÙeeW ôeje Fme Øekeâej keâer efŒeÙeeB Øeehle keâjvee mebYeJe veneR nw~ nceejs Éeje Øeoòe Fve jceefCeÙeeW mes Deehe Deheveer mesJee Megßet<ee

3


keâjeÙeW, efkeâvleg ns veefÛekesâlee! ce=lÙeg kesâ he§eeled Deelcee keâe keäÙee neslee nw ? Ùen ncemes ve hetÚbW~ veefÛekesâlee ves keâne- ÕeesYeeJeecelÙe&mÙe ÙeovlekewâlelmeJexefvõÙeeCeeb pejÙeefvle lespeŠ~ Deefhe meJeË peerefJeleceuhecesJe leJewJe JeenemleJe ve=lÙeieerles~~ 1.1.26~~ DeLee&ledjLeeefo Jeenve SJeb DehmejeDeeW kesâ veeÛeieeves keâer cegYesâ keâesF& keâecevee veneR, Ssmee veefÛekesâlee ves Ùece mes keâne~

hegveŠ DepeerÙe&leecece=leeveecegheslÙe peerÙe&vcelÙe&Š ×e¹OeŠ mLeŠ Øepeeveved~ DeefYeOÙeeÙevJeCe&jefleØeceesoeveefleoerIex peerefJeles keâes jcesled~~1.1.28~~ DeLee&led ns ÙeceosJe! DehmejeDeeW kesâ meewvoÙe&, Øesce leLee Deeceeso ØeceesopevÙe #eCeYebiegj megKe keâer ceQ DeefYeuee<eeveneR keâjlee~ DeleŠ DeelcejnmÙe efJe<eÙekeâ Jej kesâ Deefleefjòeâ DevÙe efkeâmeer Jej keâer keâecevee veefÛekesâlee keâes veneR Leer~ ÙeneR hejkeâ"esheefve<eod keâe ØeLece DeOÙeeÙe ØeLece Jeuueer 29 ceb$eeW kes sâ meeLe meceehle neslee nw~

keâ"esheefve<eod kesâ efÉleerÙe Jeuueer ceW Ùecejepe veefÛekesâlee keâes ßesÙeme-ØesÙeme ceeie& keâes meboYe& ceW DeJeiele keâjeles nQ~ Ùecevee fÛeke sâlee keâes TBkeâej keâe jnmÙe Yeer yeleeles nQ~ Jes keânles nQ- Ùes TBkeâej hejyeÇÿe DeLee&led meJeexòece nw~ Ùen ØeCeJe ner Deelcemee#eelkeâej keâe ßes‰ DeJeuecyeve nw- SleoeuecyeveB ßes‰cesleoeuecyeveb hejced~ Sleoeuecyeveb %eelJee yeÇÿeueeskesâ cenerÙeles~~1.2.16~~

keâ"esheefve<eod kesâ ØeLece DeOÙeeÙe kesâ le=leerÙe Jeuueer ceW Ùece veefÛekesâlee mes efJeJeskeâer heg™<e keâer ÛeÛee& keâjles nQ~ keâ"esheefve<eod kesâefÉleerÙe DeOÙeeÙe keâer ØeLece Jeuueer ceW Yeer efJeJeskeâer heg™<e SJeb yeÇÿe keâer ÛeÛee& nw~ Ùece keânles nQ efkeâ- Ùee ØeeCesve mebYeJelÙeefoefle-oxJeleeceÙeer~ iegneb ØeefJeMÙe efle‰vleeR Ùee YetlesefYeJÙe&peeÙele, SleÉw leled~~ 2.1.7~~ DeLee&led osJe #ecelee mecheVe Deefoefle osJeceelee,pees meJe&ØeLece ØeeCeeW meefnle GlheVe nesleer nw, Jen meYeer keâer ùoÙe iegne ceW ØeefJe° neskeâj JeneR efveJeeme keâjleer nw~ Ùener Jen yeÇÿenw~

Deeies kesâ ceb$e ceW Ùece keânles nQ- DejCÙeesefve&efnlees peeleJesoe ieYe& FJe megYe=lees ieefYe&CeerefYeŠ~ efoJes efoJe F&[Ÿees peeie=JeefÆ-nsefJe<ceefÆce&veg<ÙesefYejefiveŠ SleÉw leled~~ 2.1.8~~ DeLee&led efpeme Øekeâej ieYe&Jeleer efŒeÙeeW Éeje efJeefOeJeled heesef<ele ieYe&OeejCe efkeâÙee peeleenw, Gmeer Øekeâej peeleJesoe Deefive oes DejefCeÙeeW kesâ ceOÙe efmLele jnlee nw~ Jen ØeppJeefuele neskeâj, nJeve keâjves ÙeesiÙe meeceef«eÙeeWmes Ùegòeâ heg™<eeW Éeje Øeefleefove mleglÙe neslee nw~ Ùener Jen yeÇÿe nw

keâ"esheefve<eod DeOÙeeÙe 2 Jeuueer 2 ceW Yeer hejyeÇÿe keâer ÛeÛee& nw~ SJeb le=leerÙe Jeuueer ceW Yeer yeÇÿe keâe efJemleej mes ÛeÛee& keâerieÙeer nw~ Mejerjevle nesves mes hetJe& ner Ùeefo JÙeefòeâ yeÇÿe keâe %eeve Øeehle keâj ueslee nw lees (peerJe) yebOeve mes Útš peelee nw~ ÙeefoveneR keâj heeÙee, lees yeej-yeej efJeefYeVe ÙeesefveÙeeW ceW YeüceCe keâjlee nw, Ssmee Øemebie le=leerÙe Jeuueer ceW JÙeeKÙeeefÙele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~JÙeefòeâ kesâ ùoÙe ceW Deveskeâ meebmeeefjkeâ keâeceveeÙeW jnleer nQ, peye Fvekeâe mecetue efJeveeMe nes peelee nw leye ceveg<Ùe F&Õej keâe mee#eelkeâejkeâj ueslee nw Deewj Decej nes peelee nw- Ùeoe meJex ØecegÛÙeles keâecee ÙesÓmÙe ùefoefßeleeŠ~ DeLe celÙeexÓce=lee s YeJelÙe$e yeÇÿemeceßegle s~~2.3.14~~

Ùecejepe Éeje Øeehle Fme efJeÅee mes veefÛekesâlee pevce ce=lÙeg kesâ yevOeve mes cegòeâ nes ieÙee~Jesâveesheefve<eod meeceJeso kesâ Devleie&le Deelee nw~ Fme Gheefve<eod kesâ Devleie&le Yeer hejyeÇÿe keâer ceefncee keâe mebkeâerle&ve efkeâÙee

ieÙee nw~ kesâveesheefve<eod kesâ ØeLece SJeb efÉleerÙe KeC[ ceW yeÇÿe%eeve keâer ÛeÛee& nw; efkeâvleg le=leerÙe SJeb ÛelegLe& KeC[ ceW yeÇÿe%eeve keâesSkeâ keâLee kesâ ceeOÙece mes Øemlegle efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ yeÇÿe ves osJeeW kesâ Denb keâes %eele keâjves kesâ nsleg Ùe#e keâe ™he OeejCe efkeâÙee~Ùe#e ves Deefive, JeeÙeg keâer hejer#ee uesles ngÙes Gvemes eflevekeâe keâes peueeves Deewj GÌ[eves (›eâceMeŠ) keâer yeele keâner~ Fme hej Jes DemeceLe&jns~ pewmes ner Fvõ Gme Ùe#e kesâ yeejs ceW helee ueieevee Ûeens, Ùe#e DevleOÙee&ve nes ieÙee~ leye FvõosJe Gmeer DeekeâeMe ceW efmLeleYeieJeleer nsceJeleer efnceebÛeue heg$eer GceeosJeer kesâ heeme Dee ieÙes Deewj Gvemes hetÚves ueies efkeâ Ùen Ùe#e keâewve nw- me leefmceVesJeekeâeMesefŒeÙeceepeieece yengMeesYeceeveecegceeB nsleJeleeR lee@ nesJeeÛed efkeâcesleÅe#eefceefle~ kesâveesheefve<eod 3.12

kesâveesheefve<eod kesâ ÛelegLe& KeC[ ceW Yeer Ùen keâLeevekeâ peejer jnlee nw~ GceeosJeer keânleer nQ- mee yeÇÿesefle nesJeeÛe yeÇÿeCeesJee SleefÉpeÙes/ cenerÙeOJeefceefle lelees nwJe efJeoebÛekeâej yeÇÿesefle~~ kesâvees0 4.1 DeLee&led GceeosJeer keânleer nQ, efpemes Deehe Ùe#e meceYeâjns nQ Jes yeÇÿe nQ (Skeâ meceÙe Gme yeÇÿe ves osJeeW keâes efveefceòe yeveekeâj DemegjeW hej efJepeÙe Øeehle keâer, hejvleg osJeeW keâes Gme efJepeÙekeâes Deheveer ner ceefncee keâe ØeYeeJe meceYeâves ueies) Gvekeâer efJepeÙe keâes legce ueesieeW ves Deheves DenbYeeJe mes Deheveer efJepeÙe ceeve efueÙeeLee~ osJeer Gcee kesâ Fme Gòej mes FvõosJe ves mhe° meceYeâ efueÙee efkeâ Jen efoJÙe Ùe#e ner yeÇÿe Les~ yeÇÿe keâe mee#eelkeâej Deewj %eevemeJe&ØeLece keâjves kesâ keâejCe Deefive, JeeÙeg, Fvõ osJe FvÙe osJeeW mes ßes‰ ceeves ieÙes~ Fme Gheefve<eod ceW yeÇÿe kesâ leÉve mJe™he keâer

4

Íãì‡ã‹Êãã

ÛeÛee& nw~ (leod = YepeveerÙeced, Jeve = jme) pees yeÇÿe kesâ Fme mJe™he keâes %eele keâj ueslee nw Gmes meye ØeeCeer Dehevee efØeÙe ceevevesueieles nQ~

lehemÙee SJeb ceve Je FefvõÙeeW keâe efveÙeb$eCe leLee Deemeefòeâ jefnle ßes‰ eâce& ner yeÇÿeefJeÅee keâer Øeeefhle keâe DeeOeej nw~ieeÙe$Ùegheefve<eod DeLeJe&Jeso mes mecyeæ nw~ Fmekesâ Devleie&le 8 keâefC[keâeÙeW nQ~ ØeLece keâefC[keâe kesâ Devleie&le efJeÉeve ceewûuÙe

SJeb iueeJe cew$esÙe keâe Skeâ otmejs kesâ Øeefle Dee#esshe keâLeeshekeâLeve nw~ efÉleerÙe keâefC[keâe kesâ Devleie&le $e+ef<e ceewûuÙe Deheves efMe<Ùekeâes Dee%eesheefo° Jeâj $e+ef<e iueeJe cew$esÙe mes ieeÙe$eer efJeJejCe he=ÛÚe nsleg Øesef<ele keâjles nQ~ cew$esÙe ceewûuÙe Éeje hetÚs ieÙes ØeMveeWkeâe Gòej ve osves kesâ keâejCe mJeÙeb $e+ef<e ceewûuÙe kesâ Deeßece hej GheefmLele neskeâj Gvemes DeeojhetJe&keâ hetÚles nQ, nceW yeleeÙeW meefJeleekeäÙee nw, Deewj meefJelee keäÙee nw- leceghemebie=¢e heØeÛÚeOeerefn YeesŠ keâŠ meefJelee keâe meeefJe$eer (ieeÙe$Ùeg0 2.8) le=leerÙe keâefC[keâeceW $e+ef<e ceewûuÙe ves cew$esÙe keâes yeleeÙee ceve ner meefJelee (Øesjkeâ) lelJe nw, Deewj JeeCeer meeefJe$eer (Øesefjle lelJe) nw~ Fmeer ØekeâejceewûuÙe ves Deefive-he=LJeer, JeeÙeg-Devleefj#e, DeeefolÙe-Åegueeskeâ, Ûevõcee-ve#e$e, efove-jeef$e, G<Celee-Meerle, cesIe-Je<e&Ce, efJeÅegle-leÌ[keâ, ØeeCe-DeVe, Jeso-Úvo, Ùe%e-oef#eCee keâes Yeer ›eâceMeŠ meefJelee SJeb meeefJe$eer ceevee leLee Fvekesâ ÙegiceeW keâes Skeâ peesÌ[eleLee Glheefòe keWâõ ceevee efpemes peevekeâj iueeJe cew$esÙe ceewûuÙe kesâ Øeefle Gheke=âle ngS~ ÛelegLe& keâefC[keâe ceW ceewûuÙe ves cew$esÙekeâe s yeÇÿe kesâ ßeer™he, Øeefle‰e™he SJeb DeeßeÙe™he mes heefjefÛele keâjekeâj lehe keâer Deesj Øesefjle keâjles ngÙes melÙe Øeefle‰e keâemebkeâerle&ve efkeâÙee, GvneWves ieeÙe$eer kesâ ØeLece ÛejCe lelmeefJelegJe&jsCÙeb keâe GheosMe Yeer Fmeer keâefC[keâe ceW efkeâÙee, Deeies $e+ef<e ceewûuÙeves keâne- he=efLeJÙeÛÛeË meceoOeeÂÛeeÓ-efiveceefivevee efßeÙeb efßeÙee efŒeÙeb efŒeÙee efceLegveb efceLegvesve Øepeeb ØepeÙee keâce& keâce&Cee lehemlehemeemelÙeb melÙesve yeÇÿeCee yeÇeÿeCeb yeÇeÿeCesve ›eleb ›elesve Jew yeÇeÿeCeŠ mebefMeleesYeJelÙeMetvÙees YeJelÙeefJeefÛÚVeŠ (ieeÙe$Ùeg0 5.3) DeLee&led osJemeefJelee ves he=LJeer kesâ meeLe $e+keâd keâes mebÙegòeâ efkeâÙee~ $e+keâd mes Deefive keâes, Deefive mes ßeer keâes, ßeer mes Œeer keâes, Œeer mes pees Ì[skeâes, peesÌ[s kesâ meeLe Øepee keâes, Øepee mes keâce& keâes, keâce& mes lehe keâes, lehe mes melÙe keâes, melÙe mes yeÇÿe keâes (Jeso%eeve), yeÇÿe(Jeso%eeve) mes yeÇeÿeCe keâes, yeÇeÿeCe mes ›ele keâes mebÙegòeâ nw, heefjhetCe& neslee nw Deewj DeefJeefÛÚVe neslee nw~ hebÛece keâefC[keâe ceW $e+ef<eceewûuÙe ves YeieexosJemÙe Oeerceefn SJeb Ú"eRb keâefC[keâe ceW eqOeÙeesÙeesveŠ ØeÛeesoÙeeled keâer JÙeeKÙee $e+ef<e ceewûuÙe ves iueeJe cew$esÙe keâesmeceYeâeF&~ $e+ef<e ceewûuÙe ves meeleJeeR keâefC[keâe ceW Ùe%e keâes ßes‰ Jeâce& kesâ ™he ceW mJeerkeâeje leLee Dee"JeeR keâefC[keâe ceW yeejnceneYetleeW keâes yeÇÿe ceW Øeefleef‰le yeleeÙee~

œeesle

Dece=leveeoesheefve<eod, ceb$e mebKÙee 1, 6, 7, 15, 39F&MeeJeemÙeesheefve<eod, ceb$e mebKÙee 1, 18Skeâe#ejesheefve<eodSslejesÙeesheefve<eod (ØeLece DeOÙeeÙe-ØeLece KeC[), ceb$e mebKÙee 1.1; (efÉleerÙe DeOÙeeÙe-ØeLece KeC[), ceb$e mebKÙee 1keâ"esheefve<eod, ceb$e mebKÙee 4, 6, 8, 1.1.25, 1.1.26, 1.1.28, 1.2.16, 2.1.7, 2.1.8, 2.3.14kesâveesheefve<eod, ceb$e mebKÙee 3.12, 4.1ieeÙe$Ùegheefve<eod, ceb$e mebKÙee 2.8, 5.3

5






6

∗ ¹ãîÌãÃ Íããñ£ã œã¨ãã, ÔãâÔ‡ãðŠ¦ã ãäÌã¼ããØã, ‡ãŠãÍããè ãäÖ¶ªî ãäÌãÍÌããäÌã²ããÊã¾ã ÌããÀã¥ãÔããè („¦¦ãÀ ¹ãÆªñÍã) ¼ããÀ¦ã

Ìãõãäª‡ãŠ ÔãããäÖ¦¾ã ½ãò •ããèÌã¶ã ½ãð¦¾ãì ‡ãŠãè Ôã¦¾ã¦ãã

¡ãù. ãäÔ½ã¦ãã ãä´Ìãñªãè*


¼ããÀ¦ã ã è ¾ ã Íãã ñ£ ã ¹ ã ã ä ¨ ã ‡ ã Š ã ‚ãã¶Ìã ã è ã äà ã‡ ã Š ã è ½ ã ò ¹ ã Æ ‡ ã Š ãÍã¶ã ã©ã Ã ¹ ã Æ ñ ã ä Ó ã ¦ ã Ìãõãäª‡ãŠ ÔãããäÖ¦¾ã ½ãò •ããèÌã¶ã ½ãð¦¾ãì ‡ãŠãè Ôã¦¾ã¦ãã Íãã è Ó ã Ã ‡ ã Š Êã ñŒã / Íãã ñ£ ã ¹ ã Æ ¹ ã ¨ ã ‡ ã Š ã è Êã ñ ã äŒã‡ ã Š ã½ã ö ãäÔ½ã¦ãã ãä´Ìãñªãè Üãã ñÓã¥ãã ‡ãŠÀ¦ããè Öîú ãä‡ãŠ ÊãñãäŒã‡ãŠã ‡ãñŠ Â¹ã ½ãò ƒÔã ÊãñŒã ‡ãŠãè Ôã¼ããè Ôãã½ããäØãÆ¾ããò ‡ãŠãè ãä•ã½½ãñªãÀãè Êãñ¦ããè Öîú, ‡ã‹¾ããòãä‡ãŠ ½ãö¶ãñ ÔÌã¾ãâ ƒÔãñ ãäÊãŒãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ‚ãÞœãè ¦ãÀÖ Ôãñ ¹ãü¤ã Öõ ‚ããõÀ Ôãã©ã Öãè ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠãñ Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã Öãñ¶ãñ ‡ãŠãè ÔÌããè‡ãðŠãä¦ã ªñ¦ããè Öîúý ¾ãÖ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ½ãîÊã Â¹ã ½ãò ¾ãã ƒÔã‡ãŠã ‡ãŠãñƒÃ ‚ãâÍã ‡ãŠÖãé ‚ããõÀ ¶ãÖãé œ¹ãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ ¶ã Öãè ‡ãŠÖãé ½ãö¶ãñ ƒÔãñ œ¹ã¶ãñ ‡ãñŠ ãäÊã† ¼ãñ•ãã Öõý ¾ãÖ ½ãñÀãè ½ããõãäÊã‡ãŠ ‡ãðŠãä¦ã Öõý ½ãö Íããñ£ã¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ‡ãñŠ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ½ã¥¡Êã ‡ãŠãñ ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã ‡ãñŠ ÔãâÍããñ£ã¶ã †Ìãâ Ôã½¹ããª¶ã ‡ãŠãè ¹ãî¥ãÃ ‚ã¶ãì½ããä¦ã ªñ¦ããè Öîúý ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ÊãñŒã ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã Öãññ¶ãñ ¹ãÀ ƒÔã‡ãñŠ‡ãŠã¹ããèÀãƒ› ‡ãŠã ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãÀ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãñ ªñ¦ããè Öîúý

Tkhou vkSj e‘R;q nksuksa gh ’kCn laLd`r Hkk"kk ds gSa rFkk ,d nwljs ds fojks/kh gSaA tho] izk.k/kkj.ks /kkrq ls thou ’kCnvkSj e‘M~ izk.kR;kxs ls e‘R;q ’kCn dh O;qRifÙk gksrh gSA tc rd ’kjhj esa izk.kok;q dk lapkj gksrk jgrk gS O;fä thfordgykrk gS tgk¡ bldk lapkj lekIr gks tkrk gS rks tho e‘r dgykrk gSaA blhfy, izk.k dks Js"B ekuk x;k gSA ^^;ksg oS T;s"Ba p Js"Ba p osn T;s"B’p g oS JS"B’p Hkofr izk.kks ok o T;s"B’Pk Js"B’PkA**1

thou vkSj e‘R;q mlds iwoZd`r deZ ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA HkkSfrd txr esa ;g fu;e lc yksx tkurs gS fd izR;sdfØ;k dh izfrfØ;k vfuok;Zr% gksrh gSA euq"; txr~ esa izR;{k :i ls ;g vuqHko gksrk gS fd tks tSlk djsxk oSlk mlsHkksxuk iM+sxkA fcuk deZ ds euq"; ,d {k.k Hkh ugha jg ldrk] ^û fg df’pr~ {k.kefi tkrq fr"BR; deZd`r~~A** tUetho ds iwoZd`r deksZa dk ifj.kke gksrk gSA

dBksifu"kn~ esa ufpdsrk ds fu"dke Hkko o n‘<+ fu’p; dks ns[kdj ;ejkt izlUu gksdj tUe e‘R;q dh lR;rk dksizdV djrs gq, dgus yxs] ^û lkEijk;% izfrHkkfr ckya izek|Ura foÙkeksgsu ew<e~A v;a yksdks ukfLr ij bfr ekuh iqu% iqu&oZ’keki|rs esaAA**2

tks ew[kZ /ku ds eksg ls va/ks gksdj izekn esa yxs jgrs gSa mUgsa ijyksd lk/ku ugha lw>rkA ;gh yksd gSa ijyksd ughagS ,slk ekuus okyk euq"; cjEckj esjs paxqy esa Qalrk gS vFkkZr~ tUerk vkSj ejrk gSA

---fdUrq ;ejkt us izlUu gksdj vkRek ds fo"k; esa ufpdsrk dks crk;k] ^^;g vkRek u rks tUe ysrk gS vkSju bldh e‘R;q gksrh gSaA ;g u rks fdlh oLrq ls mRiUu gqvk gS vkSj u Lo;a gh dqN cuk gSA ;g vtUek fuR; ’kk’orvkSj iqjkru gS rFkk ’kjhj ds fouk’k fd, tkus ij Hkh u"V ugha gksrkA** ^^;ksfeeU;s izi|Urs ’kjhjRok; nsfgu%A LFkk.kqeU;s&·uqlapfUr ;Fkk deZ ;Fkk{kqre~AA**3

xhrk esa Hkh thou e‘R;q dh lR;rk dk izfriknu izkIr gksrk gS] ^û Rosokga tkrq ukla u Roa uses tukf/kik%@ u pSou Hkfo";ke% losZ o;er% ije~AA**4

u rks ,slk gh gS fd eSa fdlh dky esa ugha Fkk ;k rwa ugha Fkk vFkok ;s jktk yksx ugha Fks vkSj u ,slk gh gS fdblls vkxs ge lc ugha jgsaxsA

^ôklkafl th.kkZfu ;Fkk fogk; uokfu x‘g.kkfr ujks·ijkf.k@ rFkk ’kjhjkf.k fogk; th.kkZ U;U;kfu la;kfr uokfunsghA**5 tSls euq"; iqjkus oL=ksa dks R;kx dj u, oL= xzg.k djrk gSa oSls gh thokRek iqjkus ’kjhj dks R;kxdj uohu’kjhjks a dks izkIr djrk gSaA

;k sx lw= es a Hkh tUe e‘R;q dh vo/kkj.kk fo"k; vk;k gSA egf"k Z irŒtfy dgrs gS a] ^^Dys’kewy% dekZ’k;k s@n‘"Vkn‘"VtUeosnuh;%A**6 vFkkZr~ Dys’k ¼vfo|k] vfLerk] jkx] }s"k vkSj vfHkfuos’k ¼e‘R;qHk;½½ ftudh tM+ gSa os deksZa dhokluk,a orZeku vFkok vkxs ds tUeksa esa Hkksxs tk ldrs gSaA

mu oklukvksa dk Qy tkfr vk;q vkSj Hkksx ¼lq[k&nq%[k½ gksrs gSa] ^^lfr ewys rf}ikdks tkR;k;qHkksZx%A**euqLe‘fr Hkh thou e‘R;q dh lR;rk dk izfriknu djrh gSa ;Fkk] ^^nsoRoa lkfRodk ;kfUr euq";Roa p jktlk%A fr;ZDRoa

rkelk fuR;e~ bR;s"kk f=fo/kk xfr%AA**7

lRoxq.kh yksx nso;ksfu dks] jtksxq.kh euq"; ;ksfu dks] reksxq.kh fr;Zx~ ;ksfu dks izkIr gksrs gSaA thoksa dh lnk ;ghrhu xfr gksrh gSA

izR;sd tho dh e‘R;q nks izdkj dh gksrh gS& 1- dky e‘R;q vkSj 2- vdky e‘R;qAizkjC/k ds vuqlkj ftl tho dks ftl ’kjhj esa ftrusa le; rd jguk gSa mrus le; rd og ml ’kjhj esa jgdj

tc e`R;q dks izkIr gksrk gS mls dky e`R;q dgrs gSaAizkjC/k lekIr gq, fcuk gh tc dksbZ izk.kh ’kjhj R;kx nsrk gS rks mls vdky e`R;q dgk tkrk gSAHkxoku~ dh ’kj.k ysus okys dh j{kk os izHkq Lo;a djrs gSaA vr% HkDr dh vdky e`R;q u gksrh gS vkSj u gksuh lEHko

gh gSAiŒpHkwrksa ls fufeZr ;g nsg uk’koku gSA izR;sd tUeh gqbZ oLrq dh e‘R;q gksuk ,d ’kk’or lR; gSAtc euq"; tUe ysrk gS rks mldk Li"V fn[kkbZ nsus okyk ’kjhj LFkwy ’kjhj o mldh vkRek lw{e ’kjhj dgykrh

gSA bl vkRek dk vkdkj ,d vaxwBs ds vkdkj dk gksrk gSa vkSj ;g T;ksfr :i esa g`n; esa fuokl djrh gSA ^^vaxq"Bek=%iq#"kks@ T;ksfrfjok /kwed%A**8

lw{e ’kjhj tc LFkwy ’kjhj dks NksM+rk gS rks mls e`R;q dgrs gSaAlw{e ’kjhj dh nks xfr;k¡ gksrh gS& 1- nso;ku 2- fir`;kuA nso;ku ls czã dh izkfIr gksrh gS vFkok vkRerÙo esa

foyhuhdj.k gks tkrk gSa vkSj fir`;ku ls tUe e`R;q vFkok ikfFkZo ’kjhj dh izkfIr gksrh gSA bl izdkj thou vkSj e`R;qdh lR;rk fl) gksrh gSA

lUnHkZ1NkUnksX; mifu"kn~] 5@1@12dBksifu"kn~] 1@2@63dBksifu"kn~] 2@2@74xhrk] 2@125xhrk] 2@226;ksx lw= & lk/ku ikn] 127euqLe‘fr] 12@408dBksifu"kn~] 2@1@13

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Ìãõãäª‡ãŠ ÔãããäÖ¦¾ã ½ãò •ããèÌã¶ã ½ãð¦¾ãì ‡ãŠãè Ôã¦¾ã¦ãã





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∗ ÔãâÔ‡ãðŠ¦ã ÔãããäÖ¦¾ã, ½ãÖã¦½ãã Øããâ£ããè ‡ãŠãÍããè ãäÌã²ãã¹ããèŸ ÌããÀã¥ãÔããè („¦¦ãÀ ¹ãÆªñÍã) ¼ããÀ¦ã E-mail : [email protected]

¹ãð©Ìããè Ôãî‡ã‹¦ã : Ìã¶ãÔ¹ããä¦ã ‚ããõÀ ‚ããõÓããä£ã¾ããò ‡ãŠã Õããñ¦ã

¡ãù. ãäÔ½ã¦ãã ÑããèÌããÔ¦ãÌã*


¼ããÀ¦ãã è¾ã Íãã ñ£ã ¹ãã ä ¨ ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìãã è ã äàã‡ãŠã è ½ã ò ¹ã Æ ‡ã ŠãÍã¶ãã©ã Ã ¹ã Æ ñ ã ä Ó ã¦ã ¹ãð©Ìããè Ôãî‡ã‹¦ã : Ìã¶ãÔ¹ããä¦ã ‚ããõÀ ‚ããõÓããä£ã¾ããò ‡ãŠã Õããñ¦ã Íãã èÓã Ã ‡ã Š Êã ñŒã / Íãã ñ£ã ¹ã Æ ¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠã è Êã ñ ã äŒã‡ãŠã½ã ö ãäÔ½ã¦ãã ÑããèÌããÔ¦ãÌã Üãã ñÓã¥ãã ‡ãŠÀ¦ããè Öîú ãä‡ãŠ ÊãñãäŒã‡ãŠã ‡ãñŠ Â¹ã ½ãò ƒÔã ÊãñŒã ‡ãŠãè Ôã¼ããè Ôãã½ããäØãÆ¾ããò ‡ãŠãè ãä•ã½½ãñªãÀãè Êãñ¦ããè Öîú, ‡ã‹¾ããòãä‡ãŠ ½ãö¶ãñ ÔÌã¾ãâ ƒÔãñ ãäÊãŒãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ‚ãÞœãè ¦ãÀÖ Ôãñ ¹ãü¤ã Öõ ‚ããõÀ Ôãã©ã Öãè ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠãñ Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã Öãñ¶ãñ ‡ãŠãè ÔÌããè‡ãðŠãä¦ã ªñ¦ããè Öîúý ¾ãÖ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ½ãîÊã Â¹ã ½ãò ¾ãã ƒÔã‡ãŠã ‡ãŠãñƒÃ ‚ãâÍã ‡ãŠÖãé ‚ããõÀ ¶ãÖãé œ¹ãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ ¶ã Öãè ‡ãŠÖãé ½ãö¶ãñ ƒÔãñ œ¹ã¶ãñ ‡ãñŠ ãäÊã† ¼ãñ•ãã Öõý ¾ãÖ ½ãñÀãè ½ããõãäÊã‡ãŠ ‡ãðŠãä¦ã Öõý ½ãö Íããñ£ã¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ‡ãñŠ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ½ã¥¡Êã ‡ãŠãñ ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã ‡ãñŠ ÔãâÍããñ£ã¶ã †Ìãâ Ôã½¹ããª¶ã ‡ãŠãè ¹ãî¥ãÃ ‚ã¶ãì½ããä¦ã ªñ¦ããè Öîúý ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ÊãñŒã ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã Öãññ¶ãñ ¹ãÀ ƒÔã‡ãñŠ‡ãŠã¹ããèÀãƒ› ‡ãŠã ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãÀ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãñ ªñ¦ããè Öîúý

Hkkjrh; laLd‘fr ds bfrgkl esa osnksa dk LFkku xkSjoiw.kZ ,oa lEekuuh; gSA fgUnqvksa ds vkpkj&fopkj] jgu&lgu rFkk/keZ&deZdk.Mkfn dks iw.kZr;k le>us ds fy, osnksa dk Kku vR;Ur vko’;d gSA osn u dsoy Hkkjrh; lekt }kjk lekn‘rgSa cfYd fo’o ds egku~ fo}kuksa us Hkh mUgsa J)k dh n‘f"V ls ns[kk gS rFkk mudh egÙkk dks Lohdkjk gSA Hkkjrh; ijEijkds vuqlkj osn vikS:"ks; gSaA os lfn;ksa iwoZ ls ekuo&thou ds dY;k.k ds lk/ku cudj mUgsa vuqizkf.kr djrs vk;s gSaAbuesa Kku&foKku] /keZ&n’kZu] lnkpkj&laLd`fr] lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd thou ls lEcfU/kr lHkh fo"k; miyC/k gSaA vr,ofo}kuksa us bls fo’odks"k ds :i esa ekU; fd;k gSA osnk/;;u ds fcuk Hkkjrh; laLd‘fr ,oa Hkkjrh;ksa ds thou&n’kZu dksle>uk vR;Ur dfBu gSA euq us rks mUgsa lc /keksZa dk ewy dgk gS] ôsnks·f[kyks /keZewye~A*1

osn ds fo"k; esa ekU;rk gS fd ftu rÙoksa dk Kku vU; lkalkfjd lk/kuksa ls lEHko ugha gS] mudk Kku osn ls gksldrk gS] ^îzR;{ks.kkuqfeR;k ok ;Lrwik;ks u fo|rsA ,ua fonfUr osnsu rLekn~ osnL; osnrkAA**

blesa dksbZ lUnsg ugha gS fd osn Hkkjr dh laLd‘fr dk izkphure fun’kZu gSA osn dks vk/kkj cukdj gh /keZ] n’kZu]v/;kRe] foKku] dyk vkSj lkfgR; ds {ks= esa Hkkjr us vlk/kkj.k miyfC/k izkIr dh gSA

ôsn* dk vFkZ

ôsn* ’kCn ^fon~* /kkrq ls ?k ~ izR;; gksdj curk gS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS ^Kku* vr,o osn ’kCn dk vFkZ gS& Kku dh jkf’k;k Kku dk laxzg xzUFkA izkphu _f"k;ksa us tks Kku vftZr fd;k Fkk] mldk laxzg osnksa esa gSA osn vkSj fo|k nksuksa ’kCn^fon~* /kkrq ls cus gSa vkSj osn ’kCn dk izkphu lkfgR; esa fo|k vFkZ esa iz;ksx Hkh gqvk gS] vr% izkphu leLr fo|kvksa dksosn ¼Kku½ ’kCn ds vUrxZr fy;k tkrk FkkA blh vk/kkj ij vk;qosZn] /kuqosZn vkfn miosn ekus tkrs gSaA lk;.k us osn ’kCn

dh nwljh O;k[;k Hkh dh gS] ^b"VizkIR;fu"Vifjgkj;ksjykSfddeqik;a ;ks xzUFkks osn;fr l osn%A*2 vFkkZr~ tks xzUFk b"V&izkfIrvkSj vfu"V fuokj.k dk vykSfdd mik; crkrk gS] mls osn dgrs gSaA nwljs ’kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd vPNk D;kgS vkSj cqjk D;k gS\ ;g osn gh crkrk gSA ;g vFkZ deZdkf.M;ksa dh n`f"V ls fd;k x;k gSA xq#&f’k";&ijEijk ds }kjklqjf{kr fd;s tkus ds dkj.k vFkkZr~ xq# ds }kjk mPpfjr okD;ksa dks f’k"; }kjk Jo.k djds Lej.k j[kus ds dkj.k osndks ^Jqfr* Hkh dgrs gSaA bl Jqfr ijEijk ds }kjk osn ds okD;ksa dks v|kof/k lqjf{kr j[kk x;k gSA brus nh?kZdky rdfdlh lkfgR; dh ekSf[kd ijEijk vkSj lqj{kk dk bfrgkl ugha gSA ;g osnksa ds izfr Hkkjrh; v/;srkvksa dh vkLFkk dk |ksrdgSA vk/kqfud oLrqfu"B n`f"V ls ôsn* og ’kCnjkf’k gS tks Hkkjro"kZ esa izkphu _f"k;ksa ds }kjk loZizFke izdV gqbZ vkSjftls dkykUrj esa ;kfKd mi;ksx ds fy, lafgrkc) fd;k x;kA rnuqlkj _Xosn] ;tqosZn] lkeosn vkSj vFkoZosn ds :i esaizkphu Kkujkf’k dks pkj oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;kA

bl izdkj ôsn* ’kCn izkphudky esa ^Kku* ds vFkZ esa iz;qä gksrk jgk gS fdUrq osn u rks ^dqjku* ds leku dksbZ/keZxzUFk gS vkSj u ^ckbfcy* vkSj ^f=fiVd* ds leku egkiq:"kks a ds opuksa dk l³~xzg gSA ôsn* ’kCn ls og bZ’ojh;Kku vfHkizsr gS] ftlds vUrxZr os leLr ok³~e; laxzghr gSa tks ’krkfCn;ksa ls ugha] cfYd lglzkfCn;ksa esa tkdj egf"kZ;ksa}kjk miyC/k gq, gSaA

ouLifr vkSj vkS"kf/k;ksa dk lzksr

vFkoZosn ds i‘Foh lwDr esa vFkoZ.k _f"k us ekr‘:fi.kh Hkwfe dh lexz ikfFkZo inkFkksZ a dh tuuh rFkk iksf"kdk ds :i esaefgek leqn~?kksf"kr dh gS rFkk iztk dks leLr cqjkb;ksa] Dys’kksa rFkk vuFkksZ a ls cpkus o lq[k&lEifÙk dh o‘f"V ds fy,izkFkZuk dh gSA bl izdkj i‘Foh fo"k;d bl ,dek= lwDr esa êkr‘Hkwfe* dh ouLifr vkSj vkS"kf/k;ksa ds lzksr ds :i esa euksjeO;k[;k dh xbZ gSA

ekuo dh mRifÙk ds iwoZ gh ouLifr;ksa dk izknqHkkZo gks x;k Fkk vkSj os lEiw.kZ txr~ esa viuk jkT; LFkkfir dj pqdsFksA tUe ls gh euq";ksa dk bu ouLifr;ksa ls lEcU/k jgk gSA _Xosn esa ,d LFkku ij dgk x;k gS fd nsoKku ds rhu ;qxksaiwoZ gh ouLifr;ksa dh mRifRr dk Kku gks pqdk FkkA3 i‘Foh lwä ds lw{e vkSj oSKkfud v/;;u ls Li"V ifjyf{kr gksrkgS fd rRdkyhu ouLifr;ksa dk foKku {ks= foLr‘r ,oa xgu FkkA _f"k&egf"kZ rFkk lkekU;tu i‘Foh ds vuqie lkSUn;Z dkykHk mBkrs FksA rRdkyhu yksxksa dk lEiw.kZ thou ouLifre; FkkA yrk,a] o‘{k vkfn ouLifr;ksa ds :i esa iz;ksx dh tkrhFkhA ouLifr;k¡] ty] Hkwfe] vfXu vkSj vkdk’k dk lkjHkwr va’k gSA o"kkZ ls gh ouLifr;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA

i‘Foh lwDr esa ouLifr;ksa ds egRo dks crkrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd ftl i‘Foh ij leqnz] ufn;k¡ vkSj ty gSa] ftl ijvUu vkSj Qlysa mRiUu gksrh gSa] ftl ij ;g ’okl ysus okyk vkSj xfr’khy txr~ vkufUnr gksrk gS] og i‘fFkoh gesamÙke is; okys izns’k esa LFkkfir djsaA4

vFkoZosn esa ouLifr;ksa dk firk vUrfj{k dks rFkk ekrk i‘Foh dks ekuk x;k gS ,oa budk ewy leqnz esa gksus dk mYys[kgSA i‘Foh dk Hksnu djrs gq, mRiUu gksus ds dkj.k gh i‘Foh bu ouLifr;ksa vkSj vkS"kf/k;ksa dh ekrk dgh x;h gSA vUrfj{kesa budk foLrkj gksus ds dkj.k budks firk dgk x;k gSA ouLifr;ksa dh mRifÙk esa ;s rhuksa gh ewyHkwr dkj.k gSaA dqNouLifr;k¡ ioZrksa ij mRiUu gksrh gSa] dqN Hkwfe ds vUnj mRiUu gksrh gSa rFkk dqN [ksrh ls mRiUu gksrh gSaA ;Fkk& xsgw¡]/kku vkfnA

i‘Foh lwDr esa bl ouLifr ds fo"k; esa ;g dgk x;k gS fd ftl i‘fFkoh dh pkj izeq[k fn’kk;sa gSa] ftl ij vUuvkSj Qlysa mRiUu gksrh gSa] tks ’okl ysus okys rFkk xfr’khy txr~ dks vusd izdkj ls /kkj.k djrh gS] og i‘fFkoh gesaxk;ksa vkSj vUu esa LFkkfir djsA5

ioZr vkfn Hkh ouLifr;ksa dk lzksr gS D;ksafd lkseyrk ioZrh; {ks= ls gh izkIr gksrk gS rFkk nks iRFkjksa ls jxM+djblds jl dk iz;ksx vkS"kf/k ds :i esa fd;k tkrk FkkA ;s Hkwfexr ouLifr;ksa dk gh izHkko gS fd psru i‘Foh dHkh {kfrxzLr

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¹ãð©Ìããè Ôãî‡ã‹¦ã : Ìã¶ãÔ¹ããä¦ã ‚ããõÀ ‚ããõÓããä£ã¾ããò ‡ãŠã Õããñ¦ã

ugha gksrh gSA ouLifr;ksa dks vkXus; Hkh dgk tkrk gSA i‘Foh ouLifr;ksa rFkk [kk| inkFkZ xzg.k djds fodflr gksrh gS,oa ty iks"kd rÙo gS tks vfXu ls :ikUrfjr gksdj ouLifr;ksa dks fodflr djrk gSA

gekjs x‘g fuekZ.k ls ysdj vkgkj ,oa vkS"kf/k rFkk fofHkUu midj.kksa ,oa ik=ksa ds fy, ouLifr;ksa dk gh vkJ;ysuk iM+rk FkkA ;K esa iz;qDr gksus okyh gou lfe/kk,a Hkh bUgha ouLifr;ksa dh nsu gSaA eknd is; ds :i esa iz;qDrgksus okyk bUnz dk fiz; lkse Hkh ouLifr;ksa ls miyC/k gksrk FkkA

fpfdRlk dk;Z esa rFkk nSfud fnup;kZ ;Fkk& vkgkj] lkt&lTtk] oL=kfn ds :i esa rFkk O;kikj esa tkus ds fy, jFkksavkfn dk fuekZ.k Hkh bUgha ouLifr;ksa ls gksrk FkkA ;s ouLifr;k¡ izkd‘frd vkink esa ekSle ls Hkh lqj{kk nsus esa mi;ksxhFkhaA

euq"; ds fy, tgk¡ ;s ouLifr;k¡ mi;qDr Fkha ogha i’kq vkfn ds fy, Hkh vko’;d FkhaA i’kq bUgha ouLifr;ksa ij fuHkZjFksA [kk|kUuksa ds pkjs& o‘{k] ?kkl vkfn dks [kkdj gh os LoLFk jg ldrs FksA bl izdkj i‘Foh lwä esa ouLifr;ksa dk vYiek=k esa fdUrq lqUnj foospu gqvk gSA

bl lwDr esa vkS"kf/k;ksa dk Hkh mYys[k gSA vkS"kf/k;k¡ xU/k ;qDr gksrh Fkha D;ksafd ;s izd‘fr iznÙk gksrh FkhA vkS"kf/k;ksads xU/korh gksus dk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd os i‘Foh ls xq.kksa dks gLrkUrfjr djds xzg.k dh x;h FkhaA i‘Foh lwä esavkS"kf/k;ksa ds egÙo dks crkrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd ftl i‘Foh ds cgqr ls Å¡ps] uhps vkSj lery {ks= euq";ksa ds chpck/kk jfgr fLFkr gSa] tks vusd izdkj dh ’kfä;ksa ls ;qä vkS"kf/k;ksa dks /kkj.k djrh gS] og i‘fFkoh gekjs fy, foLr‘r gksvkSj gekjs fy, le‘) cusA6

[ksrh ls izkIr ouLifr;k¡ tSls& xsgw¡] tkS vkfn vkS"kf/k dk dke djrh FkhaA budk pw.kZ ;K vkfn esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrkFkkA xsgw¡ dk iz;ksx fo"k uk’kd ds :i esa djus dk mYys[k vFkoZosn esa izkIr gksrk gSA fofHkUu izdkj ds fo"k/kkjh thotSls& liZ] fcPNw vkfn ds dkVus ls tks I;kl dk vuqHko gksrk gS] ml le; vkS"kf/k;ksa dk jl bl fo"k dks de djus esaiz;qä gksrk FkkA lw;Z dh fdj.ksa vkS"kf/k ds leku Qynk;h gksrh gSaA ;s fdj.ksa okr jksx] Toj] us= jksx vkfn nwj djusesa lgk;d gksrh FkhA izkd‘frd inkFkksZa esa ty dks egkS"kf/k dgk x;k gSA ;g vk¡[k] iSj] ihB vkfn ds nnZ dks de djrkgS rFkk ’kjhj dks ifo= djrk gSA i‘Foh lEiw.kZ txr~ ¼i‘Foh½ ij O;kIr efyu vFkkZr~ dqiksf"kr inkFkks Z a dks viuh vksj[khapdj ’kq) djrh gSA i‘Foh ls mRiUu vkS"kf/k;k¡ fofHkUu izdkj dh fpfdRlk i)fr esa iz;qDr gksrh Fkh] buesa Hkh dqNjksxksa dh fpfdRlk vkS"kf/k ls] dqN dh izkd‘frd :i ls rFkk dqN dh eU=ksa ds iz;ksx ls dh tkrh FkhA tulk/kkj.k dsfy, ;g ljyre fof/k;k¡ FkhaA i‘Foh ls mRiUu o‘{kksa dks vfHkefU=r djds muls Hkh fpfdRlk djus dk fo/kku FkkA

bl izdkj ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd i‘Foh fofHkUu izdkj dh ouLifr;ksa vkSj vkS"kf/k;ksa dk HkaMkj gS] ftldk laj{k.kdjuk vR;Ur vko’;d gSA ftl izdkj ls i‘Foh dk nksgu gks jgk gS] mlds xEHkhj ifj.kke ifjyf{kr gks jgs gSaA mÙkjk[k.Mesa vk;h vkink blh nksgu dk ifj.kke gSA vr% ge lcdks feydj bldk laj{k.k djuk gksxk] ftlls ;g i‘Foh gekjs fy,lq[kdj gksA

FOOTNOTES

1euqLe‘fr& 2@62rSfÙkjh; lafgrk ds Hkk"; dh Hkwfedk3;k vkS"k/kh% iwokZtkrk nsosH;fL=;qxa iqjkA _Xosn 10-97-14;L;ka leqnz mr flU/kqjkiks ;L;keUua d‘"V;% lacHkwoq%A ;L;kfena ftUofr izk.knstr~ lk uks Hkwfe% iwoZis;s n/kkrqAA vFkoZosn] i‘Foh lwDr

12@1-35;L;k’prlz% izfn’k% i‘fFkO;k ;L;keUua d‘"V;% lacHkwoq%A ;k fcHkfrZ cgq/kk izk.knstr~ lk uks HkwfexksZ"oI;Uus n/kkrqAA vFkoZosn] i‘Foh

lwDr 12@1-46vlack/ka e/;rks ekuokuka ;L;k m}r% izor% lea cgqA ukukoh;kZ vks"k/kh;kZ fcHkfrZ i‘fFkoh% u izFkrka jk/;rka u%AA vFkoZosn] i‘Foh

lwä 12@1-2

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ÑããèÌããÔ¦ãÌã





11

∗ ØãÌã¶ãÃ½ãò› Ôããèãä¶ã¾ãÀ Ôãñ‡ãòŠ¡Èãè Ô‡ãîŠÊã [‚ãã¾ãÃ ¶ãØãÀ] ãäÖÔããÀ (ÖãäÀ¾ãã¥ãã) ¼ããÀ¦ã

"‚ããÍãããäÍãÍãì" „¹ã¶¾ããÔã ‡ãŠãè ‡ãŠ©ããÌãÔ¦ãì ‡ãŠãè Ôã½ããèàãã

ÔãÀãñ•ã ºããÊãã*


¼ããÀ¦ãã è¾ã Íãã ñ£ã ¹ãã ä ¨ ã‡ã Šã ‚ãã¶Ìãã è ã äàã‡ãŠã è ½ã ò ¹ã Æ ‡ ã Š ãÍã¶ãã©ã Ã ¹ã Æ ñ ã ä Ó ã¦ã "‚ããÍãããäÍãÍãì" „¹ã¶¾ããÔã ‡ãŠãè ‡ãŠ©ããÌãÔ¦ãì ‡ãŠãè Ôã½ããèàãã Íãã èÓã Ã ‡ ã Š Êã ñŒã / Íãã ñ£ã ¹ã Æ ¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠã è Êã ñ ã äŒã‡ãŠã½ ã ö ÔãÀãñ•ã ºããÊãã Ü ãã ñ Ó ã¥ãã ‡ãŠÀ¦ããè Öîú ãä‡ãŠ ÊãñãäŒã‡ãŠã ‡ãñŠ Â¹ã ½ãò ƒÔã ÊãñŒã ‡ãŠãè Ôã¼ããè Ôãã½ããäØãÆ¾ããò ‡ãŠãè ãä•ã½½ãñªãÀãè Êãñ¦ããè Öîú, ‡ã‹¾ããòãä‡ãŠ ½ãö¶ãñ ÔÌã¾ãâ ƒÔãñ ãäÊãŒãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ‚ãÞœãè ¦ãÀÖ Ôãñ ¹ãü¤ã Öõ ‚ããõÀ Ôãã©ã Öãè ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠãñ Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã Öãñ¶ãñ ‡ãŠãè ÔÌããè‡ãðŠãä¦ã ªñ¦ããè Öîúý ¾ãÖ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ½ãîÊã Â¹ã ½ãò ¾ãã ƒÔã‡ãŠã ‡ãŠãñƒÃ ‚ãâÍã ‡ãŠÖãé ‚ããõÀ ¶ãÖãé œ¹ãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ ¶ã Öãè ‡ãŠÖãé ½ãö¶ãñ ƒÔãñ œ¹ã¶ãñ ‡ãñŠ ãäÊã† ¼ãñ•ãã Öõý ¾ãÖ ½ãñÀãè ½ããõãäÊã‡ãŠ ‡ãðŠãä¦ã Öõý ½ãö Íããñ£ã¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ‡ãñŠ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ½ã¥¡Êã ‡ãŠãñ ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã ‡ãñŠ ÔãâÍããñ£ã¶ã †Ìãâ Ôã½¹ããª¶ã ‡ãŠãè ¹ãî¥ãÃ ‚ã¶ãì½ããä¦ã ªñ¦ããè Öîúý ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ÊãñŒã ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã Öãññ¶ãñ ¹ãÀ ƒÔã‡ãñŠ‡ãŠã¹ããèÀãƒ› ‡ãŠã ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãÀ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãñ ªñ¦ããè Öîúý

^^vk’kkf’k’kq** miU;kl ds jpukdkj& Mk- lw;Zukjk;.k f}osnh gSaA bl miU;kl dk izdk’ku Jh Jh jk/kk izdk’ku] okjk.klhls lu~ 1999 bloh esa gqvk FkkA bldh dFkk nsof"kZ ukjn ds ikSjkf.kd pfj= ls tqMh gqbZ gSA nsof"kZ ukjn dk pfj=izk;% ,d euksjatd ik= ds #i esa yksd ds lkeus vk;k gS] ij okLro esa nsof"kZ ukjn ,d ,sls pfj= dh laKk gSa ftlesaleLr fo/kkvksa dks vf/kxr djus ds i’pkr~ viuh lk/kuk ,oa mikluk ds vk/kkj ij fo’o ds lz"Vk] j{kd ,oa lagrkZrhuksa ’kfä;ksa dh vuqadEik ik yh FkhA vr,o vkfndky ls czãk] fo".kq ,oa f’ko ds vR;Ur fiz; ik=ksa esa gks x,A

nsof"kZ ukjn ds ukjniqjk.k ds vuqlkj rhu tUe gq,A igys tUe esa os miogZ.k uke ds xU/koZ FksA tgk¡ ls ’kkio’kmUgsa e`R;qyksd esa ,d nklh iq= gksuk iM+kA rhljs tUe esa os lk{kkr~ czã ds iq= gq,A tgk¡ mUgksaus fofo/k pfj=ksa dk leq)kjdeZ fd;kA

izLrqr miU;kl muds f}rh; tUe ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl tUe esa ukjn _f"k dk uke va’kqy gSA dFkkoLrq dks lqUnjvkd"kZd cukus ds fy,] rkfd ikBdksa dk eu mlesa je lds] mls mnkRRk] e/kqj] jkspd vkSj LokHkkfod cuk;k tkrk gSAbUgha dks mlds xq.k dgk tkrk gSA ;g ys[kd dk dkS’ky gS fd vius ikBd dks dFkk ls ck¡/ks j[kus ds fy, og mls fdlizdkj vkd"kZd :Ik esa izLrqr djsaA

dFkkud ds fo"k; esa Mk0 jkey[ku ’kqDy fy[krs gSa& thou vkSj txr vR;ar foLrh.kZ gS vkSj dykdkj dh izfrekmlds Hkhrj izos’k djus dh ’kfDr j[krh gSA blesa dksbZ lansg ugha dh thou vkSj txr dh rqyuk esa O;fDr dykdkjvR;ar NksVk gSA -----og dqN futh vuqHkwfr ds lgkjs vkSj dqN nwljksa dh vuqHkwfr ds lgkjs fojkV fo’o ds jgL;e;rRoksa dks le> ldrk gS rFkk vius dYiuk lEcy ds lgkjs mudk euksje fp= izLrqr dj ldrk gSA mlds lkeus gh tks

lalkj gS] ftldk og izR;{k vuqHko dj ldrk gS og bruk fo’kky vkSj O;kid gS fd og mls lgL=ksa miU;kl dkdFkkud ns ldrk gS] dykdkj ds ikl ij[kus dh dyk okyh vk[ksa gksuh pkfg,A1

okLro esa miU;kl ,d thou izfdz;k dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA Hkys gh og vR;Ur f’kfFky gks] ij mls vUrlZw=ksadk ,d <kaWpk feyuk gh pkfg,A miU;kl dh izfdz;k esa vUrn‘Zf"V eq[; gS] tks izdV rF;ksa ds vkarfjd lR; dh HkO;Nk;k Hkh izLrqr djrh gSA eqU’kh izsepan miU;kl ds dFkkud ds lzksr ds ckjs esa dgrs gS] ^^vxj ys[kd viuh vka[kas[kqyh j[ks] rks mls gok ls Hkh dgkfUk;ka fey ldrh gSaA jsyxkM+h esa] ukSdkvksa ij] lekpkj i=ksa esa] Ekuq"; ds okrkZyki esavkSj gtkjksa txg esa lqUnj dgkfu;kaW cukbZ tk ldrh gSaA-----^^miU;klksa ds fy, iqLrdksa ls elkyk u ysdj thou ls ghysuk pkfg,A**2

^fu"d"kZr:* miU;kl oS;fDrd thoukuqHkwfr dk lgt :ikRed foLrkj gS] tks txr dks Hkh vius jax esa jaxrk gS vkSjmlds jax Hkh ;nk&dnk ysrk gSA miU;kldkj dh lQyrk blh esa gS fd og viuh dFkkoLrq dks bruk laizk.k] ljl]ekfeZd ,oa laosxkRed :i esa izLrqr djsa fd ikBd vius rknkRe dj ysa vkSj dFkk mlds eeZLFky dks Nw ysA Okgh miU;kllQy Hkh gksrs gSaA ftudh dFkkoLrq bu xq.kksa ls lEiUu gksrh gSA

^^vk’kkf’k’kq** miU;kl dh dFkkoLrq ikSjkf.kd gksus ds lkFk&lkFk vkfn ls vUr rd fofo/krk ds lkFk gh jkspd vkSjftKklk dh vfHkO;fDr djus okyh gSA miU;kl vkfn ls vUr rd i<+s fcuk mldh oSpkfjd xfjek] uke dk dkj.k vkSjlEiw.kZ ?kVukdze Kkr ugha gksrkA brus fo’kky vkdkj ds gksrs gq, Hkh blesa laxBukRed ,oa lqlEc)rk gSA ,d lQyvkSiU;kfld dFkkoLrq esa fuEufyf[kr xq.kks a dh vis{kk dh tkrh gS& 1- ekSfydrk] 2- jkspdrk] 3- LokHkkfodrk] 4-laosxkRedrk] 5- mRlqdrk] 6- lEc)rk vkSj laxBukRedrkA

dFkkud dh ekSfydrk& ^^tks thou txr ds leLr rRoksa dks le>rs gq, fdUgh fof’k"V fdUrq vU; dh vka[kksa lsvLi"V rRo dks xzg.k dj mlds vk/kkj ij vius dFkk&rUrq dh fufeZfr djrk gS] og oLrqr% ekSfyd ys[kd gSA**3

ekSfydrk ls vk’k; dYiuk&iz/kku dgkuh ls dnkfi ugha gSA ;nfi dgkuh dkYifud gh gksrh gS] fdUrq mldk/kjkry ;FkkFkZokgh gksrk gSA blhfy, ;FkkFkZ ds /kjkry ij l`ftr dgkuh dYiuk ds fo’ks"k jax ls jaxh tkus ij ekSfyddgyk;sxhA ^^vk’kkf’k’kq** miU;kl esa ftl izdkj dh ?kVukvksa dk la;kstu fd;k x;k gS] mlls mldh dFkkoLrqxr ekSfydrkLi"V gSA u dsoy dFkkud esa vfirq o.kZu&ifjikVh esa Hkh Ik;kZIr ekSfydrk gSA O;fDr eu dh O;Fkk] vdsykiu] Lusg]lsokHkko] vykSfdd ’kfDr ds izfr vkLFkk o mudk ljy o LokHkkfod fp= izLrqr djus esa ys[kd iw.kZr% lQy jgkAvykSfdd ’kfDr ds izfr vkLFkk dk fp=.k djus esa ys[kd ekSfydrk fuEukafdr m)j.k esa n`"VO; gS] ^^vc rd mu rhuksadh vka[ksa vH;kxr ds izdk’kiqat ls f?kjs Lo:Ik dks ns[kus esa vH;Lr gks x;h FkhA mi;ek ds lkeus gkFk tksM+dj mlus dgk]^^nsfo mi;ek] rqEgsa gekjs fiz;lkFkh dh tuuh cuus dk ije lkSHkkX; fey x;k gS] dysts ds bl VqdMs+ dh tku nsdj Hkhj{kk djukA ;g lalkj dh cgqr cM+h lEifRr gSA** mi;ek dks ;nfi vH;kxr dh ckrsa vuqeku yxkrs nsj ugha yxh fdf’k’kq va’kqy dk bl iwoZtUeh; ls dksbZ ukrk vo’; gksxkA rhuksa dks ns[krs gh va’kqy ij n`f"Vikr4 djrk gqvk vH;kxr/khjs&/khjs o`{kksa ds ihNs foyhu gks x;kA rhuksa LrC/k ls bl vizR;kf’kr ?kVuk ds ckjs esa lksp jgs Fks fd u rks muds iYysvH;kxr dh ckrksa dk vFkZ iM+k Fkk vkSj u gh mlds foyki dh dFkk ghA ;g dksbZ ounsoh jgh gS ,slk lkspdj mUgksausml fn’kk ds izfr J)k lfgr gkFk vo’; tksM+ fn;sA**5

jkspdrk

dFkkoLrq tc rd jkspd ugha gksxh] tc rd vius ikBdksa ds eu dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr ugha dj ik;sxhA vr% mldkvkd"kZd vkSj jkspd gksuk cgqr vko’;d gSA ^^ys[kd dh jpuk esa tks jgL;kRedrk gksrh gS vkSj leL;kvksa ds tks vusdeksM+ gksrs gS os ikBd ds dqrwgy ds iks"kd gksrs gSa( fdUrq tc miU;kl esa ,sls rRoksa dk gzkl gks tk,xk rks miU;kl dhjkspdrk ckf/kr gks tk,xhA jpuk i<+us esa ikBd dk dqrwgy rc Hkh cuk jgrk gS] tcfd ys[kd jkspd ’kSyh esa viuh jpukizLrqr djsA**6

12

ºããÊãã

^^vk’kkf’k’kq** miU;kl esa ;g xq.k lgt gh izkIr gSA ;nfi chp&chp esa ;nk&dnk fopkjksa dh ckSf)drk Hkh izdV gS]fdUrq og Hkh dnkfi vjkspd ugha gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ys[kd us fopkjksa dks Hkh bl izdkj ?kVukvksa ls layXu fd;kgS fd euksjatdrk rFkk jkspdrk loZ= cuh jgrh gSA ,d mnkgj.k nz"VO; gS] ^^va’kqy vc rqryh cksyh esa HkS;k&ekSlh&HkS;kbu ’kCnksa dks cksy ikrk dqN VwVh QwVh fØ;kvksa ls tksM+dj vkSj dqN ladsrksa ds ek?;e ls viuh ckrsa le>k ysus yxk FkkA/khjs&/khjs mldh bl xfr ls os nksuksa larq"V FkhA vc og dqN nwj rd py vkSj nkSM+ Hkh ysrk FkkA

tc os taxy dks tkuk pkgrh] og muds lkFk tkus dk gB djrk vkSj euk djus ij #B tkrkA ,sls {k.kksa esa mldkseukus vkSj mldh ukjktxh dks ns[kus esa bu nksuksa dks vkuUn feyrkA rc muesa ls ,d va’kqy dk i{k ys ysrh vkSj nwljhmldh vizlUurk dks vkSj mdlkus esa #fp ysrhA os dgrh] ^^rqe pkgs u ys tkvks eSa mls taxy esa ys tkÅ¡xhA** va’kqyrqjar eku tkrk vkSj dgrk] ^^vc mlds lkFk ugha tk;saxsA** tc mi;ek dgrh] ^êSa ys dgka tk jgh gw¡A** phek va’kqyls cksyrh] ^^rqEgkjs lkFk oks tk dgka jgk gS \ ge yksx rks dksek dks nqgsaxs mldk nw/k fi;saxsA uUnh ds lkFk [ksysaxs jsokeS;k ds fdukjs dqykaps ekjsaxs] pyks] pyks tkvks gV tkvks ;gka lsA**7

LakoknkRed i)fr ls ys[kd us va’kqy] mldh eka o ekSlh phek ds chp f’k’kq fØz;kvksa fd ppkZ fdrus jkspd :Ik esaizLrqr dj fn;k] ;g ikBd Lo;a lksp ldrs gSaA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd miU;kl esa loZ= jkspdrk dk xq.k gSA

LokHkkfodrk

ekSfyd vkSj jkspd gksrs gq, Hkh miU;kl ek= dYiuk dh ,d mMku Hkj ugha gS] bldk O;kid] ;FkkZFkoknh /kjkrYk gSAmiU;kl fd fdlh Hkh ?kVuk dks] fdlh Hkh izlax dks ns[k yhft,] gj txg LokHkkfodrk dk xq.k fn[kkbZ nsxkA bllEca/k esa mnkgj.k izLrqr gS] ^^va’kqy ds Li’kZ esa gh ugha mldh cksyh esa mldh ps"Vkvksa esa mldh izlUurk esa] mldsmBus esa mlds tkxus vkSj lksus esa D;k\ mlfd lHkh vuqHkoksa esa mi;ek dks tks lq[k feyrk mlds izk.k mls ikus dslkFk&LkkFk yxkrkj ,d ykylk ikys jgrs fd mldk ’kadqy dk’k bl lq[k ds {k.kks a dk lgHkkxh cu ikrkA

lp rks ;g gS fd izse ds lalkj dh ;g ,d lgt ekax gS fd tc izseh lq[kh ;k nq[kh gksrk gS og vius izsekLindk Hkh mu Hkkoukvksa ls tksMus dh ykylk j[krk gSA ,sls {k.kksa esa mls u vius dk /;ku jgrk gS vkSj u vius ,sdkfdarlq[k ek= dkA og pkgrk gS fd mldk izsekLin mlds }kjk vuqlwfpr lq[k fLFkfr;ksa dk vkUkUn ysA mi;ek dks va’kqy ds}kjk ftl okRlY; lq[k dk vuqHko gks jgk Fkk og izfriy pkgrh Fkh fd ’kadqy Hkh bu izsee;] okRlY; e;] Lusge;]fLFkfr;ksa dk vkUkUn ys ikrk**8

laosxkRed

vkSiU;kfld dFkkoLrq dh lQyrk blh esa gS fd mlesa lEosx&rhozrk gksA bls ge osx foLrkj Hkh dg ldrs gSa ;g rHkhlaHko gks ldrk gS] tc fd lz"Vk ltho fp=.k ;k fcEchdj.k dh dyk esa fuiq.k gksA fdlh pfj= vFkok ?kVuk dks futhdYiuk& cy ls laosx vkSj ckSf/kd rhozrk ds ek/;e ls] lz"Vk laosxkRed cuk nsrk gSA vk’k; ;gh gS fd miU;kldkjbfUnz;t laosx dks ckSf/kd rhozrk nsdj gzn;xzká cuk nsrk gSA laosx rhozrk ftl miU;kl esa ftruh vf/kd gksxh] mldhdFkkoLrq mruh gh vf/kd izHkkoh gksxhA tgka rd ^vk’kkf’k’kq* miU;kl fd dFkkoLrq dk iz’u gS] bldh dFkkoLrq esa laosxrhozrk vius pje mRd"kZ ij ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA ;g lEosxkRed dFkkoLrq bruh fu[kjh gqbZ gS fd ikBd ds vUrl~ esa viukekfeZd izHkko NksMrh gS ,d mnkgj.k] ^^’kadqy lksprk tk jgk Fkk& mi;ek tSlh lafxuh ikdj mlus ,d fnu xoZ vuqHkofd;k Fkk fdUrq mls ikdj mi;ek dk D;k feyk\ dsoy ihM+k dsoy nq%[kA u tkus fdl gol esa fdlh eupys dk lkFkikdj cjlksa igys mi;ek dks fcy[krh NksMdj dqN cu tkus dh bPNk ls b/kj m/kj HkVdrk jgkA og rks feyk gh ugha]viuh Hkh lEink [kks xbZA ^^mi;ek! eSus rq>s cgqr nq%[k fn;k phek us eq>s crk;k fd rwus ,d I;kjs f’k’kq dks tUefn;k Fkk] esjh Nkrh nqxquh gks xbZ Fkh] lkspk Fkk vc ge nksuksa feydj ml f’k’kq ds lgkjs thou ukSdk pyk ysxsaA mi;ek!

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;fn rw esjh ckr lqu jgh gks rks ,d ckj mB tkvksA fiz; l[kh! rqEgkjk bl izdkj :B dj tkuk eq>s pSu ls lksus ughansxkA**9

mRlqdrk

vkSiU;kfld dFkkoLrq esa mRlqdrk cuk;s j[kuk Hkh miU;kldkj ds dkS’ky dk ,d vax gS okLro esa ;fn ns[kk tk;s rksmRlqdrk ekuo ek= esa gksrh gS] og LokHkkfod ,oa vk| gS] vr% lnk jgsxhA vr% mRlqdrke; dFkk] miU;kl dk esa:n.MgSA

^^dFkkud esa ikBdksa ds dqrwgy dks cuk, j[kus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,A dqrwgy ekuo dh vkfneo‘fr gS vkSj cgqrgh lrgho‘fr gSA luluh[kst jpuk,a dqrwgy tkxfjr djus esa vf/kd lQy fl) gks ldrh gS vkSj mPpdksfV dh jpukvkasesa bl vksj /;ku ugha fn;k tkrk( fdUrq fdlh u fdlh :Ik esa dqrwgy dk gksuk vko’;d gksrk gSA**10

vr% mRlqdrk dk vk|Ur fuokZg dFkk dk ,dek= xq.k gS vkSj mRlqdrk ds izfr ikBdkas dk mnklhu dj nsuk mldk,dek= lcls cM+k nks"k gSA Li"V gS fd mRlqdrk ds lkFk gh ekuo ds vUreZu esa O;kIr vusd xzfUFk;ks a dk mYys[kmn~?kkVu vR;Ur vko’;d gSA ^vk’kkf’k’kq* miU;kl esa ;g xq.k fo’ks"k :i esa nz"VO; gSA va’kqy ds iwoZtUe o vfHk’kkfirbl tUe ds ifjis{; esa tks ?kVuk,aW ,d ds ckn ,d ?kVrh pyh tkrh gSaA os vR;ar mRlqdrko)Zd gS vkSj ikBd lkaljksddj ;g izrh{kk djrk pyrk gS fd ns[ksa vkxs D;k gksrk gSA futZu ouizkUr dh ?kVukvkas o fgald tkuojksa ds ckjs esalksps fcuk mi;ek dk HkVduk] lkai ds Mlus ls mi;ek fd e‘R;q gksuk] va’kqy dk vdsys jg tkuk] taxyizkr esa va’kqydk [kks tkuk] phek o ’kadqy dk feyuk] va’kqy fd [kkst djuk] taxy eas va’kqy dk vk’kkafdr lk Vgyuk mRlqdrk dhl‘f"V djus esa lgk;d gq, gSaA ,d mnkgj.k nsf[k,] ^îsM+ksa dh ?kuh Nk;k us taxy dks vkSj vf/kd Hk;kog cuk fn;kA f’k’kqLoHkko ds dkj.k vuk;kl mldh Le‘fr esa eerke;h eka dh ewfrZ dkSa/k x;h] tks ,sls va/kdkj ds {k.kksa esa mls Nkrh lsfpidk;s iM+h jgrh Fkh vkSj ,d {k.k ds fy, Hkh vyx ugha djrh Fkh va’kqy ds eqag ls vuk;kl fudyk] ^êka! rw dgkagS\ eSa ,dne vdsyk gw¡A D;k rqe vc Hkh esjs ikl ugha vkvksxh\** rHkh ;kn vk;k eka rks mBus dh fLFkfr esa ugha FkhvkSj ml vkokt us dgk fd] ^ôg rks ugha jgh] fQj dSls vk,xh\ og ugha vk,xhA**11

lEc)rk vkSj laxBukRedrk

o‘gnkdkj miU;kl gksus ds dkj.k blesa ?kVukvksa dh i;kZIr fofo/krk gSA vusd dFkk,a] midFkk,aW ,oa vUrdZFkk,Wa eq[;dFkk ls feyh gqbZ gSA fQj Hkh mlesa ikjLifjd lEc)rk gS& dFkk lw=ksa esa fc[kjko ugha gSA ^vk’kkf’k’kq^ miU;kl esa dFkkizlax my>ko Hkjk gS] fQj Hkh ;g miU;kldkj dk fuekZ.k dkS’ky gS fd mlesa lf{kaIrrk rFkk laxBukRedrk gSA dksbZ Hkhizlax LorU= ugha gks ikrkA va’kqy nsof"kZ ukjn ds f}rh; tUe dh eq[; dFkk&izlax ls lHkh izlax lqlEc) gS vkSj mldhekfeZdrk vkSj LokHkkfodrk esas viuk ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA

Li"V gS fd *vk’kkf’k’kq* miU;kl dFkkoLrq ekSfyd Hkh gS vkSj ikSjkf.kd o LokHkkfod HkhA mlds rhoz laosxkRedrkds lkFk gh mRlqdrk Hkh gS vkSj dFkk lw=ksa esa ijLij lEc)rk ,o laxBukRedrk Hkh gSA O;fDr ,oa lekt] nsork ,oa_f"kx.kksa dk ;FkkFkZ fp= gksus ds dkj.k blesa ;s xq.k Lor% Lekfo"V gks x, gaS] blds fy, ys[kd us fo’ks"k iz;kl ugha fd;kgSA miU;kl dk dksbZ Hkh va’k mBk yhft,] ;s xq.k lgt gh esa izkIr gks tk;saxsA vr% ;g fufoZokn :Ik ls dgk tk ldrkgS fd dFkkoLrq ds vko’;d xq.kkas dh n‘f"V ls *vk’kkf’k’kq* ,d lQy miU;kl gSA

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ºããÊãã

lanHkZ xzaFk

Mk0 jkey[ku ’kqDy &fgUnh miU;kl dyk] lUekxZ izdk’ku fnYyh 7jktiky] fgUnh ’kCndks’k& Mk0 gjnso ckgjh] jktiky ,.M laUl] d’ehjh xsV] fnYyheqa’kh izsepUn &dqN fopkjMk- lw;Zukjk;.k f}osnh &*vk’kkf’k’kq*

FOOTNOTES

1fgUnh miU;kl dyk] i`"B la[;k 15 ¼ys[kd½ Mk0 jkey[ku ’kqDy2dqN fopkj] i‘"B la[;k 85 ¼ys[kd½ eqa’kh izsepUn3miU;kldyk % ,d ewY;kdau] i‘"B la[;k 18 ¼ys[kd½ jkey[ku ’kqYd4n‘f"Vikr& ljljh fuxkgksa ls ns[kuk] jktiky fgUnh ’kCndks"k i‘"B la[;k 404 ¼Mk0 gjnso ckgjh½5^vk’kkf’k’kq^ ¼ys[kd½ lw;Z ukjk;.k f}osnh] i‘"B la[;k 166miU;kldyk % ,d ewY;kdau] i‘"B la[;k 18&19 ¼ys[kd½ Mk- jkey[ku ’kqDy7^vk’kkf’k’kq^ miU;kl &¼ys[kd½ lw;Zukjk;.k f}osnh] i‘"B la[;k 238vk’kkf’k’kq &¼ys[kd½ Mk0 lw;Zukjk;.k f}osnh] i‘"B la[;k 249vk’kkf’k’kq &¼ys[kd½ Mk0 lw;Zukjk;.k f}osnh] i‘"B la[;k 7910miU;kldyk% ,d ewY;akdu& ¼ys[kd½ Mk0 jke y[ku ’kqDy] i`"B la[;k 1811vk’kkf’k’kq &¼ys[kd½ Mk0 lw;Zukjk;.k f}osnh] Ik‘"B la[;k 75

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∗ Àãè¡À, †¡ÌããâÔ¡ ‡ãŠãùÊãñ•ã ‚ããù¹ãŠ †ñ•ãî‡ãñŠÍã¶ã ¹ãÊãÌãÊã (ÖãäÀ¾ãã¥ãã) ¼ããÀ¦ãý (ÔãªÔ¾ã Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ½ã¥¡Êã)

¹ããäÀÌã¦ãÃ¶ã ‡ãŠãè ¹ãÆãä‰ãŠ¾ãã ãä‰ãŠ¾ãã¶Ìã¾ã¶ã ‡ãŠã „¹ãã¾ã

¡ãù. ÔãâØããè¦ãã •ãõ¶ã*


¼ããÀ¦ã ã è ¾ ã Íãã ñ£ ã ¹ ã ã ä ¨ ã ‡ ã Š ã ‚ãã¶Ìã ã è ã äà ã‡ ã Š ã è ½ ã ò ¹ ã Æ ‡ ã Š ãÍã¶ã ã©ã Ã ¹ ã Æ ñ ã ä Ó ã ¦ ã ¹ããäÀÌã¦ãÃ¶ã ‡ãŠãè ¹ãÆãä‰ãŠ¾ãã ãä‰ãŠ¾ãã¶Ìã¾ã¶ã ‡ãŠã „¹ãã¾ã Íãã è Ó ã Ã ‡ ã Š Êã ñŒã / Íãã ñ£ ã ¹ ã Æ ¹ ã ¨ ã ‡ ã Š ã è Êã ñ ã äŒã‡ ã Š ã½ ã ö ÔãâØããè¦ãã •ãõ¶ã Ü ãã ñ Ó ã¥ãã ‡ãŠÀ¦ãã è Öîú ãä‡ãŠ ÊãñãäŒã‡ãŠã ‡ãñŠ Â¹ã ½ãò ƒÔã ÊãñŒã ‡ãŠãè Ôã¼ããè Ôãã½ããäØãÆ¾ããò ‡ãŠãè ãä•ã½½ãñªãÀãè Êãñ¦ããè Öîú, ‡ã‹¾ããòãä‡ãŠ ½ãö¶ãñ ÔÌã¾ãâ ƒÔãñ ãäÊãŒãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ‚ãÞœãè ¦ãÀÖ Ôãñ ¹ãü¤ã Öõ ‚ããõÀ Ôãã©ã Öãè ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠãñ Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã Öãñ¶ãñ ‡ãŠãè ÔÌããè‡ãðŠãä¦ã ªñ¦ããè Öîúý ¾ãÖ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ½ãîÊã Â¹ã ½ãò ¾ãã ƒÔã‡ãŠã ‡ãŠãñƒÃ ‚ãâÍã ‡ãŠÖãé ‚ããõÀ ¶ãÖãé œ¹ãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ ¶ã Öãè ‡ãŠÖãé ½ãö¶ãñ ƒÔãñ œ¹ã¶ãñ ‡ãñŠ ãäÊã† ¼ãñ•ãã Öõý ¾ãÖ ½ãñÀãè ½ããõãäÊã‡ãŠ ‡ãðŠãä¦ã Öõý ½ãö Íããñ£ã¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ‡ãñŠ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ½ã¥¡Êã ‡ãŠãñ ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã ‡ãñŠ ÔãâÍããñ£ã¶ã †Ìãâ Ôã½¹ããª¶ã ‡ãŠãè ¹ãî¥ãÃ ‚ã¶ãì½ããä¦ã ªñ¦ããè Öîúý ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ÊãñŒã ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã Öãññ¶ãñ ¹ãÀ ƒÔã‡ãñŠ‡ãŠã¹ããèÀãƒ› ‡ãŠã ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãÀ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãñ ªñ¦ããè Öîúý

dgus okyk dgrk jgrk gS vkSj lquus okyk lqurk jgrk gS] ifj.kke dqN Hkh ugha fudyrkA v/;kidx.k viuk ikB i<+kdj]O;k[;ku nsdj pys tkrs gSa] ifj.kke txtkfgj gSA bu lcdk vkf[kj dkj.k D;k gS\ dgk¡ gS Hkwy pwd\

,d pwgs vkSj mYyw esa fe=rk FkhA ,d fnu pwgs us vius fe= mYyw ls dgk fd fe= fcYyh us cgqr nq[kh dj j[kkgS] cgqr ijs’kku gw¡¡] lnk Mjk jgrk gwWa] uk tkus dc jke uke lR; gks tk;sA dksbZ mik; crykvksA mYyw us dgk fd ?kcjkusdh dksbZ vko’;drk ugha gS] esjs ikl cgqr gh lVhd vkSj lqUnj mik; gS& rqe taxyh fcyko cu tkvksA cl fcYyh rqelsMjus yxsxh vkSj rqe fuHkZ; gksdj jgksxsA pwgk cM+k izlUu gqvk vkSj dgus yxk ;g rks Bhd gS exj eSa fcyko cuwWaxk dSls];g rks crykvksA mYyw us dgk fe= dSlh ckrsa djrs gks] lc dqN eSa gh d:¡xk] rqEgkjh dksbZ ftEesnkjh ugha] mik; eSauscryk fn;k] ckdh rqe tkuksA fcykc dSls cuuk gS rqe tkuksA esjk dke rqEgsa mik; crykuk Fkk] lks eSaus iwjk fd;k] vcmik; dk fØ;kUo;u rqEgkjs gkFk esa gSA rqe tkuks rqEgkjk dkeA

f’k{kk ds {ks= essa ,slk gh dqN gks jgk gSA v/;kid d{kk ysrs gSa] viuk O;k[;ku nsrs gSa vkSj ckr lekIr gks tkrhgSA fo|kFkhZ dh le> esa vk;k fd ugha] blls dksbZ ljksdkj ugha gksrkA fo|kFkhZ dks vU; mik; [kkstus iM+rs gSa& dHkhlgk;d iqLrd] rks dHkh futh dksfpaxA fo|kFkhZ le> dk lgkjk u ysdj jVus dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksrk gSA jVu ds lkFkle>] rknkRE; gks rks gh jVuk lQy gksrk gSA

okLro esa fØ;kUo;u dk ekxZ iz’kLr ugha gSA dsoy cM+h&cM+h ckrsa djus ls dqN gksus okyk ughaA gesa ;g pqukSrhLohdkj djuh gksxh] fd v/;kid us tks i<+k;k gS mls dSls :ikUrfjr djsa] :ikUrj.k dh izfØ;k vfuok;Z gS] mldk lfØ;vH;kl vko’;d gSA

lQyrk esa leiZ.k dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA tgk¡ leiZ.k ugha ogk¡ lQyrk ughaA y{; izkfIr gsrq n‘<+fu’p; vfuok;ZgSA iw.kZ leiZ.k&fdlh izdkj dk rdZ fordZ ugha& dsoy leiZ.kA leiZ.k Hkko ls NksVs ls NksVk vkneh] cM+s ls cM+k dk;Zdjus esa lQy gks ldrk gSA leiZ.kghurk ’kfDr’kkyh dks Hkh vleFkZ cuk nsrh gS] mls ukdke cuk nsrh gSA og NksVs lsNksVk dk;Z djus esa Hkh vleFkZ gks tkrk gSA

ikSjkf.kd dFkk gS egkjktk dksf.kd ;q) dj jgs FksA ijkt; dk vans’kk Fkk vkSj gkj fn[kkbZ ns jgh FkhA ,sls esadksf.kd bUnznso ds izfr lefiZr gks x;sA dksf.kd ds yM+us dk dk;Z bUnznso dks lEHkkyuk iM+k] fLFkfr cny x;h] yM+us dkdk;Z bUnznso dks lEHkkyuk iM+k vkSj dksf.kd fot;h gq;sA tc ge lR; ds izfr lefiZr gksrs gSa] rks gekjh ’kfDr lkS xqukgks tkrh gSA fQj tc y{; lkeus gksrk gS] fot; fuf’pr gSA

ewy iz’u gS& cnyko dSls lEHko gS\vUnj ns[kuk gksxkA tc rd vUnj ugha ns[ksaxs] :ikUrj.k lEHko ughaAMkW dkIi us viuh iqLrd] ^^XySa.Ml n bufoftoy xkftZ;u^^ esa fy[kk gS fd gekjh xzfUFk;ksa dk fo’ks"k egRo gSA

budk lgh mi;ksx vfuok;Z gSA vfu"V Hkkouk;sa ,fMªuy xzafFk dks vfrfjDr dk;Z djus dks ck/; djrh gSa] ftlls ogFkd tkrh gS vkSj f’kfFky gks tkrh gSA vfrfjDr Hkkj Fkdku iSnk djrk gSA

Hkxoku egkohj us dgk gS] ^û HksrO;a**( vFkkZr~ Mjks erA rqe vHk; gks] rqe lcdqN dj ldrs gksA ;g Hkkouk fdeq>s dqN ugha vkrk] vius eu ls fudky nksA rqe lcdqN dj ldrs gksA Hk; dks vius eu ls nwj j[kksA Hk; ls ,fMªuyxazfFk lcls T;knk izHkkfor gksrh gSA mUgksaus ;g Hkh dgk fd tks vHk; ugha gksrk] og vfgald ugha gksrkA euq"; Hk; dsdkj.k gh fod‘fr;ksa dks ikyrk gSA Hk; lc cqjkb;ksa dh tuuh gSA Hk; ls eqDr gksuk nks"kksa ls eqDr gksuk gSA Hk; izyksHkudks tUe nsrk gS] vlqj{kk iSnk djrk gSA eu bu izyksHkuksa ls yqC/k gks jgk gSA bu izyksHkuksa dks fojke nsuk gksxk] bUgsa HkhfoLe‘r djuk gksxkA

iz’u ;gh gS fd :ikUrj.k dSls laHko gS\ dSls gks\,dek= mik; gS& v)Zpsru eu dks lfØ; djuk] mls txkukAgekjh xzafFk ¼XySa.M~l½ v)Zpsru eu gSa vFkkZr v)Zpsru gSaA ;s xzafFk;k¡ gekjs efLr"d dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA bu

xazfFk;ksa dks gesa lfØ; djuk gksxk& rkfd gesa Hk; ls eqfDr feys& gekjs vkosx lekIr gksa& gekjs vk;ke dks u;k mYyklfeys] gesa ubZ psruk feysA

’kjhj dk vkyEcu eu dk vkyEcu gSA eu ij dSls fu;a=.k djsa\ eu dh rhu voLFkk;sa gSa& 1- leuLdrk] 2-veuLdrk] 3- û leuLdrk& u veuLdrk^ &ekufld rVLFkrk ;k veuA

leuLdrk% gekjk eu mlh izo‘fRr esa layXu jgs] ftls ge dj jgs gSaAveuLdrk% ge ,d dk;Z dks dj jgs gSa] exj gekjk eu dgha vkSj yxk gqvk gSAu leuLdrk & u veuLdrk% leuLdrk ;k veuLdrk esa eu lnk jgsxk oks pkgs fdlh Hkh izo‘fRr esa yxk gksA

vki v/;;u dj jgs gSa exj /;ku&eu [ksy esa gSA ;g veu dh fLFkfr gS] eu rks gS] og v/;;u esa u yx dj [ksyesa gSA veu dk gksuk û leuLdrkÂ gesa veu dh vkSj leu dh Hkwfedk ij /;ku nsuk gksxkA eu dks ’kq) vkyEcunsuk gksxkA eu dk HkVdko jksduk gksxk] mls ,d fn’kk&xkeh djuk gksxkA fofHkUu fn’kkvksa esa yxk eu] eu dh /kkjk dksizHkkfor djrk gS] mldh xfr dks jksd nsrk gSA

^êu dh Nk¡o esa gh] eku iuirk gS] eu dk ekFkk uerk ugha]@ u&êu^ gks] rc dgha] ueu gks] ^leu^ dks]@blhfy, eu ;gh dgrk gS lnk&@ ueuA ueuA ueuAA**¼ewdekVh 97½

,d ;k=h dks yEcs lQj ij tkuk Fkk] jkr va/ksjh Fkh] jkLrk yEck Fkk] mlds fe= us mls ,d ykyVsu ns nh vkSjdgk fd bldh jks’kuh ls rqe viuk jkLrk vklkuh ls ikj dj ikvksxsA ;k=h us ns[kk fd ykyVsu dk izdk’k rks dsoy pkjik¡p QqV rd gh tkrk gS] tc fd mls nl ehy dk cM+k yEck lQj djuk gSA mlus vius fe= dks dgk fd rhu&pkjQqV dk izdk’k eq>s bruk yEck lQj dSls djk ik;sxk] eq>s rks nl ehy rd lQj djuk gSA ;g fof/k dks u tkuus dk

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dkj.k gSA ;fn fof/k dks tkurk rks rhu&pkj QqV dk izdk’k mls nl ehy ds lQj dks vklku cuk nsrkA vko’;drk gSfof/k dks tkuus dh( vkSj fof/k dks tkuuk gh Ik;kZIr ugha gS] ml ij vey djuk Hkh vko’;d gSA vius lansg dks] fdeafty ij igq¡pw¡xk ;k ugha dks fojke nsuk gksxkA lQyrk esa leiZ.k dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA

fo|kFkhZ dk vius f’k{kd ds izfr leiZ.k vfuok;Z gSA tks lefiZr ugha gksrk] mlls lQyrk nwj jgrh gSA y{;izkfIr gsrq n‘<+fu’p;] leiZ.k vko’;d gSA lefiZr Hkko cM+s ls cM+s dk;Z dks Hkh] lqfo/kkiwoZd dj ysrk gSA leiZ.k esa rdZ&fordZ dk dksbZ LFkku ughaA vius f’k{kd ds izfr iw.kZ fu"Bk] leiZ.k vko’;d gSA

fu"Bk dk vFkZ gS] vlQyrk esa Hkh iSj u Mxexk;sa& iz;kl pyrk jgsA tc lQyrk feyrh gS rks fu"Bk xkS.k gks tkrhgS] lQyrk Lo;a f’k[kj ij ys tkrh gS] exj tc vlQyrk feyrh gS rc fu"Bk gh lkFk nsrh gSA

^^tks f[kldrh&ljdrh gS] lfjrk dgykrh gS lks vLFkkbZ gksrh gSA vkSj@ lkxj ugha ljdrk lks LFkkbZ gksrk gS]@ijUrq] @ lfjrk ljdrh lkxj dh vksj gh ukA vU;Fkk]@ u lfjrk jgs] u lkxjA ;g ljdu gh lfjrk dh lfefrgS]@ ;g fuj[k.k gh lfjrk dh izfefr gS] cl ;gh rks vkLFkk dgykrh gSA vkLFkk NViVkrh jgrh gS] tc rd mls pj.kugha feyrs pyus dks]@ vkSj@ vkLFkk ds fcuk vkpj.k esa vkuUn vkrk ugha] vk ldrk ughaA fQj]@ vkLFkk okyh lfØ;rkgh fu"Bk dgykrh gS] ;g Hkh ckr Kkr jgsA** ¼ewdekVh 119&120½

iz’u gksrk gS fd eu dks izf’kf{kr vkSj vH;Lr dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS\eu dks tkx‘r djus dk ,dek= mik; gS& thou dh fn’kk dks cnyuk] thou dh xfr dks cnyukA,Mhlu ,d iz;ksx dj jgs FksA mlds lkFk cgqr ls lg;ksxh vkSj fo|kFkhZx.k Hkh bl iz;ksx esa yxs gq;s FksA lQyrk

gkFk ugha vk jgh FkhA vlQyrk fujk’kk dks tUe nsrh tk jgh FkhA ,Mhlu ds lg;ksxh vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa us ,d fnu dgkfd vc ge vkSj le; bl iz;ksx ij [kjkc ugha dj ldrsA ;g vlEHko yxrk gSA lkr lkS ckj iz;ksx djus ij HkhlQyrk nwj gSA ,Mhlu ,d egku oSKkfud FkkA mlus vius lg;ksfx;ksa dks dgk fd dSlh ckrsa djrs gks\ ge lQyrk dsbrus djhc gSaA okLro esa rqEgsa xf.kr gh ugha vkrkA tks lkr lkS =qfV;k¡ Fkha og rks [kRe gqbZa] vc lQyrk gekjs dnepweus dks O;kdqy gSA ge xyr ij fot; ikrs tk jgs gSa vkSj rqe lc fgEer gkj jgs gksA

;g gS fu"BkAvr% fu"Bk dk vFkZ gS ijkt; esa Hkh lQyrk dks ryk’kukA gj ds le{k vkSj vlQyrk ds le{k Hkh lQyrk gh

,d ek= lw= gSA vlQyrkvksa ds e/; fu[kjh gqbZ lQyrk gksrh gSA J)k ds fcuk vkjEHk vkSj fu"Bk ds fcuk vUrlEHko ughaA ;gh usfr&usfr dh izfØ;k gSA ;gh fu"ks/k dk mik; gSA vly dks vly dh rjg tkurs tkvks] tks ’ks"k cpsxkogh lkj gSA

f’k{kk ds {ks= esa îzekn] vdeZ.;rk vkSj vkyL;^ Hkh fo?u gSaAizekn eksgd vL= gSA izekn esa yxrk gS fd lc dqN tku fy;kA vc tkuus dks dqN Hkh ’ks"k ugha vkSj ;gh izekn

fo|kFkhZ dks mlds y{;ksa ls nwj dj nsrk gSA tc izekn] vdeZ.;rk vkSj vkyL; vkrk gS rks fot; dh lEHkkouk esa Hkhfot; ls oafpr jg tkrk gSA

,d jktk FkkA mldks viuk ea=h fu;qDr djuk FkkA fu;qfDr iwoZ mlus ,d ijh{kk j[khA lkr O;fDr ijh{kk nsusvk;sA mlus lcdks lEcks/ku fd;k fd vki lc ;gk¡ dejs esa cSBs gSa] eSa ckgj ls rkyk yxk nsrk gw¡A vkiesa tks Hkhdejs dk rkyk [kksydj ckgj vk tk;sxk] mls ea=h cuk nw¡xkA lcus lquk vkSj lkspk fd fdruh fofp= ijh{kk gSA ckgjls rkyk cUn gS vkSj vUnj okyksa dks dg jgs gSa fd tks Hkh rkyk [kksy dj ckgj vk;sxk] mls ea=h cukÅ¡xkA ;g dSlslaHko gS\ jktk dk fnekx [kjkc gks x;k gSA lkr esa ls Ng rks gkj dj cSB x;s] dksbZ iq:"kkFkZ ugha fd;kA lkroka O;fDrvdeZ.; ugha Fkk] iq:"kkFkhZ FkkA mlus lkspk vo’; gh dksbZ u dksbZ jkt gksxk vU;Fkk jktk bl izdkj dh ’krZ ughaj[krkA eq>s viuk iz;Ru djuk pkfg;sA og mBk] njokts ds ikl x;k vkSj mls tksj ls /kdsykA njoktk [kqy x;kA jktkLokxr gsrq njokts ds ckgj [kM+k FkkA njokts ij dksbZ rkyk ugha FkkA jktk dsoy ns[kuk pkgrk Fkk fd dkSu deZ.; gSvkSj dkSu vdeZ.;A iq:"kkFkZ lcdks djuk pkfg;s FkkA lQyrk feyrh ;k ugha ;s ckn dh ckr FkhA dsoy bl ckr us

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•ãõ¶ã

fd ckgj rkyk yxk gqvk gS] mls dSls [kksy ldrs gS] mUgsa vdeZ.; cuk fn;kA ftlus iq:"kkFkZ fd;k] deZ.;rk dkifjp; fn;k og fot;h gqvk vkSj ea=h cu x;kA

lnSo ;kn jgs fd lc dqN laHko gSA deZ.; vkSj iq:"kkFkhZ ds fy;s] tcfd vdeZ.; vkSj viq:"kkFkhZ dks dsoyfujk’kk o vlQyrk gh feyrh gSA miyfC/k ds fy;s iz;Ru vfuok;Z gSA iz;Ru gh u gks rks miyfC/k dSls fey ldrhgS\ fo|kFkhZ dks ghu Hkkouk dks vius eu esa ugha vkus nsuk pkfg;s] blls iz;Ru esa f’kfFkyrk vkrh gSA ghu Hkkoukls dqafBr O;fDr gkj rks igys gh eku ysrk gS] ;g fot; dh vksj rks ,d dne Hkh ugha c<+krkA mldh gkj rks igysgh fuf’pr gS] izkfIr dh ckr rks loZFkk NwV tkrh gSA

gesa ekuus ds LFkku ij tkuus ij /;ku nsuk pkfg;sA fof’k"V miyfC/k;ksa ds fy;s lnk iz;Ru’khy gksuk pkfg;s] cxSjbldh fpUrk fd;s gh oks gesa izkIr gksrh gS ;k ughaA gekjk iq:"kkFkZ lnSo lgh fn’kk esa yxuk pkfg;sA iq:"kkFkZ gekjklg;ksxh cuk jgs] bl ckr dk gesa lnSo [;ky j[kuk pkfg;sA iz;Ru lnSo djrs jguk pkfg;sA eu dh papyrk ij dkcwj[ksa] mls HkVdus u nsa] rkfd gekjh ’kfDr de uk gksA ’kfDr cuh jgsA

tho dk cM+k y{k.k gS &bPNk’kfDr vkSj ladYi’kfDrA ;g tho dh igpku gSA ftl euq"; esa bPNk’kfDr] ladYi’kfDrugha og tho ugha gks ldrkA lw{e ls lw{e thoksa esa Hkh] pkgs oks i‘Foh ls gks] pkgs ouLifr ls] mu lcesa bPNk’kfDr vkSjladYi’kfDr gksrh gSA ladYi’kfDr& ,dkxzrk }kjk fu;ked ’kfDr esa :ikUrfjr gks tkrh gSA

Hkxoku egkohj us vkRek ls yM+us dk mins’k fn;k gS] uk fd ckgj yM+us dkA eksg vkSj ewPNkZ ls yM+ks] fot;izkIr gksxhA bl ;q) esa ihNs uk gVsa] vkxs gh vkxs c<+rs tk,saA vius iq:"kkFkZ dk iw.kZ mi;ksx djssa] viuh ’kfDr dksigpkusa] mls iz;ksx esa yk,sa vkSj tks Hkh ck/kk chp esa vk;s] ml ij fot; ik;sa] mls u"V djsa] fujk’kk dks nwj Hkxk;sa]lnk vk’kkoku cusa] fot;Jh dne pwesxhA

^îzR;sd O;o/kku dk] lko/kku gksdj] lkeuk djuk]@ uwru vo/kku dks ikuk gS] ;k ;w¡ dg¡w bls&@ vfUre lek/kkudks ikuk gSA** ¼ewdekVh 74½

lUnHkZ

vkpk;Z egkizK &fdlus dgk eu papy gSJh jtuh’k &dsoY; mifu"kn~vks’kks &ejkS gs tksxh ejkSvkpk;Z fo|klkxj &ewdekVh

19






20

∗ ¹ãÆã£¾ãããä¹ã‡ãŠã (ãäÖ¶ªãè), †Þã. ‚ããÀ. ØãÆãè¶ã ¹ãŠãèÊ¡ Ôããèãä¶ã¾ãÀ Ôãñ‡ãñŠ¥¡Èãè Ô‡ãîŠÊã ¼ãŠã••ãÀ (ÖãäÀ¾ãã¥ãã) ¼ããÀ¦ã

ãäÖ¶ªãè ¼ããÓãã ‡ãŠã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã

¹ãî¶ã½ã Àã¶ããè*


¼ããÀ¦ãã è¾ã Íãã ñ£ã ¹ãã ä ¨ ã‡ã Šã ‚ãã¶Ìãã è ã äàã‡ãŠã è ½ã ò ¹ã Æ ‡ ã Š ãÍã¶ãã©ã Ã ¹ã Æ ñ ã ä Ó ã¦ã ãäÖ¶ªãè ¼ããÓãã ‡ãŠã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã Íãã èÓã Ã ‡ ã Š Êã ñŒã / Íãã ñ£ã ¹ã Æ ¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠã è Êã ñ ã äŒã‡ãŠã ½ã ö ¹ãî¶ã½ã Àã¶ããè Üãã ñÓã¥ãã‡ãŠÀ¦ããè Öîú ãä‡ãŠ ÊãñãäŒã‡ãŠã ‡ãñŠ Â¹ã ½ãò ƒÔã ÊãñŒã ‡ãŠãè Ôã¼ããè Ôãã½ããäØãÆ¾ããò ‡ãŠãè ãä•ã½½ãñªãÀãè Êãñ¦ããè Öîú, ‡ã‹¾ããòãä‡ãŠ ½ãö¶ãñ ÔÌã¾ãâ ƒÔãñ ãäÊãŒãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ ‚ãÞœãè ¦ãÀÖ Ôãñ ¹ãü¤ã Öõ ‚ããõÀÔãã©ã Öãè ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠãñ Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã Öãñ¶ãñ ‡ãŠãè ÔÌããè‡ãðŠãä¦ã ªñ¦ããè Öîúý ¾ãÖ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ½ãîÊã Â¹ã ½ãò ¾ãã ƒÔã‡ãŠã‡ãŠãñƒÃ ‚ãâÍã ‡ãŠÖãé ‚ããõÀ ¶ãÖãé œ¹ãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ ¶ã Öãè ‡ãŠÖãé ½ãö¶ãñ ƒÔãñ œ¹ã¶ãñ ‡ãñŠ ãäÊã† ¼ãñ•ãã Öõý ¾ãÖ ½ãñÀãè ½ããõãäÊã‡ãŠ ‡ãðŠãä¦ã Öõý ½ãö Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ‡ãñŠ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ½ã¥¡Êã ‡ãŠãñ ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã ‡ãñŠ ÔãâÍããñ£ã¶ã †Ìãâ Ôã½¹ããª¶ã ‡ãŠãè ¹ãî¥ãÃ ‚ã¶ãì½ããä¦ã ªñ¦ããè Öîúý ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ÊãñŒã ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã Öãññ¶ãñ ¹ãÀ ƒÔã‡ãñŠ ‡ãŠã¹ããèÀãƒ› ‡ãŠã ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãÀ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ‡ãŠãñ ªñ¦ããè Öîúý

bl lalkj esa vusd izdkj ds izk.kh ik, tkrs gaSA os vius Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr fofHkUu izdkj dh /ofu;ksa ls djrs gSaAgkFkh fpa?kkMdj] ’ksj ngkM+dj] i{kh dwtdj vkSj efD[k;k¡ fHkufHkuk dj vius izse] Øks/k] bZ";k] ?k`.kk dks O;Dr djrsgSaA Laklkj esa ekuo gh lcls vf/kd lkSHkkX;’kkyh gS fd mls viuh ckr dgus ds fy, Hkk"kk dk ojnku feyk gSa izR;sdeuq"; vius Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr fdlh&u&fdlh Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls gh djrk gSa Hkk"kk ds vHkko esa u rks fdlh lkekftdifjos’k dh dYiuk dh tk ldrh gS vkSj u gh lkekftd o jk"Vªh; izxfr dhA

fodkl ,d fujUrj pyus okyh izfØ;k gSA pkgs fodkl euq"; dk gS] pkgs Hkk"kk dk gksA tks Hkk"kk dk :i dy¼Hkwrdky esa dbZ lfn;ksa iwoZ Fkk½ Fkk og vkt ugha D;ksafd izkphu] e/;dkyhu ,oa vk/kqfud Hkk"kk,¡ ,d tSlh ugha gSA tksHkk"kk dk Lo:i vkt gekjs lkeus gS og dy ugha jgsxkA bl izdkj gekjh Hkk"kk ;wjsf’k;k ls fudydj vk;ZHkk"kkvksa ls gksrsgq, ,d yEch ;k=k r; djrs gq, if’peh fganh dk ,d Hksn [kM+h cksyh vkt dh fganh ds :Ik esa LFkkfir gSA vkt ;gfganh Hkkjr dh jk"VªHkk"kk] dbZ jkT;ksa dh jktHkk"kk] lekpkj i=ksa dh Hkk"kk ,oa vke cksypky dh Hkk"kk gS ftlds fodkldh xkFkk dks le>uk vko’;d gSA

Hkk"kk dk vFkZ % ^Hkk"kk^ ’kCn dk laca/k ^Hkk"k~^ ¼cksyuk½ /kkrq ls gS vFkkZr~ Hkk"kk dk ’kCnkFkZ gS& ftls cksyk tk,A fdarqeksVs :Ik ls mu lHkh lk/kuksa dks Hkk"kk dgrs gSa] ftuds ek/;e ls euq"; vius fopkjksa dks O;Dr djrk ;k lksprkgSA

Hkk"kk ds ek/;e% Hkk"kk ,d foLr‘r ladYiuk gS] ftlesa ge ik¡p lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSa& 1- n‘f"V ¼vk¡[k½] 2- Li’kZ¼Ropk½] 3- xa/k ¼uke½] 4- /ofu ¼okX;a×k½] 5- Jo.k ¼dku½A

ge bu ik¡pksa lk/kuksa esa ls fdlh Hkh lk/ku dk mi;ksx djrs gq, fopkj ;k Hkko lEizs"k.k djus dh fØ;k dks Hkk"kk dgldrs gSaA

Hkk"kk dh mRifr

Hkk"kk dh mRifr ds fo"k; esa lfn;ksa ls Hkk"kk fonksa dh gh ugha cfYd tu lkekU; dh Hkh #fp jgh gS] D;ksafd ;g ,djgL; gSA bl fn’kk esa vusd ’kks/k dk;Z gks pqds gSa rFkk vkt Hkh vusd fo’ofon~;ky;ksa esa bl ij xgu v/;;u fo’ys"k.ko ’kks/k&dk;Z py jgk gSA ijUrq vHkh bl fn’kk esa loZ lEer~ fu"d"kZ ugha fudy ik, gSaA bl laca/k esa vc rd vusder O;Dr fd, x, gS] ftuesa dqN izeq[k fuEukafdr gSa& ¼1½ nSoh mRifr fln~/kkar] ¼2½ /kkrq fln~/kkar] ¼3½ fu.kZ; fln~/kkar]¼4½ vuqdj.k fln~/kkar] ¼5½ euksHkkokfHkO;fDr fln~/kkar] ¼6½ ;ks&gs&gks fln~/kkar] ¼7½ bafxr fln~/kkar] ¼8½ lEidZ fln~/kkar] ¼9½lefUor :Ik] ¼10½ VkVk fln~/kkar] ¼11½ fodkloknh fln~/kkar] ¼12½ laxhr fln~/kkarA

fu"d"kZ

Hkk"kk dh mRifr laca/kh fdlh ,d fopkj dks loZlEefr ls ekU;rk ugha fey ikbZ gSA vr% Hkk"kk dh mRifr vHkh Hkh,d jgL; gh gSA

fo’o ds Hkk"kk [kaM

lEiw.kZ fo’o ds pkj Hkk"kk [kaM %

01- ;wjsf’k;k [kaM % ;g lcls cM+k Hkk"kk [kaM gSA bl [kaM esa ukS Hkk"kk ifjokj vkrs gSa& 1- Hkkjksih;] 2- vkLVªks&,f’k;kfVd] 3- gSesfVd& lsesfVd] 4- phuh] 5- ey;&ikfyusf’k;u] 6- dkdsf’k;u] 7- nzfoM] 8- ;wjky&vYVkbZ] 9- tkikuh&dksfj;kbZA

02- vQzhdk [kaM % blesa eq[;r% pkj Hkk"kk ifjokj gaS& 1- ckaVw] 2- lwMku] 3- cq’keSu] 4- gSesfVd&lsesfVdA03- iz’kkar egklkxjh; [kaM % blesa eq[r;% ey;&ikfyusf’k;u ifjokj gSaA dqN yksx bls dbZ ifjokjksa dk lewg ekurs gSaA04- vesfjdk [kaM % vesfjdk ds vkl&ikl ds {ks=ks a esa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kkvksa ds ifjokj blesa ’kkfey gSaA 1- mRRkj vesfjdh Hkk"kk

ifjokj] 2- e/; vesfjdh Hkk"kk ifjokj] 3- nf{k.kh vesfjdh Hkk"kk ifjokjA

mDr [kaMksa dks ;fn eksVs rkSj ij ns[ksa rks bu pkjksa [kaMksa esa tks Hkk"kk ifjokj ’kkfey gSa os cgqr NksVs&NksVs gSaA vr%vf/kdk’ka Hkk"kk foKkuh fo’o ds 12 Hkk"kk ifjokjksa dks gh oxhZdj.k gsrq ’kkfey djus ds i{k esa jgs gSaA

21


Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk

Hkkjr esa vk;ksZa ds vkus ds ckn ls mudh Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk dk bfrgkl ’kq: gksrk gSA blls igys mu yksxksa ds laca/kesa dqN tkudkjh visf{kr gS] tks vk;ksZa ds vkus ds iwoZ Hkkjr esa vk pqds FksA

vk;ksZa ds iwoZorhZ Hkkjrh; vk;ksZa ds vkus ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa dkSu&dkSu lh tkfr;k¡ jgrh FkhA ;g iz’u Hkh izLrqr izlaxfopkj.kh; gS] D;ksafd mudh Hkk"kkvksa us gekjh Hkkf"kd /kkjk dks fofHkUu Lrjksa ij vusd izdkj ls izHkkfor fd;k gSA vk;ksZads iwoZ vkus okyh tkfr;ksa esa izeq[k fuEukafdr pkj gaS %

usfxzVks % ;g izkphure tkfr gS] ftldk Hkkjr Hkwfe ij irk pyrk gSA usfxzVks ewyr% vQzhdk ds fuoklh Fks vkSj ;s nf{k.kh vjc] bZjku gksrsgq, Hkkjr vk, FksA ;s yksx dkys] ?kus ckyksa okys rFkk pkSM+h ukd okys FksA ;s fcYdqy gh vlH; FksA

vkfLVªd % usfxzVks yksxks a ds ckn vkfLVªd vk,A igys yksxks a dk ;g fopkj Fkk fd ;s yksx nf{k.kh phu rFkk mRRkjh fganphu ds fuoklhFks rFkk vle ds jkLrs Hkkjr esa vk, Fks] fdarq vc budk ewy LFkku Hkw&e/;lkxj ekuk tkrk gSA ;s bjkd] bZjku gksrs gq, Hkkjr vk,AvkfLVªd dkys] pkSM+h ukd okys] e>ksys dn ds rFkk yacs diky ds FksA Hkkjr dh dksy] eqaMk] [kklh] eksu[esj vkfn Hkk’kk,¡ bUgha dhgSA

fdjkr % vkfLVªd yksxksa ds ckn fdjkr Hkkjr esa vk;sA ;s vkfn eaxksy FksA bUgha dh ,d ’kk[kk phuh lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr dk fuekZrk cuhAbudh ,d ’kk[kk czgeiq= ds jkLrs Hkkjr vkbZA ;tqosZn rd esa budk mYys[k feyk gS] ftlls irk pyrk gS fd ;s yksx cgqr igys vkpqds FksA vc ;s yksx dsoy fgekpy izns’k] usiky] HkwVku] vle] ef.kiqj rFkk mRRkjh caxky esa gSA budh izeq[k Hkk"kk,¡ esbFksb] uxk]dfpu] xkjks] cksM+ks] yksyks] ysipk] dqdphu rFkk usokjh vkfn gSA

nzfoM+ % budk ewy fuokl LFkku vQzhdk ekuk x;k gS ogk¡ ls ;s yksx Hkw&e/;lkxj vk, vkSj fQj bZjku] vQxkfuLrku ls ysdj iwohZ Hkkjrrd QSy x,A Hkkjr esa ;s yksx 4000 bZ0iw0 ds vkn vk,A vkt rfey] rsyqxq] dUuM+] ey;kye ds vfrfjDr rqyq] dksMxq] dksykeh]VksMk] xksaM] [kan ¼mfMlk½ vkSjko¡ ¼fcgkj½ vkfn buds o‘gr Hkk"kk {ks= ds vo’ks"k gSA

Hkkjr esa vk;ksZa dk vkxeu

,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd Hkkjrh; vk;Z] bZjkfu;ksa ,oa njn yksxksa ls vyx gksdj 1500 bZ0iw0 ds vkl&ikl ifj’peh ,oaif’peksRRkjh lhek ls Hkkjr esa vk,A iwoZorhZ vk;Z e/; ns’k esa vk cls FksA ckn esa vkus okys vk;ksZa us vkdj mudk LFkkuys fy;k vkSj iwokZxrksa dks mRRkj] nf{k.k] if’pe] iwjc esa /kdsy fn;kA bls vk;ksZa ds vkxeu dk îPpg fln~/kkar^ dgrsgSaA gkuZys ds vuqlkj ;s ijorhZ vk;Z gh oSfnd laLd‘fr ds fuekZrk FksA u‘oSKkfud rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij jekizlkn pan HkhyXkHkx blh izdkj ds ckgjh&Hkhrjh ’kk[kk ds fu"d"kZ ij igq¡p FksA muds vuqlkj Hkhrjh ’kk[kk ds yksx yacdikyh iztkfrds gSa rks ckgjh ’kk[kk ds yksx y?kqdikyh iztkfr dsA izFke oSfnd laLd‘fr ds vf/k"Bkrk Fks] rks nwljs oS".ko ,oa ’kkDr/keZ dsA

Ikzkphu vk;Z Hkk"kk

Hkkjr esa vk;Z Hkk"kk ds izkjEHk dk cgqr fuf’pr dky nsuk rks lEHko ugha gS fdarq eksVs <a+x ls ;g ekuk tk ldrk gS fd1500 bZ0iw0 ds vkl&ikl ls bldk izkjEHk gksrk gSA

Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kk dk dky foHkkT;

¼d½ izkphu Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk,¡ ¼1500 bZ0iw0 & 500 bZ0iw0½] ¼[k½ e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk,¡ ¼500bZ0iw0&1000 bZ0½] ¼x½ vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk,¡ ¼1000 bZ0&vc rd½

izkphu Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk % oSfnd laLd‘r] ykSfdd laLd‘rA

22

Àã¶ããè

oSfnd laLd‘r % oSfnd lkfgR; dh Hkk"kk ;gh gSA blesa osnks a dh jpuk dh xbZA bldk le; 1500 bZ-iw- ls 800 bZ-iw- rd gSA bldk vkxs fodkl ugha gqvkA

ykSfdd laLd‘r % blh dks laLd‘r dk uke fn;k x;kA jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] iapra= dh jpuk,¡ blh Hkk"kk esa dh xbZA

e/;dkyhu vk;Z Hkk"kk % ikfy] izkd‘r] viHkza’kA

ikfy % ikfy Hkk"kk dk le; eksVs :Ik ls 500 bZ-iw- ls 1 bZ- rd gSA bl Hkk"kk dks dHkh&dHkh izFke izkd‘r Hkk"kk Hkhdgrs gSaA cksn~/k /keZ ds ^/kEe^ in vkfn xzaFk blh Hkk"kk esa gSaA

izkd‘r % bldk le; 1 bZ- ls 500 bZ- rd vFkkZr~ 500 o"kks Z a dk gSA bls f}rh; izkd‘r Hkk"kk Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g iwjsmRRkj Hkkjr esa cksyh tkrh FkhA

viHkza’k % bldk le; 500 bZ- ls 1000 bZ- rd dk gSA bls r‘rh; izkd‘r Hkh dgrs gSaAviHkza’k ls fodflr vk/kqfud Hkk"kk,¡ rFkk mi&Hkk"kk,¡& 1 ’kkSjlsuh( 1-1 if’peh fganh] 1-2 jktLFkkuh] 1-3 xqtjkrhA 2

iS’kkph( 2-1 yg¡nk] 2-2 iatkchA 3 czkpM+( 3-1 fla/khA 4 egkjk"Vªh( 4-1 ejkBhA 5 ekx/kh( 5-1 fcgkjh] 5-2 caxkyh]5-3 mfM+;k] 5-4 vlfe;kA 6 v/kZekx/kh( 6-1 iwohZ fganhA 7 [kl( 7-1 igkM+hA

Hkk"kk] miHkk"kk vkSj cksfy;k¡ %

Hkk"kk miHkk"kk cksfy;k¡

fgUnh if’peh fgUnh [kM+h cksyh ¼dkSjoh½] cztHkk"kk] cqUnsyh] gfj;k.koh ¼ckax:½] dUUkkSthiwohZ fgUnh vo/kh ¼dks’ky] oS’kckM+h½] c?ksyh] NRRkhlx<+hjktLFkkuh ekjokM+h] esokrh] t;iqjh] ekyohigkM+h dqek;w¡uh] x<+okyh

fcgkjh Hkkstiqjh] exgh] eSfFkyh

vk/kqfud Hkk"kk dk Øfed fodkl

1- vkfndky % fMaxy ¼viHkza’k vkSj jktLFkkuh½] fiaxy ¼viHkza’k vkSj cztHkk"kk dk iz;ksx½A2- HkfDrdky % 2-1 lxq.k HkfDr dkO;( 2-1-1 jke HkfDr ’kk[kk& vof/k Hkk"kk] 2-1-2 d‘".k HkfDr ’kk[kk& czt Hkk"kkA2-2 fuxqZ.k HkfDr dkO;% 2-2-1 izsekJ;h& vof/k Hkk"kk] 2-2-2 KkukJ;h& l/kqDdM+h ;k f[kpM+hA3- jhfrdky % czt Hkk"kkA4- vk/kqfud dky % [kM+h cksyh

HkkjrsUnq iwoZ fganh x| esa fganh dk fodkl

1800 bZ- esa QksVZ fofy;e dkWyst dh LFkkiuk ls fganh x| dk vkfoHkkZo gksrk gSA QksVZ fofy;e ds fgUnqLrkuh ds izksQsljfxy ØkbLV dh izsj.kk ls fganh esa vkjaHk gqvkA ftlds varxZr yYyw yky us îzselkxj^ rFkk lny feJ us ûkfldsrksik[;ku^fy[kkA blls iwoZ x| ds uewus cztHkk"kk esa feyrs gSa ftuesa xksdqy ukFk dh ^pkSjklh oS".kou dh okrkZ^ rFkk ^nks lkS ckouoS".kou^ dh okrkZ mYys[kuh; gSA

[kM+h cksyh x| ds izkjafHkd n’kZu vehj [kqljks dh jpukvksa esa gksrs gSaA

17 oha ’krkCnh esa % vdcj ds njckjh dfo xax dh jpuk ^pan Nan cjuu dh efgek^ esa [kM+h cksyh ds n’kZuA18 oha ’krkCnh esa % jke izlkn fujatuh dk ^Hkk"kk ;ksx okf’k"B^ rFkk nkSyr jke dk îne iqjk.k^ [kM+h cksyh x| dk ,d

vPNk mnkgj.k gSA19 oha ’krkCnh esa % fganh ds [kM+h cksyh x| ds izorZu esa pkj uke izeq[k gSaA os gSa& QksVZ fofy;e dkWyst ls lacaf/kr yYyw

yky ¼izselkxj½] lny feJ ¼ ukfldsrksik[;ku½] lnklq[k yky ¼lq[klkxj½] ba’kk vYyk [kk¡ ¼jkuh dsrdh dh dgkuh½A

23


vk/kqfud dky

1- Hkkjrsanq ;qx& cztHkk"kk@ [kM+h cksyh dk iz;ksx ¼1857 bZ- ls 1900 bZ-½] 2- f}osnh ;qx& [kM+h cksyh dk iz;ksx ¼1900bZ- ls 1920 bZ-½] 3- Nk;koknh& [kM+h cksyh dk iz;ksx ¼1920 bZ- ls 1935 bZ-½] 4- Ikzxfrokn& [kM+h cksyh dk iz;ksx ¼1935bZ- ls 1943 bZ-½] 5- iz;ksxokn@ u;h dfork& [kM+h cksyh dk iz;ksx ¼1943 bZ- ls 1960 bZ-½] 6- ledkyhu dfork& [kM+hcksyh dk iz;ksx ¼1960 bZ- ls----------------½

lkBksRRkjh ¼lu~ 1960 ds ckn dh½ dfork dks vusd uke fn, x, ftuesa izeq[k gS& lkBksRRkjh@ ledkyhu@ vdfork@vfHkuo@ chV@ ;q;qRlkoknh@ vLohd‘r@ vfr@ lgt@ fufnZ’kk;kehA

7- fganh uoxhr ijEijk

dkO; ds {ks= esa uoxhr ijEijk dk vkjaHk MkW ’kEHkwukFk flag 1960 bZ- ds mijkar Lohdkj djrs gSA muds vuqlkj ^vKs;^th gh uoxhr ijEijk ds lw=/kkj FksA lp rks ;g gS fd uoxhr ubZ dfork dk xhrkRed :Ik gSA ;gh xhrkRedrk tcubZ dfork ls tqM+ x;h rks uoxhr dgh tkus yxhA

jktk f’ko izlkn flrkjs fgan rFkk jktk y{e.k flag dh mnwZ&fganh laca/kh fojks/kh [ksesckth us Hkh ijks{k :Ik ls [kM+hcksyh x| dk ekxZ iz’kLr fd;kA

fu"d"kZ

bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd fganh Hkk"kk le; ds ifjorZu ds lkFk&2 vusd eksM+ ikj djrh gqbZ fujUrj vius fodkl ijvkxs c<+hA ftlds fodkl dks fuEufyf[kr izfØ;k n~okjk n’kkZ;k x;k gS %

24

Àã¶ããè

lUnHkZ xzzaFkMkW d.kZ flag &Hkk"kk foKkuMkW t;Urh izlkn ukSfV;ky &Hkk"kk foKku izos’k ,oa fganh Hkk"kk] v/;k; &1] i‘"B la[;k 1ogh] i‘"B la[;k 16ogh] i‘"B la[;k 35ogh] i‘"B la[;k 36ogh] i‘"B la[;k 46MkW t;Urh izlkn ukSfV;ky &Hkk"kk foKku izos’k ,oa fganh Hkk"kk] v/;k; &1] i‘"B la[;k 307ogh] i‘"B la[;k 308MkW t;Urh izlkn ukSfV;ky &Hkk"kk foKku izos’k ,oa fganh Hkk"kk] v/;k; &1] i‘"B la[;k 309Hkksyk ukFk frokjh &Hkk"kk foKku ¼bD;kuok¡ laLdj.k&2007½ogh] i‘"B la[;k 108ogh] i‘"B la[;k 132Hkksyk ukFk frokjh &Hkk"kk foKku] i‘"B la[;k 138ogh] i‘"B la[;k 140ogh] i‘"B la[;k 141Hkksyk ukFk frokjh &Hkk"kk foKku] i‘"B la[;k 116Lo;a ds v/;;u ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjh

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Øããò¡ãè ºããñÊããè ‡ãñŠ Êããñ‡ãŠØããè¦ããò ½ãò Àã½ã‡ãŠ©ãã Ôãâª¼ãÃ

¡ãù. ‡ãŠÊãã •ããñÍããè*


¼ããÀ¦ãã è¾ã Íãã ñ£ã ¹ãã ä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìãã èã äàã‡ãŠã è ½ã ò ¹ã Æ‡ãŠãÍã¶ãã©ã Ã ¹ã Æ ñã äÓã¦ã Øããò¡ãè ºããñÊããè ‡ãñŠ Êããñ‡ãŠØããè¦ããò ½ãò Àã½ã‡ãŠ©ãã Ôãâª¼ãÃ ÍããèÓã Ã‡ãŠ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã ¹ã Æ¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠã è ÊãñãäŒã‡ãŠã ½ãö ‡ãŠÊãã•ããñÍããè Ü ã ã ñ Ó ã¥ ã ã ‡ ãŠÀ¦ãã è Öî ú ã ä‡ãŠ Êãñã äŒã‡ãŠã ‡ãñŠ Â¹ã ½ãò ƒÔã ÊãñŒã ‡ãŠãè Ôã¼ããè Ôãã½ããäØãÆ¾ããò ‡ãŠãè ãä•ã½½ãñªãÀãè Êãñ¦ããè Öîú, ‡ã‹¾ããòãä‡ãŠ ½ãö¶ãñ ÔÌã¾ãâ ƒÔãñ ãäÊãŒãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ ‚ãÞœãè¦ãÀÖ Ôãñ ¹ãü¤ã Öõ ‚ããõÀ Ôãã©ã Öãè ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠãñ Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã Öãñ¶ãñ ‡ãŠãè ÔÌããè‡ãðŠãä¦ã ªñ¦ããè Öîúý ¾ãÖ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã½ãîÊã Â¹ã ½ãò ¾ãã ƒÔã‡ãŠã ‡ãŠã ñƒÃ ‚ãâÍã ‡ãŠÖãé ‚ããõÀ ¶ãÖãé œ¹ãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ ¶ã Öãè ‡ãŠÖãé ½ãö¶ã ñ ƒÔãñ œ¹ã¶ãñ ‡ã ñŠ ã äÊã† ¼ãñ•ãã Öõý ¾ãÖ ½ãñÀãè ½ãã õã äÊã‡ãŠ ‡ãðŠã ä¦ã Öõý ½ãö Íããñ£ã¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèã äàã‡ãŠãè ‡ãñŠ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ½ã¥¡Êã ‡ãŠãñ ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã ‡ãñŠ ÔãâÍããñ£ã¶ã †Ìãâ Ôã½¹ããª¶ã ‡ãŠãè ¹ãî¥ãÃ ‚ã¶ãì½ããä¦ã ªñ¦ããè Öîúý ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ÊãñŒã ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã Öãññ¶ãñ ¹ãÀƒÔã‡ãñŠ ‡ãŠã¹ããèÀãƒ› ‡ãŠã ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãÀ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãñ ªñ¦ããè Öîúý

vkfnoklh yksd laLd‘fr dk jkedFkk ls ukrk cgqr le; ls gS] dgk tk ldrk gSa jke ds le; ls gh gSA vkfnoklh lektdk izfrfuf/kRo djus okys fu"kknjkt] ’kcjh vkSj dsoV vknj.kh; ik= gSaA blh vkfnoklh lekt dh xksaM tutkfr e/;izns’kvkSj NRrhlx<+ esa fuokl djrh gSA xksaM tutkfr dk lkfgR; vkSj laLd‘fr mUgha ds leku lgt gSA vius vklikl dhvuqHkwfr dks lgstdj Hkjiwj thuk viuk /keZ ekuus okyh bl tutkfr dk lkfgR; vfyf[kr gS vkSj ih<+h nj ih<+h xhr]dgkorsa budh ijEijkvksa ds ek/;e ls thfor gSaA xksaM tutkfr vius b"Vnso] dqynso] cM+knso ,oa vU; nsoh& nsorkvksaesa iw.kZ fo’okl j[krs gSA oSls rks xksaM tutkfr fgUnw nsokas esa ^f’ko* ij fo’ks"k vkLFkk j[krh gSaA fQj Hkh jke dFkk dsfofo/k lanHkZ muds yksdxhrksa esa gSA NRrhlx<+h ds gh leku xksaMks esa Hkh y{e.k dh izfr"Bk tfr ¼;fr½] ds :i esa gSAy{e.k dh lr ijh{kkvksa dk yksd xkFkk ^jkek;.kh* esa xk;u fd;k tkrk gSA jkek;.kh xkFkk jkedFkk ij vk/kkfjr gSA blxkFkk dk uk;d y{e.k gSA bl ’kks/k i= esa jke tUe] Jo.k dFkk] es?kukn c/k] ouxeu] y{e.k dh lrijh{kk vkfnizlaxksa dks yksdxhrksa ls fy;k x;k gSA Jqfr ijEijk ls izkIr Kku vkSj vuqHko dks vuqL;wr dj xksaMksa us viuh rjg lsbu dFkkvksa dks yksdxhrksa esa lekfgr fd;k gSA

jkek;.kh yksdxkFkk dh okfpd ijEijk esa egkHkkjr dh dFkk,¡ Hkh feyk nh xbZ gSaA yksdxk;dh esa ekStwn bl dFkk esalhrk jkepUnz ls y{e.k dh f’kdk;r djrh gSaA os y{e.k dks fdlh ;qorh ds lkFk ns[kdj vHkh&vHkh ykSVh gSA os mykguknsrh gSa y{e.k rqEgkjk HkkbZ gSa rqEgsa mlds fookg dh fpark ugha gSA og vius lr ls fopfyr gks x;k gSA jke vius njckfj;ksadks cqykrs gSa vkSj muds lkFk MwaMk egy y{e.k dks ns[kus tkrs gSa bl izlax esa xksaM yksdxhr esa egkHkkjr dky ds ik=Hkhe Hkh mifLFkr gSA gks ldrk gSa dky dk varjky vkSj jkedFkk&egkHkkjr dh dFkk dk xM~M&eM~M gks tkuk egt J)s;ik=ksa dk muds dkeksa dk Lej.k Hkj gksA y{ke.k ds lr dh ijh{kk yksdHkk"kk esa vuwBk ,oa vn~Hkqr iz;ksx gSA ;g ijh{kk

∗ ÍããÔã. ‡ãŠÊãã †Ìãâ Ìãããä¥ã•¾ã ½ãÖããäÌã²ããÊã¾ã ƒ¶ªãõÀ (½ã£¾ã ¹ãÆªñÍã) ¼ããÀ¦ãý E-mail : [email protected] (ÔãªÔ¾ã Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ½ã¥¡Êã)

,d ckj ugha ckj&ckj yh xbZA ^^vc pys goS Hkhe enkZUk js nknk@ ik¡p&ik¡p dksl ds ,d&,d Mx /kjFkS HkkbZA Mksaxjhigkju yk dwnr tkFkS js nknk@ vc mBs gS] dpgjh@ lts goSa jkepUnj@ pys goSa jktk jkepUnj@ lc lax pys gos lhrkpy nSUgsa lHkh js nsork@ py nSUgs lHkh js egkjktk@ py nSUgs ukjn js equh@ py nSUgs cklqd js jktk@ py nSUgs QkStvj QVkdkA**

lHkh yksx jke&lhrk ds lkFk Mw.Mk egy igq¡prs gSaA jkr fnu ds eafty ekj ds igq¡p xSu gsa MqaMk egy ekA Vksj dsdsaokj ?kql ijs gSa jkepUnjA tSu le; ij ns[ks gSa] yNeu iydk ek lks; jgh ls] dksBk ek yjfdu ds diM+k yRrk] xguk]tsoj] fVdyh] rjdh lc fc[kjs ijs gSa] uk lEer ek jkepUnj lksp ek ijx, goSA dgFkSA ,yk dkfgu HkS xSlsA C;kg djsykdgfrl rs C;kg jp nsrhA yelsuh djsy dgfrl ls yelsuh j[kk; nsrhA v[kj ;k vkSxqu ys vk; xSlA bruk dgds ?kjds gkFk tSu le; ;k tc ufg >Vdksj gSA >d us uhu [kqy xS yNeu dsA vk¡[kh [kksyds ns[k FksA , nknk! bu le >udSls ek vk; xSuA vk¡[ku yk HkhatFksA dgw¡ liuk esa ns[kr gksÅ¡ dgdsA Hkdqvk; xSgs yNeu] ufga vk; fVdkukA

^^vc >j&>j jksFkS@vc Fkj Fkj dSaiFkS@ dSls djks nknk@ lkEgw goS HkkbZ@ ihNw gSa HkkStkbZ@ Bk<s+ gSa lc nsork@dkSjk vkSj iaMok@ dksBk ek fcFkjs@ Vwfju ds xguk@ dgk¡ ys vkbu@ dkSu ykbl buyk@ ufga lksp ikos@ Bk<s+ Bk<+jksFksA**

y{e.k ds vkl&ikl yM+dh ds diM+s] xgus vkfn iM+s gSaA y{e.k bls banj dkeuh dk Ny dgrs gSaA vc blds i’pkrxkFkk esa yksgjhx<+ ds yksgkegy esa y{e.k dks can dj fn;k vkSj pkjks vksj ls <s+j lkjh ydfM+;ksa ls mls ?ksj dj vkxyxk nh xbZ rkfd yNeu ds lR; dh vfXu ijh{kk yh tk ldsA var esa Hkhe mls egy ds ngdrs yksgs ij ikuh Mkydjmlds dikV [kksyrk gSA y{e.k ml ykSg egy ls lgh lyker fudyrk gSA ^^vc iwjh HkSxS lr ds ifjPNk@ [kjk mrfjuyNeu@ lr /kkjh yNeu@ cjr /kkjh yNeuA**

xkasMh ds yksdxhrksa esa jkedFkk ds fofo/k lanHkZ lksgj] nknjk] fookg xhr] foyki xhrksa esa fey tkrs gSA jhuk vkSjlSyk xhrksa esa jke dk lqanj fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA ,d lSyk xhr esa v;ks/;k ds jktk e;kZnk iq:"kksRre jkepUnz th ds uhysjax dk ?kksM+k gS] jketh ml ij lokj gSa muds gkFkksa esa lksus dh yxke gSa] ^^jktk jke ds yhyh cNsM+k@ lksue ds dfjgkjhds@ lka; lka; ?kksM+k Hkkx;@ ts[kj yEcs Nkrh jsA**

Jo.k dFkk ds lanHkZ esa& n’kjFk ds ck.k ls ?kk;y Jo.k dqekj jktk ls dgrk gSa ge vius cw<+s va/ks ek¡&cki dksdkoM+ esa fcBkdj rhjFk djkus fudys Fks rqeus cku pyk fn;kA mldh d:.k iqdkj bu ’kCnksa esa O;Dr gqbZ gS] ^^fudkjksjktk Nkrh ls cku gekjh@ nkbZ nknk yk daojh ek /kj ds@ cu dk jkg fugkjh@ fudkjks jktk Nkrh-----@ ys rqeM+hty cksj ds ykvks@ ihvc nksuksa ijkuh@ fudkjks jktk Nkrh-----@ Jo.k cksyS; dksey okuh@ ck.k ds lSa;k lEgkjh@fudkjks jktk Nkrh-----@ e‘x tku n’kjFk ck.k ekjs@ gk; gk; jke iqdkjhA fudkjks jktk Nkrh----A**

gs jktu! esjs lhus esa ck.k yxk gSa bls vki fudky nhft;sA ¼nkbZ&nknk½ vius firkth o ekrkth dks dk¡oM+ esa cSBkdjJo.k dqekj us rhFkZ ;k=k ds fy, taxy dh jkg idM+ yh gSA csVk Jo.k dqekj ge I;kl ls O;kdqy gks jgs gSaA rqe rweM+hysdj tkvks mlesa ty Hkjdj ys vkukA ge ifr&iRuh nksuksa ikuh fi;saxsA bruh ckr lqudj Jo.k dqekj dksey ok.kh lsle>kdj ikuh ysus pyk tkrk gSA jktk n’kjFk th fgj.k le>dj /kks[ks ls Jo.k dqekj ds lhus esa ck.k vkj&ikj djnsrs gSaA Jo.k dqekj ?kk;y gksdj rM+Qrs gSaA

blh dFkk dks iwoZ izlax esa Jo.k rweM+h eas ikuh Hkj jgs gSaA ikuh Hkjus dh cqM+&cqM+ dh vkokt dks fgj.k dh vkoktlqu n’kjFk ck.k pyk nsrs gSaA bldk o.kZu foyki xhr esa gSA blesa n’kjFk ekrk&firk dks ikuh nsrs gSa rks os va/ks gksus dsckotwn vuqeku yxk ysrs gSa fd ;g mudk csVk ugha gSA

^^lkxj rykc esjs Jo.k ikuh HkjS;@ cqM+&cqM+ rweh ckTkS;] rweh ’kCn lquds]@ n’kjFk th ck.k ekjS;] jke dgrJo.k] fxjS; js@ Mqe&Mqe rweh cktS; Nkrh ek ykxS; ck.k vksgks gk;]@ gs jke dfgds js] dgk¡ fudy x;s izk.k js]@ jkedgr Jo.k fxjs; js lkxj---------fxjS;AA /kjs rqefM+;k ikuh ds n’kjFk ty Hkj yk;k vksgks gk;]@ ikuh gkFku nsrgS eq¡g ufg cqyok;k js]@ jke dgr Jo.k fxjS; js lkxjs--------fxjS;]@ rS; rks gksos Hkwr isjsr gejks ugksl yky vksgk;]@va/kjk va/kjh Jki ns oks gks tkgh fto ds dky]@ jke dgr Jo.k fxjS;---------lkxj-----------fxjS;AA**

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l?ku taxy esa ,d cM+k rkykc FkkA Jo.k th rqeM+h ls ikuh Hkj jgs Fks ftldh vkokt ikuh Hkjrs le; cqM+&cqM+gks jgh FkhA rqeM+h dh vkokt dks lqudj n’kjFk th us ck.k ekjkA Jo.k th fxj iM+rs gSaA cqM+&cqM+ rqeM+h dh vkoktctrs gh lhus esa ck.k yx x;k vkSj Jo.k th izk.k R;kx nsrs gSa] n’kjFk th rqeM+h esa ikuh Hkjdj gkFk esa nsrs gSa] ysfdueq[k ls ugha cksyrs gSaA va/kk&va/kh dgrs gSa fd rqe eq[k ls D;ksa ugha cksyrs gks rqe Hkwr izsr ’kSrku gksxs] gekjs yky ughagks] crkvks\ ugha rks ge rqEgsa Jki ns nsaxsA rqEgkjk Hkh lR;kuk’k gksxkA

jke&y{e.k vkSj lhrk dh igpku dSls gks\ bls muds /kkj.k fd, vL=&’kL= vkSj vkHkw"k.k ls gh igpkuk tk ldrkgSA ^^dSls phUgks jkes vkSj y[ku tk fd lqvk gks@ dSls ds phUgks lhrk HkkbZ-----@ /kuq"k /kj phUgks jkes vkSj y[kuykyfd lqvk gks@ eqdqV ek phUgks lhrk HkkbZ--------@ jh jhuk fd lqvk gks jh jh uk jhgy vk;A**

jke tks gSa mUgksaus /kuq"k Vkax j[kk gSA y{e.k ds ikl ck.k gS vkSj os tks eqdqV yxk;s gSa os lhrk th gSa vks jh jhukA xksaMks esa nsoh dh egRrk gSa blhfy, os lhrk dks eqdqV ls lfTtr ns[krs gSA

ouokl dh ckr lqudj v;ks/;kiqjh mnkl gSa jke] ds fcuk v;ks/;k dk D;k gksxk\ lhrk ds fcuk jlksbZ Hkh lwuhgks tk;xhA yksdxhr esa dgk tk jgk gS dksbZ rks jke dks jksd ys ou tkus lsA dksbZ rks mUk------ eukdj ykSVk yk,A

^ôu dks pys j?kqjkbZ@ mUgsa dksbZ ykvks js eukbZ@ Hkhrj jksos ekrk dkS’kY;k@ ckgj y{e.k HkkbZ@ jke fcuk eksjhlwuh v;ks/;k@ y{e.k fcu BdqjkbZ@ fl;k fcuk eksj lwuh jlksb;k@ dkSu djsa prqjkbZA**¼Jh ckcwjke ejdke ls ladfyrfMMksjh gk-eq- vkdk’kok.kh] bankSj½

ouokl izlax ds vU; yksdxhr esa muds tUe LFkku] ekrk&firk dk uke dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA ;s os jke gSaftUgksaus jko.k ls yM+kbZ dh gSA bl NksVs ls yksdxhr esa jkedFkk tUe] vgY;k eqfDr] lhrk gj.k] lhrk dh [kkst] yadk;q)] jko.k o/k dk izlax lekfgr gSA

^^jh jhuk jhuk jh gy jhuk gs ukjs lqvk gks@ jh jh uk jh uk jh gy jhuk vk;AA vo/kiqjh ek tUe yS;s gS fdlqvk gks@ jke y[ku Hkxokufd lqvk gksAA ekrk mu[ks ekrk dkS’kY;k fd lqvk gks@ firk gS n’kjFk jktA jh---@ jkeS;y[ku ds pj.k dey ls fd lqvk gksA rjxSbus vgY;k ukjh@ jh-----@ iapoVh ek lhrk pksjh gksoS; fd lqvk gks@ jkey[ku gSa mnkl@ jh-----@ jke y[ku ds lsod cuds fd lqvk gks@ vatuh ds iq= guqeku@ jh-------@ ckanj ds lsukcuds nksÅ HkS;k fd lqvk gks@ yadk esa djr gSa ;q) yjkbZA jh-------@ n’kks ’kh"k vj chl Hkqtk fd lqvk gksA ekj fxjk;Hkxoku@ jh jhuk-------A**

v;ks/;k esa Hkxoku Jhjke o y{e.k th dk tUe gqvk gSA mudh ekrk dk uke dkS’kY;k gS] firk jktk n’kjFk gSaAjke y{e.k ds pj.k deyksa ls gh vgY;k dks eks{k izkfIr gqbZ gSA iapoVh esa ekrk tkudh th dk gj.k gqvkA jke y{e.knksuksa HkkbZ nq[kh gSaA jke y{e.k ds lsod cudj vatuh iq= guqeku th us lhrkth dh [kkst dhA guqeku o mudh okujlsuk ds lkFk nksuksa HkkbZ yadk esa ;q) djrs gSaA ;q) esa flj o chl Hkqtk okys jko.k dks Hkxoku Jh jkepUnz th ekjdjfxjk nsrs gSaA

jke ouxeu dh ,d vU; NVk yksdxk;dh esa ’kCn fp= mifLFkr dj nsrh gS] ^^dSls ds ?kjks eu/khj gks@ dksuS; ’kyhgksds jkek fudy x;s@ vkxw&vkxw jke pyr gSa@ ikNw ls yNeu HkkbZ gksA dksuS;@ ftu [ksj chp ek lhrk tkudh@ ’kksHkkcju ugha tkbZ gks@ dksuS;-------@ f>jfeV f>jfeV ifu;k cjlss@ iou pys iq[kkbZ gksA dksuS;@ dkSu fcjtrjh Mk<s gksgh@ ’keS; y[ku nksÅ HkkbZ gksA dkSus;--------A**

eSa vius eu dks fdl rjg le>kÅ irk ugha fdl jkLRks ls Hkxoku Jh jkepUnzth fudy x;sA vkxs&vkxs Jh jkepUnzth py jgs FksA ihNs NksVs HkkbZ y{e.k th FksA ftu[kj ¼ftuds½ e/; esa ekrk tkudh th py jgh Fkh ftudh ’kksHkk dko.kZu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA Jh jkepUnz th ds pyrs le; fjef>e&fjef>e o"kkZ gks jgh FkhA gok ¼iq[kkbZ½ iwoZ fn’kk lspy jgh FkhA u tkus vHkh bl le; nksuksa HkkbZ bl rjg dh o"kkZ vkSj ’khr ygj eas fdl >kM+ ds uhps [kM+s gksaxsA

,d fojgk xhr esa jke] y{e.k vkSj guqeku dk yadk esa fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA guqeku us dwn&dwn dj yadk esa vkxyxk nh gS jke us rks lsrq leqnz ij cuk;k gS mldh lkr /kkjkvksa esa ls fdlh ,d /kkjk ls og rj tk,aA

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•ããñÍããè

^^vks, jke js xkbZ ysos] jke /kjS; /ku gh@ y{e.k /kjS; ck.k] x<+ yadk dk x<+ yadk ek@ gksjh [kSys; guqeku x<+yadk ek js nkslA lsrq leqanj ds goS; lkrks /kkjk /khjs xk;ys@ jketh ds d‘ik dks gh] vksgh yxkgh ikjA jke /kSjs;-----A**¼dyk ckbZ dqljke ls ladfyr½

/kuq"k /kkjh jke vkSj ck.k/kkjh y{e.k gSA jktk jko.k dh lksus dh yadk esa guqeku th vkx dh gksyh dwn&dwndj[ksy jgs gSaA bl gksyh esa yadk ty jgh gSA leqnzm ikj djus ds lsrq cuk;k gSa jke usA blesa lkr /kkjk,a gSa jke thdks d‘ik ls gh blds ikj tkuk gS

ouokl esa lhrk dk gj.k gks tkrk gSA lhrkgj.k ls jke] y{e.k] guqeku] vaxn vkSj vU; ouoklh nq[kh gSa] ppkZjr~gSaA lhrk yadk esa jks jgh gSA vkf[kj esa guqeku lhrk dks [kkst fudkyrs gSaA yadk ngu gksrk gSA fQj jke ;q) ds fy,leqnz ij iqy cukrs gSa jhuk xhr esa bldk lqUnj o.kZu gSa] ^^rkjk uk dks uk jh uk eksj uk uk xk@ fp=dksV dk y{e.kvM+xS;] vo?kV esa Hkxoku@ xk n’kks egy ek vaxn vM+xS;] fdyk Åij guqeku@ cgnks HkSp jks >Sp jksxk n’kks egy ekAtkjk eukyso; lhrk tkudh ds dkj.k xkA n’kks egy ek vaxn-------guqekuAA [ksy HkM+koS; lhrk tkudh ds dkj.kxkA n’kks egy ek vaxn-------------guqekuAA yadk ek vkxh yxkoS; lhrk tkudh ds dkj.k xkA n’kks-------guqeku@ lsrqiqy ck¡/kkoS; lhrk tkudh ds dkj.k xkA n’kks egy ek vaxn--------guqekuAA**

fp=dksV /kke esa y{e.kth [kM+s gSaA unh ds mcM+&[kkcM+ ?kkV esa jkepUnzth fojkteku gSaA nlksegy yadk esa vaxnth o lksus ds fdys esa guqeku th gSaA lhrkth lhrkgj.k ds laca/k esa vkil esa ppkZ dj jgs gSaA yM+kbZ dks ,d [ksyds cjkcj le> jgs gSa vkSj yadk esa guqeku th vkx yxk nsrs gSaA blds ckn jkepUnz th jkes’oj dh LFkkiuk djrs gSa]fQj leqnz ij iqy cka/krs gSaA yadk ;q) izlax esa y{e.k vkSj es?kukn dk ;q) gksrk gSA y{e.k dk ck.k es?kukn dks yxtkrk gSA ej.kklUu fLFkfr esa og viuh iRuh lqykspuk dks lrh gksus ds fy, dgrk gSA lqykspuk dh O;Fkk bl xhr esaO;Dr gqbZ gS] ^^y{e.k yk ykxs gS ck.k@ esjk ifr yk jke@ jks; jks; flykspuki Msgjh esa Bk¡M+sa@ esjk ifr dgw¡ gksbZ tkldrhA jks; jks; flykspuk [kksjh ek Bk¡M+s@ esjk ifr dgw gksbZ tk lrh@ y{e.k------@ jks; jks; flykspuk fcjNk ek Bk¡M+s@esjk ifr dgw¡ gksbZ tk ldrh@ esjk ifr dgw¡ gksbZ tk ldrh@ y{e.k------------------------A**

lqykspuk dg jgh gS fd esjs ifr es?kukn dks y{e.k dk ck.k yx x;k gSA lqykspuk jks&jksdj ¼Msgjh½ ?kj ds }kj vk¡xu¼[kksjh½ ?kj ds ckgj ds jkLrs ¼fcjNk½ esa >kM+ ds uhps [kM+h gksdj dgrh gSa esjk ifr ¼dgw¡½ dgs lrh gks tkA

yadkfot; dj jke v;ks/;k ykSV vkrs gSaA jktdkt laHkkyrs gaSA xksaM+h yksdxhrksa esa dgha Hkh lhrk R;kx dk ftØugha fd;k x;k gSA yo&dq’k dk Hkh dksbZ mYys[k ugha gSA jke ds izfr vikj J)k us gh xksaMh yksdxhr esa lhrk R;kx dh?kVuk dh dksbZZ izlax ugha vk;k gSA lhrk rks jktjkuh gSa og lnSo jke ds lkFk gh jghA jktdkt ds ckn jke tc lj;wesa lekf/k ys ysrs gSa rc tuekul ds O;fFkr ân; dh d:.k iqdkj bl xhr esa O;Dr gqbZ gSA

^^vc u feys /kuq"k/kkjh jkek@ xaxk esa [kkstks vj ;equk esa [kkstks@ v;ks/;k esa [kkstks vj eFkqjk esa [kkstks@ vc ufeys /kuq"k /kkjh jkekA** ¼ckcwjke edjke ls ladfyr ½

jkedFkk ds fofo/k izlax xksaM+h yksdxhrksa esa fo|eku gSA xkasM+h yksd xk;dh esa jkedFkk esa egkHkkjr ds ik=ksa dkHkh lekos’k gSa bldk dkj.k ;gh gks ldrk gS] Jqfr ijEijk esa jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr ds ik=ksa dk ,d lkFk vkukA lH;lekt ls nwj lgtrk ds vknh xksaMksa us Hkkjrh; laLd‘fr ds egk tuuk;dkas dks iw.kZ J)k ls vius yksdxhrksa esa LFkku fn;kAxksaM+ks ds bu yksdxhrksa dk ladyu vkSj laj{k.k fd;k tkuk vkt dh egrh vko’;drk gSA foLr‘r ’kks/k ,d vHkwriwoZ vkSjfoy{k.k dk;Z gksxkA lq/kh vuqlaf/kRlqvkas ls bl fn’kk esa dk;Z visf{kr gSA

xksaM+ks ds ;s ekSf[kd xhr leLr yksd dh vekur gSaA ;s ,slh /kjksgj gSa ftlds lgkjs vrhr ds ewy:i ls lk{kkRdkjdj orZeku ds vga dks] Hkys gh {k.kka’k ds fy, frjksfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

29


lanHkZ

xks.M tutkrh; xhr &:iflag dq’kjke ¼2003½] e/;izns’k vkfnoklh yksddyk ifj"kn~ HkksikyJherh fcanq ijLrs fMaMksjh ¼gk- eaq] bankSj½ &fookg yksdxhr] ckcwjke edjke vkdk’kok.kh bankSjNRrhlx<+h yksd lkfgR; &MkW- fcanq ijLrs fMaMksjh ¼gk- eaq] bankSj½NRrhlx<+h ,oa cqansyh xhrksa esa dkO; rRo &MkW- nqxkZ ikBd

30

•ããñÍããè



¶ã¾ããè ‡ãŠÖã¶ããè ‚ããõÀ ‡ãŠ½ãÊãñÍÌãÀ

¡ãù. ‚ã¶ãìÀãØã ãä¨ã¹ããŸãè*


¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã Íãã ñ£ã ¹ãã ä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìãã èã äàã‡ãŠã è ½ã ò ¹ã Æ‡ãŠãÍã¶ãã©ã Ã ¹ã Æ ñ ã äÓã¦ã ¶ã¾ããè ‡ãŠÖã¶ããè ‚ããõÀ ‡ãŠ½ãÊãñÍÌãÀ ÍããèÓã Ã‡ãŠ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠã ÊãñŒã‡ãŠ ½ãö ‚ã¶ãìÀãØã ãä¨ã¹ããŸãè ÜããñÓã¥ãã‡ãŠÀ¦ãã Öî ú ã ä‡ãŠ ÊãñŒã‡ãŠ ‡ãñŠ Â¹ã ½ã ò ƒÔã ÊãñŒã ‡ãŠã è Ôã¼ããè Ôãã½ããäØã Æ¾ãã ò ‡ãŠã è ã ä•ã½½ãñªãÀãè Êãñ¦ãã Öî ú, ‡ã ‹¾ãã òã ä‡ãŠ ½ãö¶ã ñ ÔÌã¾ãâ ƒÔãñ ã äÊãŒãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ ‚ãÞœãè ¦ãÀÖ Ôãñ ¹ã ü¤ãÖõ ‚ããõÀ Ôãã©ã Öãè ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠãñ Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèã äàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã Öãñ¶ãñ ‡ãŠãè ÔÌããè‡ã ðŠã ä¦ã ªñ¦ãã Öî úý ¾ãÖ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ½ãîÊã Â¹ã½ãò ¾ãã ƒÔã‡ãŠã ‡ãŠãñƒÃ ‚ãâÍã ‡ãŠÖãé ‚ããõÀ ¶ãÖãé œ¹ãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ ¶ã Öãè ‡ãŠÖãé ½ãö¶ãñ ƒÔãñ œ¹ã¶ãñ ‡ãñŠ ãäÊã† ¼ãñ•ãã Öõý ¾ãÖ ½ãñÀãè ½ããõãäÊã‡ãŠ ‡ãðŠãä¦ã Öõý ½ãö Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè‡ãñŠ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ½ã¥¡Êã ‡ãŠãñ ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã ‡ãñŠ ÔãâÍããñ£ã¶ã †Ìãâ Ôã½¹ããª¶ã ‡ãŠãè ¹ãî¥ãÃ ‚ã¶ãì½ããä¦ã ªñ¦ãã Öîúý ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ÊãñŒã ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã Öãññ¶ãñ ¹ãÀ ƒÔã‡ãñŠ ‡ãŠã¹ããèÀãƒ› ‡ãŠã ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãÀÔã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãñ ªñ¦ãã Öîúý

dgkuh x| dh ,d l’kDr fo/kk gSA dgkuh dh viuh ,d nh?kZ ijEijk jgh gS vkSj ;g ijEijk laLd‘r lkfgR; ls fgUnhesa vkrh gSA gekjs ikSjkf.kd dFkkud bl ijEijk ds mRl gSaA ysfdu fgUnh esa dgkuh dk tks Lo:i vk/kqfud dky esa mHkjdjvk;k] og loZFkk uohu jgkA oLrqr% laLd‘r esa tks mik[;ku feyrs gSa] os nsoh&nsorkvksa ,oa i’kq&if{k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr jgsvkSj izk;% os gh mu dgkfu;ksa ds ik= Hkh gksrs FksA bl n‘f"V ls fgrksins’k] iaprU=] lfjr&lkxj vkfn ls lEc) jpukvksadks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ysfdu vk/kqfud dky esa fgUnh dgkuh esa ekuo&thou dks vgfe;r nh x;h vkSj dYiuk ds LFkkuij ;FkkFkZ dks egRo feykA cax efgyk dh ^nqykbZokyh* dgkuh gks ;k ba’kk vYyk [kk¡ dh ^jkuh dsrdh dh dgkuh* vFkokfd’kksjhyky xksLokeh dh ^bUnqerh* gks] lc dh lc ekuo thou dks :ikf;r djrh gSaA ;g rks jgk fgUnh dgkuh ds ’kq:vkrhnkSj dk Lo:iA fgUnh dh igyh dgkuh fdls ekuk tk;] ;g iz’u vkt Hkh fookn ds ?ksjs esa dSn gSA vkykspdksa us vius&vius<ax ls bl iz’u dk mRrj nsus dh dksf’k’k dh gSA dksbZ cax efgyk dh ^nqykbZokyh* dks fgUnh dh igyh ekSfyd dgkuh ekurkgS] rks dksbZ fd’kksjh yky xksLokeh dh ^bUnqerh* dks fgUnh dh izFke ekSfyd dgkuh dk rkt igukrk gSA ,d vkykspd usbu nksuksa /kkj.kkvksa ls gVdj ba’kk vYyk [kk¡ dh dgkuh dh ppkZ esa vkpk;Z jkepUnz ’kqDy dh dgkuh ^X;kjg o"kZ dk le;*Hkh vkrh gSA fgUnh dh igyh ekSfyd dgkuh dks ysdj vkykspdksa ds chp fookn ds dqgkls dks vkpk;Z jkepUnz ’kqDy dh;s iafDr;k¡ Nk¡Vrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa& ^^;fn ^bUnqerh* fdlh caxyk lkfgR; dh Nk;k ugha gS] rks fgUnh dh ;gh igyh ekSfyddgkuh Bgjrh gS] blds mijkUr ^X;kjg o"kZ dk le;* fQj ^nqykbZokyh* dk uEcj vkrk gSA**1 tks Hkh gks] blesa dksbZ lUnsgugha fd HkkjrsUnq&;qx esa gh fgUnh dgkuh dk vkfoHkkZo gqvk vkSj mlus viuk ,d vyx Lo:i /kkj.k fd;kA

HkkjrsUnq&;qx esa ;g fo/kk viuk ’kS’ko dky fcrkdj tc izsepUn&;qx esa izos’k djrh gS] rks ml le; rd mls izkS<+:i fey pqdk gksrk gSA izsepUn us fgUnh dgkuh dks ,d u;h fn’kk nh vkSj mlesa lef"V&lR; dks ;FkkFkZ :i esa fu:fir



31

∗ ¹ãîÌãÃ Íããñ£ã œã¨ã, Ôãã. 17/70 ºããè-6, ºãÀƒÃ¹ãìÀ, ÔããÀ¶ãã©ã ÌããÀã¥ãÔããè („¦¦ãÀ ¹ãÆªñÍã) ¼ããÀ¦ã

32

fd;kA fgUnh dgkuh ds fodkl ds bl izFke pj.k esa izlkn dk ;ksxnku Hkh ljkguh; jgk gSA mUgksaus Hkkjrh; laLd`fr vkSjbfrgkl dks ,d lQy vfHkO;fDr nhA izsepUn&;qx ds l’kDr dFkkdkj ;’kiky us fgUnh dgkuh dks ,d u;k eksM+ fn;kAmudh dgkfu;ksa esa êkDlZokn* dk iqV feyrk gSA izsepUn dh gh ijEijk ds l’kDr dgkuhdkj tSusUnz us viuh dgkfu;ksaesa O;fDrfu"B thoun`f"V dks euksfoKku ds /kjkry ij fu:fir fd;k gSA budh dgkuh esa izse&fp=.k dh ,d vyx ’kSyhfn[kkbZ nsrh gSA mudh dgkfu;ksa esa fu:fir izse ifr&iRuh ds nk;jksa dks rksM+dj ,d rhljs O;fDr dh ryk’k djrk fn[kkbZnsrk gSA

fgUnh dgkuh viuh fodkl&;k=k ds vusd lksiku ikj djrh gqbZ tc ik¡posa n’kd esa igqWaprh gS] rks mldk Lo:icnyk&cnyk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA lu~ 1950 ds ckn dfork ds {ks= esa Hkh ,d u;kiu >ydus yxk FkkA Hkko vkSj dyk nksuksan‘f"V;ksa ls dfork esa ,d uwrurk dk lekos’k gks pqdk FkkA fgUnh dgkuh Hkh viuk dsapqy NksM+dj ,d u;s Lo:i esa mHkjjgh FkhA oLrq vkSj f’kYi] nksuksa n‘f"V;ksa ls lu~ 50 dh dgkuh ,d uwru dysoj ysdj ikBdksa ds lkeus vkrh gSA ;gk¡ rdvkrs&vkrs mlus vk/kqfudrk dh pqukSrh Lohdkj dj yh FkhA ’kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k thou dks fpf=r djus okys dFkkdkj yhdls dqN gVdj dgkuh&l‘tu esa viuk ;ksxnku ns jgs FksA bl rjg dh uwru izo‘fRr ns[kdj vkykspd fgUnh dgkuh dks û;hdgkuh* ds uke ls lEcksf/kr djus yxs vkSj û;h* ’kCn dks ysdj fgUnh dgkuh dh u;s fljs ls O;k[;k dh x;hA u;hdgkuh ds Lo:i dks Li"V djrs gq, bUnzukFk enku dk ;g dFku dkQh U;k; laxr yxrk gS& ^^vkt blds iqjkus ca/kuVwV pqds gSa] thou ds iqjkus lR; fxj pqds gSaA blfy, vkt thou esa u;s lUnHkks Z a dh [kkst gS] vfHkO;fDr ds u;sek/;eksa dh vko’;drk gSA**2

oLrqr% u;h dgkuh vpkud ppkZ esa ugha vk;kA lu~ 50 ds ckn tc ijEijk ls gVdj vk/kqfudrk ls lEi‘Dr uwruthou&ewY;ksa dks vius esa lesVs gq, ;g fo/kk lkeus vk;h] rks mlds uwru Lo:i dks ns[kdj leh{kdksa us vius&vius <axls u;h dgkuh dks O;k[;kf;r fd;kA u;h dgkuh dk dgkuhdkj ikjEifjd ewY;ksa dks NksM+dj ekuo ds ;FkkFkZ thou dkfp=.k djus esa fo’okl j[krk gSA bl lEcU/k esa jktsUnz ;kno dk ;g dFku rdZiw.kZ yxrk gS& ^^’kk;n ;gh dkj.k gS fdgekjs bl dFkk&dky dh lkjh dgkfu;k¡ u;s lEcU/kksa ds cuus dh dgkfu;k¡ ugha] lEcU/kksa ds VwVus dh dgkfu;k¡ gSa] lkjslEcU/kksa ls VwVk gqvk O;fDr vf/kd ls vf/kd vdsyk] vtuch gksrk pyk tkrk gS] fiNyh ih<+h ds izfr vfo’okl] ?k‘.kkvkSj vkil esa vifjp;] vfu’p;----- ;gh ;FkkFkZ u;h dgkuh ds ek/;e ls ckj&ckj lkeus vkrk gSA**3

oLrqr% lu~ 1956 ds ckn dgkuh esa tks u;kiu ifjyf{kr gksrk gS] mlds ewy esa rRdkyhu dgkuhdkjksa esa uwrurk dsizfr ,d vkxzg Hkh jgk gSA ml le; ds dgkuhdkjksa us ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd dgkuh dks iqjkusiu ls fudkydj mls uwrudysoj fn;k tk;A bl lEcU/k esa ukeoj flag dk ;g dFku /;krO; gS& ^^bl izdkj dh vkRe&Lohd‘fr;k¡ u;s&iqjkusds yEcs la?k"kZ ds ckn gh lkeus vkrh gSa vkSj dguk u gksxk fd fgUnh dgkuh esa og le; bl la?k"kZ dh ’kq#vkr dkFkkA**4

;gk¡ ,d ckr vkSj Li"V dj nsuk vko’;d gS fd u;h dgkuh vius iwoZ dh dgkuh ls iw.kZ :i ls fHkUu ugha gSAfdlh u fdlh :i esa og mlls tqM+h gqbZ gS] D;ksafd ml le; iqjkuh ih<+h ds dFkkdkj Hkh ftl rjg dh dgkuh fy[kjgs Fks] og u;h dgkuh ls fdlh Hkh ek;us esa de ugha FkhA ^jkec{k* dh ;g n‘f"V u;h vkSj iqjkuh dgkfu;ksa ds chp lsrqdk dke djrh gS& ^^bu dgkfu;ksa esa u;s vkSj iqjkus dk la?k"kZ gS gh ugha ¼D;ksafd thou esa ugha Fkk½ ,d vthc&lh fLFkfrgS fd nksuksa ihf<+;k¡ ?kj esa ,d lkFk feyrh gh ughaA nksigj dk Hkkstu Hkh ,d ds ckn ,d pqids ls dj tkrs gSaA**5

u;h dgkuh ds jpukdkj vrhr dks ysdj jksus&/kksus ls eqDr gSaA muds lkeus mudk viuk ,d orZeku gS] tks la?k"kZvkSj pqukSfr;ksa ls tqM+k gqvk gSA blfy, bl nkSj esa dqN ,slh dgkfu;k¡ vk;ha] tks orZeku dks cM+h bZekunkjh ls izLrqr djrhfn[kk;h nsrh gSa& ^deZuk’kk dh gkj*] ^xqydh cUuks*] ^xqyjk ds ckck* vkfn jpuk,¡ bl n‘f"V ls fo’ks"k mYys[kuh; gSaA blizdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd u;h dgkuh u;s vkSj iqjkus >xM+s esa u iM+dj ,d uwru n‘f"V ysdj gekjs lkeus vkrh gS vkSjlekt dk ;FkkFkZ ikBdksa ds lkeus is’k djrh gSA mlesa uwrurk ds izfr nqjkxzg drbZ ugha fn[kkbZ nsrkA og thou dhtfVyrkvksa] lkekftd folaxfr;ksa] dq.BkxzLr volkn] ifr&iRuh ds chp ruko vkfn dks lgt :i esa fu:fir djrh fn[kkbZ

ãä¨ã¹ããŸãè

nsrh gSA vkykspdksa dh iSuh n‘f"V us bl nkSj dh dgkuh dks iwoZ dh dgkfu;ksa ls dqN gVdj ns[kk gksxk] rHkh mUgsa bls u;hdgkuh dh laKk nsuh iM+hA

u;h dgkuh ds iqjks/kk deys’oj fgUnh dgkuh dks ,d ,sls eksM+ ij ykdj [kM+k dj nsrs gSa] tgk¡ fgUnh dgkuh viusizkphu dysoj dks NksM+dj ,d u;s f’kYi esa <yrh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA oLrqr% mudh dgkfu;ksa dk dF; gh ,slk gS] tks iwoZorhZdgkfu;ksa ds <jsZ ls dqN gVdj fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA yhd ls gVdj uwru ekxZ viukuk mudh dgkfu;ksa dh izd‘fr gSA ijEijkxrewY;ksa ds izfr mnklhurk ,oa uwrurk ds izfr vkxzg muds igys nkSj dh dgkfu;ksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ^jktk fujcafl;k*]^dLcs dk vkneh*] ^xfeZ;ksa ds fnu*] ûhyh >hy* vkfn dgkfu;ksa dh cqukoV ,d u;kiu fy;s gq, gSA ,d txg mUgksausijEijkxr ewY;ksa ds izfr viuh vlgefr izdV Hkh dh gS& ^^thou vkSj mlds ijEijkxr ewY;ksa ds izfr mu ik=ksa dhvlgefr gh esjh vlgefr gSA**6

lp rks ;g gS fd muds bl nkSj dh dgkfu;ksa esa u;h dgkuh ds lkjs y{k.k fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA buesa tgk¡ f’kYixr uwrurkgS] ogha dF;xr fof’k"Vrk Hkh gSA vkn’kksZ a ds izfr vuko’;d yxko bu dgkfu;ksa esa drbZ ugha fn[kkbZ nsrkA muds ik=ogh djrs gSa] tks ifjfLFkfr;k¡ muls djokrh gSaA ik= vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds la?k"kZ esa muds ik= izk;% ijkHkwr fn[kkbZ nsrsgS aA u;h dgkuh nks fn’kkvksa esa vkxs c<+rh gSA igyh fn’kk esa tkus okyh dgkfu;k¡ xzkeh.k thou dks cM+h lgtrk ,oabZekunkjh ds lkFk fpf=r djrh gSa vkSj nwljh fn’kk esa tkus okyh dgkfu;k¡ uxjh; thou dks :ikf;r djrh gSaA ysfdudeys’oj dh dgkfu;ksa esa dLckbZ thou dks lokZf/kd egRo feykA ^dLcs dk vkneh* dgkuh esa dLckbZ laLd‘fr vkSjlaLdkj mHkjdj lkeus vk;s gSaA ^xfeZ;ksa ds fnu* dgkuh esa deys’oj vius ;qx ds thou ewY;ksa dh ryk’k djrs fn[kkbZnsrs gSa vkSj bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡prs gSa fd vkt ds thou esa thou&ewY; fo[kf.Mr gks pqds gSaA fujFkZd [kks[kysiu ,oa >wBh’kku dks ysdj O;fDr d‘f=e thou th jgk gSA

dLckbZ thou dks fpf=r djus okys dgkuhdkj deys’oj lu~ 1960 rd vkrs&vkrs egkuxj ds thou dks utnhdls ns[krs gSa vkSj ikrs gSa fd ;gk¡ rks viukiu [kks lk x;k gSA laosnu’kwU;rk] d‘f=e thou ’kSyh] vtuchiu vkfnegkuxjh; thou ds vax&ls cu x;s gSaA ^fnYyh esa ,d ekSr* dgkuh iw.kZ :Ik ls laosnu’kwU;rk dh dgkuh gSA lsB nhokupUnz dh e‘R;q ij iM+ksfl;ksa dks nq%[kh gksus dks dkSu dgs] mUgsa bl ckr dh fpUrk vf/kd lrk jgh gS fd dgha bl dM+hlnhZ esa ’ko&;k=k esa ’kjhd u gksuk iM+s vkSj tc yksxksa dks ’kjhd gksuk iM+k] rks ogk¡ yksxksa esa izlax ls gVdj ckrsa gksrhgSaA ys[kd eglwl djrk gS fd ;g laosnu&’kwU;rk xk¡o vkSj dLcksa esa drbZ ugha fn[kkbZ nsrhA ^[kksbZ gqbZ fn’kk,¡* dgkuh esagj O;fDr ,d&nwljs dks vtuch fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA viukiu [kkstus ij ugha feyrkA dgkuh dk ik= ^pUnj* bl ihM+k dkseglwl djrk gSA dLcs ls fnYyh vkus ij og /khjs&/khjs bruk vdsyk gks tkrk gS fd og viuh igpku Hkh [kksus yxrkgSA ’kgj ds d‘f=e thou esa viuRo dh ryk’k /khjs&/khjs e‘rizk; gks tkrh gSA lp rks ;g gS fd egkuxjksa esa gj O;fDrvdsykiu eglwl dj jgk gSA ^ryk’k* dgkuh esa cnyrs thou&ewY;ksa dh vksj ys[kd dk ladsr gSA fo/kok ek¡ dks viuh;qok yM+dh dh fpUrk de] vius lq[k dh fpUrk vf/kd gSA csVh viuh ek¡ ds vUnj okRlY; dks ryk’k djrh fn[kkbZ nsrhgSA og viuh ek¡ ds fo"k; esa dgrh Hkh gS& ^^muds ru ls ,slh vNwrh xU/k mM+rh Fkh] tks lcdks viuh rjQ [khaprhFkhA**7 ,d rjQ ekr‘Ro gS] tks nwljh rjQ ukjhA nksuksa ds chp fujUrj la?k"kZ gksrk jgrk gS vkSj vUrr% ukjh thr tkrhgS vkSj fo/kok ek¡ vk/kqfud ifjos’k esa vius dks <ky ysrh gS vkSj vkRelq[k ds fy, ekr‘Ro dks ijs dj nsrh gSA egkuxjksaesa thou&ewY;] uSfrdrk] ikjLifjd lEcU/k] lc ds lc fc[kjrs&ls fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSaA tgk¡ ewY; gS gh ugha] ogk¡ ewY;ksa dhryk’k djuk csekuh gSA oLrqr% vkt ds ;qx esa ewY; viuh igpku [kks pqds gSaA lEcU/k viuRo ds eksgrkt gks x;s gSaAgj O;fDr vkRelq[k esa yhu gSA lekt&fgr mlds fy, cgqr ek;us ugha j[krkA

deys’oj ds rhljs nkSj dh dgkfu;ksa esa egkuxjh; cks/k vkSj vf/kd [kqydj lkeus vkrk gSA mudh bl nkSj dhdgkfu;ksa esa O;fDr dk la?k"kZ mHkjdj lkeus vkrk gSA gj O;fDr vius vfLrRo dh j{kk ds fy, la?k"kZ djrk fn[kkbZ nsrkgSA vkLFkk] fo’okl] izse] viukiu] ikfjokfjd lEcU/k vkfn HkkSfrdrk ds rjktw esa rksys tkus yxsA lkaLd‘frd ladV vkSjlaosnu&’kwU;rk ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks vkgr djrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA ûkxef.k* dgkuh ns’k esa O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj ,oa csbZekuh ij rh[kk

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¶ã¾ããè ‡ãŠÖã¶ããè ‚ããõÀ ‡ãŠ½ãÊãñÍÌãÀ

izgkj djrh gSA bl nkSj dh mudh ^c;ku* dgkuh lekt dh tfVyrkvksa vkSj folaxfr;ksa dks cM+s ;FkkFkZ :i esa izLrqrdjrh gSaA ^vlfDr* dgkuh ;qok ih<+h dh vlgk; fLFkfr dks js[kkafdr djrh gSA oLrqr% ;gk¡ rd igq¡prs&igq¡prs deys’ojdh dgkfu;ksa esa lkekU; vkneh dh foo’krk] mldh vlgk; fLFkfr] mldk eksgHkax] dzwj O;oLFkk esa mldk filrk vkRefo’okllcds lc vius vfLrRo ds fy, la?k"kZ djrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA vius bl nkSj dh dgkfu;ksa ds fo"k; esa deys’oj thLo;a viuk c;ku nsrs gSa& ^^;krukvksa ds taxy ls xqtjrs euq"; dh bl egk;k=k dk tks lg;k=h gS] ogh vkt dk ys[kdgSA lg vkSj lekUrj thus okyk vkneh ds lkFkA**8

lexzr% dg ldrs gSa fd deys’oj dk dgkuh&ys[ku u;h dgkuh&vkUnksyu dks lEcfyr dj mls thoUrrk iznkudjrk gSA vk/kqfudrk&cks/k mudh dgkfu;ksa dk mRl gSA u;h dgkuh dks ,d LoLF; Lo:i iznku djus esa deys’oj dkmYys[kuh; ;ksxnku jgk gSA mudh dFkk&;k=k vius gj eksM+ ij lekt ds ;FkkFkZ dks izLrqr djrh gSA u;h dgkuh dsiqjks/kk deys’oj Hkkjrh; lekt ds ;FkkFkZ nz"Vk gSaA lekt ds dVq ;FkkFkZ dk fp=.k djrs gq, Hkh os vizR;{k :i ls ekuo&ewY;ksa ds iks"kd gSaA lcls cM+h ckr rks ;g gS fd deys’oj dh dgkfu;ksa esa vkn’kksZa dks dgh ugha Fkksik x;k gSA os lektds ;FkkFkZ dks ikBdksa ds lkeus j[k nsrs gSa vkSj vizR;{k :i ls ladsr djrs gSa fd bl ;FkkFkZ dks utj vankt djds lektdks LoLFk :i ugha fn;k tk ldrkA la?k"kZ ls iyk;u djds O;fDr vius vfLrRo dh j{kk dnkfi ugha dj ldrkA mudhdgkfu;ksa dk O;fDr&lR; lekt dk lR; gSA deys’oj ;FkkFkZ vkSj la?k"kZ ds dgkuhdkj gSaA mudh dgkfu;k¡ ;FkkFkZ ds Bksl/kjkry ij [kM+h fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA dYiuk ds ia[k yxkdj mM+ku Hkjuk mudh jpuk/kfeZrk ds izfrdwy gSA mudh dgkfu;ksadk lgh ewY;kadu djrs gq, MkW- cPpu flag dk ;g dFku /;krO; gS& ^^deys’oj bl dky[k.M ds vR;Ur l’kDr dgkuhdkjgSaA ;g ’kfDr :ekfu;r ls vyx gksus vkSj Hkk"kk&lajpuk ds la;e esa fufgr gSA lEiw.kZ lajpuk esa bruh fu%lxrk fdlhvU; dgkuhdkj esa ugha vk ik;h gSA**9

lUnHkZ&xzUFk&lwph1fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl &vkpk;Z jkepUnz ’kqDy] i`"B la[;k 344] ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] dk’kh2fgUnh dgkuh % igpku vkSj ij[k &MkW- bUnzukFk enku] i‘"B la[;k 243,d nqfu;k % lekukUrj &jktsUnz ;kno] i‘"B la[;k 314fgUnh dgkuh % igpku vkSj ij[k &MkW- bUnzukFk enku] i‘"B la[;k 1355vk/kqfud fgUnh dgkuh % xaxk izlkn foey] i‘"B la[;k 1306esjh fiz; dgkfu;k¡ % deys’oj ¼Hkwfedk½] i‘"B la[;k 6] jktiky ,.M lUl] fnYyh&67ogh] i‘"B la[;k 1408ogh] i‘"B la[;k 69fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl &MkW- uxsUnz] i‘"B la[;k 692

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ãä¨ã¹ããŸãè





39

∗ ØãÌã¶ãÃ½ãò› Ôããèãä¶ã¾ãÀ Ôãñ‡ãòŠ¡Èãè Ô‡ãîŠÊã [‚ãã¾ãÃ ¶ãØãÀ] ãäÖÔããÀ (ÖãäÀ¾ãã¥ãã) ¼ããÀ¦ã

¡ãù. Ôãî¾ãÃ¶ããÀã¾ã¥ã ãä´Ìãñªãè ‡ãñŠ „¹ã¶¾ããÔããò ½ãò ¹ããõÀããä¥ã‡ãŠ¦ãã

ÔãÀãñ•ã ºããÊãã*


¼ããÀ¦ ã ã è ¾ ã Íãã ñ£ ã ¹ ã ã ä ¨ ã ‡ ã Š ã ‚ãã¶Ìã ã è ã ä à ã ‡ ã Š ã è ½ ã ò ¹ ã Æ ‡ ã Š ãÍã¶ ã ã© ã Ã ¹ ã Æ ñ ã ä Ó ã ¦ ã ¡ãù. Ôãî¾ãÃ¶ããÀã¾ã¥ã ãä´Ìãñªãè ‡ãñŠ „¹ã¶¾ããÔããò ½ãò ¹ããõÀããä¥ã‡ãŠ¦ãã Íãã è Ó ã Ã ‡ ã Š Êã ñŒã / Íãã ñ£ ã ¹ ã Æ ¹ ã ¨ ã ‡ ã Š ã èÊã ñ ã äŒã‡ã Š ã ½ã ö ÔãÀãñ•ã ºããÊãã Üãã ñÓã¥ãã ‡ãŠÀ¦ããè Öîú ãä‡ãŠ ÊãñãäŒã‡ãŠã ‡ãñŠ Â¹ã ½ãò ƒÔã ÊãñŒã ‡ãŠãè Ôã¼ããè Ôãã½ããäØãÆ¾ããò ‡ãŠãè ãä•ã½½ãñªãÀãè Êãñ¦ããè Öîú, ‡ã‹¾ããòãä‡ãŠ ½ãö¶ãñ ÔÌã¾ãâ ƒÔãñ ãäÊãŒããÖõ ‚ããõÀ ‚ãÞœãè ¦ãÀÖ Ôãñ ¹ãü¤ã Öõ ‚ããõÀ Ôãã©ã Öãè ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠãñ Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã Öãñ¶ãñ ‡ãŠãè ÔÌããè‡ãðŠãä¦ã ªñ¦ããè Öîúý ¾ãÖ ÊãñŒã/ Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ½ãîÊã Â¹ã ½ãò ¾ãã ƒÔã‡ãŠã ‡ãŠãñƒÃ ‚ãâÍã ‡ãŠÖãé ‚ããõÀ ¶ãÖãé œ¹ãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ ¶ã Öãè ‡ãŠÖãé ½ãö¶ãñ ƒÔãñ œ¹ã¶ãñ ‡ãñŠ ãäÊã† ¼ãñ•ãã Öõý ¾ãÖ ½ãñÀãè ½ããõãäÊã‡ãŠ ‡ãðŠãä¦ã Öõý½ãö Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ‡ãñŠ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ½ã¥¡Êã ‡ãŠãñ ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã ‡ãñŠ ÔãâÍããñ£ã¶ã †Ìãâ Ôã½¹ããª¶ã ‡ãŠãè ¹ãî¥ãÃ ‚ã¶ãì½ããä¦ã ªñ¦ããè Öîúý ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ÊãñŒã ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã Öãññ¶ãñ¹ãÀ ƒÔã‡ãñŠ ‡ãŠã¹ããèÀãƒ› ‡ãŠã ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãÀ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãñ ªñ¦ããè Öîúý

îqjk.k dk ’kkfCnd vFkZ iqjkru] izkphu] izkphudky dh dksbZ ?kVuk] vrhrdky dh dFkk] /kkfeZd v[;ku gksrk gSA*1

MkW0 lw;Zukjk;.k th ds miU;klksa dk vk/kkj ikSjkf.kd gSA ik= oSfnddkfyu Hkh Bhd oSlk gh gSA vykSfdd ?kVukvksa dko.kZu gSA _f"k&equh] vkJe] nsoh&nsorkvksa ls lEcf/kr ?kVuk Øe gSA muds ikSjkf.kd pfj= vkt ds ;qx esa Hkh vuqdj.kh;gSA

^vk=s;h vikyk* miU;kl dh vikyk ^vk’kkf’k’kq* dk va’kqy] mi;ek vkfn bl fn’kk esa oSfnd Hkko esa mnkgj.kh; pfj=gSA

^vk’kkf’k’kq* esa nsof"kZ ukjn Hkkjro"kZ ds ikSjkf.kd dky dk iz[;kr pfj= gSA dgha&dgha bUgsa Hkxon~ vorkjks a esaHkh fxuk tkrk gSA budk pfj= izk;% ,d euksjatd ik= ds #i esa yksd ds lkeus vk;k gSA budk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku HkDrksads fy, Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA ,d lEiw.kZ iqjk.k gh ukjniqjk.k] muds egRo ij jpk x;k gSA bl miU;kl dk vk/kkj Hkhûkjniqjk.k* ,oa ^Jhen~Hkkxor~ xhrk* jgs gSA nsof"kZ ukjn ds mUgha ds vuqlkj rhu tUe gq,A igys tUe esa os viogZ.kuke ds xU/koZ FksA rhljs tUe esa os Lkk{kkr~ czã ds iq= gq,A ;g miU;kl muds f}rh; tUe ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl miU;klesa Jhen~Hkkxor~ xhrk ls dbZ ’yksd fy, x, gaSA ys[kd us dgkuh vkjEHk djus ls iw.kZ rFkk dFkk ’kq# gksus ls igys ockn esa laLd`r ds ’yksd fn, gSaA

dgha&dgha dFkk ds chpesa Hkh osnea=ksa dks fn;k x;k gSA tSls tc mi;ek f’k’kq dks tUe nsus ds ckn LkoZizFke Hkxokulw;Z ds n’kZu djokrh gS rks mi;ek dh bl fØ;k ls okrkoj.k esa ,d _pk xwat mBh& ^^¬ ifo=sLFkksoS".kO;kSlforqOOkZ»Iizlo·mRiqukE;fPNnzs.kifo=s.klw;ZL;jf’efHk» AA rL;rsifo=irsifo=iwrL; ;Rdke% iqusrPNds;e~AA1AA**2

40

bl fnO;ok.kh dk vFkZ rks mi;ek ugha le>h ijUrq mldh fnO;rk us vUrj eu dks Nw fy;k vkSj tc lIr_f"kZx.k ouizkUr esa ;K djrs gSaA ogk¡ va’kqy dks egf"kZ iqyLR; fnO; Kku iznku djrs gSaA

^;K’kkyk esa Áos’k djrs gh mudh vk¡[ksa izlUurk ls ped mBh tc mUgksaus vfXudq.M ds Bhd lkeus okyh iwoZosfndk ij va’kqy dks in~eklu esa cSBk gqvk ik;kA dq.M ls mBrh gqbZ vfXu dh Tokyk dk ’kqHkz Ádk’k mlds eq[ke.Mydks vkyksfdr dj jgk FkkA dkSihu mldh dej esa iM+h Fkh] ’ks"k lkjk ’kjhj fujko`r FkkA _f"k;ksa us igq¡pdj vfXu dq.Mdks pkjksa vksj ls ?ksj fy;kA va’kqy dh vk¡[ksa cUn Fkha ysfdu eq[k ls cgqr gh /khesa Lojksa esa dqN LQqV ’kCnksa esa dgktk jgk FkkA _f"k;ksa us lko/kku gksdj lquuk gh mi;qDr le>k& ^ladhR;Zekua eqfufHkeZgkReftr~ HkfDr% Áo‘rkRejtLr&eksigk*3

Mk- lw;Zukjk;.k f}osnh us vk’kkf’k’kq miU;kl esa lIr_f"k;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA LoxZ dh nsok³~xukvksa dk o.kZu gqvkgSA bl miU;kl esa chp&chp esa vusd vykSfdd ?kVukvksa dks tksM+ fn;k gSA orZeku dky esa ,slh ?kVukvksa ij fo’okldjuk eqf’dy gS D;ksafd vkt dk ;qx ,d oSKkfud ;qx gS pwafd ;g miU;kl ,d ikSjkf.kd vk/kkj ysdj jpk x;k gSAbldh dFkk esa dHkh ,d lQsn jax dk liZ va’kqy ds eq[k ij Nk;k djrk gS ckn esa og xk;c gks tkrk gSA dHkh LoxZesa vIljk;sa va’kqy ls feyus vkrh gSaaA muds igys tUe dh Ásfedk fryksRrek uked dU;k LoxZ ls vkrh gSA ckn esa lcxk;c gks tkrh gSA mi;ek dk ifr mls NksM+dj pyk tkrk gS vkSj dqN _f"k;ksa ds vk’khokZn ls og xHkZorh gks tkrh gSAva’kqy dh HkfDr ls izlUu gksdj LoxZ ds nsork Hkh mlds n’kZu djus i‘Foh ij vkrs gSaA ;g lc vykSfdd ?kVuk,a gSaAtks gekjs osn] iqjk.k] egkHkkjr ,oa jkek;.k vkfn xzUFkksa ls gh feyrh gSA blh rjg va’kqy dks taxy esa ,d ifo= LFkkuij ^f’ko* ds n’kZu gksrs gSaA ys[kd us ouokfl;ksa ds thou] jgu&lgu] [kku&iku] oL=kHkw"k.k] ?kj&okrkoj.k vkfn dk cM+klqanj o.kZu fd;k gSA izkphudky ds ou esa jgus okys yksxksa ds jhfr&fjokt] mRlo] lg;ksx dh Hkkouk vkfn dk fp=.k fd;kgSA

^mi;ekdh thou ;k=k taxyh Qyksa] uhokj ds /kkU; d.kksa] dUnewyksa tSlh phtksa ij gh fuHkZj FkkA mlds lksus dsfy, dq’k dh ’k¸;k Fkh rFkk vius NksVs csVs dks og isM+ksa ds dksey fdly; rksM+dj mudh ’k¸;k cukdj lqykrh FkhA*4

ys[kd us taxyh thoksa dk] ouokfl;ksa dh iwjh laLd‘fr dk Hkko&fogy dj nsus okyk o.kZu fd;k gSA tks i<+rs gh ikBddh vk¡[kksa ds lkeus gwcgw vk tkrk gSA

f}osnh th dk miU;kl ^vk=s;h vikyk* esa vfHk’kIr vikyk dh oSfnd dky dh ikSjkf.kd dFkk gSA bldk mYys[ko‘gn nsork vkSj uhfreatjh esa Li"Vr;k feyrk gS blds flok ’kkdVk;u dh lafgrk ,oa lk;k.k Hkk"; esa FkksM+s ifjorZu dslkFk feyrk gSA vkpk;Z ia- cynso mik/;k; us viuh ^^Hkkjrh; ok¯e; esa jk/kk** esa Hkh bls iYyfor fd;k gSA

vfHk’kIr vikyk ,d czãokfnuh oSfnd _f"k gSA egf"kZ vf= vkSj egklrh vuqlw;k dh vkSjl larkuA dq"B ds dkj.kmldk #i v’kksHkuh; gks tkrk gSA vkS"kf/k O;kikJ;h fpfdRlk dke ugha djrhA ,sls {k.kksa esa nsoO;kikJ;h fpfdRlk mlds#i esa vuqie ifjorZu dj nsrh gS] ftlls f[kaps gq, d‘’kk’o ifjR;Drk dks Hkh viukus esa viuk lkSHkkX; le>rs gSaA

vfHk’kIr vikyk oSfnd lkfgR; dk foJqr pfj= gSA ik= oSfnddkyhu gS vkSj okrkoj.k Hkh Bhd oSlk gh gSA ^vk=s;hvikyk* miU;kl dh dFkk ds vkjaHk esa gh czã }kjk pkj dqekj] dkenso] m/oZjsrk] lIr_f"k;ksa o egf"kZ dks mRiUu djusdk ftØ gSA czã us viuh Nk;k ls dnZu _f"k dh mRifr dhA i‘Fohyksd ds izFke lezkV euq vkSj ’kr#ik dh dU;knsogwrh dk fookg dnZu _f"k ls gqvkA nsogwrh us ukS egkuqHkkoksa dks tUe fn;k ftlesa vuqlw;k Hkh ,d FkhA czã dh lgefrls vuqlw;k vkSj egf"kZ vf= dk fookg gqvkA ^vk=s;h vikyk* miU;kl dh Áeq[k ik= vikyk blh nsoh vuqlw;k o egf"kZvf= dh lUrku gSA

egf"kZ vf= o nsfo vuqlw;k ikSjkf.kd pfj= gSA vusdksa xzUFkksa o iqjk.kksa esa mudk o.kZu gSA egf"kZ vf= vius firkczãk dh rjg gh Kku] oSjkX; foHkwfr] /keZ] ,s’o;Z vkSj ;’k ls lEiUu gS fQj Hkh vius thou ds y{; ijekRek dh miklukdks ekuus ds dkj.k muesa vfHkeku Nw rd ugha x;k gSA lHkh xq.kksa ls ;qDr nsfo vuqlw;k egf"kZ ds vkJe esa Loa; dks lsok&Hkkouk esa lefiZr dj nsrh gSA

ºããÊãã

oSfnd dky esa _f"k eqfu;ksa] dh riL;k] ;K deZ fo|kxzg.k] lekf/k] rFk vk/;kfRed lk/kuk gksrh Fkh] Bhd oSlh ghbl dFkk esa o.kZu gSA

Mk0 lw;Zukjk;.k f}osnh us oSfnd dkyhu okrkoj.k dk T;ks dk R;ksa o.kZu bl dFkk esa fd;k tkrk gSA egf"kZ vf= dsvkJe esa ifo=] lqxfU/kr gok cgrh gSA eU=ksPPkkj.k dh /ofu xq¡trh jgrh gSA lHkh ouLifr;ka] i’kq&i{kh txr esaLokHkkfod izse gSA ys[kd fy[krk gS& ^Lo;a gksus taxy ds o‘{kkas vkSj i‘Foh ds uhps ls feyus okys Qyksa vkSj i‘Foh dsÅij viuh bPNk ls mx vkus okyh uhokjksa ls feyus okyh /kkU;jkf’k gh ftldk vk/kkj gSA xk;sa ftUgsa ;s riLoh viuslkFk j[krs gSaA fnu Hkj taxyksa esa ?kwedj vius fy, Hkkstu bdV~Bk dj ysrh gaS vkSj tks dqN FkksMk+ cgqr nw/k ns nsrh gSa]mlls fudys gq, ?k‘r ls bu _f"k;ksa dh ;K&fØ;k;sa pyrh gSaA fdlh dh o‘fRRk dk guu u djrs gq, viuh thfodk pykusds dkj.k ;gk¡ ds jgus okys rifLo;ksa dk LoHkko ’kkUr] ’kq) vkSj Lusfgy gSA bldk izHkko ;gk¡ ds taxyksa esa jgus okysfgald i’kqvksa ij Hkh bruk i;kZIr iM+rk gS fd os Hkh vkgkj fy, bl LFkku ds izkf.k;ksa dh fgalk ugha djrsA ,sls ghvkJe esa egf"kZ vf= dk Hkh ,d vkJe gSA**5

ikSjkf.kd dFkkudksa esa ik= dYiuk ij MkW0 fo’ocU/kq fy[krs gSa& ^îkSjkf.kd dkO;ksa esa ik=&dYiuk ds fy, dfo dksiwjh NwV jgrh gSA og LosPNk ls viuh ekU;rk ds vuq#i ik=ksa ds fØ;k&dykiksa dk o.kZu dj ldrk gS vkSj mUgsa viuhdYiuk ds vuqlkj #i ns ldrk gSA--------jko.k] es?kukn] d.kZ vkfn ikSjkf.kdik=ksa dks uk;d cukdj dqN dkO; fy[ks x;svkSj muesa ls yksd foJqr pfj= dks u;k #i nsdj izLrqr fd;k x;kA**6

f}osnh th ds miU;kl ^vk=s;h vikyk* esa vikyk ,d yksd foJqr pfj= gSA ys[kd us vkSiU;kfld vkys[k esa ys[kdh;Lokra×; dk mi;ksx dgha&dgha fd;k gSA fQj Hkh ys[kd dk iz;Ru jgk gS] dgkuh dh rF;r% Lo#i j{kk gksA ik= oSfnddkyhu gSA okrkoj.k Hkh oSfnd dkyhu gSA peRdkfjd ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu ;=&r= gqvk gSA vikyk dks peZjksx gS ftldhotg ls mldk fookfgd thou ladV esa iM+ tkrk gSA vius ekrk o firk dh vkKk ls vikyk nsoO;kiJ;h fpfdRlk djrhgSA blds fy, mls ozr] ;K] ri] lk/kuk djuh iM+rh gSA og n‘<ladYi ysdj iapHkwrksa ¼ty] i‘Foh] vkdk’k] vfXu] gok½dh riL;k esa yhu gks tkrh gSA tc mldh ;Kkfof/k iw.kZ gksus yxrh gS rks vikyk dks yxk dh dksbZ mlds lehi vk jgkgS vkSj ,dk,d peRdkfjd ?kVuk ?kVrh gSA ys[kd fy[krk gS& ^vikyk ,d fnu tc gou deZ ls mBh gh Fkh fd e/;kg~udkyesa dqN {k.kksa ds fy, mls yxk ekuksa lw;Znso us Lo;a Ádj cgqr /khj d.B ls vikyk dks le>k;k& ^^csVh! rqEgkjh fØ;k,aiwjh gks pyh gSa] rqEgkjh lk/kuk dk vfUre Nksj lehi gS] fdUrq rqEgsa vius nsork dks ÁlDr djus ds fy, lksejl dkizca/k djuk iM+sxkA lksejl ,d ,slh vkS"kf/k gS] ftlls nsork vR;Ur eRRk gksdj lk/kd dh bPNk rRdky iwjh djus ds fy,m|r gks tkrs gSaA** vikyk tc rd dqN dguk pkgrh] rc rd rst dk vUr/;kZu gks x;k FkkA*7

ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa] osnxzUFkksa esa gh ,slh ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu feyrk gSA orZekudky esa ,slh ?kVukvksa ij fo’okl djukeqf’dy gS D;ksafd vkt foKku us bruh rjDdh dj yh gSA ;g miU;kl ikSjkf.kd vk/kkj ysdj fy[kk x;k gSA ys[kd usmiU;kl esa oU; thou dh laLd‘fr dk o.kZu fd;k gSA vikyk dk cpiu] f’k{kk&nh{kk] vkJe ds fu;e] _f"kiq=ksa dk ;K&gou] _f"kdU;kvkas dh dk;Z dq’kyrk] vikyk dk fookg laLdkj vkfn fØ;kvksa esa oU; thou dh laLd‘fr dk cM+k lqanj o.kZugqvk gSA

^vfrfFk nsoks Hko%* gekjh laLd‘fr dk vax gSA bldk lqanj o.kZu bl miU;kl esa feyrk gSA ikSjkf.kd miU;kl ys[kuesa ys[kd dk mís’; dksbZ u dksbZ vkn’kZ izLrqr djus dk gksrk gSA bl ij MkW0 ’kkfUrLo#i xqIr fy[krs gSa& îkSjkf.kdmiU;kl esa dksbZ vkn’kZ izLrqr djus ;k mins’k nsus ds fy, gh ikSjkf.kd ik=ksa& d.kZ] ,dyO;] ij’kqjke vkfn iq#"kksa rFkklkfo=h] enkylk] vuqlw;k vkfn fL=;ksa ds pfj= izLrqr ugha djrk] vfirq vius izkS<+ fpUru ds vk/kkj ij ikSjkf.kddFkkvksa vkSj izlaxksa dks vk/kqfud lanHkZ Ánku djrk gS] ik=ksa dks u, #i esa izLrqr djrk gS] muds dk;ksZa ds ihNs tkseuksoSKkfud dkj.k gks ldrs gSa mudh [kkst dj mudks lgh ifjizs{; esa izLrqr djrk gSA vykSfdd ik=ksa dks ekuoh;/kjkry ij izfrf"Br djus] dFkk dh ;qxkuq#i O;k[;k djus] thou dh fdlh ewyo‘fr dk foospu dj] ml ij izdk’k Mkyusds fy, Hkh ikSjkf.kd miU;kl fy[ks tkrs gSaA*8

41

¡ãù. Ôãî¾ãÃ¶ããÀã¾ã¥ã ãä´Ìãñªãè ‡ãñŠ „¹ã¶¾ããÔããò ½ãò ¹ããõÀããä¥ã‡ãŠ¦ãã

f}osnh th ds miU;kl ikSjkf.kd /kjkry ij fy[ks x, gSaA ijarq ys[kd us vius izkS<+ fpUru ds vk/kkj ij ikSjkf.kddFkk vkSj izlaxks dks vk/kqfud lanHkZ iznku fd;s gSaA ^vk’kkf’k’kq* miU;kl esa ys[kd us nsof"kZ ukjn ds fo"k; esa yksdjatudFkk,a mudk #i izLrqr ugha djrh gSa muds okLrfod thou ij izdk’k Mkyuk o yksd ds lkeus ykuk gh ys[kd dkÁeq[k /;s; jgk gSA

^vk=s;h vikyk* miU;kl esa ys[kd us vfHk’kIr vikyk ds thou dk oSfnddkyhu dk#f.kd o EkkfeZd o.kZu fd;kgSA vkt ds ;qx esa tc ifr ifjR;Drk fL=;ksa dh la[;k c<+ jgh gSA vikyk ds thou dh dFkk izsj.kknk;d ,oa fo’ks"k egRodh gSA L=h iq#"k ds vUr% laca/k mudh ekufldrk] Áse] HkkoukRed ,drk ij vikyk ds thou ls ,d lkekU; lk ghlgh izdk’k iM+rk gSA fdl izdkj dq"B ds dkj.k vikyk dk thou vfHk’kIr gks tkrk gS vkSj fdl Ádkj vius n‘<+&ladYids }kjk og vius [kks, gq, nkEiR; dks iqu% izkIr djrh gS] ;gh izlax vfHk’kIr vikyk dh dgkuh ls lh/kk tqM+rk gSA vktds ;qx esa ifjR;Drkvksa ds fy, lRladYi ds vuq#i vfHk’kIr vikyk pfj= vuqdj.kh; gSA

vr% MkW0 lw;Zukjk;.k f}osnh ds miU;klksa esa ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls vykSfdd ik=ksa dks ekuoh; /kjkry ijizfrf"Br djds thou dh ewyo‘fr;ksa dk foospu dj] ml ij izdk’k Mkyus dk ,d iz;kl gSA

lanHkZ xzaFk lwph

MkW0 lw;Zukjk;.k f}osnh &^vk’kkf’k’kq*] Jh Jh jk/kk izdk’ku 29] czãuan dkyksuh] okjk.klh 5] izFke laLdj.k 1999MkW0 lw;Zukjk;.k f}osnh &vk=s;h vikyk] Jh Jh jk/kk izdk’ku 29] czãuan dkyksuh] okjk.klh 5] izFke laLdj.k 1999MkW0 fo’ocU/kq ’kekZ &lkBksRRkjh fgUnh egkdkO;ksa esa ik=&dYiuk] eaFku ifCyds’kUl jksgrdMkW0 ’kkfUrLo#i xqIr &miU;kl Lo#i] lajpuk rFkk f’kYi] vyadkj izdk’ku] 666 >hy] fnYyh 59dks’k xzUFk&vkfndkyhu fgUnh ’kCndks’k &HkksykukFk frokjh] fjlky flag ÁHkkr izdk’ku] pkoM+h cktkj] fnYyh] ÁFke laLdj.k] 1988

FOOTNOTES

1lkBksRRkjh fgUnh egkdkO;ksa esa ik=&dYiuk& MkW0 fo’ocU/kq ’kekZ] i‘"B la[;k 32MkW0 lw;Zukjk;.k f}osnh &vk’kkf’k’kq] i‘"B la[;k 73ogh] i‘"B la[;k 434MkW0 lw;Zukjk;.k f}osnh &vk’kkf’k’kq] i‘"B la[;k 45MkW0 lw;Zukjk;.k f}osnh &vk=s;h vikyk] i‘"B la[;k 26MkW0 fo’ocU/kq ’kekZ& lkBksrjh fgUnh egkdkO;ksa esa ik=&dYiuk] i‘"B la[;k 8] 97MkW0 lw;Zukjk;.k f}osnh &vk=s;h vikyk] i‘"B la[;k 1028miU;kl Lo#i] lajpuk rFkk f’kYi &MkW0 ’kkfUrLo#i xqIr] i‘"B la[;k 32

42

ºããÊãã





47

∗ ÔãÖã¾ã‡ãŠ ¹ãÆã£¾ãããä¹ã‡ãŠã, ‚ã©ãÃÍããÔ¨ã ãäÌã¼ããØã, ÍããÔã‡ãŠãè¾ã ½ãÖãÀã•ãã ½ãÖããäÌã²ããÊã¾ã [ÔããØãÀ ãäÌãÍÌããäÌã²ããÊã¾ã Ôãñ Ôã½ºã®] œ¦ãÀ¹ãìÀ (½ã£¾ã ¹ãÆªñÍã) ¼ããÀ¦ã

…•ããÃ ‡ãñŠ ¶ã¾ãñ Õããñ¦ã ¹ãÀ½ãã¥ããäÌã‡ãŠ ¶ãÖãé, ¹ãÆã‡ãðŠãä¦ã‡ãŠ ÖãòØãñ

¡ãù. ‚ãâ•ãÊããè ÑããèÌããÔ¦ãÌã*


¼ããÀ¦ ã ã è ¾ ã Íãã ñ£ ã ¹ ã ã ä ¨ ã ‡ ã Š ã ‚ãã¶Ìã ã è ã ä à ã ‡ ã Š ã è ½ ã ò ¹ ã Æ ‡ ã Š ãÍã¶ ã ã© ã Ã ¹ ã Æ ñ ã ä Ó ã ¦ ã …•ããÃ ‡ãñŠ ¶ã¾ãñ Õããñ¦ã ¹ãÀ½ãã¥ããäÌã‡ãŠ ¶ãÖãé, ¹ãÆã‡ãðŠãä¦ã‡ãŠ ÖãòØãñ Íãã è Ó ã Ã ‡ ã Š Êã ñŒã / Íãã ñ£ ã ¹ ã Æ ¹ ã ¨ ã ‡ ã Š ã èÊã ñ ã äŒã‡ ã Š ã ½ã ö ‚ãâ•ãÊããè ÑããèÌããÔ¦ãÌã Ü ãã ñ Óã¥ãã ‡ãŠÀ¦ããè Öîú ãä‡ãŠ ÊãñãäŒã‡ãŠã ‡ãñŠ Â¹ã ½ãò ƒÔã ÊãñŒã ‡ãŠãè Ôã¼ããè Ôãã½ããäØãÆ¾ããò ‡ãŠãè ãä•ã½½ãñªãÀãè Êãñ¦ããè Öîú, ‡ã‹¾ããòãä‡ãŠ ½ãö¶ãñ ÔÌã¾ãâ ƒÔãñãäÊãŒãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ ‚ãÞœãè ¦ãÀÖ Ôãñ ¹ãü¤ã Öõ ‚ããõÀ Ôãã©ã Öãè ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠãñ Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã Öãñ¶ãñ ‡ãŠãè ÔÌããè‡ãðŠãä¦ã ªñ¦ããè Öîúý ¾ãÖÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ½ãîÊã Â¹ã ½ãò ¾ãã ƒÔã‡ãŠã ‡ãŠãñƒÃ ‚ãâÍã ‡ãŠÖãé ‚ããõÀ ¶ãÖãé œ¹ãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ ¶ã Öãè ‡ãŠÖãé ½ãö¶ãñ ƒÔãñ œ¹ã¶ãñ ‡ãñŠ ãäÊã† ¼ãñ•ãã Öõý ¾ãÖ ½ãñÀãè ½ããõãäÊã‡ãŠ ‡ãðŠãä¦ãÖõý ½ãö Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ‡ãñŠ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ½ã¥¡Êã ‡ãŠãñ ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã ‡ãñŠ ÔãâÍããñ£ã¶ã †Ìãâ Ôã½¹ããª¶ã ‡ãŠãè ¹ãî¥ãÃ ‚ã¶ãì½ããä¦ã ªñ¦ããè Öîúý ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ÊãñŒã ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ãÖãññ¶ãñ ¹ãÀ ƒÔã‡ãñŠ ‡ãŠã¹ããèÀãƒ› ‡ãŠã ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãÀ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãñ ªñ¦ããè Öîúý

meejebMe

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Fmekeâe cenlJehetCe& Ùeesieoeve nw~ efyeÇšsve ceW Je<e& 2011 kesâ Deble lekeâ 230000 meewj Tpee& Øeespeskeäš Les, efpevekeâer Glheeove#ecelee 750 cesieeJeeš Leer~ Fme meboYe& ceW pece&veer, efyeÇšsve mes keâeheâer Deeies nw~ pece&veer Deheveer kegâue efyepeueer keâer ceebie keâer50 ØeefleMele hetefle& meewj Tpee& mes keâjlee nw~ pece&veer ceW heâesšesJeesefuškeâ mesume kesâ ØeÙeesie ceW Yeejer Je=efæ ngF& nw~ heâesšesJeesefuškeâmesume kesâ Éeje metÙe& keâe ØekeâeMe efyepeueer ceW heefjJeefle&le neslee nw~ Decesefjkeâe ceW Øeeke=âeflekeâ œeesleeW mes Øeehle Tpee& Je<e& 2013 ceWkegâ} 7270 cesieeJeeš nw, efpemeceW meewj Tpee& keâe Yeeie 2936 cesieeJeeš (21 ØeefleMele) nw pees 266 meesuej Øeespeskeäš mesØeehle nesleer nw~ kewâefueheâesefve&Ùee ceW meewj Tpee& keâer #ecelee meJee&efOekeâ nw~ meewj Tpee& kesâ Glheeove ceW Ûeerve, efyeÇšsve Je pece&veer mesDeeies nQ~ JeneB hej 930 ueeKe Jeie&ceeršj ceW hewâues 227 ueeKe meewj hewveue nQ, Fvemes 6369175000 ueeršj lesue SJeb 174ueeKe šve keâeye&ve [eF& Dee@keämeeF[ (CO2) keâe #ejCe ¤keâlee nw~

meewj Tpee& keâe GheÙeesie jmeesF& iewme kesâ ¤he ceW, meesuej kegâkeâj, efyepeueer, ke=âef<e, nešeakeâuÛej, heeveer iece& keâjves, jsøeâerpejsšj,SÙejkeâC[erMevej, JeWefšuesšme&, Øeesmesme nerš Deeefo kesâ ¤he ceW efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ ßeer DejefJebo Deeßece kesâ meesuej efkeâÛeve ceWØeÙeesie ceW DeevesJeeuee meesuej yeeGue Øeefmeæ nw, Ùen 150.7 ef[iejer leeheceeve lekeâ Øeehle keâj mekeâlee nw~

Yeejle ceW meewj Tpee& kesâ pevekeâ Øees0 SÛe0heer0 ieie& nQ~ GvneWves ner Fme Øeeke=âeflekeâ Tpee& keâes De#eÙe Tpee& veece efoÙee~De#eÙe Tpee& Ùeeefve meewj Tpee&, heJeve Tpee&, heJeve efyepeueer Deewj yeeÙeesiewme~ GvneWves yeleeÙee efkeâ nceejs ÙeneB meewj Tpee& mes 5Kejye cesieeJeeš efyepeueer hewoe keâjves keâer #ecelee nw~ meewj Tpee& keâe DeLeen YeC[ej, kegâojle keâer Deesj mes Oejleer keâes yeKMeer ieF&meyemes yeÌ[er meewieele nw~ Ùeefo ogefveÙee kesâ efmehe&â Ûeej ØeefleMele jsefiemleeveer Fueekesâ ceW meesuej hewveue keâe pebieue KeÌ[e keâjkesâ mebÙeb$eeWkeâer meneÙelee mes metjpe keâer leekeâle yešesj ueer peeÙes lees Fmemes hetjer ogefveÙee ceW efyepeueer keâer ceebie keâes hetje efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~

iewj-heejcheefjkeâ Tpee& mebmeeOeveeW ceW meewj Tpee& kesâ yeeo heJeve Tpee& keâe mLeeve nw~ heJeve Tpee& mes heÙee&JejCe ceW JÙeehleYeer<eCe Øeot<eCe keâes jeskeâe pee mekeâlee nw~ heJeve Tpee& ieueesyeue JeeefceËie veneR yeÌ{eleer Deewj ve ner «eerve neGme iewmeeW ceW DeefYeJe=efækeâjleer nw~ 11 cesieeJeeš heJeve šyee&Fve mes efpeleveer Tpee& efvekeâueleer nw, Gmemes 1500 šve keâeye&ve [eF& Dee@keämeeF[, 6.5 švemeuheâj [eF&Dee@keämeeF[, 3.2 šve veeFšêspeve Dee@keämeeF[ leLee 60 heeQ[ heejs keâer ØeefleJe<e& keâer Glmepe&ve oj keâes keâce eqkeâÙeepee mekeâlee nw~ kewâefueheâesefve&Ùee ceW efJeÕe keâe meyemes yeÌ[e heJeve Tpee& keâe kesâvõ nw, JeneB 490 heJeve šyee&Fve nQ efpemekeâer#ecelee 1320 cesieeJeeš nw~ Je<e& 2013 kesâ Deble lekeâ Decesefjkeâe ceW heJeve Tpee& keâe Glheeove 61108 cesieeJeeš Lee~ JeneBheJeve Tpee& keâer #ecelee ceW 29.7 ØeefleMele ØeefleJe<e& keâer oj mes Je=efæ nes jner nw~ heJeve Tpee& kesâ #es$e ceW Ûeerve leer›elee mes DeeiesyeÌ{ jne nw~ Fme #es$e ceW mhesve ves Yeer efJeÕe kesâ efueÙes Skeâ GoenjCe hesMe efkeâÙee nw~ heJeve Tpee& Glheeove ceW mhesve keâe efJeÕeceW ÛelegLe& mLeeve nw~ mhesve efJeÕe keâe Skeâcee$e Ssmee osMe nw peneB heJeve Tpee& efyepeueer Deehetefle& keâe ØecegKe œeesle nw~ heJeve Tpee&keâer Âef° mes efyeÇšsve keâe efJeÕe ceW Ú"eb mLeeve nw~ peveJejer 2014 ceW efyeÇšsve ceW 5276 heJeve šyee&Fve nQ efpevekeâer #ecelee 10ieerieeJeeš mes DeefOekeâ nw~ heJeve Tpee& JeneB hej DeefOekeâ Øeehle keâjves keâer mebYeeJevee nesleer nw, peneB hej heJeve keâer ieefle 160efkeâueesceeršj Øeefle Iebše nesleer nw~ Ùen Jesie TBÛes ef#eeflepe hej Ùee mecegõ efkeâveejs heeÙee peelee nw~

yeeÙeescee@me Yeer Deheejbheefjkeâ Tpee& keâe Skeâ cenlJehetCe& meeOeve nw~ Ùen pewefJekeâ heoeLeeX Ùee neue ner ceW ce=le peerJeeW mesØeehle efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmekesâ efueÙes hesÌ[-heewOeeW keâe Yeer GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, pewmes efcemkeâevÙeme, mJeerÛe«eeme, nsche, cekeäkeâe,heesheuej, efJeuees, ieVee, leeÌ[ kesâ hesÌ[ Deeefo~ yeeÙeescee@me ceW keâeye&ve veneR neslee Deewj Ùes peueves hej keâeye&ve [eF&Dee@keämeeF[ Glmeefpe&leveneR keâjles~ Decesefjkeâe ceW yeeÙeescee@me mes }ieYeie 1700 cesieeJeeš efyepeueer keâe Glheeove neslee nw~ JeneB hej ieVes kesâ metKes jsMesSJeb uekeâÌ[er kesâ DeJeefMe° heoeLeeX mes 40000 IejeW keâes efyepeueer efceueleer nw Deewj Fmemes 110 ueeKe šve keâeye&ve [eF& Dee@keämeeF[kesâ Glmepe&ve ceW keâceer Deeleer nw~ Yeejle ceW yeeÙeescee@me Éeje Tpee& Glheeove keâer #ecelee ueieYeie 19500 cesieeJeeš nw~ osMe kesâhenues yeeÙeescee@me mebÙeb$e keâer mLeehevee ceOÙe ØeosMe kesâ yewletue efpeues kesâ keâmeF& ieebJe ceW keâer ieF& nw~

yeeÙeesiewme Yeer Deheejefcheefjkeâ Tpee& keâe keâYeer ve meceehle nesves Jeeuee Øeeke=âeflekeâ œeesle nw~ osMe ceW GheueyOe heMegDeebs mes Øeehleieesyej mes osMe ceW Skeâ keâjes Ì[ yeerme ueeKe heÛeeme npeej yeeÙeesiewme mebÙeb$eeb s keâe mebÛeeueve efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw Deewj FmemesØeehle efJeÅegle nceW DeelceefveYe&j keâj mekeâleer nw~ mJeer[ve ceW ÙeeleeÙeele, Dee@šesceesyeeFue ceW yeeÙeesiewme keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ JeneB Je<e&

48

ÑããèÌããÔ¦ãÌã

2005 mes yeeÙeesiewme šsve Ûeueleer nw, efpemekeâe veece nw ‘‘The Biogas Train Amanda’’ Ùetjeshe ceW pece&veer yeeÙeesiewme keâe meyemesyeÌ[e Glheeokeâ nw~ Je<e& 2010 ceW JeneB 5905 yeeÙeesiewme hueebš keâeÙe& keâj jns Les~

Fmekesâ Deefleefjòeâ mecegõer Tpee& efJeefYeVe ¤heeW ceW GheueyOe nw~ efpemeceW mecegõer uenjW, mecegõer leehe Tpee& ceW heefjJele&ve, pJeejYeeše ØecegKe nw~ letheâeveer mecegõer uenjW 15 ceeršj lekeâ TBÛeer nesleer nQ Deewj Fmekeâer DeJeefOe 15 meskeWâ[ nesleer nw~ Fve uenjeWceW ueieYeie 3.2 cesieeJeeš Øeefleceeršj Meefòeâ nesleer nw~ meeceevÙe efmLeefle ceW uenjW leerve ceeršj keâer nesleer nQ Deewj Fvekeâer DeJeefOeDee" meskeWâ[ keâer nesleer nw~ FveceW Øeefleceeršj 70 efkeâueesJeeš Tpee& efJeÅeceeve nesleer nw~ hegle&ieeue ceW Ssieekegâoeje Jesie heeke&â efJeÕekeâe meJe&ØeLece GÅece nw, pees mecegõer uenjeW mes 2.25 cesieeJeeš efyepeueer efvekeâeuelee nw~ Fmeer lejn kesâ ØeÙeeme ceW mkeâe@šueQ[ ceWefJeÕe keâe meyemes yeÌ[e mebÙeb$e ueieeÙee ieÙee nw~ DeebkeâÌ[eW kesâ Devegmeej efJeÕe ceW 15000 efkeâueesceeršj mecegõ leš nw, efpememes Deemeeveermes efyepeueer efvekeâeueer pee mekeâleer nw~

Fmeer Øekeâej Oejleer kesâ Deboj efpelevee Yetleehe nw, efpeleveer T<cee nw, Fmemes lees meejer Oejleer keâes Je<eeX lekeâ efyepeueer keâerDeehetefle& keâer pee mekeâleer nw~ Fmes efpeDeesLece&ue keânles nQ~ ceer"e peue peye Oejleer kesâ veerÛes mes Øemlej mes škeâjelee nw lees Yeer Tpee&hewoe nesleer nw, Fmes efpeDeesLece&ue ef[mesefuevesMeve keânles nw~ efpeDeesLece&ue efnefšbie ceW Oejleer kesâ veerÛes kesâ leehe keâes iejce SJeb "C[eefkeâÙee peelee nw~ Øeeke=âeflekeâ {bie mes peye Oejleer kesâ Deboj mes efJeÅegle Tpee& efvekeâueleer nw lees Gmes efpeDeesLece&ue heeJej keânles nQ~

Jewkeâefuhekeâ Tpee& keâer Keespe ceW Skeâ DeodYegle ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~ Ùen ØeÙeesie nw, Oeeve kesâ Yetmes mes efyepeueer hewoe keâjvee~ Fmelekeâveerkeâ mes efyenej kesâ keâF& ieebJeeW jesMeve nes jnbs nQ~ Fmekesâ meeLe ner efyeefmkeâš hewâkeäšjer Je keâesu[ mšesjspe Yeer mebÛeeefuele efkeâÙespee jns nQ~ hetJeea ÛecheejCe efpeues kesâ legjkeâewefueÙee ceW nemkeâ heeJej efmemšce mes 32000 Jeeš efyepeueer Glheeove nes jne nw~ FmemesmecyeefvOele Øeespeskeäš keâeÙe&jle nQ~ 500 efkeâuees«eece Yetmes mes 32000 Jeeš lekeâ efyepeueer hewoe keâer pee mekeâleer nw~ hebÛelelJeeWmes efJeefveefce&le Fme œeef° ceW efkeâmeer Ûeerpe keâer keâesF& keâceer veneR nw~ meYeer ÙeneB hej heÙee&hle cee$ee ceW GheueyOe nw~ Tpee& mebkeâš mespetYeâves kesâ efueÙes Ssmeer lekeâveerkeâ efJekeâefmele keâjves keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nw, pees Tpee& keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee keâer hetefle& keâjves kesâ meeLeheÙee&JejCe keâes Yeer megjef#ele jKes~

meboYe& œeesle

DeKeC[ pÙeesefle, petve 2010-efmelecyej 2011FCšjvesMeveue Svepeea SspeWmeer keâceerMeve, keâer efjheesš&Economic Times

Federal Energy Commission ( FERC ) keâer efjheesš&US EIA ( Energy Information Administration ) keâer efjheesš&en.wikipedia.org.

49

…•ããÃ ‡ãñŠ ¶ã¾ãñ Õããñ¦ã ¹ãÀ½ãã¥ããäÌã‡ãŠ ¶ãÖãé, ¹ãÆã‡ãðŠãä¦ã‡ãŠ ÖãòØãñ





54

∗ ÔãÖã¾ã‡ãŠ ¹ãÆã£¾ãã¹ã‡ãŠ, Àã•ã¶ããèãä¦ã ãäÌã—ãã¶ã ãäÌã¼ããØã, †Ôã. ‚ããÀ. Ôããè. †Ôã. ‡ãŠÊãã †Ìãâ Ìãããä¥ã•¾ã ½ãÖããäÌã²ããÊã¾ã ªìØãÃ (œ.Øã.) ¼ããÀ¦ã

∗∗ Íããñ£ã œã¨ã, Àã•ã¶ããèãä¦ã ãäÌã—ãã¶ã ãäÌã¼ããØã, †Ôã. ‚ããÀ. Ôããè. †Ôã. ‡ãŠÊãã †Ìãâ Ìãããä¥ã•¾ã ½ãÖããäÌã²ããÊã¾ã ªìØãÃ (œ.Øã.) ¼ããÀ¦ã

ÔãîÞã¶ãã ‡ãŠã ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãÀ ‚ããä£ããä¶ã¾ã½ã 2005 ‡ãŠã ãäÌããä¼ã¸ã ÍããÔã‡ãŠãè¾ã ãäÌã¼ããØããò ½ãò¹ãÆ¼ããÌã ‡ãŠã †‡ãŠ ãäÌãÍÊãñÓã¥ãã¦½ã‡ãŠ ‚ã£¾ã¾ã¶ã

¡ãù. ¹ãÆ½ããñª ¾ããªÌã* †Ìãâ ¼ãî¹ãñ¶³ ‡ãìŠ½ããÀ**


¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ¹ãÆ‡ãŠãÍã¶ãã©ãÃ ¹ãÆñãäÓã¦ã ÔãîÞã¶ãã ‡ãŠã ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãÀ ‚ããä£ããä¶ã¾ã½ã 2005 ‡ãŠã ãäÌããä¼ã¸ã ÍããÔã‡ãŠãè¾ã ãäÌã¼ããØããò ½ãò ¹ãÆ¼ããÌã ‡ãŠã †‡ãŠ ãäÌãÍÊãñÓã¥ãã¦½ã‡ãŠ‚ã£¾ã¾ã¶ã ÍããèÓãÃ‡ãŠ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠãè ÊãñŒã‡ãŠ ¹ãÆ½ããñª ¾ããªÌã †Ìãâ ¼ãî¹ãñ¶³ ‡ãìŠ½ããÀ ÜããñÓã¥ãã ‡ãŠÀ¦ãñ Öö ãä‡ãŠ ÊãñŒã‡ãŠ ‡ãñŠ Â¹ã ½ãò ƒÔã ÊãñŒã ‡ãŠãè Ôã¼ããè Ôãã½ããäØãÆ¾ããò ‡ãŠãè ãä•ã½½ãñªãÀãèÊãñ¦ãñ Öö, ‡ã‹¾ããòãä‡ãŠ Ö½ã¶ãñ ÔÌã¾ãâ ƒÔãñ ãäÊãŒãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ ‚ãÞœãè ¦ãÀÖ Ôãñ ¹ãü¤ã Öõ ‚ããõÀ Ôãã©ã Öãè ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠãñ Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ½ãò ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ãÖãñ¶ãñ ‡ãŠãè ÔÌããè‡ãðŠãä¦ã ªñ¦ãñ Ööý ¾ãÖ ÊãñŒã / Íããñ£ã ¹ãÆ¹ã¨ã ½ãîÊã Â¹ã ½ãò ¾ãã ƒÔã‡ãŠã ‡ãŠãñƒÃ ‚ãâÍã ‡ãŠÖãé ‚ããõÀ ¶ãÖãé œ¹ãã Öõ ‚ããõÀ ¶ã Öãè ‡ãŠÖãé ½ãö¶ãñ ƒÔãñ œ¹ã¶ãñ ‡ãñŠ ãäÊã† ¼ãñ•ããÖõý ¾ãÖ Ö½ããÀãè ½ããõãäÊã‡ãŠ ‡ãðŠãä¦ã Öõý Ö½ã Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ‡ãñŠ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ½ã¥¡Êã ‡ãŠãñ ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ ÊãñŒã ‡ãñŠ ÔãâÍããñ£ã¶ã †Ìãâ Ôã½¹ããª¶ã ‡ãŠãè ¹ãî¥ãÃ ‚ã¶ãì½ããä¦ã ªñ¦ãñ Ööý ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè½ãò ÊãñŒã ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã Öãññ¶ãñ ¹ãÀ ƒÔã‡ãñŠ ‡ãŠã¹ããèÀãƒ› ‡ãŠã ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãÀ Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãñ ªñ¦ãñ Ööý

Lkkjka’k

izLrqr ’kks/k i= esa lwpuk ds vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2005 dk fofHkUu ’kkldh; foHkkxksa esa izHkko dk ,d fo’ys"k.kkRed v/;;u fd;k x;kgS] ftlls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd ;g vf/kfu;e vius mís’;ksa dks iwjk djus esa fdruk izHkkoh gS rFkk ’kkldh; foHkkxksa esa bls vkSj vf/kdizHkkoh cukus ds fy, D;k iz;kl fd;s tk ldrs gSaA ;g vf/kfu;e ’kkldh; foHkkxksa dks igys ls vf/kd tokcnsgh] ikjnf’kZrk] fu"i{krk] fØ;k’khyrk]tkx:drk vkfn dh fn’kk esa lfØ; djrk gSA

izLrkouk

lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2005 okLro esa ,d ,sfrgkfld fo/kku gS] ;g ,d ,slk O;kid dkuwu gS] tks lHkhljdkjh o lwpuk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e esa vkus okys mu vU; miØeksa dk tks lwpuk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr vkrsgSa] ds vf/kdkfj;ksa o miØeksa ls lwpuk izkIr djus ds fy, ukxfjdksa dks oS/kkfud vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA lwpuk vf/kdkjvf/kfu;e us cgqr ls yksxksa ds eu esa vk’kk ds vadqj mxk, gSa vkSj bls lgh <ax ls dke esa ykuk gh vc vkxs dk dkegSA blds izpyu ls dk;Z ds laiknu esa ikjnf’kZrk vf/kdkf/kd c<+sxh rFkk Hkz"Vkpkj o vfu;ferrk esa Hkh deh vk;sxhAizkjafHkd eukgh ds ckn vkf[kjdkj dsUnz ljdkj dks Hkh ;g Lohdkj djus ds fy, ck/; gksuk gh iM+k fd ljdkjh QkbZyksaij vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk dh xbZ uksfVax dk fooj.k vkosnd dks fn;k tk,xkA

v/;;u dk mn~ns’;

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ifjdYiuk,¡

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v/;;u gsrq nqxZ ftys ds varxZr vkus okys fofHkUu ’kkldh; foHkkxksa ds p;fur 150 mÙkjnkrkvksa ls iz’ukoyhds ek/;e ls rF;ksa dk ladyu fd;k x;k gSA vko’;drkuqlkj lk{kkRdkj ,oa voyksdu ds ek/;e ls Hkh bl fo"k;ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh izkIr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA rF; ladyu gsrq midj.k ds :Ik esa lk{kkRdkj&vuqlwph dkfuekZ.k fd;k x;k FkkA

v/;;u {ks=

izLrqr ’kks/k i= dk v/;;u {ks= NÙkhlx<+ jkT; ds 27 ftyksa esa ls nqxZ ftys ds varxZr vkus okys fofHkUu ’kkldh;foHkkxksa dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS] D;ksafd ’kks/k&i= ds v/;;u dk eq[; dsUnzfcUnq ’kkldh; foHkkxksa esa lwpuk ds vf/kdkjvf/kfu;e 2005 ds izHkko dk v/;;u dj fo’ys"k.k djuk gSA v/;;u {ks= esa lapkfyr fofHkUu ’kkldh; foHkkx blizdkj gS& 1- lkekU; iz’kklu foHkkx ,oa tu f’kdk;r foHkkx ¼ftyk dk;kZy;½] 2- ifjogu foHkkx] 3- tsy foHkkx] 4-iqfyl foHkkx] 5- jktLo ,oa iquokZl foHkkx] 6- yksd LokLF; ,oa ;kaf=dh foHkkx] 7- ou foHkkx] 8- ftyk dks"kky;] 9-okf.kT; dj] 10- ;kstuk] vkfFkZd ,oa lkaf[;dh foHkkx] 11- Okkf.kT;] m|ksx] lkoZtfud miØe foHkkx] 12- iapk;r ,oaxzkeh.k fodkl foHkkx] 13- ty lalk/ku foHkkx] 14- d`f"k foHkkx] 15- Ik’kqikyu foHkkx] 17- eRL;ikyu foHkkx] 18- ÅtkZfoHkkx] 19- LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k foHkkx] 20- yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx] 21- ou foHkkx] 22- [kfut lalk/ku foHkkx]23- [kk| ukxfjd vkiwfrZ ,oa miHkksDrk laj{k.k foHkkx] 24- Je foHkkx] 25- ftyk jkstxkj ,oa Lojkstxkj ekxZn’kZu dsUnz]26- Ldwy f’k{kk foHkkx] 27- lekt dY;k.k foHkkx] 28- vkfne tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr foHkkx] 29- tulEidZ foHkkx]30- lgdkfjrk foHkkx] 31- uxjh; fudk;] 32- [ksy ,oa ;qok dY;k.k] 33- Hkw&vfHkys[k dk;kZy;] utwy foHkkx] 34- rglhy

55

ÔãîÞã¶ãã ‡ãŠã ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãÀ ‚ããä£ããä¶ã¾ã½ã 2005 ‡ãŠã ãäÌããä¼ã¸ã ÍããÔã‡ãŠãè¾ã ãäÌã¼ããØããò ½ãò ¹ãÆ¼ããÌã ‡ãŠã †‡ãŠ ãäÌãÍÊãñÓã¥ãã¦½ã‡ãŠ ‚ã£¾ã¾ã¶ã

dk;kZy;] 35- ’kgjh fodkl izkf/kdj.k] 36- vkcdkjh foHkkx] 37- ftyk iath;d dk;kZy;] 38- ftyk vUrkO;olk;h foÙkfodkl fuxe] 39 NÙkhlx<+ gkÅflax cksMZ] 40- efgyk ,oa cky fodkl foHkkxA

izeq[k fu"d"kZ

v/;;u ls Kkr gqvk gS fd v/;;xr mÙkjnkrkvksa esa 86-77 izfr’kr mÙkjnkrkvksa dks lwpuk ds vf/kdkj ds laca/k esatkudkjh gS] tcfd 12-33 izfr’kr mÙkjnkrkvksa dks vHkh Hkh bl vf/kfu;e ds fo"k; esa iw.kZ tkudkjh ugha gSA v/;;uxrmÙkjnkrkvksa esa 80 izfr’kr mÙkjnkrkvksa us ekuk fd lwpuk ds vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2005 ls vke ukxfjdksa dks vius ekSfydvf/kdkj ds laj{k.k esa lgk;rk izkIr gks jgh gS] tcfd 12-67 izfr’kr mÙkjnkrkvksa us viuk er O;Dr fd;k fd lwpukds vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ls laj{k.k izkIr ugha gks jgk gS] ogha 4-33 izfr’kr mÙkjnkrkvksa us rVLFkrk cuk;s j[kk vkSj 3 izfr’krmÙkjnkrkvksa dks iz’u le> esa gh ugha vk;kA mÙkj le> esa ugha vkus dk eq[; dkj.k mudks bl vf/kfu;e dks izHkkohdjus dk mís’; Kkr u gksuk gSA

v/;;uxr mÙkjnkrkvksa ds O;ogkj ifjorZu laca/kh v/;;u esa 88 izfr’kr mÙkjnkrkvksa us ekuk fd bl vf/kfu;eds ykxw gksus ls ’kkldh; vf/kdkfj;ksa ds O;ogkj eas ifjorZu vk;k gSA muesa tokcnsgh] tkx:drk ,oa ikjnf’kZrk dsizfr igys ls vf/kd xEHkhjrk fn[kkbZ nh gSA tcfd 7 izfr’kr mÙkjnkrkvksa us er O;Dr fd;k fd buds O;ogkj esa ifjorZuugha vk;k gS o 5 izfr’kr mÙkjnkrk us bl iz’u ij dksbZ Li"V er ugha fn;kA

mijksDr v/;;u ls Li"V gksrk gS fd foHkkxh; tulwpuk vf/kdkfj;ksa dks bl vf/kfu;e dh cgqr ls fu;eksa dhtkudkjh gS] ijUrq vHkh Hkh dqN fu;eksa ds izfr muesa tkudkjh dk vHkko gS rFkk dqN fu;eksa ds izfr buesa Hkzkafr;k¡ gS]ftlds fy, le;≤ ij foHkkxh; izf’k{k.k] lsehukj] dk;Z’kkyk tSls dk;ZØe pyk;s tkus dh vko’;drk gSA

izeq[k lq>ko

1- leLr ljdkjh laLFkku lwpuk izdkf’kr djsaxs] tks bl :Ik eas gks rkfd tu lk/kkj.k dks vklkuh ls miyC/k gksAdk;ksZ a dk fuoZgu djus ds fy, cuk;s x;s ekin.M] dk;ksZa dks iwjk djus ds fy, deZpkfj;ksa }kjk iz;ksx fd;s tkusokys fu;e] fofu;e] funsZ’k] fjdkMZ] mlds v/khu j[ks gq, nLrkostksa dk oxhZdj.k fd;k tk;sA

2- ,slh fdlh Hkh O;oLFkk dh ekStwnxh dk iwjk C;kSjk] tks uhfr;kW a cukus vkSj mUgsa ykxw djus ds fy, turk dsizfrfuf/k;ksa dh jk; ysus ds ckjs esa ;k lekt ds lnL;ksa dks izfrfuf/kRo nsus ds ckjs esa gksA

3- laxBu] laLFkk] dk;kZy; }kjk xfBr ,sls cksMZ] ifj"knksa] lfefr;ksa vkSj vU; fudk;ksa ds fooj.k dh ?kks"k.kk] ftlesanks ;k mlls T;knk O;fDr gksa] lkFk gh ;g lwpuk dh budh cSBdsa turk ds fy, [kqyh gqbZ gS ;k ugha vkSj bucSBdksa esa gqbZ dk;Zokgh dk C;kSjk turk dks fn;k tk ldrk gS ;k ughaA

vr% vkt vko’;drk gS ikjnf’kZrk] laosnu’khyrk] tokcnsgh] ’kh?kzrk] ljyrk] bZekunkjh dh u fd u, fu;edkuwuks a dh lwpuk dk vf/kdkj rHkh lQy gksxk tc iz’kklu ra= tu&izfrfuf/k ,oa vke ukxfjd blds fy, rS;kj gksxkvkSj n`<+rk ls fu.kZ; ysxkA var esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e dks iw.kZ :Iks.k izHkkoh cukus dsfy, rhuksa lEc) Hkkxksa] turk] yksdizkf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk lwpuk vk;ksxksa dks fØ;k’khy rFkk viuh&viuh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djukiM+sxk] ijUrq lcls vf/kd vko’;d gS] loksZÙke usr`Ro dh izfrc)rk vkSj og ;g gS fd lwpuk ds vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e dks’kCnksa rFkk vkRek nksuksa esa okLrfod cukukA

lanHkZ xzUFk lwph

vxzoky] jkds’k &gS.Mcqd] jkbV Vw bUQkWjes’ku] U;k;Hkwfe] ubZ fnYyh] 2000 i‘"B la[;k 94&95

56

¾ããªÌã †Ìãâ ‡ãìŠ½ããÀ

vQjhnh] Qk:[k &yksdra= esa lwpuk dk vf/kdkj] gsfjVst ifCyf’kax gkÅl t;iqj] 2006] i‘"B la[;k 184&185vgen] deky] ikaMs &lwpuk dk vf/kdkj dkuwu 2005] us’kuy cqd V~LV] fnYyh] 2008] i‘"B la[;k 15&16vjksM+k] eqds’k vjksM] iw.kZpUn &jkbV Vw bUQkWjes’ku ,DV] 2005] flaxyk ykW ,tsUlh] p.Mhx<+] 2008] i‘"B la[;k 54&56vjksMk] yfyr dqekj &jkbV Vw bUQkWjeas’ku] bZlk cqDl fnYyh 2004] i‘"B la[;k 44&45vkpk;Z] ,u- ds- &deSaVªh vkWu fn jkbV Vw bUQkWjes’ku ,DV 2005] ,f’k;k ykW gkÅl] gSnjkckn] 2007] i‘"B la[;k 35&39vkye] vQjkst &lwpuk dk vf/kdkj] tkfe;k bLykfe;k fgUn] tkfe;k uxj] ubZ fnYyh] 2008] i‘"B la[;k 11dqekj] izdk’k &lwpuk dk vf/kdkj] izHkkr ifCyds’ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2008] i‘"B la[;k 25dqekj] uhjt &tkfu, viuk lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 2005]tSu cqd ,tsUlh] ubZ fnYyh] 2010] i‘"B la[;k 45dqekj] uhjt &VªSVht vkQu jkbV Vw bUQkWjes’ku ,DV 2005] Hkkjr ykW gkÅl] 2009] i‘"B la[;k 80d‘".k v¸;j] ch-vkj- &ÝhMe vkWQ bUQkWjes’ku] bZLVuZ cqd dEiuh] y[kuÅ] 1990] i‘"B la[;k 51ftyk lkaf[;dh dk;kZy;] nqxZ] okf"kZd fjiksVZ] 2005&2014

57

ÔãîÞã¶ãã ‡ãŠã ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãÀ ‚ããä£ããä¶ã¾ã½ã 2005 ‡ãŠã ãäÌããä¼ã¸ã ÍããÔã‡ãŠãè¾ã ãäÌã¼ããØããò ½ãò ¹ãÆ¼ããÌã ‡ãŠã †‡ãŠ ãäÌãÍÊãñÓã¥ãã¦½ã‡ãŠ ‚ã£¾ã¾ã¶ã

ÊãñŒã‡ãŠãò ‡ãñŠ ãäÊã† ãä¶ãªóÍãÍããñ£ã¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠã ‚ã¶ãìÀãñ£ãÊãñŒã‡ãŠ ‚ã¹ã¶ãã Íããñ£ã¹ã¨ã ¡ãù. ½ã¶ããèÓãã Íãì‡ã‹Êãã ,¹ãÆ£ãã¶ã Ôã½¹ãããäª‡ãŠã ‚ãã¶Ìããèãäàã‡ãŠãè ¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã Íããñ£ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‡ãŠãñ ƒÃ-½ãñÊã ¹ãÀ ¹ãÆñãäÓã¦ã‡ãŠÀòý ([email protected])

¹ãÆã¹¦ã Íããñ£ã¹ã¨ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ½ãò ¹ãÆ‡ãŠãÍã¶ã ‡ãñŠ ¹ãîÌãÃ ¹ãì¶ããä¶ãÃÀãèãäàã¦ã ãä‡ãŠ¾ãñ •ãã¾ãòØãñý ÔÌããè‡ãðŠ¦ã Íããñ£ã¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠÖãé ‚ããõÀ ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã ¶ãÖãé Öãñ¶ããÞãããäÖ† ‚ããõÀ ¶ã Öãè „Ôã Íããñ£ã¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠã ‡ãŠãñƒÃ ¼ããè ¼ããØã ¹ãÆ£ãã¶ã Ôã½¹ãããäª‡ãŠã ‡ãñŠ ‚ã¶ãì½ããä¦ã ‡ãñŠ ãäºã¶ãã ‡ãŠÖãé ‚ããõÀ ¹ãÆ‡ãŠããäÍã¦ã ãä‡ãŠ¾ãã •ãã Ôã‡ãŠ¦ããÖõý ‡ãðŠ¹ã¾ãã ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ Íããñ£ã¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠãè ¹ãã¥¡ìãäÊããä¹ã ãä¶ã½¶ã ¼ããØããâñ ½ãò ¦ãõ¾ããÀ ‡ãŠÀò,ÍããèÓãÃ‡ãŠ ;ÔããÀãâÍã ;¹ãã¥¡ìãäÊããä¹ã ;¹ãìÔ¦ã‡ãŠ Ôãâª¼ãÃ ÔãîÞããèý‡ãðŠ¹ã¾ãã ¹ãì¶ããä¶ãÃÀãèàã¥ã ‡ãŠãè Øãì¥ãÌã¦¦ãã ½ãò ÔãÖã¾ã¦ãã ‡ãŠÀ¶ãñ Öñ¦ãì ‚ã¹ã¶ãã ¶ãã½ã ¹ã¦ãã ¹ãã¥¡ìãäÊããä¹ã ¹ãÀ ¶ã ªòýÍããèÓãÃ‡ãŠ :ÍããèÓãÃ‡ãŠ ¹ãã¥¡ìãäÊããä¹ã ¹ãÀ ‚ãÌãÍ¾ã ªâñ,ãä‡ãŠ¶¦ãì ‚ã¹ã¶ãã ¹ãîÀã ¶ãã½ã,¹ã¦ãã,ÔãâÔ©ãã •ãÖãú ¹ãÀ ‚ã£¾ã¾ã¶ã ‚ã©ãÌãã ‚ã£¾ãã¹ã¶ã ‡ãŠã¾ãÃ

Ôã½¹ãããäª¦ã ãä‡ãŠ¾ãã Øã¾ãã Öãñ, ‚ãã¹ã‡ãŠã ãäÌãÓã¾ã,ªîÀ¼ããÓã ‚ã©ãÌãã ½ããñºããƒÊã,¹ãõŠ‡ã‹Ôã,ƒÃ-½ãñÊã ¹ã¨ããÞããÀ Öñ¦ãì ‚ãÊãØã ¹ãðÓŸ ¹ãÀ ‚ãÌãÍ¾ãªòý „¹ã¾ãìÃ‡ã‹¦ã ¦ã©¾ã ‚ãã¹ã‡ãñŠ Íããñ£ã¹ã¨ã ‡ãñŠ Íãºª Ôããè½ãã ‡ãñŠ ‚ã¶¦ãØãÃ¦ã Öãè ½ãã¶ãã •ãã¾ãñØããý

ÔããÀãâÍã :‡ãðŠ¹ã¾ãã Íããñ£ã¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠã ÔããÀãâÍã 120 Íãºªãâñ ½ãò ªòý¹ãã¥¡ìãäÊããä¹ã :ƒÔã‡ãñŠ ‚ã¶¦ãØãÃ¦ã ½ãìŒ¾ã ¹ããŸ¿ã Ôãã½ãØãÆãè ÖãñØããè ; •ããñ 5 Ôãñ 10 ¹ãðÓŸ ¦ã‡ãŠ Öãñ¶ããè ÞãããäÖ¾ãñý Íããñ£ã¹ã¨ã 10 ¹ãðÓŸ Ôãñ

(ÔããÀãâÍã,Íãºª Ôãâàãñ¹ã,Ôãâª¼ãÃ ÔãîÞããè Ôã½ãñ¦ã)‚ããä£ã‡ãŠ ¹ãÆ‡ãŠãÍã¶ã Öñ¦ãì ÔÌããè‡ãŠãÀ ¶ãÖãé ãä‡ãŠ¾ãã •ãã¾ãñØããý ‚ã¶¾ã©ãã ÌãðÖªá Íããñ£ã¹ã¨ã(10

¹ãðÓŸ Ôãñ ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠ) ¹ãÆ‡ãŠãÍã¶ã ½ãò ªñÀ ¼ããè Öãñ Ôã‡ãŠ¦ããè Öõý ÊãñŒã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãñ ¾ãÖ ºãã¦ã ÔÌããè‡ãŠãÀ Öãñ¶ããè ÞãããäÖ† ãä‡ãŠ Íããñ£ã¹ã¨ã ¹ãì¶ããä¶ãÃÀãèàã¥ã‡ãñŠ ªãõÀã¶ã ãä‡ãŠ¾ãñ Øã¾ãñ ÔãâÍããñ£ã¶ã „¶Öò ½ãã¶¾ã ÖãòØãñý Íããñ£ã¹ã¨ã ¹ãÆ‡ãŠãÍã¶ã ‡ãñŠ ªãõÀã¶ã ¨ãìãä› ‡ãŠãè Ôã½¼ããÌã¶ãã ¶ã ºã¶ãñ ƒÔã‡ãŠã ¹ãîÀã £¾ãã¶ãÀŒãã •ãã¦ãã Öõ ãä¹ãŠÀ ¼ããè ‡ãŠãñƒÃ ¨ãìãä› ¹ãã¾ãñ •ãã¶ãñ ¹ãÀ ÊãñŒã‡ãŠ ÔãâÍããñãä£ã¦ã Àãèãä¹ãÆâ› ¹ãÆã¹¦ã ‡ãŠÀ Ôã‡ãŠ¦ãã Öõ ; ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ½ãò ÔãâÍããñ£ã¶ã‡ãŠãè Ì¾ãÌãÔ©ãã ¶ãÖãé Öõý

Ôã¶ª¼ãÃ Ìã¥ãÃ½ããÊãã‰ãŠ½ãã¶ãìÔããÀ :Íããñ£ã¹ã¨ã ‡ãñŠ Ôã½ãã¹ã¶ã ¹ãÀ ‡ãðŠ¹ã¾ãã Ôãâª¼ãÃ Ìã¥ãÃ½ããÊãã ‰ãŠ½ãã¶ãìÔããÀ ªòý ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‡ãŠã ÌãÓãÃ,ÊãñŒã‡ãŠ,¹ãðÓŸ ÔãâŒ¾ãã,¼ããØã ƒ¦¾ãããäª ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀ Ôãñ ªòý ¹ãìÔ¦ã‡ãŠ ÍããèÓãÃ‡ãŠ ¾ãã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ÍããèÓãÃ‡ãŠ ƒ›ããäÊã‡ãŠ ªòý

¹ãìÔ¦ã‡ãŠ :¹ãÆ‡ãŠãÍã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠã ¶ãã½ã,ÔãâÔ‡ãŠÀ¥ã ÔãâŒ¾ãã,¹ãÆ‡ãŠãÍã¶ã ÌãÓãÃ,ÊãñŒã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠã ¶ãã½ã,¹ãìÔ¦ã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠã ¶ãã½ã,¹ãðÓŸ ÔãâŒ¾ãã¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã :¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‡ãŠã ¶ãã½ã,ÊãñŒã ‡ãŠã ÍããèÓãÃ‡ãŠ,ÊãñŒã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠã ¶ãã½ã,¹ãÆ‡ãŠãÍã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠã ¶ãã½ã,‚ãâ‡ãŠ ÔãâŒ¾ãã/½ããÖ,ÌãããäÓãÃ‡ãŠ ‚ã©ãÌãã ‚ã®ÃÌãããäÓãÃ‡ãŠ

‚ã©ãÌãã ½ãããäÔã‡ãŠ •ããñ ¼ããè Öãñ Ô¹ãÓ› ‡ãŠÀòýÔã½ããÞããÀ ¹ã¨ã :¹ãÆ‡ãŠãÍã‡ãŠ,ãä¦ããä©ã,Ôã¶ãá ,¹ãðÓŸ ÔãâŒ¾ãã,ƒ¥›À¶ãñ› :ÌãñºãÔããƒ¡,¹ãðÓŸ ÔãâŒ¾ãã,½ãìŒ¾ã ÍããèÓãÃ‡ãŠ,‚ã¶¦ã: ÍããèÓãÃ‡ãŠý½ãã¶ããäÞã¨ã †Ìãâ ÔããÀ¥ããè :½ãã¶ããäÞã¨ã †Ìãâ ÔããÀ¥ããè ‚ã©ãÌãã ãäÞã¨ã Íããñ£ã¹ã¨ã ‡ãŠãè Ôã½ãããä¹¦ã ‡ãñŠ ‚ã¶¦ã ½ãò ªòý ¾ãÖ ºÊãõ‡ãŠ †¥¡ ÌÖãƒ› Öãè

Öãñ¶ãã ÞãããäÖ†ý ƒÔã‡ãŠã Ô¹ãÓ› Ôãâ‡ãñŠ¦ã ¹ãã¥¡ìãäÊããä¹ã ½ãò ªò(„ªãÖÀ¥ã ÔããÀ¥ããè ÔãâŒ¾ãã 1)ãäÌãÍãñÓã :‡ãðŠ¹ã¾ãã ‚ã¹ã¶ãã Íããñ£ã¹ã¨ã ƒÃ-½ãñÊã ‡ãŠÀ¶ãñ ‡ãñŠ ºããª ¡ãù‡ãŠ Ôãñ ‚ãÌãÍ¾ã ¼ãñ•ãâñý ‚ã¹ã¶ãñ Íããñ£ã¹ã¨ã ‡ãñŠ Ôãã©ã-Ôãã©ã ‚ã¹ã¶ãã

Ìãã¾ããñ¡ã›ã, ¹ãŠãñ›ãñ,ÔÌã¹ã¦ãã ãäÊãŒãã ãäÊã¹ãŠã¹ãŠã(25 Â ‡ãŠñ ãä›‡ãŠ› ÔããäÖ¦ã)¼ãñ•ãâñý Íããñ£ã¹ã¨ã ¾ããäª ãäÖ¶ªãè ¼ããÓãã ½ãò Öõ ¦ããñ †.¹ããè.†Ôããä¹ãÆ¾ãâ‡ãŠã Àãñ½ã¶ã(†.¹ããè.†Ôã. ‡ãŠã¹ããóÀñ› 2000++)½ãò ¦ãõ¾ããÀ Ôããè.¡ãè ‡ãñŠ Ôãã©ã ªòý Íããñ£ã¹ã¨ã ¹ãÆã¹¦ã Öãñ¶ãñ ‡ãñŠ †‡ãŠ Ôã¹¦ããÖ ‡ãñŠ ‚ã¶ªÀÊãñŒã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãñ ÔÌããè‡ãðŠãä¦ã ¹ã¨ã ¹ãÆñãäÓã¦ã ‡ãŠÀ ãäª¾ãã •ãã¾ãñØããý ƒÃ-½ãñÊã Ôãñ ¹ãÆã¹¦ã Íããñ£ã¹ã¨ã Öñ¦ãì ƒÃ-½ãñÊã Ôãñ ÔÌããè‡ãðŠãä¦ã ¼ãñ•ããè •ãã¾ãñØããèýÍããñ£ã¹ã¨ã ¹ãÆñãäÓã¦ã ‡ãŠÀ¶ãñ ‡ãñŠ ¹ãîÌãÃ ¹ãÆ£ãã¶ã Ôã½¹ãããäª‡ãŠã Ôãñ ªîÀ¼ããÓã ¹ãÀ ‚ãÌãÍ¾ã Ôã½¹ã‡ãÃŠ ‡ãŠÀòý Ôã½¹ããª‡ãŠ ½ã¥¡Êã ‚ã©ãÌãã ÔãÊããÖ‡ãŠãÀÔããä½ããä¦ã ½ãò Ôããä½½ããäÊã¦ã ‡ãŠÀ¶ãñ ‡ãŠã ‚ãâãä¦ã½ã ãä¶ã¥ãÃ¾ã ÔãâÔ©ãã ‡ãŠã ÖãñØããýÔãªÔ¾ããâñ Ôãñ ãä¶ãÌãñª¶ã Öõ ãä‡ãŠ ÌãÓãÃ ½ãò 20 ÔãªÔ¾ã ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã Ôãñ •ããñü¡‡ãŠÀ ÔãâÔ©ãã ‡ãŠã ÔãÖ¾ããñØã ‡ãŠÀâñý

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