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8/22/2019 Hindi Journal R
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hindi-journal-r 2/377
vkbZ ,l ,l ,u 0973&3914vkbZ ,l ,l ,u 0973&3914vkbZ ,l ,l ,u 0973&3914vkbZ ,l ,l ,u 0973&3914vkbZ ,l ,l ,u 0973&3914
v¼Z okf"kZ d] f}Hkk"kh (fgUnh la Ldj.k)v¼Z okf"kZ d] f}Hkk"kh (fgUnh la Ldj.k)v¼Z okf"kZ d] f}Hkk"kh (fgUnh la Ldj.k)v¼Z okf"kZ d] f}Hkk"kh (fgUnh la Ldj.k)v¼Z okf"kZ d] f}Hkk"kh (fgUnh la Ldj.k) jk"Vªh; ia thÏr fjO;w M@js QMZ fjlpZ tjuy jk"Vª h; ia thÏr fjO;wM@js QMZ fjlpZ tjuy jk"Vªh; ia thÏr fjO;w M@js QMZ fjlpZ tjuy jk"Vª h; ia thÏr fjO;wM@js QMZ fjlpZ tjuy jk"Vª h; ia thÏr fjO;w M@js QMZ fjlpZ tjuy
iz eq[k lEiknd iz eq[k lEiknd iz eq[k lEiknd iz eq[k lEiknd izeq[k lEiknd iz ks Qs lj cztxks iky izksQslj cz txks iky iz ks Qs lj cztxks iky izksQslj cz txks iky iz ksQs lj cz txksiky
izfrf"Br HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz ,okMZ ls lEekfur
vkWujsjh lEiknd vkWujsjh lEiknd vkWujsjh lEiknd vkWujsjh lEiknd vkW ujs jh lEiknd
MkW - ,l- vf[kys 'k MkW - ,l- vf[kys 'k MkW - ,l- vf[kys 'k MkW - ,l- vf[kys 'k MkW - ,l- vf[kys 'k iz frf"Br HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz ,okMZ rFkk ia- xksfoUn oYyHk iar ,okMZ ls lEekfur
MkW - la /;k 'kq Dy MkW- la/;k 'kq Dy MkW - la /;k 'kq Dy MkW- la/;k 'kq Dy MkW - la /;k 'kqDy izksQslj ,oa foHkkxk/;{k] jktuhfrfoKku
'kkldh; Bkdq j j.ker fla g egkfo|ky;] jhok
lEiknd lEiknd lEiknd lEiknd lEiknd
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e-iz- lkslk;Vh jftLVªs'ku ,DV] 1973 ds varxZr iathÏr iath;u Øekad 1802] lu~ 1997www.researchjournal.in
vad&13]vad&13]vad&13]vad&13]vad&13] o"kZ&07 o"kZ&07 o"kZ&07 o"kZ&07 o"kZ&07 fnlEcj] 2012 fnlEcj] 2012 fnlEcj] 2012 fnlEcj] 2012 fnlEcj] 2012
fjlpZ tjuy vkW Q lks'ky ,.M ykbQ lkbUlsl fjlpZ tjuy vkW Q lks'ky ,.M ykbQ lkbUlsl fjlpZ tjuy vkW Q lks'ky ,.M ykbQ lkbUlsl fjlpZ tjuy vkW Q lks'ky ,.M ykbQ lkbUlsl fjlpZ tjuy vkW Q lks'ky ,.M ykbQ lkbUlsl
Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, ProQuest, U.S.A.
Title Id : 715205
8/22/2019 Hindi Journal R
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fo"k; fo'ks"kK@ijke'kZ e.My 1- MkW- jkts 'k feJk] y[kuÅ 3- MkW- lh-Mh- fla g] dq yifr3- MkW- xkS re Kkus Unz] Hkks iky 4- MkW- fiz ;a dj mik/;k;] okjk.klh5- MkW- vjfoUn tks 'kh] okjk.klh 6- MkW- ds- ,p- oklfud] vejkorh7- MkW- iz feyk iw fu;k] t;iq j 8- MkW- ch-lh-,e- iVuk;d] Hkqous 'oj 9- MkW- t;'ka dj 'kkgh] vyoj 10- MkW- ,u- lqUnje] os Yyks j 11- MkW- vkj- ,u- 'kq Dyk] jhok 12- MkW- izgykn feJk] tcyiq j 13- MkW - ,-ds- JhokLro] jhok 14- MkW- ,u-ih- ikBd] jhok15- MkW- vkuUn dq ekj] ubZ fnYyh 16- MkW- th- ds 'kekZ] mTtS u
17- MkW- ch-ih- cMks yk] /keZ 'kkyk 18- MkW- lq uhrk f}os nh] ouLFkyh19- iz ks- xhrk uk;j] eq EcbZ 20- MkW- lfork 'kekZ] /kje'kkyk21- iz ks- va tyh cgq xq .kk] Jhuxj 22- iz ks- ehuk{kh iVs y] jktdks V 23- MkW - vkj-,u- 'kekZ] jhok 24- MkW - jkeyyk 'kq Dyk] jhok25- MkW- dkejkt fla/kq] dq #{ks = 26- MkW - lh-,e- 'kq Dyk] Nrjiq j 27- MkW- ch-ds- fla g] okjk.klh 28- MkW- T;ks fr mik/;k;] mTtS u29- MkW - jkts 'k ts- jkoy] jktdks V 30- MkW- oUnuk JhokLro] gfj}kj 31- MkW - fxjh'k ,- lks ya dh] jktdks V 32- MkW - Vh-,p- o?ks jk] jktdks V 33- MkW- vkHkk lDls uk] okjk.klh 34- MkW- ikra tfy feJ] jhok
vof/k O;fDrxr lnL;rk laLFkkxr lnL;rk
okf"kZ d 400-00 600-00 ika p o"kZ 1200-00 2000-00vkthou (15 o"kZ) 3000-00 5000-00
lnL;rk 'kqYd cS ad Mªk¶V xk;=h ifCyds'kUl] jhok ds uke ls cuok;k tkdj lEiknd izks Qslj cztxksiky 'kqDy]41@42 j?kqoa 'k lnu] fcfN;k] jhok& 486001 (e-iz-) ds irs ij Hkstk tk;A jkf'k xk;=h ifCyds 'kUl ds LVs V cS ad vkWQ bf.M;k] cz ka p&jhok flVh (vkbZ ,Q,l dksM 0004667) ds [kkrk Øeka d 30016445112 es a Hkh tek dh tk
ldrh gSA uxn tek dh fLFkfr es a 25 #- vfrfjDr cSa d pktZ tksM+k tk;A fjlpZ tjuy ds vad lkekU; Mkd ls Hksts tkrs gS a] ;fn dks bZ lnL; vad jftLVMZ Mkd ls pkgrs gS a rks iks LVst C;; ,d vad gsrq 50@& okf"kZd 100@&] ikap o"kZ
500@& rFkk vkthou lnL;rk gsrq 1500@& vfrfjDr C;; ns ; gks xkA
fjlpZ tjuy es a iz Lrq r fd;s x;s fopkj vkS j rF; ys [kdks a ds gS a] ftuds fo"k; es a ls UVj QkWj fjlpZ LVMht] lEiknd e.My] iz dk'kd rFkk eqnz d mÙkjnk;h ugha gSaA fjlpZ tjuy ds lEiknu ,oa iz dk'ku esa iw.kZ lko/kkuh j[kh xbZ gS] fdUrq fdlh =q fV ds fy, lsUVj QkWj fjlpZ LVMht] lEiknd e.My] izdk'kd rFkk eqnzd mÙkjnk;h ugha gS aA lEiknu dk dk;Z vO;kolkf;d vkSj vkWujs jh gSA lHkh fooknksa dk U;k;ky; {ks =] jhok ftyk jhok (e-iz-) jgsxkA
laikndh; dk;kZ y;& 41@42] j?kqoa'k lnu] 'kkafr dqa t] fcfN;k jhok& 486001 (e-iz-)
Qksu& 07662&255177] 9425186437E-mail- [email protected]
izdk'kd& xk;=h ifCyds'kUl] jhok& 486001 (e-iz-)www.researchjournal.in
© lsUVj QkWj fjlpZ LVMht ,d vad #i;s 500-00
&lnL;rk 'kqYd &
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lEikndh;
bl le; ns'k ds le{k vusd xaHkhj ;{k iz'u gS a ] ftudk mÙkj ljdkj ds ikl ugha gS A dsUnzh; laln] ea=ky; viuk dk;Z ugha dj ik jgs gS aA izR;sd ea=ky; ds dke dkt ds lanHkZ es a tufgr ;kfpdk;s a nk;j gks jgh gS a] ijr&nj&ijr ?kksVkys mtkxj gks jgsgS aA yxrk gS lEiw.kZ iz'kklu ra= ij Hkz"Vkpkj :ih ekfQ;k Nk x;k gS A vkt Hkz"Vkpkj ds vkjksi ls dksbZ vNwrk ugha gS A Hkz"Vkpkj ds vkjksi ds yisV es a iwoZ ,;jphQ ek'kZ y dk uke Hkh lkeus vk x;kA bl fLFkfr es a Hkh jktusrk xaHkhjrk ls bl ij fpUru ugha djrscfYd ,d&nw ljs ny ij izR;kjksiks a dh ckS Nkj dj viuh LoPN Nfo cukus dk dk;Z dj jgs gSa A ns'k dh turk dqiz'kklu] Hkz"Vkpkj vkS j c<+ jgh eagxkbZ ls =Lr gS A iz'u gS ] bl fLFkfr ij fpUru D;ks a ugha gksrk\ dkS u fpUru djs\ ;kn vkrk gS ,d ckj iwoZ iz/kku
ea=h ba fnjkxka/kh ds 'kklu dky es a rRdkyhu lwpuk izlkj.k ea =h us dgk Fkk fd ns'k dh turk lksprh gS fd fpUru djus dk dk;Z tu izfrfuf/k;ks a dk gS ] tu izfrfuf/k lksprsgS a fd fparu dk dk;Z laln dk gS ] la ln ekurh gS fd ;g dk;Z ljdkj dk gS A ljdkj ds ea=h lksprs gS a fd fpUru dk dk;Z iz/kkuea=h dk gS A iz/kkuea=h lksprs gS a fd ;g dke turk dk gS A bl c;ku ds i'pkr~ lwpuk izlkj.k ea =h dk ea =ky; cny fn;k x;kA ysfdu ;g iz'u vkt Hkh izklkafxd gS ;k ;w ¡ dgs a tknk fpUrk dk cu x;k gS A vkt Hkz"Vkpkj :ih ny&ny dk nk;jk c<+rk tk jgk gS vkS j ml ny&ny ds ?ksjs es a lHkh vkrstk jgs gS aA vxys yksdlHkk fuokZ pu 2014 dh vksj lHkh dh fuxkgs a gS a vkS j lHkh ml lej esa thrus dk mik; lkspus esa yxs gS aA vkxkeh iz/kkuea =h dkS u gks ldrk gS \
ehfM;k vkS j jktusrk cgl dj jgs gS aA fdlh dks Hkh ;g fpUrk ugha gS fd Hkz"Vkpkj ij fu;a =.k dS ls yxk;k tk; vkS j dkys /ku dh ck<+ dks dS ls jksdk tk;A fons'kh cS a dks a es a Hkkjrh;ks a dk tek vjcks a&[kjc #i;s dS ls okil yk;k tk; rkfd vFkZO;oLFkk dh xfr es a rsth ykbZ tk ldsA fdlh dks jke ea fnj dh fpUrk gS ] fdlh dks eqf'yeks a ds oksVks a dksvkS j fdlh dks nfyrks a ds oksVks a dh fpUrk gS rks fdlh dks Mj gS fd veq[k usrk dks mHkjusls dS ls jks adk tk;A ;g rks fpUru dk ,d igyw gS A okLro es a vkt jktuhfr uS frd ewY;ks a ls gVrh tk jgh gS A jktusrk uS frdrk ij ppkZ gh ugha djuk pkgrs D;ks afd ;g muds fy, lkEiznkf;drk dk fo"k; gS A uS frdrk /keZ fujis{krk dk izk.k gS A vkt vko';drk bl ckr dh gS uS frd vkpj.k dh f'k{kk cPpks a ls ysdj cw <+ks a rd nh tk;A ^igys ge lq/kjs a ] rks ;qx lq/kjsxk*A ;g ckr lHkh jktusrkvks a ] flfoy lsok ds vf/kdkfj;ks a]
yksdlsodks a ,oa dkjiksjsV txr ds fnXxtks a ls ysdj vke O;kikfj;ks a ,oa turk ds fy, vko';d gS A cPpks a ds ikB~;Øeksa ls ysdj lHkh uhfr;ks a ,oa dk;ZØeks a esa bls 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg, rHkh ljdkj dh lHkh uhfr;k¡ ikjn'khZ ,oa tu dY;k.kdkjh fl¼ gks axhA
la ln vkS j jkT; O;oLFkkfidk;s a viuk fu;r dk;Z Bhd ls ugha dj ik jgh gS ]buds dkj.kks a dh leh{kk dh tkuh pkfg, vkS j rnuq:i laoS /kkfud izko/kku fd;s tkuspkfg,A ljdkjs a viuk fu;r dk;Z dky iw jk ugha dj ikrh] D;ks a \ O;fDrxr egRokdka {kk,W a
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;fn ns'k ds la lnkRed pfj= dks {kfrxzLr dj jgh gS rks bldk mik; ryk'k dj
la fo/kku ds izko/kkuks a esa rnuq:i la 'kks/ku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ,sls vusd fcUnq gS ftu ij ;fn xgjkbZ ls laln es a fopkj fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g dk;Z le;ksfpr gh gksxkA dsUnzds leku jkT;ksa ,oa dsUnz 'kkflr izns'kks a esa flfoy lsokvks a es a s ,d:irk ;fn ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks izHkkfor dj jgh gS rks bls cnyk tkuk pkfg, vFkok vfrfjDr O;; Hkkj dk mÙkjnkf;Ro dsUnz ljdkj dks mBkuk pkfg,A vkt xzkeh.k lsok;s a vkS j uxjh; lsok;sa u;s :i es a 'kq: dh tkuh pkfg,A O;oLFkkfidk lnL; vkt dk;Zikfydk ds dk;ks Z dksHkh djus yxs gS a] bl Hkwfedk ij Hkh iqufoZ pkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ^^ea fnj&efLtn**]^^okVj** ;k ^^Qk;j** jktuhfr dk vax ughs gksuk pkfg,A ns'k /keZfujis{k gS rks*/keZ fujis{krk* ifjHkkf"kr gksuk pkfg,A Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds lHkh vax vc viuh
lhek;s a rksM+ jgs gS a vr% mUgs izfrca f/kr djus ds mik; djus pkfg,A ;fn la fo/kku dsfØ;kUo;u nks"kiw.kZ gS a rks mls Bhd djus ds mik; rks djus gh gks axsA lEiw.kZ ns'k vkt cqfu;knh vko';drkvks a ds vHkko ls ihfM+r gS ] bl n'kk ij fopkj djuk gh iM+sxk vkS j ns'k ds uofuekZ .k ds fy, jk"Vªizse] jk"Vªh;rk dh vo/kkj.kk dks etcwr djrs gq, ges a viuh iapo"khZ; ;kstukvks a ds y{;ks a dks Hkh xzkeh.k fodkl vkS j csjkstxkjh mUewyu dh fn'kk nsuh gksxhA ;g O;oLFkk vc lEiw.kZ ns'k es a viukuh iM+sxh vkS j bl O;oLFkk ij gksus okys O;; Hkkj dks mBkus ds fy, d`r ladfYir gksuk iM+sxkA ges a vius lekt dksia Fk fujis{k vkS j lektoknh fopkj/kkjk ds vuq:i <kyuk gksxkA bl rjg gekjh n`f"V lsla fo/kku ds bu ;{k iz'uks a dks lqy>kus dk dk;Z Hkkjrh; laln dks djuk gh iM+ sxk tkslEiw.kZ ns'k dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gS A ;fn bu dk;ks Z dks laln ughs a dj ik;sxh rks
U;k;ikfydk dks mfpr fn'kk funs Z'k tkjh djus gks axsA ;g fLFkfr U;k;ikfydk dh vfr fØ;k'khyrk dh u gksdj 'kklu ds vU; vaxks }kjk viuk dk;Z Bhd ls u dj ikus dh gksxhA izR;sd euq";] pkgs og fdlh Hkh tkfr ;k o.kZ dk gks] pkgs og fdlh Hkh /keZ dk voyEch gks] bZ'oj dh larku gS ,oa bZ 'oj us mldh jpuk dh gS A vr,o] euq"; dk O;fDrRo vR;Ur ifo= oLrq gS A O;fDr dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og viuk fodkl viusLoHkkokuqlkj djrk tk;A fdUrq ml vf/kdkj ds lkFk drZ O; Hkh la xYu gS A ge lekt es a jktuhfr vkS j dkuw u dh tks i¼fr pyk;s a mles a ekuoh; vkn'kks ± dh miyfC/k es a lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks ,d leku lqfo/kk ,oa lq;ksx izkIr gksA ;gh Hkkjrh; /keZ fujis{krk dk lkj gS tks Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ks a dh nsu gS A
jhok] 31 tuojh] 2013 (iz ks Qs lj cz txks iky)
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1- yks duk;d rq ylh dk leUo;okn 11
?ku';ke Hkkjrh
2- Xktkuu ek/ko eqfDrcks/k* ds dkO; es a QS .Vs lh 15
vkjrh >k
3- HkrZ `gfj vkS j t;'ka dj izlkn % ,d rqyukRed v/;;u 22
t; 'ka dj 'kkgh
4- /keZ ohj Hkkjrh th ds ^^vU/kk;qx** es a mnkÙk rRo 29
ea nkfduh 'kekZ
5- xq tjkrh ls fgUnh es a vuq okn dh leL;k;s a 33
jkts 'k ts- jkoy
6- xk¡/khth dh vfga lk vkS j Hkkjrh; n'kZ u rFkk orZ eku ifjiz s{k es a 36
iz kla fxdrk
'kS ys 'k dq ekj fla g
7- orZ eku ;q x vkS j xk¡/khoknh vkfFkZ d n`f"Vdks .k 40
Jhizdk'k fla g] la/;k 'kqDyk
8- xka/kh dk vfga lk fl¼kUr vkS j vkradokn 45
vuqjk/kk fla g
9- uj&ukjh lekurk ds i{k/kj MkW- yks fg;k 48
vk'kk pkS/kjh
10- egf"kZ vjfoUn ds lkfgR; es a fufgr 'kS f{kd rRo] f'k{kk ds 51
ek/;e (lk/ku) dk v/;;u ,oa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986)
ls iz klafxdrk ih-ds- ikVhy] g"kZns o xkS re
11- VS xks j ds f'k{kk&n'kZ u dk egRo 56
lhek cxMoky
12- o¼Z eku egkohj vkS j fgUnh dfork 59
t; 'ka dj 'kkgh
vuqØef.kdk vuqØef.kdk vuqØef.kdk vuqØef.kdk vuqØef.kdk
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 20126
13- /kek± rj.k ij vEcs Mdj ds fuoZ pu 64
vferk oekZ
14- ia-fo-uk- Hkkr[ka Ms jfpr ca fn'k dh leh{kk] jkx&;eu 74
Hkks tjkt ch- pkS/kjh
15- orZ eku ifjiz s{; es a yks dlkfgR;&c?ks y[k.M ds fo'ks "k la nHkZ es a 78
vfer 'kqDy
16- iz eq [k lekt Hkk"kk foKkuh vkS j mudh Hkk"kk fo"k;d ekU;rk,a 90
lq'khy f=ikBh
17- bDdhloha lnh dh dfork 94
xkS jh vxz oky
18- iz d`fr vkSj fgUnh lkfgR; 99
eq dqy [k.Ms yoky
19- fgUnh dh lkekftdrk vfLerk 104
lq'khy f=ikBh
20- v}S r os nka r rFkk fujh'ojokn 108
vk'kk pkS/kjh
21- iq jk.kks a es a 'kkDr /keZ 114 jkts Unz izlkn prqos Z nh
22- /keks s Z dk lkekftd la ns 'k ^^ckS¼ /keZ ds fo'ks "k la nHkZ es a** 118
dUgS ;k yky /kqos Z] xkS rek dBkus
23- pj.knklh lEiz nk; 121
cchrk fla ?ky] dqlqeorh
24- fgUnw /keZ ds Hks n 129
jes 'k ikBd
25- euks foKku es a vUr% lka Ld`frd v/;;u 134 ujs 'k dqekj us ek
26- e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh fola xfr;k¡ 138
e`xka d 'ks [kj JhokLro
27- oS 'ohdj.k izHkkfor ys [ku % Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa la Ld`fr ds 147
fo'ks "k lUnHkZ es a
iou 'ks [kj
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012 7
28- iz kphu Hkkjr es a fo".kq iw tk dh ijEijk ^^Nrjiq j ftys ds 150
fo'ks "k la nHkZ es a**
pUnzekS fy 'kqDy
29- vdcj dkyhu fp=dyk es a Jhjke dk va du 153
vuqjk/kk frokjh
30- eq xy dkyhu Ïf"k ,oa i'kq ikyu 157
thrs Unz dqekj ik.Ms ;
31- neks g ftys es a 1857 dk egku foIyo 165
vfuy dq ekj xqIrk] lquhrk xqIrk
32- vktknh dh yM+kbZ es a v#.kk vklQ vyh dk ;ks xnku 169
la t; 'ka dj feJ] iwue feJk
33- Hkkjrh; la fo/kku ,oa vuq lw fpr tkfr fodkl 175
f'ko dqekj fla g dq'kokg
34- mRrj iz ns 'k es a vuq lwfpr tkfr;ks a@tutkfr;ks a dk vkfFkZ d 182
fodkl&,d leh{kkRed v?;;u
ehuk{kh tkVo] ,e-ih- vxz oky
35- jktLFkku ds ijEijkxr oL= ds Unz 187 cchrk pkS/kjh
36- [kk| iz la Ldj.k m|ks xks a dh laHkkouk,¡% jhok laHkkx ds la nHkZ es a 192
'kqfprk frokjh] jktfuf/k fla g
37- iz fr;ks xh cktkj es a ekds Z fVa x dh vo/kkj.kk vkS j iz Lrq fr 199
la xhrk dq aHkkjs
38- vkradokn dk Hkkjrh; vFkZ O;oLFkk ij nq "izHkko 203
fuys 'k jkmr] vjfoUn dq ekj pkS jfl;k] ekufla g c?ks y
39- vk/kkjHkw r la jpuk ,oa e/; iz ns 'k dk vkfFkZ d fodkl 207vk'kk vxzoky
40- miHkks Drk O;ogkj dk euks foKku 212
ujs 'k dqekj us ek
41- vfLrRo dks ryk'krh Hkkjrh; ukjh 216
:fp d';i
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42- j?kq ohj lgk; dh dforkvks a es a L=h foe'kZ 219
la/;k fVds dj
43- fgUnh nfyr dfork es a L=h foe'kZ 223
vfurk y{e.kjko Bkdjs
44- Lora =rk vka nks yu es a fcgkj dh efgykvks a dh Hkw fedk% 229
,d ,s frgkfld fo'ys "k.k
pUnz Hkw"k.k izlkn
45- efgyk vkS j ekuokf/kdkj 234
vpZuk ikjhd
46- ukfj;ks a ds i{k es a fofHkUu vf/kfu;eks a es a ,s frgkfld la 'kks/ku 236
,d ^^foos pu**
o"kkZ lkxks jdj
47- Hkkjr es a efgyk ekuokf/kdkj mYya?ku dh fLFkfr 241
lhek JhokLro] lquhrk tS u
48- fo'o es a fo|eku ukjhoknh vka nks yu ,oa efgyk vf/kdkjks a 245
ds la nHkZ es a tkx:drk
eqDrk nqcs49- dk;Z jr efgykvks a dks la oS/kkfud ,oa fof/kd la j{k.kks a dh tkudkjh 252
vf[kys 'k 'kq Dy] ja tuk feJk
50- e-iz- jkT; es a eujs xk es a fiNM+s {ks =ks a es a efgykvks a dh 257
Hkkxhnkjh dk fo'ys "k.kkRed v/;;u
eks uk rUuk] ehuk{kh xk;dokM+
51- Lo lgk;rk cpr lew gks a dk efgykvks a ds l'kDrhdj.k es a 262
;ks xnku& ,d v/;;u
efu"kk fdrZus52- iks "k.k ,oa LokLF; ds iz fr efgykvks a dh tkx:drk dk v/;;u 264
(jhok 'kgj ds fo'ks "k lUnHkZ es a)
js [kk fiifj;k
53- fyax vlekurk ,d lkekftd leL;k 269
lfjrk fo'odekZ
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54- ckfydk tula [;k ds Îkl es a mPp f'kf{kr efgykvks a dk n`f"Vdks .k 273
bLyke cDl] vf[kys 'k 'kqDy
55- jktLFkku es a dU;k o/k% ,s frgkfld ifjiz s{; es a 278
izfeyk iwfu;k
56- iyk;u dh pq ukS fr;k¡ 284
ea tqyrk d';i
57- cky fookg dk ,s frgkfld ifjis z{; ,oa vf/kfu;e 288
o` Unk ls uxqIrk
58- Hkkjr es a cky Je 295
dS yk'k dqekj dqehZ] Hkxr fla g Bkdqj
59- Hkkjrh; lekt es a Hkz "Vkpkj ds dkj.k vkS j fuokj.k 300
lk/kuk ik.Ms ;
60- e/;iz ns 'k es a fo/kkulHkk fuokZ pu (fljekS j fo/kkulHkk 304
es a ernku O;ogkj)
deys 'k dqekj 'kqDy
61- uxjh; fudk;ks a es a us r`Ro dk mHkjrk Lo:i (vuw iiq j uxj ia pk;r 310
ds fo'ks "k lanHkZ es a)vkjrh frokjh
62- Hkkjr es a ikfjfLFkfrdh voØe.k 315
,l-vkj- es gjk
63- Bks l vif'k"Vks a ls iz nw"k.k% 'kgMks y ftys ds la nHkZ es a 319
vfuy dqekj mik/;k;] vkj-vkj- xkS re
64- xz keh.k fodkl gs rq la pkfyr LokLF; ls ok ;ks tuk;s a&,d v/;;u 324
(e/; iz ns'k ds fo'ks "k la nHkZ es a)
,e-,y lks uh65- Hkw e.Myhdj.k ds lkfgfR;d la nHkZ 328
t; 'ka dj 'kkgh
66- iz kd`frd vkd"kZ .k ,oa xzkeh.k i;Z Vu % ckW/kox<+ dk ,d 333
HkkSxks fyd v/;;u
ujs Unz fla g ifjgkj] ch-ih-fla g
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67- i;kZ oj.k f'k{kk ,oa tkx:drk 339
feys Unz fla g] fdj.k pkS gku
68- jktuS frd us r` Ro ds fy;s f'k{kk dh vfuok;Z rk 344
jk"Vªh;&pfj= fuekZ .k es a lgk;d
inek ekgs 'ojh
69- fiz&Ldw y izos 'k ds le; ckyd dh lkekU; fLFkfr dk v/;;u 347
lhek ipkS jh] ouekyk cq pds
70- lw puk iz kS |ks fxdh ds ek/;e ls lekt es a c<+rk lEiz s "k.k ,oa 352
uohu rduhdh ;q x dh 'kq :vkr
nhik 'kekZ
71- f'k{kk rFkk lw puk iz kS |ks fxdh 357
ikra tfy feJk] lUrks "k jru ik.Ms ;
72- mPp f'k{kk es a xq .koÙkk% pq ukS rh ,oa laHkkouk, 361
,-ds- tS u
73- iq Lrdky; dh la xBukRed la jpuk 366
dj.k fla g ckefu;k] nhIrh yks noky
74- e/;iz ns 'k 'kklu ds [ks y ,oa ;q od dY;k.k foHkkx 370 dh foHkkxh; la jpuk ,oa mlds nkf;Ro
iou dqekj ipkS jh] vydk voLFkh
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yksduk;d rqylh dk leUo;okn yksduk;d rqylh dk leUo;okn yksduk;d rqylh dk leUo;okn yksduk;d rqylh dk leUo;okn yksduk;d rqylh dk leUo;okn
¹ ?ku';ke Hkkjrh ¹ ?ku';ke Hkkjrh ¹ ?ku';ke Hkkjrh ¹ ?ku';ke Hkkjrh ¹ ?ku';ke Hkkjrh
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¹ lgk;d izk/;kid] fgUnh foHkkx] 'kkldh; egkfo|ky;] x<+kdksVk] ftyk lkxj (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ lkjka'k& xksLokeh rqylhnkl ,d Js"B HkDr rFkk leUo;oknh dfo FksA muds dkO; xzaFkksa esa HkfDr ds lkFk&lkFk leUo; dh fojkV~ ps"Vk ds n'kZu gksrs gSa A rqylh dk tUe ftl le; gqvk rc ns'k dh jktuS frd] lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd fLFkfr fujk'kktud FkhA turk dks 'kkld rFkk jktk&egkjktk xqejkg dj jgs FksA rRdkyhu turk ds le{k dksbZ egku vkn'kZ ugha FkkA ns'k
es a dbZ erksa ] lEiznk;ksa ] fofo/k feF;kpkjks a rFkk ik[k.Mks a dk izpyu FkkA ,slh fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ks a esa fdlh ,sls egku O;fDr dh vko';drk Fkh tks ns'k dh xqejkg turk dk mfpr ekxZn'kZu dj leUo; LFkkfir dj ,d ubZ fn'kk crk ldsA ,slh foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa egkdfo rqylhnkl us vius lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls rRdkyhu turk esa leUo; dk dk;Z fd;kA vr% bUgsa turk ds lPps yksduk;d dh laKk nh tkrh gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh ds erkuqlkj&^^Hkkjr o"kZ dk yksduk;d ogh gks ldrk gS tks leUo; djus dk vikj /kS;Z ys dj vk;k gksA Hkkjrh; turk esa ukuk izdkj dh ijLij fojks f/kuh laLd` fr;k¡] lk/kuk,¡] tkfr;k¡] vkpkj&fopkj vkS j i¼fr;k¡ iz pfyr FkhaA rqylhnkl Lo;a ukukizzzz dkj ds lkekftd Lrjks a esa jg pqds FksA mudk lkjk dkO;
leUo; dh fojkV ps"Vk gSA**1 vr% rqylh us Hkkjrh; turk esa leUo; LFkkfir dj mUgs a lgh ekxZ n'kZu fn[kk;kA MkW- jkeltu ik.Ms; Hkh fy[krs gS a&^^rqylh ds dkO; es a leUo; dh fojkV~ ps"Vk gq bZ gSA ;g leUo; vusd Lrjksa ij fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA rqylh us }Sr&v}Sr] fuxqZ.k&lxq .k] 'kSo&'kkDr] czkã.k&'kwnz] lk/kwer&osner vkS j yks der esa] jktk&iztk esa] laosnuk&f'kYi esa leUo; djds jkeHkfDr dkO; esa leUo;okn dks izfrf"Br fd;k gSA**2
^leUo;* yksduk;dRo dk izeq[k y{k.k gSA xksLokeh th ekurs Fks fd l`f"VdrkZ dh iz kfIr lf"V ls iyk;u ls ugha] lf"V ls tqM+dj gh gks ldrh gSA mUgksaus [k.Mu ds LFkku ij e.Mu dks viuk;k vkSj leLr fojks/kkHkklksa ds e/; leUo; LFkkfir fd;kA xks Lokeh rq ylhnkl es a leUo; dh vrqyuh; {kerk FkhA3
rq ylh lxq.kczã rFkk fuxqZ.kczã esa leUo; LFkkfir djrs gq, jkepfjrekul es a
fy[krs gSa& ^^lxqufga vxqufga ufga dNq HksnkA xkofga eqfu iq jku cq/k osnkAA**4
vFkkZ r~ lxq.k vkSj fuxqZ.k esa dqN Hkh Hks n ugha gSA eqfu] iqjk.k] if.Mr vkSj osn lHkh ,slk dgrs gSa A xksLokeh th vkxs fy[krs gSa fd tks fuxq Z.k fujkdkj gS ogh HkDrks a esa iz se esa lxq.k gks tkrk gS&
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^^vxqu v:i vy[k vt tksbZA
Hkxr izse cl lxqu lks gksbZAA**5 rq ylh us 'kSo&oS ".ko esa Hkh leUo; LFkkfir dj HkfDr dks ,d jl esa Mqcks
fn;kA mUgks aus f'ko ls jke dh rFkk jke ds }kjk f'ko dh vkjk/kuk djkdj 'kSo&oS".ko lEiznk; ds yks xksa esa leUo; dh Hkkouk fodflr dhA
^^flonzksgh ee Hkxr dgkokA lks uj lius gq eksfg u ikokAA**6
vFkkZ r~ izHkq Jhjke dgrs gSa fd tks f'ko ls nzksg j[krs gS a vkSj esjs HkDr dgykrs gSa ,sls O;fDr eq>s dHkh izkIr ugha dj ldrsA vkxs rqylh fy[krs gSa&
^^ladj fceq[k Hkxfr pg eksjhA lks ukjdh ew<+ efr FkksjhAA**7
'ka dj th dh HkfDr ls foeq[k gksdj tks esjh HkfDr pkgrs gS a os ujdxkeh] ew[kZvkS j ea ncqf¼ ds gS aA
^^ladj fiz; ee nzksgh] flo nzksgh eenklA rs uj djfga dyi Hkfj] ?kksj ujd egq¡ cklAA**8
jktuhfr ds {ks= esa rqylh us leUo; LFkkfir dj vkn'kZ jkejkT; dh lq anj ifjdYiuk dh gSA
^^nSfgd nSfod HkkSfrd rkikA jkejkt ufga dkgq¡ fga O;kikAA
^^lc uj djfga ijLij izhrhA pyfga Lo /keZ fujr Jqfr uhrhAA**9
vFkkZ r~ jkejkT; esa nSfgd] nSfod vkSj HkkS frd rki fdlh dks Hkh ugha rikrsA lHkh euq"; vkil esa izs e ls jgrs gSa rFkk vius&vius /keZ dk ikyu djrs gSaA dksbZ fdlh ls cS j rFkk HksnHkko] }s "k ugha j[krk gSA
^^c;: u dj dkgw lu dksbZA jke izrki fo"kerk [kksbZAA**10
,sls jkejkT; es a ;fn iztk nq%[kh jgrh gS rks og jktk ujd dk vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA rq ylh ds jkejkT; esa iztkra =] ,dra =] lq jkT; ,oa LojkT; dk ,d vkn'kZ ,oa lefUor :i ns[kus dks feyrk gSA rqylh us jkepfjrekul es a ifjokj] lekt ,oa jktk dk ,d vkn'kZ fp= vafdr fd;k gS rFkk rRdkyhu 'kkldksa dks psrkouh ns rs gq, lko/kku dj turk ij vR;kpkj djus ls jksdk gSA11
rq ylh ds le; tkfr&ik¡fr ,oa Nq vkNwr dk HksnHkko vR;f/kd c<+k&p<+k FkkA mPp o.kZ ds O;fDr fuEu o.kZ ds yksxks a ls ?k`.kk djrs FksA rqylh us bl lkekftd fo"kerk dks nw j djus gsrq Hkxoku Jhjke }kjk Hkhyuh 'kcjh ds twBs cS j [kkus dk izlax rFkk xq# of'k"B dks 'kwnz dqy esa mRiUu fu"kknjkt ls Hksa V djrs gq, fn[kkdj czkã.k rFkk 'kwnzksa esa leUo; LFkkfir fd;kA12 vr% Å¡p&uhp dk leUo; fn[kkdj rqylh us ,d vkn'kZ dh LFkkiuk dh gSA yksd vkSj os n esa tks lHkh izdkj ls uhp tkfr dk ekuk x;k gS ,s ls fu"kknjkt dks xys yxkdj Hkjr ân; ls iqyfdr gks jgs gSaA
^^yksd csn lc Hkk¡frfga uhpkA
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tklq Nk¡g Nq bZ ysbv lhapkAA**13
^^jke l[kfga fefy Hkjr liz sekA iw¡Nh dqly lqea xy [ksekAA**14
Hkk"kk vkSj 'kSyh ds {ks= esa Hkh rqylh us leUo;oknh n` f"Vdks .k viuk;k gSA mUgksaus vo/kh rFkk cztHkk"kk esa jpuk dj Hkk"kkvksa esa leUo; dh Hkkouk fodflr dhAvkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy ds vuqlkj&^^xksLokeh th ds lkeus dbZ 'kSfy;k¡ izpfyr Fkha ] ftuesa
eq[; gSa&ohjxkFkk dky dh NIi; i¼fr] fo|kifr vkSj lw jnkl dh xhr i¼fr] xax vkfn HkkVksa dh dfoÙk&loS ;k i¼fr] dchjnkl dh uhfr laca/kh ckuh dh nksgk i¼frA dkO; Hkk"kk ds nks :i vkSj jpuk dh ik¡p eq[; 'kSfy;k¡ lkfgR; {ks = esa xksLokeh dks feyhaA**15
vr% rq ylh us Hkk"kkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk 'kSfy;ksa esa Hkh leUo; LFkkfir fd;k rFkk vius le; dh izpfyr fofHkUu dkO; 'kSfy;ksa ,oa i¼fr;ks a esa fofo/k xzaFkksa dh jpuk dh gSA
blds lkFk gh Hkko i{k ,oa dyk i{k dk Hkh rq ylh us vn~Hkqr leUo; fn[kk;k gSA ^^dhjfr Hkfufr Hkwfr Hky lksbZA
lqjlfj le lc dg¡ fgr gks bZAA**16
fu"d"kZr% rqylh ,d mPp dksfV ds leUo;oknh dfo FksA mUgksa us thou vkS j txr ds lHkh {ks=ksa es a leUo; LFkkfir djus dk ljkguh; iz;Ru fd;k vkSj vius leUo;oknh fopkjksa }kjk rRdkyhu lekt esa O;kIr fo"kerk] fo}s "k] oSeuL;] dVqrk vkfn dks nw j djds ikjLifjd Lusg] lkS gknz Z] lerk] lgkuq Hkw fr vkfn dk iz pkj fd;kA17
blhfy, rq ylh ,d mPpdksfV ds dfo] egku yksduk;d] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds izpkjd] lekt esa mUur vkn'kZ ds laLFkkid rFkk leUo;okn ds izfr"Bkid dgs tkrs gSaA mUgksausHkkjrh; lekt esa leUo; LFkkfir dj HkfDr Hkko tkx`r fd;kA
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh] fgUnh lkfgR;] yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn] 1952] i`- 2332- MkW- jkeltu ik.Ms;] fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] y{eh ifCyf'kax gkml] jksgrd] 2002] i-
1533- us=iky xqIrk] xksLokeh rqylhnkl] rqylh lkSjHk lkaLd`frd if=dk] rqylh ekul laLFkku]
t;iqj]vxLr&flrEcj 2012] i`- 27
4- xksLokeh rq ylhnkl] Jhjkepfjrekul] ckydk.M&116@1@99] xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj] la -2058] i`-99
5- ogh] i`- 996- ogh] yadkdk.M&2@4@6677- ogh] yadkdk.M&2@4@6678- ogh] yadkdk.M&2@6679- ogh] mÙkjdk.M&21@1@80610- ogh] mÙkjdk.M&20@4@80611- egsUnz jk;tknk dk ys[k] yksduk;d rqylh] rqylh lkSjHk lkaLd`frd if=dk] rqylh ekul
laLFkku] t;iqj] Qjojh&ekpZ 2009] i`-812- MkW- }kfjdkizlkn lDlsuk] fgUnh ds izkphu izfrfuf/k dfo] fouksn iqLrd eafnj] vkxjk]
1992] i`-266
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 201214
13- Jhjkepfjrekul] v;ks/;kdk.M&194@2@429
14- ogh] v;k s/;kdk.M 19+5@2@43015- vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy] fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] dey izdk'ku] ubZfnYyh] 1997] i- 9916- Jhjkepfjrekul] ckydk.M 14@5@1717- MkW- }kfjdkizlkn lDlsuk] fgUnh ds izkphu izfrfuf/k dfo] fouksn iqLrd eafnj] vkxjk]
1992] i`- 267
RNI No. MP BIL 01034/12/1/2005-TC ISSN 0973-3914
iz ks- cz txks iky 'kq Dy 41@42] j?kq oa 'k lnu] fcfN;k] jhok (e-iz-)& 486001
Phone - (07662) 255177, 9425186437E-mail - [email protected]@rediffmail.com
ls UVj QkW j fjlpZ LVMht] jhok }kjk fjlpZ tjuy vkWQ lks 'ky ,.M ykbQ lkbals l
ds fo'ks "kka d ds :i es a fuEufyf[kr nks la nHkZ iq Lrdks a dk iz dk'ku ekpZ] 2013 esa fd;k tk jgk gSA
mDr la nHkZ iq Lrdksa es a iz dk'ku gs rq vki viuk rF; ijd ,oa rdZ ;q Dr 'kks/k i= Hks tdj bl vdknfed dk;Z es a lg;ks x dj ldrs gS a A fgUnh Hkk"kk es a 'kks/k i= ,e-,l- oMZ es a QkUV d` frns o 010] djs DVj lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k_
va xz s th Hkk"kk es a VkbEl U;w jks eu QkUV lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k es a Hks ts a A
(vkbZ-,l-ch-,u- 978&81&87364&56&6)
(ISBN 978-81-87364-55-9)
Social Change & Development in India
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gqvk] cfYd og fLFkfr;ksa ls mRiUu dfo dh euksn'kk dk LokHkkfod ifj.kke gSA nwljs
^Hkje* ls ;g Hkze ugha gksuk pkfg, fd QSaVslh dksbZ ;FkkFkZ vkSj fopkj ls jfgr oLrq gSA ugha ] blesa vkRekyks puk Hkh gS vkSj fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls izdV gks us okyk fpa ru Hkh] ftldk ns'k vkSj lekt ls ?kfu"B laca/k gSA fu'p; gh bl dfork dh eq[; oLrq QkflTe dh vk'kadk gS] ysfdu tSlk fd geus ns[kk gS] bles a mlls yxh gq bZ dbZ ckrsa gSa ftlls bldh
QSaVslh dkQh tfVy gks xbZ gSA ^va/ks js es a* dh QS.Vsa lh dks tfVy cukus okyh tks [kkl pht gS] og gS bles a LoIu ds Hkhrj LoIu dk pyukA oSls rks iwjh dfork ,d LoIu gS] ysfdu ml LoIu ds Hkhrj Hkh LoIu pyrs jgrs gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd tc dfo dgrk gS fd LoIu Hkax gks x;k] rc Hkh og LoIu gh esa jgrk gS] ,d LoIu ls fudydj nwljs LoIu esa A dfork dh 'kq:vkr QSaVkfLVd fpa ru ls gks rh gS ftlesa dkO;&uk;d dks dbZ :iks a esa jDrkyksdLukr iq#"k dk vkHkkl gksrk gS] var esa frfyLeh [kks g esa og mls lkQ&lkQ
fn[kykbZ iM+ rk gS] ysfdu mlh ds ckn og ,d va/ksjs [kìs es a fxjk fn;k tkrk gSA ^va/ksjs esa * dh QS .Vslh QkflTe dh vk'kadk] dkO; uk;d dk vkRekykspu vkS j vkRe la?k"kZ rFkk jDrkyks dLukr iq#"k ds :i es a etnwj] etnwj oxZ dh la xfBr 'kfDr vkSj loZgkjk ps ruk ds o.kZu ls lacaf/kr gSA4
^eqfDrcks/k* dh jpuk izfØ;k ds rhu lksiku gS a] ftUgs a mUgksaus dyk ds rhu {k.k dgk gSA muds vuqlkj bu rhu {k.kksa dh fodklxfr ds vius&vius vyx fu;e gSa A ,d lkfgfR;d dh Mk;jh* vkSj u;h dfork dk vkRe&la ?k"kZ* iqLrdksa es a mUgksaus i;kZIr foLrkj ls bu rhu {k.kks a ,oa buds fu;eks a dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k gSA Mk;jh* esa mUgksaus a fy[kk gS & ^dyk dk igyk {k.k gS thou dk mRdV rhoz vuqHkoA nwljk {k.k gS bl vuqHko dk vius dldrs nq[krs gq, ewY;ksa ls iFkd gks tkuk vkSj ,d QS.Vslh dk :i /kkj.k dj
ysuk ekuks og QS .Vslh viuh vk¡ [kksa ds vkxs [kM+h gksA rhljk vkS j vafre {k.k gS bl QS.Vsa lh ds 'kCn c¼ gks us dh izfØ;k dk vkjEHk vkSj ml iz fØ;k dh ifjiw.kkZ oLFkk rd dh xfrekuukA5
eqfDrcks/k ds 'kCnks a esa lkfgR;&l`tu dh jpuk izfØ;k ;g gS fd ^lkfgR; foosd ewyr% thou foosd gSA6 ,d f=dks.k ds :id dh lgk;rk ls mUgksaus thou dh O;k[;k dh gSA thou dh ;g O;k[;k fdlh Hkh Hkqtk dh mis{kk djds iw jh ugha gks ldrhA eqfDrcks/k ds vuq lkj gekjk thou f=dks.kkRed gSA mldh ,d Hkqtk gekjs ckg~;&txr ;kfu ekuo la ca /kksa ds fof'k"V {ks= vFkkZr~ oxZ&txr vkS j ml txr ds fof/k vkSj vkn'kksZ a ds chp ls gks rh gq bZ ml Nks j rd igq¡p tkrh gS] ftls ge ns'k vkSj tkfr dh jktuhfrd] lkekftd fLFkfr dg ldrs gSa A ;gh fLFkfr ekuo&bfrgkl ds fodkl ds ,d fo'ks"k Lrj
vkSj fo'ks "k voLFkk dk uke gSA bl f=dks.k dh nwljh Hkq tk gekjk og va rjax thou gSA og va rthZou ckY;dky ls gh cká dks cká dh fØ;kvks a vkSj :iks a dks vkRelkr djrk gqvk] mu izfrfØ;kvksa ds fofHkUu laosnukRed iaa qt cukrk gq vk vkSj mu iqatksa ds lgkjs thou&Kku dk fodkl djrk gqvk vkSj ml thou Kku ds lgkjs Lo;a dks cká ls feykusvkS j cká dks vius ls feykus vFkkZr~ ml cká ds lkFk Lo;a dks }U} :i esa ;k lkeatL;
:i esa vFkok bu nks fLFkfr;ksa ds la xr&vlaxr lfEefyr :i esa LFkkfir djus] cká dks dkV&Nk¡Vdj vius dks mlds vuqlkj cukus dk iz;Ru djrk jgrk gSA va rfuZfgr bPNk,a tks ewyr% vkRej{kk vkSj vkRe&fo'okl dh cqfu;knh o`fRr;ksa ls lapkfyr vkS j ifjpkfyr
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gksrh jgrh gS] mudh r`fIr ds rFkk cká ls lkea tL; dh LFkkiuk ds f}fo/k fdUrq ,dhHkw r
iz ;Ru euq"; LoHkko dk gh /keZ gSA euq"; ds varthZou dk bfrgkl cká }kjk fn;s x;s rRoks a ls cuk gksrk gSA7
^gekjs thou ds bl f=Hkq t dh vk/kkj&js [kk gekjh viuh ps ruk gSA og mi;qZDr nks Hkqtkvksa ds fcuk viuk Lo:i vkS j vkdkj gh LFkkfir ugha dj ldrhA izFke Hkqtk thou dk ckátxr gS] ;g Hkqtk iw.kZ txr esa fofo/k ekuo&ew Y;ksa ls ns 'k dh jktuhfrd] lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa rd ds {ks= dks feykrh gSA nw ljh Hkqtk thou dk va rjax i{k gS ftldk xBu&fuekZ.k fuf'pr :i ls igyh&Hkqtk ds {ks= ls fu;fer fu/kkZ fjr gksrk gSA }U}kRed fodkl dh iz fØ;k esa cká dk lkekftd jktuhfrd txr varjax thou ij izHkko Mkyrk gSA rhljh Hkqtk ps ruk igyh nks Hkqtkvksa ds fcuk ctwn esa ugha vk ldrhA bl izdkj ps ruk ds rRo cká ds vkH;arjhÏr :i gSA8
eqfDrcks/k us QS.Vslh ds ek/;e ls ledkyhu thou esa O;kIr Hkz "Vkpkj vkSj le>kSrkoknh izo`fRr ds iz fr {kksHk iwjh xgjkbZ ls O;Dr fd;k gSA mudh dforkvksa esa bl iz dkj ds Hkz"Vkpkj ds fp= mudh vareqZ[kh psruk esa <y x;s gSa A le>kSrkijLrh vkS j fonz ksg dk la?k"kZ muds var}ZU} esa ifj.kr gks x;k gSA mudh ^va/ks js esa uked dfork esa Hkz "Vkpkj esa Mwcs 'kks"kd oxZ dk fp= dfo dh tuoknh ps ruk ls mHkjdj LoIu vkSj
QS.Vslh ds ek/;e ls vfHkO;Dr gqvk gSA ?kuk o Mjkouk vopsru gh tqywl es a pyrk gSA dfo us ftl ny dh 'kksHkk ;k=k dk LoIu ns[kk gS] og vc ps ru dk :ikarj.k gSA bl vopsru ds Lrj ij dfo us ftl ;FkkFkZ dk lkeuk fd;k gS og dfo dh vkRexzLrrk dk lwpd u gks dj eqfDrcks/k dh tuoknh nf"V dk gh lk{kh gSA9
vkSj] vc
xSl&ykbV&ik¡rks a dh fcUnq,¡ fNVdha chpksa &chp muds lk¡oys tqywl&lk D;k&dqN nh[krk!!vkSj vc xSl&ykbV&fuykbZ esa jaxs gq, vikfFkZo psgjs]
cS.M ny] muds ihNs dkys&dkys cyoku~ ?kksM+ks a dk tRFkk nh[krk] ?kuk o Mjkouk vopsru gh Tkqywl es a pyrkA D;k 'kksHkk&;k=k
fdlh e`R;q&ny dhA10
ml fofp= izks ls'ku vkS j xEHkhj fDodekpZ okys CkSa M ny esa ] tks fdlh dh e`R;q dh 'kksHkk& ;k=k ls izrhr gks rs gSa] esa dfo dks vius vusd ifjfpr fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa tks cgq r gh izfrf"Br yksx gS ftudk vk/kk Hkkx dkyk vkSj vk/kk xs #vk pednkj gSA viuh QS.Vslh ds ek/;e ls dfo us mu ifjfprksa ds psgjs ls udkc mrkjus dk iz ;kl fd;k gSA
duZy] fcz xsfM;j] tujy] ek'kZy dbZ vkSj lsukifr lsuk/;{k ps gjs ls esjs tkus&cw >s ls yxrs]
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muds fp= lekpkj i=ksa esa Nis Fks]
muds ys[k ns[ks Fks] ;gk¡ rd dh dfork,¡ i<+h Fkha HkbZ okg !
muesa dbZ izdk.M vkyks pd] fopkjd] txexkrs dfo&x.k ea =h Hkh] m|ksxifr vkS j fo}ku ;gk¡ rd fd 'kgj dk gR;kjk dq[;kr Mks ek th mLrkn curk gS cyoku gk;] gk; !! ;gk¡ ;s nh[krs gSa Hkw r&fi'kkp&dk;A
Hkhrj dk jk{klh LokFkZ vc lkQ mHkj vk;k gS] fNis gq, mn~ns '; ;gk¡ fu[kj vk;s gSa] ;g 'kksHkk&;k=k gS fdl e` r&ny dhA11
^vk s dkO;kReu Qf.k/kj* jpuk esa QS.V slh ds ek/;e ls dfo vius ^laosne;&Kku&ukx* ls ^Hkhrj&ckgj dk O;kid losZ{k.k* djus dk vkxzg djrk gSA og viuh ^ukxkRed dforkvksa * ls fofHkUu vojks/kksa ls cpdj ewY;&lR;ksa dks ,d= djus
dk fuosnu djrk gSS & Ykgjkvks] ygjkvks] ukxkRed dforkvksa]
>kfM+;ksa ] fNiks] mu ';ke >qjeqVksa&rys dbZ fey tk,¡ dgha os Qs dss x;s jRu] ,sls tks cgqr vlqfo/kkdkjd Fks] blfy, fd muds fdj.k&lw = ls gksrk Fkk iV&ifjorZu] ;ofudk iru eu esa ] tx esa !vks dkO;kReu~ Qf.k/kj] viuk Qu QSykvksA
ef.k&x.k dks /kkj.k djks] mUgs a
okYehd&xqgk es a ys tkvks] ,d= djks ---------------- 12
dfo ^es js yksx* dfork esa QS.Vslh ds chp fl¼ djrk gS fd ^;s mis f{kr dky ihfM+r lR; ds leq nk;* mPpoxhZ; pepekgV vkSj jaxjksfy;ksa ds chp nq%LoIu vkÏfr;ks a ds nfyn~ nj izrhr gksrs gSaA f'kf{kr lqlaLÏr cqf¼eku bUgsa u igpkudj frjLÏr dj mUgs a Hkwy tkrs gS aaA ^fnekxh xqgkU/kdkj dk vkSjka x mVkax* QS.Vslh esa vkneh ds Hkhrj dh
ccZ jrk] taxyh vlH;rk vkSj vgadkjh 'kks"kd o`fRr dk fp= fufeZr fd;k x;k gSA ,d foy{k.k okrkoj.k es a QS.Vslh dk fuekZ.k dfo djrk gSA ^xksjkax mVkax* efLr"d ds
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Hkhrj ,d efLr"d] mlds Hkh vanj ,d d{k] d{k ds Hkhrj ,d xqIr izdks"B esa fuokl
djrk gSA ^czEgjk{kl* QS.Vslh esa [k.Mj dh rjQ lwuh ckoM+h ds Hkhrjh BaMs va /ksjs esa czEgjk{kl] ikxy dh rjg cM+cM+ krk gSA mlds izk.k esa L;kg laosnuk,a gS aA og dHkh Øksf/ kr gks dj ea =ksPpkj djrk gS rks dHkh 'kq ¼ laLÏr esa xkfy;k¡ ns rk gSA ^ydM+h dk cuk jko.k* QS.Vslh mHkjrh gqbZ rckg ba lkfu;r dh L;kg rLohj dk ,d fp= izLrq r djrk gSA ^Mwcrk pk¡n dc Mwcs xk* esa Îkl'khy lkearh&iwathoknh&oSHko ds iwjs fouk'k dh izrh{kk gSA ^,d HkwriwoZ fonzksgh dk vkRedFku* esa eqfDrcks/k dh ;gh KkukRed laosnuk QS.Vslh ds ek/;e ls dfork dks y{; dh vks j ys tkrh gSA ,d HkwriwoZ fonzks gh tks ,d <gs gq, edku ds eycss ds uhps nck gqvk gS mls Hkh vk'kk gS fd tc og pêku cu tk;s xk rc ml eycs dh vkarfjd ijrksa dh lrgksa esa vo'ks"k ds :i esa dqN fp= mHkj vk;sa xsaA og [k.Mgj es a nch vU; /kq d/kqfd;ks a ls Hkh dgrk gS &
dksf'k'k djks dksf'k'k djks dksf'k'k djks thus dh tehu esa xM+ dj HkhA13
^,d va rdZFkk* dfork esa ek¡ yksd fgroknh psruk dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA og nqfu;k¡ dks iz dkf'kr djuk pkgrh gSA ek¡ izfrfnu vkx [kks trh gS vkSj lw[kh Vguh vkS j MaBy cVksjrh gSA QS.Vs lh ds ek/;e ls dfork vkxs c<+rh gS] Vks djh] fooj esa i{kh&Loj dyjo djrs gSaaA og crkrh gS fd okLro esa tks vHkkoksa vkS j mRihM+ uksa ds dkj.k lw[k x;s gSa muesa gh vkx gksrh gS tks Øka fr ds :i esa HkHkdrh gSA pded dh fpuxkfj;k¡ * dfork
QSS.Vs lh ds chp ls xq tjrh gqbZ ns 'k&ns'kksa dh ?kuh cs pS u Nk;kvks a ij n`f"V ds fUnzr djrh gSA dfo va/ksjs esa gokvksa ls vkRe laokn djrk gSA eqfDrcks/k dk jpuk lalkj tu la?k"kZ dh jkgksa ij fufeZ r gqvk gSA ^^,d LoIu dFkk** QS.Vslh esa L;kg leqUnj ds L;kg ikuh ls dkyh ygjks a ds mn~xe dks dfo ns[kuk pkgrk gS vkSj dkys leqUnj dh O;k[;k djuk pkgrk gSA eqfDrcks/k dh dfork,¡ dVq ;FkkFkZ dh uXu iz fr:i] foÏr vkÏfr;ksa vkSj Mjkouh 'kDy okyh] vkrad vkS j ng'kr QSykus okyh gksus ds dkj.k jk{kfluh tSlh gks xbZ gSA os Lo;a Lohdkj djrs gSa &
blhfy, es jh ;s dfork,¡ Hk;kud fgfMEck gSa ]
okLro esa foLQkfjr izfrek,¡
foÏrkÏfr&fcEck gSA14
^eqfDrcks/k* dh dforkvksa esa 'kCnksa ds vFkZ gh mudh QS.Vslh dks u;k ilZisfDVo nsrs gS aA dfo us viuh QS.Vslh esa vfHkO;fDr ds fy;s 'kCnksa vkSj eq gkojksa dks ubZ vFkZoRrk iz nku dh gSA dejs ds Hkhrj dejs* dh rjg muds vFkZ ds Hkhrj vFkZ gSaA ijns ds Hkhrj ijns* dh rjg muds vFkksZa esa fNih os irsZ gS a tks y{k.kk vkSj O;atuk ls vius vFkZ [kksyrh gS aA
^QS.Vslh* eqfDRcks/k dk cgq r fiz ; vkS j leFkZ f'kYi iSVuZ gSA eqfDrcks/k dh QS.Vslh dYiuk& txr ij vk/kkfjr gksdj Hkh okLrfod nqfu;k ls iwjh rjg tqM+ h gSA
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QS.Vslh ewyr% dkYifud nqfu;k¡ ds fuekZ.k dh vn~Hkqr lkeF;Z** ekuh xbZ gSA eqfDrcks/k
viuh LoIu dFkkvks a es a fp=kRedrk] ukVdh;rk vkSj Le`fr fcEcksa dk la;kstu djrs gSaA gkyk¡fd QS.Vslh es a eqfDrcks/k us fcEcks a dh lkFkZd la xfr ugha j[kh gS fQj Hkh muds dF; esa n` f"V ls ,d rkjrE; fn[kykbZ nsrk gSA ;s lkekftd ;FkkFkZ ls izkIr foEc gS] cká thou ds nckoksa ls budk ljksdkj gS] buesa KkukRed laosnuks a dh lfØ;rk gS] blfy, mudh QS .Vslh ;FkkFkks ZUeq[kh gSa] mlesa thou ds fofo/k lR;ks a vkS j rF;ksa dk rkuk&ckuk xq¡Fkk gqvk gSA QS.Vs lh vuqHko ds Hkhrj dh gh laos nukvksa }kjk mRlftZr vkSj iz{ksfir gksrh gSA og oS;fDrd ls fuoSZ ;fDrd gks us ds nkSjku uohurk xzg.k djrh gqbZ ^vuqHko iz lw r lsvuqHko&fcfEcr* dh fLFkfr esa vk tkrh gSA dgk tk ldrk gS fd QS.Vslh es a eqfDrcks/k
us thou dh leL;kvks a] vkdka {kkvks a] okLrfod fLFkfr;ksa vkSj vius varla ?k"kksZa dks :ikf;r fd;k gSA og mn~ns'; dh fn'kk es a lfØ; vkS j xfr'khy gqbZ gSA
,d tuoknh dfo QS .Vslh dk bLrseky lkS Un;Z&cks/k] iyk;u vkSj dYiuk ds mUeqDr lalkj es a fopj.k ds fy;s ugha djrk vfirq mldh QS.Vslh Hkhrjh&ckgjh }U}ksa vkSj vk?kkrksa dk ifj.kke gksrh gSA thou&Kku QS.Vs lh esa cgq r la f{kIr :i esa iz Lrqr gks rk gS]
iz rhd vkSj fcEc mldk vk'k; Li"V djrs gSaa eqfDrcks/k dk ^Dykfld jpukf'kYi* lEizs"k.k es a ck/kd t:j curk gS ftlds fy, ^[kkl le>* dk fodkl gksuk t:jh gSA ;g QS .Vslh dky vkS j LFkkuxr nwjh dks feVkdj ,d lkFk dbZ iq #"kksa] ?kVukvksa vkfn ds ladsrksa ls viuk O;aX; vkSj eeZ ikBdksa rd igq ¡pkrh gSA dHkh&dHkh bues a tknw xjh vkSj peRdkj Hkh fn[kykbZ nsrk gS fdUrq ;s lc fLFkfr;k¡ vfHkiz sr vFkZ dh vfHkO;fDr dk l'kDr o vfuok;Z ek/;e cudj iz;qDr gqbZ gSa A15
eqfDrcks/k dh QS.Vs lh esa lw{e vkSj LFkwy nksuks a ds fp=.k es a loZ= ,d vn~Hkqr
Li"Vrk gksrh gSA lc dqN tSls ge Li'kZ dj ldrs gSa] ckgj ls gh ugha vanj ls HkhA lw {e vkS j LFkwy] oS Kkfud vkSj jks ekuh] ok;oh; vkSj uis&rqys dk fofp= vn~Hkqr ;ksx mudh
QS.Vslh es a feyrk gS dqN oSls&tSls fd thou esa cqf¼ ds lpsr v¼Z ps ru Lrjksa dk ukVdh; fo'ys"k.kA ,d Nks Vk lk mnkgj.k &
lius esa nh[krs xf.kr ds xqIr vFkZokpd fofp= vk¡dM+ s ljh[kk
eS a vc vius dks nh[kk ---------------16
dfo QS.Vslh esa gh ml dfork dh ryk'k djrk gS tks ^ije vfHkO;fDr* vkS j vkRelaHkok gS&
ije vfHkO;fDr vfojy ?kw erh gS tx esa
irk ugha tkus dgk¡ tkus dgk¡ og gSA× × × ×
[kkstrk gwa iBkj] igkM+ ------------ leqUnj tgk¡ fey lds eq >s ije vfHkO;fDr vfuokj
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vkRe laHkokA17
oLrq r% eqfDrcks/k dh dfork va/ksjs esa jks'kuh dh ph[k gSA ^dHkh&dHkh ,s lk eglwl gksrk gS fd is M+ksa ds taxy esa vds ys is M+ dk vfLrRo [kks tkrk gS] ysfdu tc ml taxy dk O;fDrRo bruk ltho fpf=r gks rk gS fd O;fDr dh lthork ml ij bZ";kZ djsA eqfDrcks/k dh 'kfDr'kkyh ekuorkoknh jksekfu;r esa vew rZ dk lfoLrkj ewrhZdj.k] lektokn ds /kjkry ij izfrf"Br fd;s tkus ds dkj.k ,d ,slh iz[kj Li"Vrk /kkj.k dj ysrk gS ftles a Hk;kud ls Hk;kud] fonzwi ls fonzwi (vkSj dksey ls dksey Hkh) QS.Vslh dks ge ekuks viuh lk¡l esa eglw l dj ldrs gS aA18
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- u;h dfork ds izeq[k gLrk{kj & Jh Hkxoku frokjh & vjfoan izdk'ku] cEcbZ 1992&93
2- ,d lkfgfR;d dh Mk;jh & eqfDrck s/k & i"B 203- pk¡n dk eq¡g Vs<k g S & eqfDrck s/k &1154- fujkyk vkSj eqfDrcks/k pkj yEch dfork,¡ & uan fd'kksj uoy & i"B &167] 168] 169]
jk/kkÏ".k izdk'ku fnYyh & 19935- eqfDrcks/k dh dkO; izfØ;k & v'kk sd pØ/kj & i"B & 576- u;s lkfgR; dk lkSUn;Z'kkL= & eqfDrcks/k & i"B & 1407- eqfDrcks/k dh dkO; izfØ;k & v'kk sd pØ/kj & i"B & 528- dkek;uh ,d iqufoZpkj&eqfDrcks/k & i"B & 01&029- lkBksRrjh fgUnh dfork es a tuoknh psruk & ujsUnz flag] i"B 106] 107] ok.kh izdk'ku]
fnYyh] 199010- ^va/ksjs esa* pk¡n dk e¡qg Vs<+k gS & xtkuu ek/ko eqfDrcks/k & i"B&262] 263] Hkkjrh; Kku
ihB izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] rsjgoka laLdj.k] 200011- ^va/ksjs esa* pk¡n dk e¡qg Vs<+k gS & xtkuu ek/ko eqfDrcks/k & i`"B & 264] 265] Hkkjrh; Kku
ihB izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] rsjgoka laLdj.k] 200012- ^va/ksjs esa* pk¡n dk e¡qg Vs<+k gS & xtkuu ek/ko eqfDrcks/k & i`"B & 141] Hkkjrh; Kku ihB
izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] rsjgoka laLdj.k] 200013- ,d HkwriwoZ fonzksgh dk vkRedFku & pk¡n dk eq¡g Vs<+k gS & eqfDrcks/k i`"B & 7914- ,d LoIu dFkk& pk¡n dk eq¡g Vs<+k gS & eqfDrcks/k & i`"B & 193 Hkkjrh; Kku ihB izdk'ku]
ubZ fnYyh& 200015- u;s dfo ,d v/;;u Hkkx&1 % MkW0 larks"k dqekj frokjh] i`"B & 210] 211] 212] Hkkjrh;
xzaFk fudsru] ubZ fnYyh] 199116- pk¡n dk eq ¡ Vs<+k gS & Hkwfedk & 'ke'ksj cgknqj flag i"B & 25
17- va/ksjs esa & pk¡n dk eq¡g Vs<k gS & eqfDrcks/k & i"B &296 Hkkjrh; KkuihB izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh & 200018- va/ksjs esa & Hkwfedk & 'ke'ksj cgknqj flag] i"B & 27] Hkkjrh; KkuihB izdk'ku ubZ
fnYyh&2000
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HkrZgfj vkSj t;'kadj izlkn % ,d rqyukRed v/;;u HkrZgfj vkSj t;'kadj izlkn % ,d rqyukRed v/;;u HkrZgfj vkSj t;'kadj izlkn % ,d rqyukRed v/;;u HkrZgfj vkSj t;'kadj izlkn % ,d rqyukRed v/;;u HkrZgfj vkSj t;'kadj izlkn % ,d rqyukRed v/;;u
¹ t; 'kadj 'kkgh ¹ t; 'kadj 'kkgh ¹ t; 'kadj 'kkgh ¹ t; 'kadj 'kkgh ¹ t; 'kadj 'kkgh
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¹ ,lksfl,V izksQslj] fgUnh foHkkx] ckcw 'kksHkkjke jktdh; LukrdksÙkj dyk egkfo|ky;]
vyoj] jktLFkku
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ lkjka'k& ^laLd`r lkfgR; ds dfo ;ksxhjkt Hkr`Zgfj vkS j fgUnh ds dfo t;'kadj izlkn es a vn~Hkqr lekurk gS A Hkr`Zgfj 'kSo Fks rFkk mUgks aus vius 'krd&dkO; esa egknso 'ka dj dh efgek dk xq.kxku fd;k gS A t;'kadj izlkn Hkh 'kS o n'kZu ls lokZf/kd izHkkfor jgs gS aA izlkn th dh vusd dforkvks a fo'ks"kdj ^dkek;uh* egkdkO; es a 'kS o fopkj/kkjk ds izpqj rRo feyrs gS aA
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ;ksxhjkt HkrZ`gfj (7oha 'krkCnh 1 ) dk la Ld`r xhfrdkO; ds bfrgkl es a egRoiw .kZ
LFkku gSA yksd&dFkkvks a rFkk tuJqfr;ksa ds vuqlkj HkrZ `gfj mTtSu ds jktk foØekfnR; ds cM+s HkkbZ FksA nsof"kZ dykukFk 'kkL=h us viuh iqLrd ^vk/kqfud laLd`r lkfgR; dk bfrgkl* esa fy[kk gS&^jktLFkku ds tuthou ij HkjFkjh dh ekU;rk dk bruk xgjk izHkko gS fd jkT;lq [k ds enHkjs foyklksa ls vdLekr~ fojDr gksdj izoz T;k xzg.k djus okys nks pfj=ksa] jktk HkjFkjh vkSj jktk xksihpUn ds yksdk[;ku vkt Hkh ?kj&?kj es a xk;s tkrs gS aA*2 HkjFkjh dks jktk] fo}ku] ;ksxh vkSj laU;klh lHkh :iks a esa ns[kk x;k gSA jktLFkku] e/;izns'k] mÙkjizns'k] fcgkj vkSj xqtjkr vkfn izns'kksa esa HkjFkjh dh dhfrZ dFkk ls lEcfU/kr vusd Lekjd] ,sfrgkfld LFkku vkSj yksdk[;ku vkt rd fo}kuksa esa v/;;u
vkS j 'kks/k dk fo"k; cus gq, gSaA vusdkusd fo}kuksa tSls&K.T. Telang3, if.Mr nqxkZ iz lkn 4] Prof. Maxmuller, Dr. P.Peterson, Prof. Wilson, Colonel Todd 5 rFkk iz ks0 okeu f'kojke vkIVs vkfn us 'krd=; ds iz.ksrk egkdfo HkrZgfj ij fo'kn v/;;u fd;k gSA
Hkr`Z gfj us uhfr lEcU/kh lkS i| uhfr 'krd* ds uke ls] J`axkj lEcU/kh lkS i| ^J`axkj 'krd* ds uke ls vkS j oSjkX; lEcU/kh lkS i| ^oS jkX; 'krd* ds uke ls fy[ksA 'kS yh ds vuqBsiu] Hkk"kk&ykfyR;] dF; dh lgt izHkko'khyrk ds dkj.k ;s i| fo}kuks a dk vkt rd daBgkj cus gq , gSa vkSj loZ= mn~/k`r fd;s tkrs gSaA /oU;kyksddkj vkuUno/kZu vkSj dkO;izdk'kdkj eEeV us bu 'krdksa ls jl] xq .k] vyadkj ds mnkgj.k
fn;s gSa ftlls budh yksdfiz;rk vkS j c<+ xbZA 'krd fy[kus dh ijEijk py iM+hA lq/khj jatu fla g ds vuqlkj ^½f"k;ksa dh uSfrd n`<+rk] dkfynkl] Hkkjfo] ek?k dh ,fUnzdrk] ykfyR;] HkDr dfo;ks a dh rue;rk] lkFk gh ekuoh; thou ds vUrfoZjks/k dh xgjh idM+ ,d gh dfo Hkr`Z gfj es a fufgr gSA*6 ^oSjkX; 'krd* esa la lkj dh {k.kHkaxqjrk] larks"k:ih /ku] f'ko&HkfDr] eksg&efgek] ^r`".kk u th.kkZ o;eso th.kkZ* rFkk dky dh loksZPprk dks of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA izfl¼ bfrgkldkj iz ks0 ,-,y- ck'ke fy[krs gS a %&
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'The best things in medieval poetry are to be found in the single-stanza poems, of
which there are many collection, either by one or many hands. The finest poet inthis genre was Bhartrihari, thought to have lived in the seventh century, who left
no long poems, but only three centuries of separate stanzas on the subjects of
worldly wisdom, love and renunciation. These are masterpieces of concise
expression, tell us much about the personality of the author.'7 bu 'krdksa dh fo'ks"krk dh ppkZ djrs gq, Prof. Lassen us fy[kk& 'They place before us in terse
and pithy language the Indian views about the chief aspirations of youth, manhood
and old age, about concern with the things of this world, and about retirement
from them into lonely contemplation. On account of the perfect art with which
they are composed, these short poems are worthy of being ranked among the
masterpieces of Indian genius.'8 Prof. Tawney fy[krs gS a&'The terse and
epigrammatic character of these stanzas distinguishes them from the mass of Indian literature.'9
HkrZ` gfj iz .khr ^oSjkX; 'krd* dk izHkko fgUnh lkfgR; ds fofHkUUk dfo;ksa ij ifjyf{kr gks rk gSA dchjnkl ij bl 'krd dk O;kid izHkko gSA Nk;kokn ds vk/kkj LrEHk egkdfo t;'kadj izlkn ij Hkr`Zgfj dk O;kid izHkko gSA iz lkn th Hkh 'kSo n'kZu ls izHkkfor jgs gSaA iz lkn th }kjk iz.khr egkdkO; dkek;uh* ij oSjkX; 'krd dk izpqj izHkko gSA dkek;uh fgUnh lkfgR; dh xkSjo'kkyh miyfC/k gS ftlesa ân; rRo dh izfr"Bk djrs gq, 'kSo n'kZu ds vkuUnokn dks thou ds iw .kZ mRd"kZ dk lk/ku ekuk gSA*10 laLkkj dh fuLlkjrk] 'kSo&n'kZu] yks d&ea xy rFkk ;ks x vkS j HkfDr tSls rRo dkek;uh esa Hkh feyrs gSa A
^oSjkX; 'krd* esa egknso 'ka dj ds izfr HkfDr&Hkkouk izpqjrk ls feyrh gSA bl eqDrd ds izkjEHk esa gh eaxykpj.k ds :Ik es a Kkunhid Lo:Ik egkns o f'ko dks ueu fd;k x;k gS&
^^;ksfxuka fot;rs Kkuiznhiks gj%A*11
f'ko ;gk¡ Kku&iznhi gSa] izlkn dh dkek;uh* es a izHkkiqat fpfr*] dkfUr&fla/kq* gSA HkrZ`gfj ds vuq lkj] eLrd dks Hkw f"kr djus okyh la qnj panzdyk dh nsnhI;eku f'k[kk ds leku 'kksHkk;eku] dkenso :ih papy irax dks vuk;kl gh nX/k djus okys vkSj lc iz dkj ds dY;k.kksa ds fu/kku] Kkunhid Lo:Ik egkns o var%dj.k esa izdk'k gks us okysvikj eksg ds Hkkj dk fouk'k djrs gq, ;ksfxjktksa ds ân; eafnj esa fojkteku gSA* dfo
dh bPNk gS fd os lqj&unh xaxk ds rV ij cSBdj mPp Loj ls f'kouke dk mPpkj.k
djrs jgsa &^lqrkjS% QwRdkjS% f'kof'kof'kos fr izruqe%A*12 ;ksxhjkt Hkr` Zgfj dh vfHkyk"kk gS fd muds thou ds 'ks "k fnol fdlh ifo= ouLFky esa f'kouke dk fujUrj ti djrs gq , O;rhr gksa&^lnk iq.;s·j.;s f'kof'kof'kosfr iztir%A13 bl d`fr esa gjHkfDr* dk mn~?kks"k ckj&ckj lqukbZ iM+rk gSA dfo dh mRdV vfHkyk"kk egkns o 'kadj ds 'kj.k esa tkus dh gS&^iziÙkqefUoPNfr 'kwfyua eu%A*14 dfo dgrs gSa fd txr~ ds v/kh'oj Jh egs'oj esa vkSj txrO;kfi Jh tuknZu es a fdlh izdkj dk Hksn mudh n` f"V esa ugha vkrk] fQj Hkh mudk eu panz'ks[kj f'koth dh HkfDr esa vR;f/kd izo`r gksrk gS&
^^egs'ojs ok txrke/kh'ojs] tuknZus ok txnUrjkRefuA
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Rk;ksuZ HksnizfrifÙk jfLr es] rFkk·fi HkfDr Lr:.ksUnq'ks[kjsA**15
dfo dk eu panz'ks[kj f'koth ds pj.k&vjfoUn ds /;ku&ve`r dk iku djus esa eXu gS&^pUnzpwMpj.k/;kuke`ra orZrsA*16 blh izdkj izlkn th us dkek;uh* es a egknso f'ko dk ckj&ckj Lej.k fd;k gSA bl dkO; dh dFkk nsol`f"V ds /oal ls 'kq: gksrh gS&
^^fgefxfj ds mRrqa x f'k[kj ij] cSB f'kyk dh 'khry Nk¡ g] ,d iq:"k Hkhxs u;uksa ls] ns[k jgk Fkk iz y; iz okg!^*17
dfo egknso 'kadj dh lagkjd&'kfDr dk Lej.k djrk gS vkSj mudks rk.Mo u`R; djrs gq, ns[krk gS&
^^m/kj xjtrh fla/kq ygfj;k¡ dqfVy dky ds tkyka s lh] pyh vk jgh Qsu mxyrh Qu QSyk;s O;kyksa lhA---
djdk Øa nu djrh fxjrh vkSj dqpyuk Fkk lc dk]
iapHkw r dk ;g rk.Moe; u`R; gks jgk Fkk dc dkA**18 bl egkdkO; esa 'kSo&n'kZu dk O;kid izHkko gSA blesa egkdkO; ds eq [;
uk;d&euq ds ek/;e ls ^vUue; dks'k* ls ^vkuUne; dks'k* rd dh euq "; dh ;k=k fn[kykbZ xbZ gSA egkdkO; ds vkjfEHkd va'kksa esa euq ^ia p dapqdksa * vkS j ^rhu eyksa * lsvko`r fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSa] tgk¡ os b";kZ ls xzLr gSa] vkReyhu gS a] Hkks xoknh gSa] vkRek dh
c¼koLFkk&i'kq fLFkfr esa gS a] fdUrq] egkdkO; ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk muds O;fDrRo es a Hkh fodkl gksrk tkrk gS] ^vk.ko* fLFkfr ls os ^'kkDr*] ^'kkaHko*] ^rqjh;koLFkk*]
^rqjh;krhr* rd igq¡ prs gSaA egkdkO; dh ukf;dk J¼k mUgsa le>krh gS& ^^vkSjksa dks g¡lrs ns[kks euq g¡lks vkSj lq[k ikvks]
vius lq[k dks foLr`r dj yks lc dks lq[kh cukvksA**19
bl egkdkO; ds ^n'kZu* lxZ es a vuUr iz dk'k :i* egknso 'ka dj dks u`R; djrs gq, fn[kk;k x;k gS&
^^vUrfuZukn /ofu ls iwfjr] Fkh 'kw U; Hks fnuh lÙkk fpÙk] uVjkt Lo;a Fks u`R; fujr] Fkk varfj{k iz gflr eq[kfjr] Loj y; gks dj ns jgs rky] Fks yqIr gks jgs fn'kkdkyA yhyk dk Liafnr vkgykn] og izHkk&iqat fpfre; izlkn--- urZu esa fujr] iz d`fr xy dj] ml dkfUr&fla/kq es a ?kqy&fey dj---**20
iz lkn th ds vuqlkj ;g lEiw.kZ fo'o f'ko dk 'kjhj gS] vr% vkuUne; gSA 'kSo n'kZu esa egknso f'ko ls ysdj /kjf.k&Ik;ZUr rd 36 rRoks a dh dYiuk dh xbZ gSa& izFke 5 ijes'oj dh 'kfDr gS] ek;k ls fu;fr rd 6 da pq d (dky] fu;fr] jkx] fo|k] dyk
vkfn) rFkk iq:"k ls iapHkwr rd 25 rRo gSaA izlkn th dk ekuuk gS fd egkdky&egkfpfr&egs 'oj lkxj dh ygjksa ds leku bl lalkj esa ØhM+k dj jgs gS aA f'ko Lo;a vkuUn&lkxj gSa a&
^^dj jgh yhyke; vkuUn egkfpfr ltx gq bZ lh O;Dr fo'o dk mUehyu vfHkjke blh esa lc gksrs vuqjDr fpj fefyr izdfr ls iqyfdr og psru iq:"k iqjkru fut 'kfDr rjaxkf;r Fkk vkuUn va cq fuf/k 'kksHkuA**
ftl izdkj Hkr`Zgfj us ^oSjkX; 'krd* esa egknso 'kadj dk /;ku djrs gq,
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cz ãyhu gks us dh bPNk dh rFkk rhuksa Hkqouks a esa czã dk gh n'kZu fd;k&^f=Hkqouefi
czãeuqrs*]21 mlh izdkj egkdfo t;'kadj izlkn us ^dkek;uh* esa dkO;&uk;d euq dksvkuUn dh voLFkk esa yhu fn[kkrs gS a] euq f'ko:Ik gks tkrs gS a vkS j J¼k 'kfDr:ik&
^^LoIu] Loki] tkxj.k HkLe gks& bPNk] fØ;k] Kku fey y; Fks] fnO; vukgr ij fuukn es a J¼k;q r euq cl rUe; FksA**22
bl egkdkO; es a O;fDr vkSj lekt ds chp] uj vkS j ukjh ds chp] ân; vkSj efLr"d ds chp lkeatL; dk lans'k fn;k x;k gS rFkk lalkj dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku 'kS o&n'kZu esa [kkstk x;k gS&
^^lejl Fks tM+ ;k psru lq Unj lkdkj cuk Fkk] psrurk ,d foylrh vkuUn v[k.M ?kuk FkkA**23
^oSjkX; 'krd* esa euq"; ds eu dh r`".kk dh izo`fr dh vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA
HkrZ` gfj dgrs gSa fd [ktkus dh [kkst esa iwjh /kjrh dks [kksn Mkyk] jktkvks a dh Hkh ;Ruiw oZd lsok dh] 'ke'kku esa cSBdj jkf= O;rhr dh] fdUrq ,d QwVh dkSM+ h dk Hkh ykHk u gqvkA blfy, gs r".kk] rw esjk ihNk Nks M+ ns&
^^r`".ks·/kq uk eqapekeA^^24
dfo ds vuqlkj nqeZ fr /kkj.k djus okyh ikfiuh r`".kk dHkh larq"V ugha gksrh&^r`".ks nqeZ fr ikideZfujrsuk|kfi lUrq";flA* dfo dh ekU;rk gS fd euq"; dh r`".kk ges'kk r:.k gks rh tkrh gS&
^^ofyfHkeqZ [kekØkUra] ifyrSjafdra f'kj%A Xk=kf.k f'kfFkyk;Urs] r`".kSdk r:.kk;rsA**25
eq [k Ikj >qfjZ;ka iM+ xbZ gSa ] flj ds cky 'os r gks x;s gSa ] lkjs vax f'kfFky gks x;s
gSa ] fdUrq r` ".kk T;kas dh R;ksa cuh gq bZ gSA dfo ds vuqlkj fo"k;ksa dk Hkks x ugha fd;k fdUrq ge gh th.kZ gks x;s] riL;k ugha dh] fdUrq ge Lo;a gh larIr gks x;s] le; ugha x;k cfYd ge gh xqtj x;s] ge cw<+s gks x;s ysfdu r`".kk cw<+h ugha gqbZ&
^^Hkks xk u HkqDrk o;eso HkqDrk&Lriks u rIra o;eso rIrk%A dkyks u ;krks o;eso ;krkLr`".kk u th.kkZ o;eso th.kkZ%A**26
blh iz dkj dk fp=.k ^dkek;uh* egkdkO; esa gqvk gS tc euq dgrs gS a& ^^vks fpUrk dh igyh js[kk] vjh fo'o&ou dh O;kyh--- gs vHkko dh piy ckfyds] jh yykV dh [ky ys[kkA gjh&Hkjh lh nkSM+&/kw i] vks ty&ek;k dh py js[kk--- cqf¼] euh"kk] efr] vk'kk] fpUrk rs js gSa fdrus ukeA
vjh iki gS rw] tk] py] tk ;gk¡ ugha dqN rsjk dkeA**27
bl egkdkO; esa Hkh euq"; dh r`".kk dks lalkj dh leLr leL;kvks a dh tM+ dgk x;k gS] ^O;kf/k dh lw=&/kkfj.kh* rFkk ^vfHk'kki* ekuk x;k gSA ^oSjkX; 'krd* esa eksg ds dkj.k mRiUUk fofHkUu iz dkj ds la dV dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA dfo ^xguks eksgefgek* dgrs gq , eksg dh vikj efgek dk o.kZ u djrk gSA mlds vuqlkj ;g lEiw.kZ txr eks ge;h izekn:ih efnjk dk iku djds mUeÙk gks jgk gSA lw;Z ds mn;&vLr ds lkFk&lkFk izfrfnu vius thou dk {k; gks uk dks bZ ugha ns[krk] tUe] tjk] foifÙk vkS j ej.k dks ns[kdj Hkh dksbZ Hk;Hkhr ugha gksrk&
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^^n`"Vok tUetjkfoifÙkej.ka =kl'p uksRi|rs]
ihRok eks ge;ha izeknefnjkeqUeÙkHkwra txrA**28 blh iz dkj] bl 'krd esa loZ'kfDr'kkyh e`R;q dk Hkh fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA dfo
egkdky dks ueLdkj djrk gS&^dkyk; rLeS ue%*A Hkr` Zgfj fy[krs gSa fd bl lalkj esa ckyd ds :Ik esa] fQj r:.k :Ik esa] fQj lEifÙk'kkyh rFkk iqu% cw <+s uV ds leku >q jhZ iMs+ gq, 'kjhj ls ;g euq"; ukuk iz dkj ds n` '; fn[kykrk gqvk var esa ;eiqjh :ih ijns esa izos'k dj tkrk gS&^lalkjkUrs fo'kfr ;e/kkuhtofudke~A* t;'kadj izlkn Hkh fy[krs gSa &
^^;g uhM+ euksgj d` fr;ksa dk ;g fo'o deZ jaxLFky gS gS ijaijk yx jgh ;gk¡ Bgjk ftles ftruk cy gSA**
Hkr`Z gfj dgrs gS fd cq <+kik ck?k ds leku xjtrk gqvk] jksx 'k=q vks a ds leku nsg
ij izgkj djrk gq vk vkSj QwVs gq, ?kM+s ls ty ds fudyrs jgus ds leku vk;q {kh.k gksrh tkrh gS fQj Hkh euq"; nq "deZ djus ls ugha Mjrk&^O;k?kzho fr"Bfr tjk ifjrtZ;Urh] jks xk'p 'k=o bo izgjfUr nsge~A vk;q% ifjJofr fHkUu?kVk fnokEHkks*---A bl iz dkj dh fopkj/kkjk,¡ ^dkek;uh* egkdkO; es a Hkh gSaA dkO;&uk;d euq thou dks ^mYdk&lk Hkz kar*] ^igsyh&lk*] ^'kw U;rk dk mtM+ k&lk jkt*] ^tM+rk dh thou jkf'k*] ^foLe`fr dk vpsr Lrwi* dgrs gq, mn~xkj O;Dr djrs gSa&
^^fdUrq thou fdruk fu:ik;! fy;k gS ns [k] ugha lansg] fujk'kk gS ftldk ifj.kke] lQyrk dk og dfYir xsgA**29
Hkr`Z gfj dgrs gSa fd ;g fu'p;iwoZd ugha dgk tk ldrk fd ;g la lkj ve`re; gS ;k fo"ke; gS&^u tkus lalkj% fdee`re;% fda fo"ke;%A* Hkr`Zgfj ds vuqlkj fo/kkrk us
euq"; dh vk;q lkS o"kZ fu;r dh gS] ftldk vk/kk Hkkx jkf= esa O;rhr gks tkrk gS] vkSj 'ks "k vk/ks ds vk/ks iPphl o"kZ ckY;dky vkSj o`¼koLFkk ds xz kl cu tkrs gS vkS j ckdh ds iPPkhl o"kZ O;kf/k vkSj fo;ksx esa chrrs gSaA blfy, bl thou esa lq[k dk ys'kek= Hkh dgha ugha gSA dfo iw Nrs gSa&^lalkjs js euq";k onr ;fn lq[ka LoYieI;fLr fdafprA* tUe dh ihNs ej.k] ;kSou ds ihNs o`¼koLFkk] xq.kks a ds ihNs nq "Vtu] ,s'o;Z ds ihNs vfLFkjrk tSls 'k=q yxs gq, gSa&^vk?kzkra ej.ksu tUe tj;k fo|qrpya ;kSoua ---A* t;'kadj izlkn Hkh fy[krs gSa&
^^e`R;q ] vjh fpj&funsz ! rsjk vad fgekuh lk 'khry] rw vuUr esa ygj cukrh dky&tyf/k dh&lh gypyA
thou rsjk {kqnz va'k gS O;Dr uhy ?ku&ekyk esa ]
lkSnkfeuh&la f/k&lk lqUnj {k.kHkj jgk mtkyk esa Ava/kdkj ds vV~Vgkl Lkh] eq [kfjr lrr fpjaru lR;]
fNih l`f"V ds d.k&d.k esa rw ;g lqUnj jgL; gS fuR;A**30
bls gh HkrZgfj ^es?kforkue/;foylRlkSnkfeuhpa pyk* dgrs gSa A oSjkX; 'krd es a ^d:.kkeS=hizKko/kwtulaxee~^31] ^LokRekuUniniz os'kdyua* rFkk czãyhu gksus ds lans'k ds lkFk dfo iap&rRoksa dks iz.kke djrk gq vk dgrk gS&
^^ekresZfnfu rkr ek:r l[ks rs t% lqcU/kks ty]HkzkrO;ks Ze fuc¼ ,"k Hkorkexzsiz.kkekatfy%A**32
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blh iz dkj] t;'ka dj izlkn us dkek;uh egkdkO; es a ^vkReLFk vkuUn* dk lek/kku
iz Lrqr fd;k gS rFkk lEiw.kZ l`f"V dks f'koe; ekuk gS& ^^vius nq[k&lq[k ls iqyfdr ;g ewrZ fo'o lpjkpj]
fpfr dk fojkV oiq eaxy ;g lR;] lrr] fpj&lqUnjA lc Hksn&Hkko Hkqyok dj nq[k&lq [k dks n`'; cukrk]
ekuo dg js! ;g eS a gw ¡ ;g fo'o uhM+ cu tkrkA**33
fu"d"kZ&1- Ekgkdfo t;'ka dj izlkn laLd`r dfo HkrZ `gfj ls vR;f/kd izHkkfor gSaA2- Hkr`Zgfj ds 'kSo n'kZ u dk O;kid izHkko dfo izlkn ij gSA3- nks uks dfo;ksa dk dkO; yksd&eaxy dk vuq"Bku gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- 'kkL=h dykukFk (1998) vk/kqfud laLdr lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] ;wfud VªsMlZ] t;iqj i0
1352- ogh i`0 1303. Bombay Sanskrit Series Vol. XI P.P. VIII & IX
4. Bombay Sanskrit Series No. XXXI P.No. 74
5. Annals and antiquities of Rajasthan Vol. II, Popular edition, Calcutta (1884) P.No. 369-
370
6- flag lq/khj jatu dk vkys[k ^Hkr` Zgfj dh dfork* % ^izxfr'khy olq/kk* (vDVwcj&fnlEcj 2007)] Hkksiky i`0 192&201
7. Basham A.L. (1990) The wonder that was India, Rupa & Co. Delhi P.No. 427-428
8. Gopinath P. (1989) Bhartrihari's three satakam, Nag Publishers, Delhi, Preface p. No. 10
9. Gopinath P. (1989) Bhartrihari's three satakam, Nag Publishers, Delhi, Preface p. No. 10
10- MkW0 uxsUnz (lEiknd) fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl (1990) us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh esa izdkf'kr MkW0 rkjdukFk ckyh dk vkys[k i`0 555
11. Gopinath P. (1989) Bhartrihari's three satakam, Nag Publishers, Delhi, p. No. 217
12. Gopinath P. (1989) Bhartrihari's three satakam, Nag Publishers, Delhi, p. No. 251
13. Gopinath P. (1989) Bhartrihari's three satakam, Nag Publishers, Delhi, p. No. 256
14. Gopinath P. (1989) Bhartrihari's three satakam, Nag Publishers, Delhi, p. No. 331
15. Gopinath P. (1989) Bhartrihari's three satakam, Nag Publishers, Delhi, p. No. 314
16. Gopinath P. (1989) Bhartrihari's three satakam, Nag Publishers, Delhi, p. No. 315
17- izlkn t;'kadj (2005) dkek;uh] lkfgR;kxkj] t;iqj i`0 318- ogh i`0 12&1319- ogh i`0 117
20- ogh i`0 226&22821. Gopinath P. (1989) Bhartrihari's three satakam, Nag Publishers, Delhi, p. No. 298
22- izlkn t;'kadj (2005) dkek;uh] lkfgR;kxkj] t;iqj i0 24523- ogh i`0 26424. Gopinath P. (1989) Bhartrihari's three satakam, Nag Publishers, Delhi, p. No. 220
25. Gopinath P. (1989) Bhartrihari's three satakam, Nag Publishers, Delhi, p. No. 230
26. Gopinath P. (1989) Bhartrihari's three satakam, Nag Publishers, Delhi, p. No. 228
27- izlkn t;'kadj (2005) dkek;uh] lkfgR;kxkj] t;iqj i`0 4&528. Gopinath P. (1989) Bhartrihari's three satakam, Nag Publishers, Delhi, p. No. 223
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29- izlkn t;'kadj (2005) dkek;uh] lkfgR;kxkj] t;iqj i`0 47
30- ogh i`0 1631. Gopinath P. (1989) Bhartrihari's three satakam, Nag Publishers, Delhi, p. No. 277
32. Gopinath P. (1989) Bhartrihari's three satakam, Nag Publishers, Delhi, p. No. 301
33- izlkn t;'kadj (2005) dkek;uh] lkfgR;kxkj] t;iqj i0 259
ISSN 0975-4083
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/keZohj Hkkjrh th ds ^^vU/kk;qx** esa mnkÙk rRo /keZohj Hkkjrh th ds ^^vU/kk;qx** esa mnkÙk rRo /keZohj Hkkjrh th ds ^^vU/kk;qx** esa mnkÙk rRo /keZohj Hkkjrh th ds ^^vU/kk;qx** esa mnkÙk rRo /keZohj Hkkjrh th ds ^^vU/kk;qx** esa mnkÙk rRo
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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ikSjkf.kd dFkkud (egkHkkjrdkyhu) dks ;qx lanHkks± ls tksM+dj mi;qZDr lHkh Lrjks a ij uohurk dk cks/k fn;k gSA ^mnkÙk rRo** dh LFkkiuk bldk ltho izek.k gSA bl 'kks/k dk;Z esa Hkkjrh th ds ^vU/kk;qx* esa pfj=] dFkkoLrq] izrhd] Hkk"kk ,oa f'kYi es a ^mnkÙk rRo* dh mifLFkfr dks js[kkafdr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS A 'kks/k ifjf/k es a nwljk lIrd (1951 bZ -iz;ksxokn) ds /keZohj Hkkjrh th dh jpuk /kfeZrk dk p;u fd;k x;k gS rFkk 'kks/k lkexzh esa Hkkjrh th ds vU/kk;qx ds lkFk&lkFk vU; lanHkZ xzaFkks a dh lgk;rk yh x;h gS A 'kks/k dk mís'; ^vU/kk;qx* esa O;Dr mnkÙk rRo dh izklafxdrk dks vki rd igqa pkuk gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
Hkkjrh; okÂe; eas ^Lokeh] Js"B] mnkj] ikyd] efg"B] mÙke**1 vkfn 'kCnksa ds ek/;e ls ^^mnkÙk rRo** dk O;ogkj izkphu dky ls gksrk pyk vk jgk gSA loZ izFke
^^izkfr'kk[;ksa**2
es a mnkÙk 'kCn dk iz;ks x fd;k x;k FkkA blds i'pkr~ dchjnkl] rqylhnkl] lwjnkl tSls e/;dkyhu lkfgR;dkjksa us vius ekuorkoknh fpUru es a iz dkjkUrj ls blh rRo dh LFkkiuk dks egRo fn;kA bl ijaijk dk uohu :Ik fuekZ .k vk/kqfud dky dh lkfgR; lef"V esa gqvkA foosP; fo"k; esa Hkkjrh th }kjk ^^vU/kk;q x** ds ek/;e ls bl fuekZ .k esa mnkÙk rRo dks ijerRo rFkk eks{k dh izkfIr dh Hkkouk ls lEc¼ u djrs gq, mls vke vkneh dks blh e`R;q yksd es a loZ lEiUu cukus dh ladYi Hkkouk dk izs"k.k djus dh fØ;k ls tksM+ k x;k gSA
Hkkjrh th us ^vU/kk;q x* esa 108 i`"Bksa esa lekfgr LFkkiuk ls lekiu rd ds dFkkud esa ;q¼ dh foHkhf"kdk ls mRiUu ewY;ghu ekuork dks iqu% mPp vkn'kks± ls Hkjus dk] 'kqHk ,oa lq[k dh LFkkiuk dk] vlR; ls lR; dh vksj] vukLFkk ls vkLFkk dh vksj]
vU/kdkj ls izdk'k dh vksj] ve;kZ nk ls e;kZ nk dh vksj cS[kks Q c<+ us dk iz;kl fd;k gS D;ks a fd ^dq .Bk] fujk'kk] jDrikr] iz fr'kks/k] fod` fr] dq #irk] vU/kkiu& buls fgpfdpkuk D;k bUgha esa rks lR; ds nqyZHk d.k fNis gq, gS rks bues a D;ksa u fuMj /klw¡ A**3 bl mn~ ?kks"k.kk dk ewy Hkko lEiw .kZ ekuork dks xfjek dk f'k[kj iznku djuk gSA Hkkjrh th ,d lkfgR;dkj ds :Ik esa blh vuqHkwfr ls Hkjs Fks& ^^os vUrjkRek dh vuqHkwfr dks ekuoh; xfjek ds izfr laosnu'khy gksuk ekurs gSA dfork,¡ muds fy;s ekuoh; vkLFkk]
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'kkfUr dh Nk;k ,oa fo'okl dh vkokt jgh gSa A**4 blfy, vU/kk;qx es a Hkh /k`rjk"Vª]
xka/kkjh] lat;] fonqj] ;q;qRlq tSls vU/kRo ds f'kdkj ekuoksa dks ewY;ks a dk iz dk'k ns us dk egRoiw.kZ deZ fd;k x;k gS&
^^ij 'ks "k vf/kdrj gS vU/ks iFkHkz"V] vkRegkjk] foxfyr vius va rj ds vU/k xqQkvks a ds oklh
;g dFkk mUgha vU/kksa dh gS dFkk T;ksfr dh gS] vU/kksa ds ek/;e lsA**5
Hkkjrh th us pfj=ksa (16 ik=) dh LFkkiuk esa vius uohu iz;ksxksa ls bl iz kphu ikSjkf.kd pfj=koyh dks fu[kkj fn;k gSA bl d` fr es a xka /kkjh ds dq .BkxzLr O;fDrRo }kjk lR;] U;k;] /keZ dh LFkkiuk ds fy, d`".k&vtqZu }kjk nq;ks Z/ku] nzks.k tSls vU/kdkj ds
la LFkkidksa ds o/k rFkk v'oRFkkek dks fn;s x;s n.M dks ^izHkqrk** ds vuqfpr iz ;ksx dh la Kk ns ^d`".k dks 'kkfir**6 fd;s tkus dk ladqfpr deZ dgh&u&dgh vkxs ds i` "Bks a ij mlds O;fDrRo rFkk pfj= dks mnkÙk cukus dk cht rRo ekuk tkuk pkfg,&
^^ysfdu d`".k rqe ij esjh eerk vxk/k gSA** xkU/kkjh! jksrs gq,] eSaus D;k fd;k fonw j\**7
d`".k dh 'kki dks Lohdkj djus dh mnkjoknh deZ'khyrk xkU/kkjh ds lEiw .kZ eksg dks foxfyr dj mls lR; dh jkg ij ^izk.kksa** dk cfynku dj nsus dh izsj.kk ns rh gSA ;gk¡ og ,d mnkÙk Hkkjrh; ds :Ik esa fn[kk;h nsrh gS a&
^^;g esjk gh 'kki gS fn;k Fkk tks eSaus Jh d`".k dks
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^^lat;! tks thou Hkj HkVds vaf/k;kjksa eas mudks ejus nks izk.kkUrd izdk'k es aA**9
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dk l/keZ fuHkkus ds fy, ckj&ckj thfor rFkk lfØ; Hkh gksrs gS& ^^e;kZnk ;q Dr vkpj.k esa fur uwru l`tu esa fuHkZ;rk ds lkgl ds eerk ds jl ds {k.k esa thfor vkSj lfØ; gks mBwa xk eS a ckjackjA**10
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ewY;ghurk] Øks/k] oSeuL;] fgalk] iz fr'kks/k ls Hkjs gS rFkk d`".k] vtqZ u] lat;] fonw j rFkk
;q;qRlq tS ls pfj=ksa dks lR; dk iks"kd cuus dh mRiz sj.kk nsrs gS& ^^eSa Hkh gw¡ dkSjo ij lR; cM+k gS dkSjo oa'k lsA**11 ;q;q Rlq
^^vk¡ [ks ugha [kqyrh gSa vU/kks a dks lR; fn[kkus es a D;k eq >dks Hkh vU/kk gh gksuk gSA**12 lat;
;q;qRlq vkSj lat; ds vuqxwatkRed laokn muds pfj= eas clh vU/kdkje;rk ds iz dk'k dh vksj c<+us dk izrhd gSA lat; dh 'kadk es a lR; dh LFkkiuk dh xw¡t gS tks okLro esa Hkkjrh th ds bl d`fr ds izkjaHk esa dgs x;s bl xw<+ dFku dh Nk;k fn[kk;h
iM+rh gS& ^^ij ,d u'kk gksrk gS&vU/kdkj ds xjtrs egklkxj dh pqukSrh dks Lohdkj djus dk----------------vius dks lkjs [krjksa es a M+ kydj vkLFkk ds] izdk'k ds] lR; ds] e;kZnk ds dqN d.kksa dks cVksjdj] cpk dj] /kjkry rd ys tkus dkA**13 Hkkjrh th dk dfo tc bl pq ukSrh dks Lohdkj djrk gS rc gh og /k`rjk"Vª tSls tUeka/k] ekufld la dh.kZrk ls xzflr euq"; dks Hkh lR; dk Hkku djk ikrk gS&
^^vkt eq >s Hkku gqvkA es jh oS;fDrd lhekvksa ds ckgj Hkh lR; gqvk djrk gSA**14
pfj=ksa esa mnkÙk rRo dh l'kDr mifLFkfr ntZ djkus okys Hkkjrh th us ^^vU/kk;qx** dh dFkkoLrq dks J`a[kykc¼ djus ds fy, vadksa dk Hkh ukedj.k fd;k tks
izrhdkjkRed gks us ds lkFk&lkFk egkHkkjr ds vV~Bkjgos a fnu dh la/;k ls ys dj izokl&rhFkZ esa d`".k ds LoxkZjks g.k rd ds dFkkud dks mnkÙkhd`r djus dk u;k iz;kl gSA eq Dr NUn esa jfpr ;g xhfr ukV~; laokn ,oa Hkk"kk dh n`f"V ls loZJs "B gSA ;|fi d`fr dk dsUnzh; Hkko mnkÙk rRo dh LFkkiuk gS blfy, d`".k] fonqj] lat; rFkk vU; ik=ks a ds la oknks a esa
ifjekftZrrk dk lekos'k Lo;a gh gks x;k gSA d`".k dk fuEufyf[kr laokn uwru fuekZ .k djus okyksa dks viuk nkf;Ro Hkkj lkSa ius dk egRoiw.kZ deZ djus dk iz ek.k gS&
^^esjk nkf;Ro og fLFkr jgsxk gj ekuo&eu ds ml o`Ùk esa ftlds lgkjs og lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk vfrØe.k djrs gq,
uwru fuekZ .k djsxk fiNys /oalksa ijA**15
d`".k ds bl laokn es /oalks a es a fuekZ.k dh ldkjkRed mnkÙk Hkkouk dk vkHkkl rks gS gh lkFk gh nkf;Roksa dk Hkkj ,slh 'kfDr ls Hkjs da /kks a ij j[kus dk ikou Hkko Hkh lekfgr gSA
lexzr% vU/kk;q x esa Hkkjrh th us fo'o;q¼ ls mRiUu folaxfr;ksa (egkHkkjr dk egk;q ¼)] czãkL= (orZeku ;qx ds ijek.kq ce) tS ls 'kL=ksa ds iz ;ksx ls gksus okys fo/oal] ekuo tkfr esa gksus okyh fofHkUu fod`fr;ka s ls lacaf/kr leL;k dks ewy leL;k ds :Ik esa vafdr fd;k gSA Hkkjrh th us Lo;a (dfo) ds Lrj ij ftl mnkÙk rRo dh LFkkiuk dh
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gS mlesa mudh fu"i{k jpuk n`f"V dks j[kk tk ldrk gS tks bl fo/oal ds fy,] bl
folaxfr ds fy, rFkk bl ew Y;ghu egk;q¼ ds fy, vU/kRo dh lÙkk dks Lohdkj djus okys dkSjoks a rFkk bl lÙkk dks lewy u"V djus okys ik.Moksa dks cjkcj dk Hkkxhnkj ekurh gSA laHkor% blfy, Hkkjrh th rVLFk Hkko ls ;g dg ik;s gS&
^^VqdMs+&VqdM+s gks fc[kj xbZ e;kZnk mldks nksuksa gh i{kksa us rksM+k gS ik.Mo us dqN de dkSjo us dq N T;knkA**16
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3- vU/kk;qx] (Hkwfedk)] MkW- /keZohj Hkkjrh] i`"B la[;k&1114- n wljk lIrd] laiknd& vKs;] oDrO;&Hkkjrh th 5- ^vU/kk;qx* (LFkkiuk Hkkx)] /keZohj Hkkjrh] i"B&26- ^vU/kk;qx* /keZohj Hkkjrh] pkSFkk vad] i"B&817- ^vU/kk;qx* /keZohj Hkkjrh] pkSFkk vad] i"B&828- ^vU/kk;qx* /keZohj Hkkjrh] ik¡pok¡ vad] i"B&939- ^vU/kk;qx* /keZohj Hkkjrh] ik¡pok¡ vad] i"B&9310- ^vU/kk;qx* /keZohj Hkkjrh] pkSFkk vad] i"B&13011- ^vU/kk;qx* (vUrjky) Hkkjrh th] i"B&5312- ^vU/kk;qx* Hkkjrh th] pkSFkkk vad] i`"B&6913- ^vU/kk;qx* (Hkwfedk)] /keZohj Hkkjrh] i"B&111
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xqtjkrh ls fgUnh esa vuqokn dh leL;k;sa xqtjkrh ls fgUnh esa vuqokn dh leL;k;sa xqtjkrh ls fgUnh esa vuqokn dh leL;k;sa xqtjkrh ls fgUnh esa vuqokn dh leL;k;sa xqtjkrh ls fgUnh esa vuqokn dh leL;k;sa
¹ jkts'k ts- jkoy ¹ jkts'k ts- jkoy ¹ jkts'k ts- jkoy ¹ jkts'k ts- jkoy ¹ jkts'k ts- jkoy
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& xqtjkrh ls fgUnh esa vuqokn dh leL;k 'kh"kZd ds va rxZr eS us dsoy lkfgR;kuqokn dh leL;kvks a dh gh ppkZ dh gS A fofHkUu lkfgR; Lo:iks a dh ppkZ foLrkj Hk; ls u djuk flQZ ,d fo/kk& ^ukVd* dks gh bl ppkZ ls fy, pquk gS A fofHkUu {ks=ks a ds ijLij Hkko vkSj fopkj es a fudVre laidZ ds fy, ukVd lokZf/kd mi;qDr fo/kk gS D;ks afd ukVd n`';&JkO;
ek/;e gksus ls ,oa n'kZdks a ls lEcaf/kr gksus ds dkj.k viuk O;kid izHkko LFkkfir dj ldrsgSa A O;fDr ukVd es a fn[kkbZ tkusokyh ?kVukvks a ls cgqr gh FkksM+s le; es a rknkRE; LFkkfir dj ldrk gS A Hkkjr tSls ns'k ds fy,] tks vusd izka rks a esa caVk gS vkS j tgka izk;% izkUr fo'ks"k dh viuh LFkkuh; Hkk"kk,a gS a] vuqokn dh vko';drk dks udkjk ugha tk ldrkA bu izkUrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds vuqokn ls gh vkt fdlh Hkh {ks= dk ukVd ;k miU;kl] dfork ;k dgkuh ml {ks= dh lhekvksa ls fudydj iw js ns'k ds gks ldrs gS aA vuqokn dh vfuok;Zrk ;qx vkS j lekt dsfy, mldh Hkkoh izxfr ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dks ledkyhu j[kus ds fy, lnS o vko';d le>h tk,xhA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
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lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1 e`nqykxxZ] vuqokn* vad 41 19842 Hkk sykukFk frokjh] vuqokn foKku i- 15
3 th- xk sihukFku] vuqokn] fl//kkar vkSj iz;ksx 4- olarnso] i= ls 10&7&895- fpuq eksnh] HksaVokrkZ 7&6&89
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xk¡/khth dh vfgalk vkSj Hkkjrh; n'kZu rFkk xk¡/khth dh vfgalk vkSj Hkkjrh; n'kZu rFkk xk¡/khth dh vfgalk vkSj Hkkjrh; n'kZu rFkk xk¡/khth dh vfgalk vkSj Hkkjrh; n'kZu rFkk xk¡/khth dh vfgalk vkSj Hkkjrh; n'kZu rFkk orZeku ifjizs{k esa izklafxdrk orZeku ifjizs{k esa izklafxdrk orZeku ifjizs{k esa izklafxdrk orZeku ifjizs{k esa izklafxdrk orZeku ifjizs{k esa izklafxdrk
¹ 'kSys'k dqekj flag ¹ 'kSys'k dqekj flag ¹ 'kSys'k dqekj flag ¹ 'kSys'k dqekj flag ¹ 'kSys'k dqekj flag
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¹ lgk;d izk/;kid] n'kZu'kkL=] tsM-,- bLykfe;k ih-th- dkWyst floku] fcgkj
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& vkt lEiw.kZ fo'o es a cnyrs ifjn'; es a xkW ¡ /kh th dh vfgalk dh uhfr dh izkla fxdrk c<+ x;h gS A 21oha lnh dk fo'o viuh vkfFkZd mUufr rFkk oS Kkfud izxfr ds jkst u;s&u;svk;ke LFkkfir dj jgk gS rks nwljh rjQ fo'o ds vxz.kh ns'k vkfFkZd vkS j jktuhfrd fgrksa
dks /;ku es a j[k dj fo'o dks ;q¼ dh egkfoHkhf"kdk dh vkS j <+dsy jgs gS aA Nn~e ;q¼]vkradoknh geyk] tkrh; foHksn ekuork dks 'keZlkj dj jgk gS A ,sls es a xkW ¡ /khth dh vfgalk dk fopkj vkSj vf/kd izklafxd gks tkrk gSA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
Hkkjr esa ges'kk ls gh lUr lR;iq:"kks a dk tUe gq vk gS vkSj mUgks us yksxks dksvk/;kfRed ew Y;ks dks le>k;k gSA yksx ftruk lqurs vkSj le> ldrs Fks le>s vkSj
ftruk vey dj ldrs Fks mruk vey fd;s vkSj tks vey u gks ldk rks mls viuh ykpkjh ekudj ewY;ksa dk vknj djrs vk;sA ysfdu tc ;qx dh ekax vkSj lUrks ds mins'k dk la;ksx gks rk gS] rc Økafr gksrh gSA xkW¡ /khth vfgalk ds ckjs esa dgrs gSa fd vfgalk dk izfrdkj vfgalk ls djks vlR; dk izfrdkj lR; ls djksA1 ;ks rks ;g dks bZ ubZ ckr
ugh FkhA ;g rks Hkkjr dh laLd`fr dk iqjkru Lo:i gSA Hkkjrh; oSfnd lkfgR; Hkxoku cq }, egkohj vkSj vus d larks us ges ;gh fl[kk;k gSA ysfdu tc xW¡ k/kh th dh tcku ij ;g ckr vk;h rks mldk Økafrdkjh vFkZ izdV gqvk D;ksfd mlds fy, ,sfrgkfld vk/kkj rS ;kj FkkA
Hkkjr es a vaxzs th jkT; 'kfDr'kkyh FkkA mudh idM+ tksjnkj FkhA mudk eqdkcyk dSls fd;k tk,\ blds fy, xkW ¡/khth us vfgalk dk ekxZ viuk;kA mUgksus dgk fd vfgalk ds }kjk lkeuk djsaxsA nqfu;k dks ;g ,d cM+k fopkj feyk mles a fuoSjrk vkSj izfrdkj o`fr nksuks feyhA ifj.kke Lo:i lekt dks ,d u;k fopkj feykA fuoS jrk ls izfrdkj dh 'kfDr c<+h vkSj izfrdkj ls fuoSjrk dhA xkW ¡/khth us gesa ,slh ;qfDr crk;h fd lkjs cM+s&cM+s 'kL= cs dkj cu x;sA mudk fopkj Fkk fd fuHkZrkiwoZ d ^uk* dgus dh 'kfDr
vkuh pkfg,A tSls ,d vkneh dks jk{kl us idM+kA jk{kl mlls [kwc dke djkrkAvkjke dk rks uke ughA tjk lk vkjke ij jk{kl /kedh nsrk fd [kk tkÅW¡xk mls cSBus
gh u nsrkA vkf[kj ml vkneh us lks pk dh dc rd ,slk pysxk\ blfy, ,d fnu mlus dg fn;k fd ^tk dke ugh djrk rq >s [kkuk gks rks [kk tk* ysfdu jk{kl us mls [kk;k ok;k ugh D;ksafd ,d ckj [kk tkus ij mldk dke dkSu djrk\ ckn esa vkneh dks fgEer vk xbZA mlus dgk cxSj etnw jh fy, dke ugh d:W¡ xk rks jk{kl etnwjh Hkh ns us
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yxkA la{ksi es a lkj ;g gS fd uk dgus dh 'kfDr gksuh pkfg,A xyr dke esa lg;ksx ugh
nwW ¡xk ;g dgus dh fgEer geesa vkuh pkfg,A ,s lk djrs gq, ejuk iM+s rks ej tk,A e`R;q ls u MjsA vkRek dHkh ugh ejrh blfy, ge ugh ejrsA euq"; esa ,slh fuHkZ;rk vkuh pkfg,A izs e ls lc ,d gksdj fuHkZ;rk iw oZd lkeus okys dks tckc ns fd vkids xyr dke esa enn ugh djsxs aA ;gh gS ^vfga lk* dk lPpk Lo:iA2
Mjdj ?kj cSBs jgs vkSj yM+kbZ es a u tk; rks mls vfgalk ugha dgs xsaA cfYd yM+kbZ esa tkdj dguk pkfg, fd eS a ejus ds fy, rRij gw¡] ys fdu ek:W ¡xk ughA ;gh vfga lk dh 'kfDr gSA vfglk ds f'k{k.k ds fy, 'kL=ks a dh vko';drk ugh gksrhA vxj 'kL= gks rks mls Qsd nsuk pkfg,A tks yks x ;g dgrs fd vfga lk lh[kus ls igys fgalk lh[kuh pkfg,A mudh ckr rks ,sls gh gqbZ tSls ;g dguk fd ikih gh iq.;oku cu ldrk gSA tSls fgalk dh rkyhe esa ekjuk fl[kk;k tkrk gS blh rjg vfga lk dh rkyhe es a ejuk fl[kk;k tkrk
gSA fgalk es Hk; ls eqfDr ugh feyrh cfYd Hk; ls cpus dk bykt <Ww ¡<+us dk iz;Ru gSA tcfd vfga lk ls Hk; dk LFkku gh ugh gSA Hk;eqDr gksus ds fy, vfgalk ds mikld dks mPp dksfV dh R;kxo``fr fodflr djuh pkfg,A ftlus lc iz dkj ds Hk;ks dks ugh thrk og iw.kZ vfgalk dk ikyu ugh dj ldrkA blfy, vfgalk ds iqtkjh dks dsoy bZ'oj dk gh Hk; gksrk gS nw ljs lc Hk;ks dks og thr ysrk gSA bZ 'oj dh 'kj.k nwW ¡<+us okys dksvkRek vkS j 'kjhj dks vyx&vyx dk Hkku gksrs gh {k.k Hkaxqj 'kjhj dk eksg mrj tkrk
gSA bl rjg vfgalk dh rkehy fgalk dh rkehy ls loZFkk myVh gksrh gSAvfgalk ?kj es a cS Bs&cSBs ugha lh[kh tk ldrhA mlds fy, lkgl dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA ge Hk;eq Dr gq, gS ;k ugh ;g tkuus ds fy, gesa taxy esa ea xy djuk lh[kuk pkfg,A 'e'kku es a HkVduk pkfg, 'kjhj dk neu djds vus d d"V lgu djus dh 'kfDr
iz kIr djuh pkfg,A nks vknfe;ksa dks yM+rs ns[kdj tks euq"; dkaius yxrk gS ;k Hkkx tkrk gS og vfgald ugh cfYd dk;j gSA vfgald ,sls >kxM+ ks dks jksadus es vius dks dqckZ u dj nsxkA tksf[ke mBkdj vfga ld viuh ijh{kk djrk gSA fgald dh 'kfDr mldk gfFk;kj gS tcfd vfgald dk gfFk;kj rks jke&uke gSA vfgalk nqcZ y dk ugha cyoku dk 'kL= gSA vfgalk dk vFkZ vijk/k dks {kek djuk vkS j cnyk u ys ukA vfga lk dksbZ ;kaf=d fØ;k ugha gSA ;g ân; dk loksZ re xq.k gSA tks vfgalk ds ekxZ dks viukrs gSa] os eu] deZ] opu ls vfgald curs gSaA ;g vfgald izfrjks/k dks vlg;ksx ;k lfou; voKk dh la Kk nh xbZA vxj vfgald izfrjks/k es a fgalk dk feJ.k gks tk;s ;k og fgalk ls xBca/ku dj ys rks og izfrjks/k vfgald ugha dgk tk;s xkA
xkW¡/khth dks vfgalk dk vk/kkj Hkkjrh; n'kZu dk vax ;ksx lw= gSA ftles bZ'oj
HkfDr }kjk lekf/k ,oa eqfDr iz kIr dh tk ldrh gSA bZ'oj HkfDr ls ;ksxh esa vkRek ds Lo:i dk lE;d ds Kku ,oa eu dks papy djus okys vUrjk;ks a ck/kkvksa dk vHkko gksrk gSA bu ck/kkvks a ;k vUrjk; ;Fkk& jksx vkyL; vkfn dgk x;k gSA bu vUrjk;ks ls ihM+k] ekufld d"V] 'kjhj dEiu] 'okl&iz'okl dh vfu;ferrk dh mRifr crk;k x;k gSA ;ksx 'kkL= ds f}rh; ikn ds izFke lw = esa fØ;k;ks x ;k ,s lh fØ;k,¡ ;k vH;kl tks ;ksx dh iz fIr ds fy, vko';d gS] ;s gS ri] Lok/;k; ,oa bZ'oj izf.k/kku (bZ 'oj HkfDr) tks dk;Z:i es a ifj.kr fd;s tkus ij lekf/k dh mRifr djrs gSA mu Dys'kks dks de djrs gS tks vfo/kk vfLerk (O;fDro dk Hkko) jkx (oklukvksa ds izfr eksg) }s"k (tks
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Øks/koiwoZd ihM+k ,oa mlds dkj.kksa es a ik;k tkrk gS) ,oa vfHkfuos 'k (thus dh bPNk ;k
thou ls fpiduk) ds :i esa izdV gks rs gSA4
blds vfrfjDr ;ksx lw= es vkB vax crk;s x;s gS ftlds vH;kl ls v'kq f¼;k¡ nwj gks rh gSaA ;s vkB vax ;e] fu;e] iz k.kk;ke] izR;kgkj] /kkj.kk] /;ku ,oa lekf/kA5 ;ks x ds vkB vax esa izFke ik¡p vizR;{k :i ls lekf/k ds fy, mi;ksxh gSa D;ksfd os lekf/k fojks/kh ;Fkk fga lk vlR; vkfn o`fr;ks a dks nwj Hkxkrs gS a vkS j ;ksx ds cfgjax lk/ku dgs tkrs gSA fdUrq /kj.k /;ku vkSj lekf/k dks ;ksx ds vUrjax lk/ku dgs tkrs gSaA fyax iqjk.k esa vkBks vaxks a dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA ;ks x lw= esa ik¡p ;e crk;s x;s gSa & vfgalk] lR;]vLrs ;] cz ãp;Z ,oa vifjxzgA bl ;ksx lw= esa of.kZ r lekf/k dh voLFkk izkIr djus esa
dbZ ;ksx fØ;k,¡ gS ftles vfga lk dk Hkko LFkkfir gSA ;e ik¡p gS a] ftlesa igyk vfga lk gSA xk¡/khth vfgalk vkS j ;ksx lw= dh vfgalk ,d nw ljs ds iwjd gSa A ckS¼ n'kZu ds vuq lkj
ftu dkj.kksa ls nq%[k mRiUu gksrk gS mu dkj.kksa ds uk'k djus ds mik; dks gh fuokZ.k ekxZ dgk x;k gSA blds vkB vax gS] blfy, bls v"Vkafxd ekxZ dgk x;k gSA lE;d n` f"V] lE;d la dYi] lE;d okd~] lE;d dekZfUr] lE;d tho] lE;d O;k;ke] lE;d Le`fr] lE;d lekf/k ;s vkB vax vfgalk dh lexz vko/kkj.kk dks /kkj.k fd;k gSA tS u n'kZu es a f=jRu dks gh eks{k dk lk/ku crk;k x;k gS] lE;d n'kZu] lE;d Kku vkSj lE;d pfj=A rRokFkkZ/kxe lw= esa gh mekLokeh us dgk& lE;d n'kZ u&Kku&pfj=kf.k eks s{kekxZ%A tSu n'kZ u dk f=jRu lEiw .kZ vfgalk ds vkn'kZ dks LFkkfir djrk gSA tS u n'kZu ds ik¡p egkozr esa lR;] vfgalk] vLrs ;] czãp;Z vkS j vifjxz gA vfgalk rHkh LFkkfir gksxk tc lR;] vLrs;] czãp;Z vkS j vifjxz g lkFk&lkFk /kkj.k fd;k tk,A fdlh ,d ds vHkko esz vfgalk LFkkfir ugha gks ldrhA xk¡/khth us vfgalk dks lqn`<+ djus rFkk iw .kZ
cukus ds fy, jpukRed dk;Z Øe ij cy fn;sA xk¡/khth ds vuqlkj vfgalk dh 'kfDr ls LojkT; dh izkfIr gksus ij mldh j{kk Hkh blh ds cy ij dj ldsxsA vfgalk dh 'kfDr ls LojkT; dh izkfIr vkS j vfga lk }kjk mldh j{kk jpukRed dk;Z Øeksa ds vey ij fuHkZj gSA jpukRed dk;ZØe ds vUrxZ r& fgUnw eqfLye vFkok lkaiznkf;d ,drk (2)vLi` ';rk fuokj.k (3) egkiku fu"ks/k (4) [kknh (5) vU; xzkeks|ksx (6) xk¡oks dh lQkbZ
(7) u;h ;k cqfu;knh f'k{kk (8) iz kS<+ f'k{k.k (9) L=h lsok (10) vkjksX; f'k{k.k (11) jk"Vª Hkk"kk izpkj (12) ekrHkk"kk izs e (13) vfFkZd lekurkA6
bl izdkj ds jpukRed dk;ksZ ls vfgalk ds ekxZ ij O;fDr vxzlj gks rk gSA xk¡/khth us dgk& bl fgalke; lalkj esa euq"; dk /keZ vfga lk gS vkSj og ftrus va'kks esvfgald gS mrus gh va'kks es a viuh tkfr dk xkSjo c<+k ldrk gSA euq"; dk LoHkko fga lk
ugh vfgalk gSA D;ksfd ogh vius vuq Hko ls fu'fpr iw oZd ;g dg ldrk gS] eS 'kjhj ugh vkRek gw¡ A mlesa ls og ns g&neu dh dke&Øks/k] en&eksg] eRlj vkfn 'k=qvksa dks thr ysus dh uhfr dh jpuk djrk gSA mUgsa thrus dk Hkkjh iz;Ru djrk gSA vkSj mles a og iw .kZ lQyrk izkIr djrk gSA tc og ,slh lQyrk izkIr djrk gS rHkh ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd mlus ekuo tkfr ds vuq:i dk;Z fd;k gSA blfy, vfgalk dk ikyu cMs+ mPp izdkj dh ohjrk dk y{k.k gSA vfgalk esa Hkh Hkh:rk ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugh gks ldrkA7 vkt Hkh fgalkokn ds cgqr ls iqtkjh iM+s gq, gS fd gR;kjksa dh gn ls T;knk iz 'ka lk djrs gSA os gR;kjks dk xq.kxku blfy, djrs gSa fd gR;k djus es a mldk gsrq
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jktuhfrd gksrk gSA vkt fo'o lkekt es lkekftd lkSgknZ] /kkfeZ d izklafxdrk ,oa
euq"; dh 'kka friw .kZ lg vfLrRo [krjs esa gS rks cqn~~/k egkohj ds lkFk xk¡/khth ds fopkj iz klafxd gks x;k gSA muds }kjk crk;s jpukRed dk;Z ls Hkkjr es gh ugh ojuk fo'o es a HkkbZpkjk lkekftd lkSgknZ LFkkfir fd;k ldrkA lEiw.kZ ekuo tkfr dk dY;k.k xk¡/khth
dh vfga lk esa fufgr gSA tks vfgalk dks ekurs gS a] os mldh 'kfDr dks igpkus vkSj eu opu deZ ls vfgald cusA ,slk djus ls ges a ;g Hkh ekyw e gksxk fd fo"k;Hkksx euq";&LoHkko ds izfrdw y gSA bl Hkksx dk loZFkk R;kx djus ls gh vfgalk dk lq[k izkIr gks xkA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- x¡k/kh% tSlk ns[kk le>k fcuksck us& dkfUr lkbZ 'kkg i0 75 loZ lsok la?k izdk'ku
2- ogh i`0 773- xk¡/kh& vfgalk dh rkdr i0 164- ;ksx lw= ri% Lokg;k;s'oj izkf.k /kkekfu f½P;k ;ksx 1&2 1&35- ;w x lw=& ;ksxka xkuqCBkukn'kq fg{k;s 'kkunhfjrjkfnosd[;krsA ;ku fu;eklu& iz k.kk;ke& izO;kgkj
/kkj.kk& /;ku & lek/;ksCVkoaxkfu & 2 28 296- xk¡/kh& vfgalk dh rkdr i0497- mijksDr i`0 26
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orZeku ;qx vkSj xk¡/khoknh vkfFkZd n`f"Vdks.k orZeku ;qx vkSj xk¡/khoknh vkfFkZd nf"Vdks.k orZeku ;qx vkSj xk¡/khoknh vkfFkZd n`f"Vdks.k orZeku ;qx vkSj xk¡/khoknh vkfFkZd nf"Vdks.k orZeku ;qx vkSj xk¡/khoknh vkfFkZd nf"Vdks.k
¹ Jhizdk'k flag ¹ Jhizdk'k flag ¹ Jhizdk'k flag ¹ Jhizdk'k flag ¹ Jhizdk'k flag ¹¹ la/;k 'kqDyk ¹¹ la/;k 'kqDyk ¹¹ la/;k 'kqDyk ¹¹ la/;k 'kqDyk ¹¹ la/;k 'kqDyk
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¹ fjlpZ] Ldkyj] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] 'kkldh; Bkdqj j.ker flag (Lo'kklh) egkfo|ky;
jhokA¹¹ izksQslj ,oa foHkkxk/;{k] LukrdksÙkj jktuhfr foKku foHkkx ,oa 'kks/k dsUnz 'kkldh; Bkdqj
j.ker flag (Lo'kklh) egkfo|ky; jhokA
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& xk¡ /kh th ds vkfFkZd fopkj] le;] vko';drk vkSj ekuork dh n`f"Vdks.k ls izsfjr gSA lkFk gh os okLrfodrk vkS j Lo;a ds vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr gS A ;gh dkj.k gS fd xk¡ /kh th dsvkfFkZ d fopkj cnyrs jgs gS aA tgk¡ fgUn Lojkt esa xk¡ /kh ds fopkj orZeku lH;rk fojks/kh] ;a =
fojks/kh vkSj iw¡ th fojks/kh izrhr gksrs gS ] ogha ckn esa muds fopkj] O;ogkji;ksxh vkS j ;a=ksa lsle>kS rk djus okys fn[kkbZ nsrs gS aaA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
leL;kvksa ds izfr egkRek xk¡/kh dk n`f"Vdks .k vR;Ur oSKkfud] ;qfDr;qDr vkS j O;kogkfjd gS] dkYifud vkSj lS¼kfURkd gB/kfeZrk ij vk/kkfjr ugh gS] tSlk dh ns'k&fons'k ds dq N rFkk dfFkr cq f¼oknh vDlj dYiuk djrs gSaA xk¡èkh th dk 'kkLor lR;ksa ds izfr gB] vkLFkk vkSj mudh izkfIr fdlh Hkh gkyr es a le>kS rk ls ugha ] dsoy ifo= lPps lkèkuksa ls la Hko gSA os ,d O;kogkfjd vkn'kZoknh Fks vkSj vius fofHkUu ,oa le`¼ vuqHkoksa ds iz dk'k esa ns'k dh fofHkUUk leL;kvksa dk O;kogkfjd lekèkku dk iz ;kl fd;k djrs FksA xk¡èkh th dh vkfFkZd fopkjèkkjk cqfu;knh rkSj ij ;qfDr;qDr vkSj
gekjs le; ds loZFkk vuq:i FkhA xk¡èkh th ds fopkj eè;;q xhu vkS j nfd;kuwlh u gks dj vius le; ls cgqr vkxs Fks vkSj vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd dkj.kks a ls ckè; gksdj gesa vkt ds fojksèkkHkklksa ds lekèkku ds fy, mudh vksj okil ykSVuk gksxkA
ubZ fnYyh esa xk¡èkhoknh fopkj èkkjk ij 8 tuojh ls 5 Qjojh 1970 rd lEiUu vUrjkZ"Vªh; xks "Bh izk;% bl ckjs esa ,d er Fkh fd xk¡ èkhoknh fopkj èkkjk vkèkqfud ;qx
ds vR;Ur vuq:i gSA xk¡èkh th ds nsgkolku ds ckn ?kfVr gks us okyh vus d ?kVukvksa us bl vuq:irk dks de ugha fd;k vfirq c<+k;k gh gSA xk¡èkh th dks ftl ladV ls lkeuk djuk iM+ k Fkk og ladV LiLVr% vHkh lekIr ugha gqvk gS cfYd vkSj Hk;kog gks x;k gS] mUgksaus tks lekèkku lq>k;s Fks os vHkh iqjkus ugha gq, gSa u ds oy vius] cfYd fo'o ds leLr ns'kksa esa vkfFkZd fopkj èkkjk] vk;kstu vkSj dk;Z {ks= esa xk¡èkh th ds fopkj vc Hkh ,d pqukS rh iz Lrqr djrs gSaA ik'pkR; vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa us vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa ls lEcUèk j[kus
okys 'kkL= ^^vFkZ 'kkL=^ dks èku ds vè;;u rd lhfer j[kkA èku vtZu dh leLr fØ;k;sa vFkZ'kkL= ds vè;;u {ks= esa vkus yxhA HkkSfrd miyfCèk;k¡ gh vFkZ'kkL= dk
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fo"k; {ks= gks x;h gSA HkkSfrd miyfCèk;k¡ dh vR;fèkd vkdka{kk ls vFkZ'kkL= ekuoh;
rRoksa dh mis{kk Lor% gh djsxkA ik'pkR; fpardksa ds fy, ekuoh; rRoksa dh mis{kk dk dks bZ egRo ugha FkkA HkkSfrd miyCèkrk ds iz fr brus vfèkd mRlkgh fn[kus ds dkj.k ik'PkkR; vFkZ'kkL=] vFkZ'kkL= dks ,d ,slk foKku Hkh ekuus yxs ftlesa vlhfer vko';drk;s gSa fdUrq mudks larq"V djus dh vkdk¡{kk ds fy, lkèku lhfer gSA lhfer vko';drkvksa dh ifjfèk Lo;% bruh vlhfer gks tkrh gSa fd budh lUrqf"V ds fy,
euq"; O;xz gks tkrk gSA ik'pkR; vkfFkZd n'kZu HkkSfrd lq[kksa dh izkfIr gh thou dk lkè; vuqHko djrk gSA xk¡èkh dks ,sls vkn'kZ vkSj fl¼kUr Lohdkj ugha Fks ftlesa vkè;kfRedrk ij viuk izHkqRo tek fy;k tk;s vkSj euq "; vkfFkZ d 'kfDr;ks a ls tw>rk
gqvk vuSfrdrk ls xaBcèku dj cSBs bUlku dh dekbZ dk edln ds oy HkkS frd lq[k ikuk gh ugha cfYd uSfrd fodkl djuk gSA xk¡èkh th us vFkZ'kkL= ds {ks= es a Hkh ekuoh;
vkn'kksZa vkSj ekuoh; dY;k.k gs rq lR; vkSj vfgalk dk izfriknu fd;k gSA ts0lh0 dqekjI;k dk er gS **vFkZ'kkL= ij fy[kh tkus okyh fdrkcksa esa tks vke dk;ns dkuw u crk;s tkrs gSa os fdUgh olwyksa ds ekrgr gksrs gS ys fdu xk¡/kh th ds fopkjks a esa ,s lk ugha gksrkA xk¡/kh th ds vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkS j nwljs lHkh fopkj ewY;ijd gSaA ;g ewY; gS lR; vkSj vfgalk] bu nks dlkSfV;ksa ij tks pht [kjh ugha mrjh mls xk¡ /khoknh ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA xk¡/kh ds vuqlkj vFkZ'kkL= lkekftd U;k; rFkk uSfrd vkn'kksZ a ds iwfrZ ds fy, [kM+k gSA
xk¡/kh th ds fopkjksa dk vFkZ'kkL= ;g gS fd /kulaxzg izxfr ds ekxZ es a ck/kd gSA muds vuq lkj vkt dh vkfFkZd pqukS fr;k¡ thll ØkbLV ds le; esa FkhA ØkbLV] eksgEen] cq¼] ukud] dchj] pSrU;] 'ka dj] n;kuUn jked`".k egkiq:"kksa us viuh
mifLFkr ls fo'o dks lEiUu cuk;kA mUgksaus Los PNk ls fu/kZurk dks viuh fu;fr ds :i esa vaxhdkj fd;kA geus vk/kqfud HkkSfrd lH;rk dks viuk y{; cukdj izxfr dks c<+kus xfrfof/k;ks a dks lhfer djus dh vko';drk gSA blls lHkh izdkj dh ekSfyd vkdkW{kkvksa dh lekfIr ugha gks ldrhA ;g vkfFkZ d lR; gSA xk¡/kh th Hkkjr] ves fjdk
rFkk ;w jks i ds ns'kksa ds leku HkkSfrdrkoknh nkS M+ esa uSfrdrk dk vUr ugha djuk gSA iq :"kksa fL=;ks a rFkk ckydksa e`rns gksa ij [kM+ h gksus okyh nSR;kdkj fpefu;ks a rFkk QSfDVª;ks a dks ilUn ugha djrs FksA ns'k dh vkfFkZd le`f¼ c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk uSfrdrk dk Loj fnuksa fnu ?kVrk tk jgk gS aA
xk¡/kh th ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dk vkfFkZd <k¡pk vFkok leLr fo'o dk vkfFkZd vk/kkj ,slk gksuk pkfg, ftlesa dks bZ Hkh O;fDr vukt rFkk oL= ls foiUu u gksA iz R;sd
O;fDr dks bruk dke feyuk pkfg, fd og viuh vko';drkvksa dh U;wure iw frZ vo'; dj ldsaA ;g rHkh la Hko gSA tcfd thou ls lEcf/kr ewyHkwr vko';d oLrqvksa dk mRiknu turk ds fu;U=.k esa gksA nSfud mi;ksx dh oLrq,a mlh izdkj miyC/k gks tS ls bZ'oj }kjk iznÙk gok ,oa ikuh 'kks"k.k dh vogsyuk dk vFkZ fouk'k dkjh gks ldrk gSA ;|fi xk¡/kh th leku forj.k ds vkn'kZ ds i{kikrh gS fdUrq O;kogkfjd n`f"Vdks.k ls os leku forj.k ds LFkku ij U;k;laxr forj.k dks Lohdkj djrs gSaA vlekurk dh mRifÙk dh foospuk djrs gq, xk¡/kh th us vifjxzg dks vLrs; ls lR;o¼ fd;k gSA ;fn dks bZ oLrq fdlh ds vko';d gksrs gq , Hkh laxzghr gS rks mls pksjh u ekurs gq, pq jkbZ xbZ
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lRifÙk ds vUrxZr oxhZd` r fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bZ'oj esa iw.kZ vkLFkk j[krs gq, gesa bl
fo'okl ds lkFk thou ds lkFk thou O;rhr djuk pkfg,A nSoh dkuw u ds izfr gekjsvKku rFkk ykijokgh us gh gekjs e/; vlekurk rFkk mlls lEcfU/kr d"Vksa dks mRiUUk
fd;k x;k gSA vehjksa ds ikl ,slh oLrqvksa dk Hk.Mkj ftudh mUgsa vko';drk ugha gSvkS j bl dkj.k os oLrq,a O;FkZ iM+h jgrh gSA tcfd djksM+ks a O;fDr Hkw[k ds ekjs dky
dofyr gks tkrs gSA izR;sd O;fDr viuh vko';drk vuqlkj gh oLrq vks a dk laxzg djsa rks dks bZ Hkh O;fDr Hkw[kk ugha jgsxkA vehj esa gh mruk gh vlarks"k gS ftruk fu/kZu esa lHkh O;fDr lsok dh Hkkouk ls dke djus yx tk;s rks iw ¡th dk laxz g gh ugha gks vkSj iw ¡th tU; vlekU;rk;sa lekIRk gksus ds lkFk&lkFk Hkq [kejh Hkh lekIr gks tk,A
xk¡/kh th us lekurk ds vkn'kZ dks Li"V djrs gq, dgk fd lkekftd n f"Vdks.k ls lc leku gS vFkkZr~ lcdks volj dh lekurk dk vf/kdkj izkIr gSA ;ks X;rk lEiUu
O;fDr vf/kd /ku vtZu djs axs vkSj os viuh n{krk dk blds fy, iz;ksx Hkh djsxsaA ;fn ,sls O;fDr viuh ;ksX;rk dk mnkjrk ls iz ;ksx djs rks os jkT; ds dk;Z dk fu"iknu dj ldrs gSa A ,sls O;fDr U;klh ds :i esa fo|eku jgrs gSa A ckSf¼d izfrHkk okys ;fn vf/kd vk; izkIRk djrk gSA rks mls cqf¼ dks dqa fBr djus dh vko';drk ugha gS] fdUrq ,sls
O;fDr dh vki dk cM+ k Hkkx jkT; ds fgr esa mlh rjg iz;q Dr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A la;qDr ifjokj esa firk ds dekus okys iq :"k dh vki os U;klh ds :i esa viuh vkenuh dks j[ksaA lEifÙk ds fo"k; ij xk¡ /kh th us iz se rFkk futh lEifÙk lkFk&lkFk ugha py ldrs lS¼kfUrd n`f"V ls iw jk izse rHkh lEHko gSA tc iw.kZ vifjxzg gksA gekjh ns g dh gekjh vfURke lEifÙk gSA iw .kZ izse rFkk vifjxzg rHkh lEHko gSA tc ekuoh; lsok esa vius 'kjhj dks vfiZr djus ds fy, rS;kj gks tk;sA jkT; dks U;wure lEifÙk ;qDr cukuk
pkgrs gSaA jkT; esa 'kfDr dk vR;f/kd dsUnzh;dj.k Hk;kog gksrk gSA futh lEifÙk jkT; ds lEifÙk ds LokfeRo ls de fgalkRed gSA O;fDr viuh vknrks a ds vuqlkj pyrk gS fdUrq vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd og viuh bPNk ds vuq:i pysA jkT; dh 'kfDr dk foLrkj vR;Ur Hk;kud gSA jkT; 'kks "k.k dk vUr djus dk dk;Z djrs gq, /khjs&/khjs O;fDr fodkl dks LkekIRk dj ns srk gSA O;fDrRo dh gkfu izxfr dk fojks/kh gSA
xk¡/kh th ds vkfFkZd fopkjksa dk vk/kkj jks th&jksVh dk fl¼kUr gSA VkyLVk; ls xk¡/kh th us ;g izsj.kk izkIr dh gSA thfor jgus ds fy, euq "; dks dk;Z djuk pkfg,A jfLdu ds fopkjksa us Hkh mudks bl fn'kk esa izo`Rr fd;kA Vh-,e-cksUMkjsQ us loZizFke ;g fopkj izdV fd;k fd euq"; viuh jkssVh Lo;a vius gkFkksa ls dke djds dek;sA VkyLVk; ls bl fopkj dk xk¡ /kh th us ;g izs j.kk izkIr dh gSA thfor jgus ds fy,
euq"; dks dk;Z djuk pkfg,A jfLdu ds fopkjksa us Hkh mudks bl fn'kk esa izo`fÙkA Vh- ,e-cksUMkjsQ us loZizFke ;g fopkj izdV fd;k fd euq"; viuh jksth jksVh Lo;a vius gkFkksa ls dke djds dek;sA VkyLVk; us bl fopkj dk O;kid iz pkj fd;kA xhrk dsvuqlkj fcuk d"V ds izkIr Hkkstu pqjk;s gq, Hkkstu ds leku gSA ;g jksth jksVh dk
fl¼kURk gS fd Je fd;s fcuk O;fDr dks Hkkstu djus dk vf/kdkj ugha gSA iw¡th rFkk Je ds e/; fo'oO;kih la?k"kZ fNM+k gqvk gSA fu/kZ rk iw¡thifr ls bZ ";k djrk gSA ;fn lHkh O;fDr dke djs rks oxZ foHksn feV tk;s xkA
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xk¡/kh th us vkfFkZd fopkjksa dks uSfrd vk/kkj f'kyk iznku dhA mUgksaus dgk fd
lPpk vFkZ'kkL= dHkh Hkh mPPkre uS frd ekin.M ds fo:¼ ugha tk ldrkA vFkZ'kkL= dks U;k; Hkkouk ls ifjiw.kZ gks uk pkfg, og vFkZ'kkL= tks O;fDr vFkok jk"Vªks a ds uS frd dY;k.k ij vk?kkr djrk gS vuSfrd gS vkSj blfy, bl izdkj dk fopkj iru dh vksj ys tkrs gS] ftldh lapkyu 'kfDr vkRek gSA ;g foy{k.k lh ckr gSA euq"; ncko esa vkdj vf/kdre dk;Z ugha dj ldrkA vf/kdre dk;Z dks rHkh fd;k tk;sxk tc
la pkyd dks vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh cuk fn;k tk;sxkA gekjk mn~ns'; ,d ,s lh U;k; O;oLFkk djuk gS tks ;g lksps fd nwljksa ds izfr D;k drZ O; gSA xk¡/kh th ds vuq lkj Lora= izfrLi¼kZ ds fl¼kURk esa /kuh yksx fu/kZuks a dk 'kks"k.k djds fcuk ifjJe ds /ku dek ysrs gSa A ekfyd vkSj ukS dj ds lEcU/k fnu izfrfnu fcxM+Rks pys tkrs gSA ;fn vFkZ'kkL= dks uSfrd vk/kkj ij izfrf"Vr dj fn;k tk; vkSj ykHk dh bPNk ds LFkku ij
U;k; Hkkouk dks iz ksRlkgu fn;k tk;s rks vk/kq fud vkfFkZd ;qx ds xEHkhj nks"k nwj gks tk;sxsA
iw ¡thokn us nfjnzrk] csjkstxkjh] 'kks "k.k vkSj lezkT;okn dh Hkkouk dks c<+kok fn;k tkrk gSA xka ¡/kh iw¡th ds ,d=hdj.k dks vuS frd ekurs gSA mudk dguk gS fd tks O;fDr viuh vko';drkvksa ls vf/kd iw¡th ysrk gS og pks jh djrk gSA D;ksa fd fojks/k ds ckotw n xk¡/kh iw¡th vkS j Je esa fdlh izdkj fojks/k ugha ekurs gSA okLro esa xk¡/kh nksuksa esa leqfpr lEcU/k LFkkfir djuk pkgrs gSA os nksuksa ,d nwljs ij vk/kkfjr ekurs gSA os nksuksa esa fdlh ,d dh loks ZPprk ugha pkgrs gSaA vkn'kZ lekt es a vlekurk,a gks ldrh gS ijUrq la?k"kZ vkSj dVqrk ughaA
xk¡/kh th iw¡thifr;ksa dk lQk;k ugha pkgrs cfYd mudk ân; ifjorZu dj mUgsa
vius vfrfjDr /ku ds Vª LVh cukuk pkgrs gSA xk¡/kh iw¡thifr;ksa dks lekIRk ugha djuk pkgrs cfYd mues a ykHk 'kks"k.k dh izo`fÙk dks cnyuk pkgrs gSaA iw¡ thifr;ks a ds vf/kd /ku dekus dh ;ksX;rk dks de ugha djuk pkgrs Fks] os muds vfrfjDr /ku dks lkoZtfud dY;k.k ea s yxkuk pkgrs gSaA ewY;kadu&¹ xk¡/kh ds vkfFkZ d fopkjksa dh ;g dgdj vkykspuk dh x;h gS fd os vknZ'kijd
rFkk vO;ogkfjd gSA os ekuo lekt dks mldh izkjafEHkd fLFkfr;ks a esa ys tkus okys gSA os ekuo iz d`fÙk ds ,d igyw ij cy ns rs gS rFkk mldh HkkS frd vko';drkvksa dh mis{kk djrs gS a rFkk orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa xyr gSA¹ xk¡/kh dk ân; ifjorZu dk fl¼kURk vlEHko gSA bfrgkl bl ckr dk lk{kh gS
fd vkfFkZd lEc/kksa dks cnyus ds fy, ân; ifjorZu i;kZIRk ugha gSA xk¡/kh th us bZekunkjh dh dYiuk bruh vf/kd dh gS fd mUgksa us ekuo dh HkkSfrd vko';drkvksa vkSj olqU/kjk dh izsj.kkvksa dks Hkq yk fn;k gSA¹ xk¡/kh ,d gh le; ij futh LokfeRo vkSj lkoZtfud LokfeRo dh ckr djrs
gSA ;g le> es a ugha vkrk fd lkekftd O;oLFkk O;kogkfjd ifjorZ u ykus ds fy, xk¡/khoknh O;oLFkk Li"V :i ls jkT; dk Hkjkslk D;ksa ugha djrhA ;fn jkT; lÙkk vkS j 'kfDr dk izrhd gS tSlk fd xk¡/kh th ekurs gSa rks D;ksa fd u mls vdY;k.kdkjh la LFkk ekudj ns[kus ls vLohdkj dj fn;k tk;A
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¹ ;fn bls dY;k.kdkjh rFkk lkoZtfud ykHk esa of¼ djus okyh la LFkk ekurs gS
rks D;ks a u bldh 'kfDr dks c<+k;k tk,A bu lc iz'uks a ds mÙkj xk¡/kh ds fopkjksa esa ugha feyrk os vius uSfrd ewY;ksa }kjk gh ifjorZu pkgrs gSA tc turk bu uSfrd ewY;ksa dh O;kogkfjdrk dks pqukS rh nsrh gS rks ml ij cuk;k x;k Hkou vius vki fxj tkrk gSA¹ csjkstxkjh] 'kks"k.k rFkk lkezkT;okn dh Hkkouk;s a ;a =hdj.k ls iSnk gksrh gSA
ijURkq vkyks pd xk¡ /kh th ds bu fopkjks a dks feF;k] fujk/kkj vkSj cqf¼ dh nklrk ekurs gSA mudk dguk gS fd ;a=ksa dks vLohdkj djuk mRifÙk ds fu;e dh HkRlZuk gSA ;a=ks a ls mRiUu gks us okyh ftu leL;kvks a dk o.kZu xk¡/kh th us fd;k gS os okLro esa ;a=ksa ds dkj.k iSnk ugha gksrh cfYd ;a=ksa dh xyr O;oLFkk] mRiknu vkS j fooj.k dh xyr iz .kkfy;ksa esa lq/kkj djds nw j fd;k tk ldrk gSA xk¡/kh th lkoZ tfud mi;ksfxrk okys ;a=ksa dh D;ks a Lohdkj djrs gSA
¹ xk¡/kh th dk ;g fopkj mfpr izrhr ugha gksrk fd ;a=hdj.k ls lkez kT;okn dh Hkkouk,a iSnk gksrh gSA ;fn bls eku fy;k tk; rks bl ckr ls budkj ugha fd;k tk
ldrk fd ;a=ksa ds dkj.k Lora=rk rFkk jk"Vªh; Hkkoukvksa dk fodkl Hkh gqvk gSA tks lkezkT;okn ds fy, dc fl¼ gq bZ gSa A orZeku le; esa iz R;sd Lora = jk"Vª viuh iz kjfEHkd fLFkfr ls fudyus ds fy, ;a=ksa dk lgkjk ys jgs gSaA¹ Lo;a forj.k dh leL;k iSnk ugha djrs os iw¡th dk dsUnzh;dj.k Hkh ugha djrsvkS j u gh Jfed dks cs?kj djrs gS ;fn ,slk eku fy;k tk; rks bu nks"kks a dks
fods Unz hdj.k] lekTkhdj.k vkSj Jfedksa esa tkxzfr iS nk djds nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA¹ ;g fopkj feF;k gS fd rduhdh fodkl vkSj vk/;kfRed fodkl ,d nqljs ds
fojks/kh gS orZeku le; esa ftrus Hkh vk/;kfRed nk'kZfud gq, gSA muesa dsoy xk¡/kh th
dks NksM+dj ckdh lc rduhdh fodkl dks vk/;kfRed fodkl dk iwjd ekurs gSA mudk fo'okl gS fd rduhdh fodkl ekuo Lora=rk ds {ks= dks fodflr djrk gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- ukxj iq:"kksÙke% vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd fpUru i0 408&4092- eUuk ukjk;.k% xk¡/khoknh ds fopkj] ;kstuk vDVqcj 1972 mldh izklafxdrk ;kstuk
vDVwcj] 19793- yky I;kjs dk ys[k % xk¡/kh th dh Lons'kh Hkkouk i0 295- eksgunkl djepUnz xk ¡/kh % gfjtu 29 twu 19356- ;jonk eanhj % i`0 51&52
7- Lihpst % 3438- ;ax bf.M;k % 9 ekpZ 19229- ;ax bf.M;k % 1 uoEcj 192810- flag jke th % xk¡/kh n'kZu ehekal i0 203
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xka/kh dk vfgalk fl¼kUr vkSj vkradokn xka/kh dk vfgalk fl¼kUr vkSj vkradokn xka/kh dk vfgalk fl¼kUr vkSj vkradokn xka/kh dk vfgalk fl¼kUr vkSj vkradokn xka/kh dk vfga lk fl¼kUr vkSj vkradokn
¹ vuqjk/kk flag ¹ vuqjk/kk flag ¹ vuqjk/kk flag ¹ vuqjk/kk flag ¹ vuqjk/kk flag
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¹ lgk;d izk/;kid] jktuhfr'kkL=] 'kkldh; ';kek iz lkn eq[kthZ egkfo|ky; lhrkiqj] NRrhlx<+
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ lkjka'k&xka/kh ds lR;] vfgalk vkSj lR;kxzg ds fl¼kUr dks dksbZ Hkh ns'k ugh ekurkA ,d vksj cgqr ls ns'k vkRej{kk ,oa viuh lSU; 'kfDr dks c<+kus ds fy, vL=&'kL=ksa dk teko dj jgs gS a] rks os gh ns'k nwljh vksj ek= fn[kkos ds fy, fo'o 'kkafr dh ckr djrs gSa vkS j xka/kh dslR;] vfgalk vkfn dk jkx vykirs gS aA ;fn fo'o dks fo/oald ;q¼ ,oa vkra dokn ls cpkuk
gS rks fo'o ds lHkh ns'kks a dks LokFkZ dh jktuhfr ls Åij mBdj] xka/kh ds lR; o vfgalk dslans'k dks lgh ek;us esa viukuk gksxk rc gh fo'o es a 'kkafr ,oa veu pSu dk;e gks ldsxk ugh rks og fnu nw j ugh tc fo'o dk fouk'k gksdj gh jgsxkA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
vfgalk dh 'kfDr ls gh fgald izo fÙk;ksa dks lUekxZ ij yk;k tk ldrk gS D;ks afd ;fn fgalk ls ,s lk lEHko gks rk rks lekt dh cqjkb;ks a dks nwj djus dh fn'kk es a gekjh mUufr ,d ges 'kk Å¡ps mBrs gq, fgalk ds xz kQ ds lkFk lkFk gksrh vkSj de fgalk dk bykt djus ds fy, vf/kd fgalk dh t:jr gksrhA vkradokn dks vkt thou ds vU; igyqvksa ls fcYdqy vyx djds ns[kk tk jgk gS vkSj ftruk mls vyx fd;k tkrk gS mruk gh og rjg&rjg ds :i esa izdV gks dj lekt es a gj iz dkj dh ohHkRlrk ykrk gSA vkradokn
turk esa fo'okl vkSj lq j{kk ds Ùkoksa esa deh ykrk gSA lkekftd LokLF; vkSj jpukRed 'kfDr;ks a dh n`f"V ls ,slh ifjfLFkfr vR;Ur 'kkspuh; gSA vkradokn ds c<+ ++kos ds ihNs [kklrkS j ij os Ùko dke djrs gSa ftudk fj'rk lÙkk ls tqM+ k gS] ;kuh mldh dqath mu rkdrks a ds gkFk esa gksrh gS ftuds ikl lÙkk gksrh gSA tc lÙkk O;ogkfjd vkSj vkerkSj ij ekU; Lrj dks ikj dj tkrh gS] rc os O;fDr ;k rcds] ftUgs ml lÙkk ds dkaVs pq Hkus yxrs gSa ] ml dq ath dh udy djuk 'kq : djrs gSa D;ksa fd mu O;fDr;ks a ;k rcdks a ds ikl mruh 'kfDr ugh gksrh ftruh fd lÙkk/kkfj;ksa ds ikl gksrh gSA os [kqys vke vkrad dk ,syku o iz ;ksx djus ds ctk; yq ds&Nqis <ax ls] ;k nwljksa ds uke ls vkrad QS ykdj vius mn~ns';ksa dks ikus dh dksf'k'k djrs gS aA1 Hkkjr es a vaxzstksa ds fo:¼ xka/kh us vfgalk
dk lQy iz;ks x fd;k vkSj mUgksuas vchlhfu;k ds fuokfl;ks a] psdks a] iksyks rFkk vkØe.k
ls ihfM+r vU; i{kks a dks ijke'kZ fn;k fd os vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ds fo:¼ vfga lkRed iz frjks/k dh uhfr viuk;sA phfu;ksa dks xka/kh us ijke'kZ fn;k fd ;fn os yksx mudh vfgalk dh fopkj/kkjk dks viukrs rks tkiku ds fouk'kdkjh uohure ;a=ksa dk dksbZ Hkh
mi;ksx ugh jgrkA2 okLrfodrk rks ;gh gS fd fdlh Hkh lekt esa vkt rd dsoy cy iz ;ksx ls LFkk;h 'kkfUr vkSj O;oLFkk dk;e ugh j[kh tk ldh gSA gj ;q x esa lH; lekt dk ew yk/kkj 'kkfUr vkS j lg;ks x dh O;kid Hkkouk gh jgh gSA ;fn fgalk vkSj vlg;ksx
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gh thou ds fu;e gksrs rks D;k eqB~Bh Hkj flikfg;ks a }kjk 'kkfUr vkS j O;oLFkk ds iz ;Ru
lQy gks rs\ iqu'p% ;g Hkh ,d ,sfrgkfld rF; gS fd ;q ¼jr i{kks a ds fooknksa dk vfUre fuiVkjk 'kL=ksa dh Va dkj ls ugh cfYd ;q ¼ksUrj 'kkfUr okrkZvksa }kjk gqvk gSA
xka/kh th dgrs gSa & ^^vfga lk ,d futhZo fl¼kUr ugha gS] vfirq ,d thfor vkS j iz k.knkf;uh 'kfDr gS] ;g 'kwjohjksa dk ,d xq.k gS] rF;r% mudk loZLo gSA ;g vkRek dk ,d fof'k"V xq.k gSA blfy, ;g lcls mPpre /keZ gSA vfgalk ds lw;Z ds mn; gks rs gh ?k`.kk] Øks/k vkS j bZ";kZ&}s"k vkfn vU/kdkj :ih 'k=q Hkkx tkrs gS aA3 xka/kh th ds 'kCnksa esa & ^^vxj fgalk dk dke vius lkeus iM+us okyh gj pht dk Hk{k.k gS] rks vfgalk dk
dke fgalk ds eq ¡g dks Hkj ns uk gSA vfga lk ds okrkoj.k es a O;fDr viuh vfga lk dh ij[k djus dk volj ugh ik ldrkA bldh ij[k rks dsoy fga lk ds ekgkSy esa gh dh tk ldrh gSA**4 ^^fga lk dk dkjxj tokc dsoy vfgalk gSA ;g ,d iz kphu lqLFkkfir lR;
gS fd fgalk dk gfFk;kj] Hkys gh og v.kq ce gks] lPph vfgalk ds lkeus ukdke gks x;kA ;g lgh gS fd vfgalk ds 'kfDr'kkyh gfFk;kj dks pykuk cgq r FkksM+s yksxks a dks vkrk gSA blds fy, cM+h lw>&cw> vkS j lcy fpÙk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA fga lk dk tokc vfgalk ls nsus esa eglwl dh tkus okyh dfBukbZ fpÙk dh nq cZyrk ds dkj.k iSnk gksrh gSA5
Lo;a xka/kh th ds 'kCnks a esa & ^vfgalk la lkj ds mu egku fl¼kUrksa es a ls gSa ftls nqfu;k dh dksbZ rkdr ugh feVk ldrhA bldh lPpkbZ izekf.kr djus ds iz;kl esa esjs tS ls gtkjksa yks x ej tk;sa] ij vfgalk dHkh ugh ejsxh vkSj vfgalk dk fl¼kUr ml ij vkLFkk j[kdj mlds fy, cfy gks tkus okys O;fDr;ksa }kjk gh izpkfjr gks ldrk gSA**6 ^^vfgalk mPpre vkn'kZ gSA ;g ohjks a ds fy, gS] dk;jks a ds fy, dnkfi ughaA vkS jksa dh cfy ls ykHk mBkuk vkSj bl Hkze esa jguk fd ge cM+s /kkfeZd vkSj vfgald gSa ] dsoy vius dks
/kks[kk nsuk gSA**7 ^^vfgalk dk ekxZ fga lk ds ekxZ dh rq yuk esa dgha T;knk lkgl dh vis{kk j[krk gSA8 vkids ikl vfgalk dh ryokj gks rks nq fu;ka dh dks bZ 'kfDr vkidksviuh v/khurk esa ugh ys ldrhA ;g fotsrk vkSj foftr] nksuksa dk mnkÙkhdj.k djrh
gSA**9 ^^bl le; lkjh nqfu;k es a fgalk dh tks ygj vk;h gq bZ gS] mldk lgh dkj.k ;g gS fd vHkh rd ohj iq:"k dh vijkts; vfga lk dh rduhdh dks iwjh rjg [kks tk ugh x;k gSA vfgald ÅtkZ dk ,d vkSal Hkh dHkh csdkj ugh tkrkA**10
;g lgh gS fd vfgalk vius vki esa ,d egku 'kfDr gS fdUrq ;g Hkh lgh gS fd vfgalk ds fcuk ge ml bZ 'oj rd ugh igqa p ldrsA vfgalk esa thoUr vkLFkk bZ'oj es a
thoUr vkLFkk ds fcuk vlEHko gSA mlds fcuk mlesa lkgl gh iS nk ugh gksxk fd og fcuk Øks/k] fcuk Hk; vkSj fcuk izfrjks/k ds ej ldsA ;g lkgl bl fo'okl ls iSnk gks rk gS
fd gekjs g`n; es a bZ'oj dk okl gS vkSj bZ'oj ds fudV gks us ls Hkyk Hk; dSlkA bZ 'oj dh loZO;kidrk dk Kku nw ljksa ds izfr vknj dh Hkkouk iS nk djrk gS] Hkys gh dksbZ nwljk fojks/kh gks ;k xq.MkA11 okLro esa vfgalk ds vUrxZr vfgald Lo;a viuh 'kfDr ls dk;Z ugh djrkA bZ'oj mls 'kfDr iznku djrk gSA12 vfga lk ds fcuk fga lk fVd ugh ldrh gSA pwa fd dq N yksx vfgalk dk ikyu djrs gSa] ;k lHkh yksx cgqr lh NksVh eks Vh ckrksa esa vfgalk dk ikyu djrs gSa A vr% fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k dh fgalk dqN le; ds fy, fVd tkrh gSA ij fgalk viuk uk'k Lo;a djokrh gSA og vkRe?kkr gSA lHkh fgalk djus yxs rks fdlh dh fgalk dkjxj ugh gks ldrhA mYVs lekt dk] O;fDr dk] mPNsn gks
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tk;s xkA fga lk loZuk'kd gSA vkt fLFkfr ;g gS fd xka /kh ds lR;] vfgalk vkSj lR;kxzg
ds fl¼kUr dks dksbZ Hkh ns'k ugh ekurkA ,d vks j cgqr ls ns'k vkRej{kk ,oa viuh lS U; 'kfDr dks c<+kus ds fy, vL=&'kL=ksa dk teko dj jgs gSa] rks os gh ns'k nw ljh vksj ek= fn[kkos ds fy, fo'o 'kkafr dh ckr djrs gSa vkS j xka/kh ds lR;] vfgalk vkfn dk jkx vykirs gS aA ;fn fo'o dks fo/oald ;q ¼ ,oa vkradokn ls cpkuk gS rks fo'o ds lHkh
ns'kks a dks LokFkZ dh jktuhfr ls Åij mBdj] xka/kh ds lR; o vfgalk ds lans'k dks lgh ek;us esa viukuk gks xk rc gh fo'o esa 'kkafr ,oa veu pSu dk;e gks lds xk ugh rks og fnu nwj ugh tc fo'o dk fouk'k gksdj gh jgsxkA vr% vkt ge ;fn i`Foh ij ekuo ds vfLÙko dks cjdjkj j[kuk pkgrs gSa rFkk vkra dokn dks tM+ ls lekIr djuk pkgrs gSa rks fujL=hdj.k djuk lHkh ns 'kksa dk igyk drZO; gks uk pkfg,A lkFk gh xka/kh dsvfgalk ds fl¼kUr dk ikyu djus dk oz r ysuk gksxk] blh esa euq"; ,oa fo'o dh HkykbZ
gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- izHkkr dq ekj & LorU=rk laxzke vkSj xka/kh dk lR;kxzg*] fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZUo;u funs'kky;]
fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] i`0 932- ogh i`0 943- MkW0 oh0 iV~VkHkh lhrkjEeW;k (ewy ys[kd)] fgUnh :ikUrjdkj osnjkt osnkydkj] ^xka/kh
vkSj xka/khokn*&,d v/;;u] izFke laLdj.k 19574- gfjtu] 13&15 1939 i0 1215- gfjtu] 1&6&1947] i0 1726- gfjtu] 17&5&1946] i`0 1407- gfjtu] 9&6&1946] i0 1728- gfjtu] 4&8&1946] i`0 248&2499- gfjtu] 9&6&1946] i0 17410- gfjtu] 11&1&1948] i0 50411- gfjtu] 18&6&1938] i0 15212- gfjtu] 18&8&1940] i0 256
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uj&ukjh lekurk ds i{k/kj MkW- yksfg;k uj&ukjh lekurk ds i{k/kj MkW- yksfg;k uj&ukjh lekurk ds i{k/kj MkW- yksfg;k uj&ukjh lekurk ds i{k/kj MkW- yksfg;k uj&ukjh lekurk ds i{k/kj MkW- yksfg;k
¹ vk'kk pkS/kjh ¹ vk'kk pkS/kjh ¹ vk'kk pkS/kjh ¹ vk'kk pkS/kjh ¹ vk'kk pkS/kjh
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¹ foHkkxk/;{k] n'kZu 'kkL=] 'kkldh; ts- ;ks- N- x- egkfo|ky;] jk;iqj (N-x-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ lkjka'k& relk unh ds rV ij cls vdcjiqj (ftyk QStkckn) es a 23 ekpZ lu~ 1910 dkstUes MkW - yksfg;k ds cgqvk;keh O;fDrRo ds vusd igyw ,sls gS a ftUgs a vkt dh ih<+h ugha tkurhA ;wa rks ekuo thou dh ihM+k ds yxHkx~ gj i{k dks mUgksaus dqjsnk gS fdarq fQygky uj&ukjh lekurk ds laca/k esa muds fopkj tkuuk jkspd gksxkA
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ MkW - yksfg;k ,d lPps ;qxpsrd FksA ,d lPps ns'kizseh ftUgsa Li"V nh[k iM+ rk
Fkk fd ns'k dks iru ds xrZ esa ys tkus okys D;k dkj.k gSaA Hkkjr ns'k dh lH;rk&laLd` fr dk vfHkeku ikys cSBs jgus okys ge lksp Hkh ugha ikrs fd vkf[kj D;ksa ;s ns'k lfn;ksa rd xqykeh dk cks >k <ksrk jgk \ vkSj D;k otg gS fd vkt Hkh viuh tkfrxr Js"Brk dk naHk vuojr <ksrs ge lekt ds ,d fo'kky oxZ ds lkFk gksus okys nqO;Z ogkj] vlekurk Hkjs lokyksa ij ;k rks >wBs vkadM+ks a ls eu cgykrs gSa] ;k fQj cxysa >kadus yxrs gSa A
MkW - yksfg;k ekurs Fks fd tkfr&izFkk] lkaiznkf;drk rFkk uj&ukjh vlekurk vkfn os dkj.k gSa ftuds pyrs ns'k ,d dne vkxs c<+ rk gS rks ;s dkj.k bls pkj dne
ihNs Qs ad nsrs gSaA Hkkjr esa f'kf{kr efgyk dks] vPNk dekrh efgyk dks ns[kdj yxrk
gS fd efgykvksa us [kwc fodkl fd;k gSA ysfdu cqfu;knh rkSj ij vHkh Hkh cgqr dqN cnyuk ckdh gSA L=h vius vf/kdkjks a ds izfr tkx#d gqbZ gS ysfdu vHkh Hkh mlsvf/kdkjksa dh yM+ kbZ esa thr vklkuh ls gk¡fly ugha gksrhA
vkt Hkh efgyk gh pwYgs&pkSds es a [kVrh gSA ?kqVus&?kqVus dhpM+ esa /kku jks irh gSA cPPks laHkkyrh gSA esgur&etw jh djrh gSA ?kj&ckgj ds gj ekspsZ ij rSukr jgrh gS vkSj de ls de ikrh gSA mldh f'k{kk ls ,d Økafrdkjh QdZ vo'; vk;k gS ysfdu vHkh Hkh efgykvks a dk ,d cM+k oxZ gS tks ekuoksfpRk O;ogkj ls oa fpr gSA
dgus dks rks gekjs ns'k esa dgk x;k gS fd tgk¡ ukjh dh iw tk gksrh gS og ?kj LoxZ gSA ys fdu izkphu dky ls gh ukjh dks xqykeh dh tathjksa ls pgq¡ vksj tdM+ dj j[k fn;k x;k FkkA euqLe` fr esa dgk x;k gS &
^ckY;s firq oZ'ks fr"B ikf.kxzkgL; ;kSousA iq =k.kka HkrZ fj izsrs u Hktsr L=h Lora=rke~ AA*1
vFkkZ r~ ukjh cpiu es a firk ds v/khu] ;qokoLFkk es a ifr ds] ifr dh e`R;q vkfn ds ckn iq=ksa ds v/khu gh j[kh tk,A
ftl lekt dk v/kkZa'k lnk xqyke jgs ogk¡ ml ns 'k esa dSls vkSj D;ksa dj fodkl dk mtkyk QSysxk\ bl O;oLFkk ds f[kykQ MkW- yksfg;k us thou&i;Zar fojks/k ds Loj
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012 49
cq yan fd;sA uj&ukjh esa vlekurk dks os dHkh Hkh u lgu dj ik,A ukjh dk
pkSds&pwYgs essa [kVrs jguk] ngst izFkk] cgqiRuh izFkk vkfn ds os dêj fojks/kh FksA os Li"V dgrs Fks fd ngst ys us okys ;q odksa dk lkekftd cfg"dkj fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA bldsvykok ^,d ifr] ,d iRuh* dk fl¼ka r os vkn'kZ*2 ekurs FksA dU;k dks vPNh f'k{kk
o vPNk LokLF; feys bldh iSjoh os ftanxh Hkj djrs jgsA L=h leL;kvks a ds izfr os [kqydj viuk i{k j[krs FksA eqfLye /keZ es a pkj ifRu;k¡ j[kus dh vktknh dh Hkh mUgks aus Li"V vkykspuk dhA mudk er Fkk fd *;fn enZ pkj iRuh j[k ldrk gS rks L=h dks ;g NwV D;ks a ugha\*3
Hkkjrh; fga nw iq #"k dh bl ekufldrk ij Hkh os [kqydj cs ckd iz 'u mBkrs Fks fd *D;ksa iq#"k Lo;a vusd fL=;ksa ls la ca/k j[ks fdarq viuh iRuh dks lkfo=h gh ds #i esa ns [kuk pkgs\ lkfo=h rks ;ejkt ls Hkh vius ifr dks NqM+k ykbZ Fkh fdarq D;k otg
gS fd ,slk djus okys enZ <w a<s ugha feyrs\*4 mudk Li"V er Fkk fd ftl iz dkj ,d L=h ,d iq#"k ls tUe&tUeka rjksa ds fy;s tqM+ tkrh gS iq#"k dks Hkh ;gh ekU;rk viukuh pkfg;sA*5 os i{kikr jfgr gks dj cqf¼erk iwoZd iz'u mBkrs Fks fd C;fHkpkj ds dkj.k dsoy ukjh gh D;ksa fuank dh ik= dgykrh gS\ iq#"k dh Hkh mruh gh fua nk dh tkuh pkfg;sA mudh csckd /kkj.kk Fkh fd enZ fNukyksa dh rks fganqLrku esa fuank gks rh ugha fda rq L=h fNukyksa dh fuank gks tkrh gSA*6
;g Hks nHkko lfn;ksa ls pyk vk;k gSA lkjs nks"k dsoy L=h ij e<+dj lekt larq "V gks tkrk gS fd mlus uSfrdrk o pfj= dh j{kk dk iz;kl dj viuk dÙkZ O; iwjk dj fy;k fdarq pfj=ghu o vuSfrd dehZ [kq ys ?kwers lekt ds fy;s pq ukSrh cus jgrs gSaA ;g bl ns'k dk nqHkkZ X; gh gS fd ij&iq#"k xkfeuh L=h dks ;gk¡ Hkjiwj frjLd`r djus dh
iz o`fÙk ikbZ tkrh gSA fdarq ijL=h&xeu djus okyksa dks lekt ds d.kZ/kkj eBk/kh'k leku vuqikr es a yfTtr&frjLd`r ugha djrsA vk/kq fud iq#"k ,d rjQ rks pkgrk gS fd mldh
iRuh mldh iw jh xqykeh djs] nwljh rjQ og xqyke iRuh dks ges'kk dne dne ij viuk lkFk nsus esa l{ke Hkh ns[kuk pkgrk gSA MkW- yksfg;k dgrs Fks fd *;s nksuksa ckrs ,d lkFk laHko ugha A tks l{ke gS og v/khu dSls jgsxh\ vkSj tks v/khu gksxh og rks nch ?kqVh gh jgsxhA* l{kerk vkSj oSpkfjd 'kw U;rk es a D;k laca/k gS\ gj izdkj ls l{ke] lq;ksX;] i<+h&fy[kh] dk;Z dq'ky cf<+ ;k iRuh ;fn pkfg;s rks mls v/khuLFk cuk, j[kus ds bjknks a dks yxke nsuh gh gks xhA
os Lo;a dks v/kZukjh'oj ekurs Fks] vk/kk enZ rFkk vk/kh ukjh*8 vr% Li"V dgrsFks fd vius v/kkZa'k dks ihfM+ r] 'kksf"kr] ijra=] nck&dqpyk] etcwj j[kuk vius vki
ls cSj j[kuk gh gSA mudk er Fkk fd ukjh ds vkfFkZd #i ls l{ke gq , fcuk mlds iw.kZ gd rFkk okftc vkRelEeku dh izkfIr mls ugha gks ldrhA dqnjrh rkSj ij ukjh iq #"k ls 'kkjhfjd rkSj ij detksj gSA vr% yksfg;k th dgrs Fks fd mls dqN LokHkkfod ls T;knk gh LFkku&lja {k.k nsuk gh pkfg;sA*9 ;gk¡ efgyk vkj{k.k dh ppkZ vla xr ugha gSA ;|fi ,slh dksbZ ppkZ mUgksaus bl uke ls ugha dhA fQj Hkh] tc os dgrs gS a fd leku osru] fof/kd voljksa vkfn dh lekurk ds vykok ukjh dks viuh iz kd` frd detksjh ds eísutj fo'ks"k volj feys a rks os efgyk vkj{k.k ds gh fgek;rh fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA mudk bl laca/k es a fcYdqy lkQ utfj;k Fkk ^izFke volj] rRi'pkr ;ksX;rk*A vFkkZr~ ukjh
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dks volj fn;s tk,a fd og ;ksX; gks ldsA os L=h ds jktuhfr eas izos 'k ds Hkh iw.kZ
leFkZd FksA IysVks us ekuk gS fd L=h jkT; ds leLr dk;kZ y;ksa esa gkFk caVkus es a l{ke gksrh
gSA MkW- yksfg;k dk fuf'pr rkS j ij ;gh vfHker FkkA os *L=h&iq#"k lekurk ds gkfnZd ckSf¼d lHkh vk/kkjksa ij fgek;rh FksA*10
lfn;ksa ls ukjh 'kksf"kr] nch&?kqVh] ijaijk vkfn ds rys dqpyh jgh gSA mls Lo;a gh viuk ekxZ r; djuk gksxkA viuh lkjh 'kfä blesa yxkuh gks xhA ekxZ es a vkus okyh ck/kkvksa o izyksHkuksa vkfn ls Lo;a fucVuk gksxk] budh Lo;a igpku djuh gksxhA mlds fy;s ges'kk vkn'kZ vU;ksa us r; fd;s gSaA tc og Lo;a ds vkn'kZ Lo;a fuf'pr djus es a leFkZ gks tk,xh rc MkW- yksfg;k dk uj&ukjh lekurk dk liuk lp gks xkA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- euqLe`fr] 3&34] 342- tulRrk ubZ fnYyh] fnukad 9 vxLr] 19983- uoHkkjr] bankSj] e-iz-] fnukad 23 flracj] 19954- ubZ nqfu;k] bankSj] e-iz-]fnukad 11 tqykbZ] 1999 ls vks>k fouhr }kjk mnr] i&225- oghA6 MkW- vks>k fouhr] fo'o ifjn'; ds d.kZ/kkj] es/kk izdk'ku] fnYyh] i&1367- iqjanjs jRuk] MkW yksfg;k pk ifjp;] lq/kk izdk'ku]ukxiqj] i&1098- ogh] i`&1279- 'kekZ f{kfrt] , gqesfufLVd vkmVyqd bu ikWfyfVDl] i&23010- ogh] i`&128
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egf"kZ vjfoUn ds lkfgR; esa fufgr 'kSf{kd rRo] egf"kZ vjfoUn ds lkfgR; esa fufgr 'kSf{kd rRo] egf"kZ vjfoUn ds lkfgR; esa fufgr 'kSf{kd rRo] egf"kZ vjfoUn ds lkfgR; esa fufgr 'kSf{kd rRo] egf"kZ vjfoUn ds lkfgR; esa fufgr 'kSf{kd rRo] f'k{kk ds ek/;e (lk/ku) dk v/;;u ,oa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk f'k{kk ds ek/;e (lk/ku) dk v/;;u ,oa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk f'k{kk ds ek/;e (lk/ku) dk v/;;u ,oa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk f'k{kk ds ek/;e (lk/ku) dk v/;;u ,oa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk f'k{kk ds ek/;e (lk/ku) dk v/;;u ,oa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk
uhfr (1986) ls izklafxdrk uhfr (1986) ls izklafxdrk uhfr (1986) ls izklafxdrk uhfr (1986) ls izklafxdrk uhfr (1986) ls izklafxdrk ¹ ih-ds- ikVhy ¹ ih-ds- ikVhy ¹ ih-ds- ikVhy ¹ ih-ds- ikVhy ¹ ih-ds- ikVhy ¹¹ g"kZnso xkS re ¹¹ g"kZns o xkSre ¹¹ g"kZnso xkS re ¹¹ g"kZns o xkSre ¹¹ g"kZnso xkSre
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
¹ foHkkxk/;{k] f'k{kk ladk;] o/kZeku egkfo|ky;] bVkjlh (e-iz-)¹¹ 'kks/kkFkhZ] vkj-ch-,l- dkyst] vkxjk (m-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lkjka'k&bl jgL;e; txr esa u tkus fdrus jgL; fNis gq, gS aA viuh ftKklk izo`fRr dsdkj.k ekuo mu jgL;ks a dk mn~?kkVu djus ds fy, ;k vKkr oLrqvks a ds lEca/k eas tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy;s lnS o rRij jgrk gS A ;g rRijrk mldh lH;rk] Kku vkS j izxfr'khy izd`fr dh ifjpkf;dk gS ] mles a tkuus dh] uohurk dks <wW < fudkyus dh vkS j vKkr dks [kkst fudkyus dh izo`fRr LokHkkfod gksrh gSA blh izo`fRr ds dkj.k gh dqN oLrqvks a vkS j ?kVukvks a dsfo"k; es a og lc dqN tkurk gS] dqN ds fo"k; esa mldh tkudkjh v/kwjh gS vkS j dqN ds fo"k; es a og vc Hkh dqN ugha tkurkA blfy, tkuus ;k [kkstus dk dk;Z Øe vkt Hkh tkjh gS A blh iz;Ru'khyrk dk mn~ns'; Kku dk foLrkj] Kku dk Li"Vhdj.k rFkk fo|eku Kku dk lR;kiu gS] blh dks 'kks/k dgrs gS aA ;gh uohu Kku dh izkfIr dk ,d O;ofLFkr lk/ku vkS j ?kVukvksa dsvUr%LFky rd iS Bus dk vL= gS A izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u dk mn~ns'; egf"kZ vjfoUn ds lkfgR; esa fufgr 'kS f{kd rRo] f'k{kk ds ek/;e (lk/ku) dk v/;;u ,oa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986)
ls izklafxdrk dks n'kkZuk gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
f'k{kk gh lekt dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu dk ek/;e gS] bu leL;kvksa ij fot;] f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls iz kIr dh tk ldrh gSA ;gkW Li"V gS fd orZ eku f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa dqN deh gS rHkh og bu leL;kvksa dks lq y>kus esa lgk;d ugha gks ik jgh gSAvr% orZeku f'k{kk ds fofHkUu i{kksa ij fopkj dj la'kks/ku dh vko';drk gS] blfy,
orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh vkxkeh ifjf.kfr;ksa dh ifjdYiuk fparu dk fo"k; cu jgh gSA orZeku fLFkfr dks /;ku esa j[kdj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa dqN ,slk ifjorZu fd;k tkos fd ckyd o O;fDr ds efLr"d dh lksp esa ldkjkRed ifjorZ u yk lds] ftlls orZeku esa fo|eku 'kSf{kd rRoksa esa lq /kkj dj lekt dks ekuoh; cuk;k tk ldsA bldks /;ku es a j[kdj f'k{kk'kkfL=;ksa ds vkHkk e.My esa fopj.k djus ij ,d O;fDrRo /kqzorkjk dh rjg n`f"Vxr gksrk gS] ml O;fDrRp es a fo'kq¼ Hkkjrh; o ik'pkR; fopkj/kkjk dk la xe fn[krk gS] tgkW HkkS frd o vk/;kfRed xaxk ;equk dh ygjsa lefUor #i ls izokfgr gksrh gS] og O;fDrRo dksbZ vksj ugha ^^egf"kZ deZ;ksxh vjfoUn th** gSaA orZeku ifjizs{; esa f'k{kk dh nw f"kr izo` fRr;ksa dk inkZQk'k djuk o mudk mfpr lek/kku
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djds f'k{kk ds egRo dks vf/kd cy nsuk] vkt dh vko';drk gSA iz Lrqr 'kks/k v/;;u
'kks/kdrkZ }kjk blh n`f"V dks /;ku es a j[kdj fd;k tk jgk gS vFkkZr~ egf"kZ vjfoUn ds lkfgR; es a fufgr 'kSf{kd rRo dh [kks t djds o v/;;u djds vkt dh nwf"kr f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks lq/kkjus dk lq>ko ns lds rFkk jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) ds fØ;kUo;u vkS j 'kS f{kd leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa ekxZn'kZ u fey ldsA iz Lrqr 'kks/k v/;;u es a iz ;qDr
fof'k"V 'kCnksa dh la f{kIr O;k[;k ;gk¡ izLrqr dh tk jgh gSA
'kSf{kd rRo&vk'k;& ^^'kSf{kd rRo ls rkRi;Z f'k{kk dh izfØ;k vkSj la ?kVu ds ewy rRo ?kVd vkSj fopkj ls gSA bu rRoksa ls feydj gh f'k{kk dh lajpuk curh gS vkSj fØ;kfUor gksrh gS vFkkZr~ 'kSf{kd rRo ls rkRi;Z f'k{kk ds {ks= eas 'kS f{kd fopkj/kkjk ls gSA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) ls izklafxdrk& bldk rkRi;Z gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk
lu~ 1986 esa tks jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr r; dh xbZ gS mlesa O;Dr 'kSf{kd fopkj] fl¼kar o uhfr;ka egf"kZ vjfoUn ds lkfgR; es a dgka rd ifjyf{kr gS vkSj jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ds fØ;kUo;u dks muls fdruk cy fey ldrk gS jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) ds varxZr f'k{kk] vkt ds jk"Vªh; ifjis{; es a gekjs HkkSfrd ,oa vk/;kfRed fodkl ds fy;s ,d cqfu;knh eqn~nk gSA
'kks/k v/;;u dk mn~ns';& egf"kZ vjfoUn ds lkfgR; esa fufgr f'k{kk ds ek/;e (lk/ku) dk jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) ds la nHkZ esa izklafxdrk dk v/;;u djukA
'kks/k v/;;u dh ifjlhek,a&¹ egf"kZ vjfoUn ds lkfgR; esa fufgr 'kSf{kd rRo (f'k{kk ds ek/;e) dk gh v/;;u
fd;k x;kA¹ egf"k Z vjfoUn tUe'krkCnh ij ,oa blds i'pkr~ iz dkf'kr fofHkUu i=&if=dkvks a ds fo'ks"kkadksa ,oa ys[kks a dh Hkh bl 'kks/k v/;;u es a lgk;rk yh xbZA
¹ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) dk;Z ;kstuk dk v/;;u fd;k x;kA¹ 'kks/k v/;;u fgUnh ek/;e es a fd;k x;kA¹ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) ij miyC/k ekud iqLrdksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;k ,ao
fofHkUu i=&if=dkvksa es a izdkf'kr jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) ls la ca f/kr fo'ks "kkad ,oa ys[kksa dh Hkh bl 'kks/k v/;;u es a lgk;rk yh xbZA
'kks/k v/;;u gsrq iz;qDr 'kks/k fof/k& 'kks/k ds {ks= esa fof/k ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krh gSA fdlh Hkh dk;Z dh lQyrk o vlQyrk mldh fof/k ij fuHkZj jgrh gS gekjs
v/;;u dk izeq[k mn~ns'; egf"kZ vjfoUn ds lkfgR; esa fufgr 'kSf{kd rRo] f'k{kk ds ek/;e dk v/;;u djuk ,oa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) ls izkla fxdrk n'kkZ us dk izek.k fd;k tkuk gSA ;g dk;Z ^^vUroZLrq fo'ys "k.k fof/k** ds fcuk la Hko ugha gks ldrkAvr,o 'kks/k v/;;u dh izd`fr ds vuqlkj ^vUroZ Lrq fo'ys"k.k fof/k** dk iz;ks x fd;k
x;k gSA
U;kn'kZ&¹ iz Lrqr 'kks/k v/;;u ds varxZr egf"kZ vjfoUn ds 'kSf{kd rRo ls lacaf/kr ml
lkfgR; dk v/;;u fd;k x;k tks Jh vjfoUn vkJe] ikafMps jh ls iz dkf'kr gqvk gSA
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¹ egf"kZ vjfoUn dh 'kSf{kd n` f"V ls izkIr lkfgR; ,oa fofHkUu izdk'kuksa ls
iz dkf'kr mu ij fy[kh iqLrdks a ds f'k{kk laca/kh va 'kksa vkSj izlaxksa dk vUroZ Lrq fo'ys "k.k fd;k x;kA¹ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) dk;Z ;kstuk ds vk/kkj ij ^^egf"kZ vjfoUn ds
lkfgR; esa fufgr 'kS f{kd rRo**] jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) ds la nHkZ eas fdrus le;kuq dw y ,oa izklafxd gS] ;g n'kkZus dk iz ;kl djuk 'kks/kdrkZ dk eq[; y{; jgk gSA
egf"kZ vjfoUn o jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) ds vuqlkj f'k{kk ds lk/ku (ek/;e)& jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) esa ek/;e laca/kh fopkjks a dk mYys [k gSA ek/;e esa lq/kkj vkSj ifjorZ u gsrq jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr esa fufgr y{; vkSj lka roha ;kstuk es a mBk;s tkus okys izkFkfed dne bl iz dkj gSa &¹ Vh-oh- vkSj j sfM;k s VªkalehVj dk foLrkj ¹ 1990 rd eq [; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa es a rFkk vkBoha ;kstuk ds nkSjku vU; Hkk"kkvks a
es a i;kZ Ir {kerk iSnk djus ds fy;s x`g dk;ZØe mRiknu lqfo/kkvks a esa foLrkj djukA
¹ ikB~ ;ppkZ lgk;d lkexz h dk mRiknu] vuqfyfidj.k vkSj forj.k ds fy, xSj izlkj.k rjhds ys[k fp=dyk] f'k{k.k midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, 7oha ;kstuk ds nkSjku lqfo/kkvks a@laxBuksa dk fodklA
¹ 7oha ;ks tuk ds nkSjku 'kSf{kd ek/;e ds fy, tu'kfDr mRiUu djus ds fy, izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa @lqfo/kkvks a dk fodklA
¹ 7oha ;kstuk ds }kjk izk;ejh@,yhes.Vjh fo|ky;ksa ds js fM;ks fjlhoj vkS j 1995 rd lHkh fo|ky;ksa dks Vh-oh- miyX/k djkukA
¹ ehfM;k dk;ZØeksa ls vfoyac cckZnh o fgalk laca/kh rRoks a dks nwj djukA¹ 1995 rd okafNr Lrj rd igq Wpus ds fy, ;k s tuk ds nkSjku lax.kd tu'kfDr ds
fodkl ds fy;s fo|eku dk;Z Øeksa dk foLrkj u;s dk;ZØeksa dh 'kq #vkr vkfn bR;kfnA gekjh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) esa Hkkx 5 esa ^f'k'kqvksa dh ns[kHkky vkS j
f'k{kk* dk nkf;Ro ljdkj dks fn;k x;k gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) ds vuq lkj] ^^cPpks a ds fodkl ds fofHkUu i{kks a dks vyx&vyx djds ugha ns[kk tk ldrkA ikS f"Vd vkgkj o LokLF; dks vkS j cPpksa ds lkekftd] ekufld] 'kkjhfjd] uS frd vkS j HkkoukRed
fodkl dks lesfdr #i ls ns[kuk gksxk bl n`f"V ls f'k'kqvksa dh ns [kHkky vkSj f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tk;sxk vkSj bls tgka Hkh laHko gks] les fdr cky fodkl lsok dk;Z Øe ds lkFk tks M+k tk;s xkA izkFkfed f'k{kk ds lkoZHkkSfedj.k ds la nHkZ esa f'k'kqvksa dh ns[kHkky ds ds Unz [kksys tk;sa xs] ftlls vius Nks Vs HkkbZ&cguksa dh ns[kHkky djus okyh yM+fd;ksa dks Ldwy tkus dh lq fo/kk fey ldsA** bl izdkj jk"Vª h; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) us ifjokj ds ,d iz eq [k dk;Z dks vU; laLFkku dks gLrka rfjr dj fn;kA
egf"kZ vjfoUn ds vuqlkj 'kSf{kd vfHkdj.k& (d) fo|ky;& egf"kZ vjfoUn] fo|ky; dks lekt ds y?kq #i esa ns[krs Fks vkSj fo|ky; dk dk;Z ckyd dk HkkSfrd vkSj vk/;kfRed fodkl djuk ekurs FksA fo|ky;
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dks ckyd dk HkkS frd fodkl djus ds fy;s Js"V Hkk"kkvksa ] lkfgR;] foKku dh f'k{kk
nsuh pkfg,A mudk fopkj Fkk fd euq"; ds vk/;kfRed fodkl ds fy;s fo|ky;ksa dks euq"; es a ekuoksfpr xq.kks a dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A fo|ky; dks ckydksa es a iztkrkaf=d xq.kksa dk Hkh fodkl djuk pkfg,A
([k) ifjokj& f'k{kk ds vukSipkfjd vfHkdj.kksa esa egf"kZ vjfoUn ds vuqlkj lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gS & ifjokjA ckyd ds loakZxh.k fodkl gsrq ifjokj dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA egf"kZ vjfoUn ;g ekurs gSa fd 7 ;k 8 o"kZ dh voLFkk ds i'pkr~ ckyd dh vkSipkfjd f'k{kk vkjEHk gksuh pkfg,A rc rd ekrk&firk
dks ifjokj esa gh f'k{kk nsuh pkfg,A
(x) jkT;& vkt dh f'k{kk esa jkT; dh Hkwfedk ds laca/k esa fooknkLin fopkj gSaaA jkT; dks f'k{kk es a fdruk gLRk{ks i djuk pkfg,] bl ij f'k{kk 'kkL=h ,der ugha gSaA dqN f'k{kk esa jkT; dk gLRk{ksi fcYdq y ilan ugha djrs vkSj dqN yks x f'k{kk dks jkT; ds v/khu ykuk pkgrs gSaA egf"kZ vjfoUn ds fopkj vius le; dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj fcYdqy LIk"V gSaA og jk"Vªh; i¼fr ds vuqlkj f'k{kk nsus ds i{k esa FksA os jkT; dh Hkwfedk dks Lohdkj djrs gS a] ;|fi f'k{kk es a Lora=rk ds i{kikrh gSa A egf"kZ vjfoUn jkT;
}kjk fu%'kqYd f'k{kk O;oLFkk ds i{kikrh FksA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds }kjk fuf'pr fd;s x, iz tkrka f=d ewY;ksa dks f'k{kk eas LFkku fn;k x;k gS rFkk vko';drk vuqlkj fu%'kqYd f'k{kk dh Hkh O;oLFkk gSA ;g jkT; dh lgk;rk ls gh lEHko gSA bl izdkj egf"kZ vjfoUn us f'k{kk ds vfHkdj.k ds #i esa jkT; dh tks Hkwfedk crkbZ Fkh] orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ks a esa ] f'k{kk ds {ks = eas] jkT; iw.kZ #i ls ugha ijUrq dkQh lhek rd viuk egRo j[krk gSA
(?k) /kkfEkZd laLFkku&egf"kZ vjfoUn dh f'k{kk es a /kkfeZd laxBuksa dk f'k{kk dh
Hkw fedk ds #i es a fo'ks"k LFkku gSA os izR;sd fØ;k ls O;kogkfjd i{k ij tksj nsrs gSaA mudk fopkj gS fd izR;sd /kkfeZd laxBuks a dks 'kq ¼ #i ls lPps /keZ dh f'k{kk nsuh pkfg,A euq"; dks va /kfo'oklksa dh Hkwy&HkqyS;k esa ugha my>uk pkfg,A vjfoUn vkJe esa /kkfeZd f'k{kk dk fo/kku j[kk x;k gS vkSj /kkfeZd lRlaxksa ] izopuksa }kjk /kkfeZ d f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk jgrh gS ijUrq ml /kkfeZd f'k{kk dk mn~ ns'; euq"; esa vk/;kfRed T;ksfr dks tkxzr djuk gksrk gSA vr% os lekt dh /kkfeZd laLFkkvks a ,oa vU; leq nk;ksa dks f'k{kk ds izpkj ,oa izlkj gsrq vko';d ekurs gSa A
bl izdkj egf"kZ vjfoUn o jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) nksuksa ds f'k{kk ds ek/;e (lk/ku) la ca/kh fopkj] bl ckr ij vR;f/kd cy nsrs gSa fd vk/kqfud 'kSf{kd
ek/;eksa dk iz;ksx f'k{kd vkSj ckyd] nksuksa ds fy;s ykHkizn gS D;ksafd buds }kjk muds Kku dks iw.kZ ,oa vk/kqfud cuk;k tkrk gSA oLrqr% fdlh fo"k; Kku dh Li"V /kkj.kk ds fuekZ.k es a vk/kq fud 'kSf{kd ek/;eksa dh izR;{k vuqHkqfr egRoiw .kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrh gS] ftlls Kku & lapkj.k eas ljyrk ,oa xfr'khyrk vkrh gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- vjfoUn] Jh] vjfoUn] Jh] fn ykbQ fMokbu] Jh vjfoUn vkJe] ikf.Mpsjh] 19702- vjfoUn] Jh] , flLVe vkWQ us'kuy ,tqds'ku] Jh vjfoUn vkJe] ikf.Mpsjh] 1971
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3- vjfoUn] Jh] bUVjxy ,tqds'ku] Jh vjfoUn vkJe] ikf.Mpsjh] 1972
4- vxzoky ,l-ds-] f'k{kk ds nk'kZfud ,oa lekt'kkL=h; fl¼kar ekMZu ifCy'klZ] esjB 19805- ubZ f'k{kk uhfr] dk;Z ;kstuk] ubZ fnYyh f'k{kk ea=ky;] 19866- jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] ubZ fnYyh] ekuo lalk/ku fodkl (1986) ea=ky; Hkkjr ljdkj f'k{kk
foHkkx lu~ 19867- vxzoky] ts- lh-] ubZ f'k{kk uhfr] fnYyh] izHkkr izdk'k] 1986
RNI No. MP BIL 01034/12/1/2005-TC ISSN 0973-3914
iz ks- cz txks iky 'kq Dy 41@42] j?kq oa 'k lnu] fcfN;k] jhok (e-iz-)& 486001
Phone - (07662) 255177, 9425186437E-mail - [email protected]@rediffmail.com
ls UVj QkW j fjlpZ LVMht] jhok }kjk fjlpZ tjuy vkWQ lks 'ky ,.M ykbQ lkbals l
ds fo'ks"kka d ds :i es a fuEufyf[kr nks la nHkZ iq Lrdks a dk iz dk'ku ekpZ] 2013 es a fd;k tk jgk gSA
mDr la nHkZ iq Lrdksa es a iz dk'ku gs rq vki viuk rF; ijd ,oa rdZ ;q Dr 'kks/k i= Hks tdj bl vdknfed dk;Z es a lg;ks x dj ldrs gS a A fgUnh Hkk"kk es a
'kks/k i= ,e-,l- oMZ es a QkUV d` frns o 010] djsDVj lkbt 14] Mcy Li s 'k_va xz s th Hkk"kk es a VkbEl U;w jks eu QkUV lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k es a Hks ts a A
(vkbZ-,l-ch-,u- 978&81&87364&56&6)
(ISBN 978-81-87364-55-9)
Social Change & Development in India
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VSxksj ds f'k{kk&n'kZu dk egRo VSxksj ds f'k{kk&n'kZu dk egRo VSxksj ds f'k{kk&n'kZu dk egRo VSxksj ds f'k{kk&n'kZu dk egRo VSxksj ds f'k{kk&n'kZu dk egRo
¹ lhek cxMoky ¹ lhek cxMoky ¹ lhek cxMoky ¹ lhek cxMoky ¹ lhek cxMoky
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¹ izoDrk] jtr xYlZ fMxzh dkWyst] y[kuÅ (m-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& f'k{kk&n'kZu ds vUrxZr fofHkUu n'kZuks a }kjk fu/kkZfjr f'k{kk ds Lo:i] mn~ns';]ikB~;dze] vuq'kklu rFkk f'k{k.k fof/k;ks a dk vkykspukRed v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS A vkt]ftl rjg f'k{kk esa uSfrdrk dk iru gks pqdk gS ] O;fDr;ksa esa uSfrd ewY;ks a dk dksbZ egRo ugha jg x;k gS ] gekjh izkphu laLd`fr dk âkl gks jgk gS ] vkt dh ;qok ih<+h ftl rjg ik'pkR;
laLd`fr dks viuk jgh gS ] og gekjs ns'k vkS j leLr ekuotkfr ds vfLrRo ds fy, ?kkrd gSA bl leL;k ds s funku es a VS xksj dk f'k{kk&n'kZu fdruk la xr gS\ f'k{kk n'kZu es a f'k{kk dslEizR;;] mís';ksa ] ikB~;p;kZ ] f'k{k.k fof/k;kas ,oa f'k{kk&lEcU/kh vU; leL;kvks a ds lUnHkZ es a fofHkUu nk'kZfud lEiznk;ks a ds fopkjks a dk vkykspukRed v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA bldk {ks= vR;f/kd O;kid gS D;ksafd blds vUrxZr f'k{kk ds lHkh igyqvks a ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA bl lEca/k esa Mh-oh- egksn; dk dguk gS fd lEiw.kZ n'kZu gh f'k{kk&n'kZu gksrk gS A izLrqr 'kks/k i= eas VS xksj ds f'k{kk n'kZu dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS vkSj muds fl¼kUrks a dk O;kogkfjd i{k tkuusdk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
VS Sxksj ds ,d la osnu'khy dfo gksus ds dkj.k muesa vuq Hkwfr dh vn~Hkqr {kerk FkhA mudk n'kZu fDy"V rkfdZd i¼fr ij vk/kkfjr u gksdj ,d euh"kh n "Vk dh vuqHkwfr ij vk/kkfjr gSA mUgksa us f'k{kk dks ekuo thou dh vfuok;Z vko';drk ekukA
mudh n`f"V esa f'k{kk og lkekftd izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk euq"; HkkSfrd izxfr djrk gSvkSj vk/;kfRed iw.kZrk dh izkfIr djrk gSA VSxksj ledkyhu f'k{kk iz .kkyh dh vkykspuk
djrs FksA viuh iq Lrd ijluSfyVh esa os dgrs gS a] ^^loks ZPp f'k{kk og gS] tks lwpukek= ugha oju~ fo'o ds lkFk O;fDr dk lkea tL; LFkkfir djrh gSA**1 f'k{kk dk mís'; ek= lwpukvks a dk ladyu ugha gS vfirq f'k{kk dk mís '; gS] viuh izfrHkk dh igpku rFkk ^vkRe&lk{kkRdkj*A Lo;a dks igpkuuk blfy, vko';d gS fd O;fDr f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls gh okº; txr~ ls rknkRE; LFkkfir djrk gSA jk/kkd` ".ku~ us f'k{kk dks nwljk tUe ekuk gSA bldk vFkZ gS] vius orZeku Lo:Ik ls fHkUu nwljk Lo:Ik izkIr djuk vFkkZ r~ ,d ,s lk
Lo:Ik iz kIr djuk tks igys fo|eku u gksA muds vuqlkj ogh O;fDr lPps vFkksZa esa f'kf{kr dgk tk ldrk gS tks lHkh izdkj ds iwokZxzgksa vkS j iwoZ/kkj.kkvksa ls eqDr gks vkSj tks lcdks viuk ca/kq ekurk gksA2 VS Sxksj ds vuqlkj f'k{kk fodkl dh izfdz;k gSA og euq"; dk 'kkjhfjd] ckSf¼d] vkfFkZd]O;kolkf;d]/kkfeZd vkSj vk/;kfRed fodkl djrh gSA mudk dguk gS fd f'k{kk u dsoy vkokxeu ls oju~ vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuSfrd vkSj ekufld nklrk ls Hkh euq "; dks eqfDr iz nku djrh gSA f'k{kk ds ewyHkwr
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mís';ksa dks Li"V djrs gq , mUgks aus dgk fd vkSifuosf'kd f'k{kk ek= ca/kueqDr ,oa
vuqi;ks xh gSA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd f'k{kk /keZ] uS frdrk vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh;rk dh cqfu;kn gS] fcuk bl cqfu;kn ds ekuo vius y{; dh izkfIr ugha dj ldrkA
VS xksj ds vuqlkj] f'k{kk dk eq[; mís '; iw .kZ thou dh izkfIr ds fy, euq"; dk iw .kZ fodkl djuk gSA bl mís'; dks /;ku eas j[kdj mUgksaus ikB~;Øe es a fofHkUu izdkj ds vusd fo"k;ks a vkSj fØ;kvksa dks ns dj mls O;kid :Ik iznku fd;k gSA os euq "; dksHkkSfrd ,oa vk/;kfRed rRokas dk ;ksx ekurs Fks vkSj ;g Hkh Lohdkj djrs Fks fd euq ";
dk fodkl bu nks uksa 'kfDr;ksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA mUgksa us f'k{k.k dh fdlh ubZ fof/k dk fuekZ.k rks ugha ijUrq ml le; iz pfyr f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa esa lq/kkj ds fy, lq>ko vo'; fn;sA VS xksj us iqLrdh; ,oa dFku fof/k;ksa dk fojks/k dj bl ckr ij cy fn;k gS fd cPpksa dks tks dqN Hkh fl[kk;k tk;s mUgsa thou dh okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa j[kdj] Lo;a
djds] Lo;a ds vuqHkoksa }kjk fl[kk;k tk;A f'k{k.k dh loksZÙke fof/k crkrs gq , VS xksj us dgk fd ^^Hkze.k ds le; i<+kuk f'k{k.k dh loksZÙke fof/k gSA**3 VSxksj us f'k{kd dks egRoiw.kZ LFkku nsrs gq , dgk fd ^^f'k{kk dsoy f'k{kd ds }kjk vkSj f'k{k.kfof/k }kjk dnkfi ugha nh tk ldrh gSA euq"; dsoy euq"; ls gh lh[k ldrk gSA**4 blfy, f'k{kd dks Kkuh] la;eh vkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ks a ds izfr lefiZr gksuk pkfg,A f'k{kkfFkZ;ks a ds lECkU/k esa muds fopkj ijEijkoknh ds lkFk&lkFk vk/kqfud FksA ,d vksj os f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ls czãp;Z ds ikyu dh vis{kk j[krs Fks] rks nwljh vksj muds O;f"VRo dk vknj djrs FksA orZeku esa O;fDr Hkys gh czãp;Z 'kCn ls pkS ads] ijUrq ,d f'k{kkFkhZ es a ;s lHkh xq.k vo'; gksus pkfg,A de ls de mUgs a Js"B vkpj.k dk vuqdj.k djuk pkfg, vkSj nks"kiw.kZ vkpj.k ls cpuk pkfg,A VSxksj dk fopkj Fkk fd fo|ky; esa HkkSfrd rFkk lkekftd nksuks a
n`f"V;ksa ls lUrqfyr vkSj mn~nhid Ik;kZoj.k gks uk pkfg,A ,sls okrkoj.k esa Nk= ds pfj= rFkk O;fDrRo dks lgt :Ik eas iz f'kf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA muds vuq lkj fo|ky; tu dks ykgy ls nwj izd`fr dh xksn esa fLFkr gks uk pkfg,A ysfdu orZeku esa ;g la Hko ugha gSa D;ka sfd f'k{kk dks loZlqyHk cukus gsrq ;g vko';d gS fd fo|ky;ksa dh O;oLFkk tu ds e/; gh dh tk,A fo|ky;ksa dks jk"Vª ds lPps izfrfuf/k ds :Ik esa fodflr djus dk iz ;kl vo'; djuk pkfg,] mlh fLFkfr esa jk"Vª dh vfLerk dh j{kk gks ldrh gSA orZeku ;qx vUrjkZ"Vªh;rk dk ;q x gS] oS'ohdj.k dk ;qx gS] vr% fo|ky;ksa dk ikB~;dze ,oa Ik;kZ oj.k ,s lk gks fd og vUrjkZ"Vª h; vocks/k ds fodkl esa lgk;d gksA VSxksj L+ =h f'k{kk] O;kolkf;d f'k{kk] /kkfeZ d f'k{kk rFkk jk"Vª h; f'k{kk ds Hkh i{k/kj FksA bl izdkj VS xksj }kjk Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ds lq /kkj ds fy, tks Hkh lq>ko fn;s x;s os egRoiw.kZ vkSj
okaNuh; gSA muds 'kSf{kd fopkj vkSj iz;ks x u;s vkSj ekSfyd gSA VSxksj ds f'k{kk&n'kZu dk ew Y;kadu djrs gq, MkW -,p-ch-eq [kthZ fy[krs gSa ^^VS xksj vk/kq fud Hkkjr esa 'kS f{kd iq u:RFkku ds lcls egku iSxEcj FkssA mUgksaus vius ns'k ds lkeus f'k{kk ds loksZ Pp vkn'kksZ dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, fujUrj la ?k"kZ fd;kA mUgksaus viuh f'k{kk laLFkkvksaa esa 'kS f{kd iz ;ksx fd;s ftUgks aus mudks vkn'kZ dk ltho izrhd cuk fn;kA**5
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lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- yky jeu fcgkjh (2005) f'k{kk ds nk'kZfud ,oa lekt'kkL=h; fl¼ka r] jLrks xh ifCyds'kUl]
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esjB]i` 268
2- jk/kkd".ku~]vuqokn% eYgks=k fot; dqekj (1999) jpukRed thou]fgUn ikWdsV cqDl] i` 213- R;kxh xqjljunkl vkSj uUn fot; dqekj (2009) mnh;eku Hkkjr esa f'k{kk] fouksn iqLrd
efUnj] vkxjk] i` 2544- ogh 5- ogh] i` 255-
ISSN 0975-4083
A Registered Reviewed Research JournalSix monthly Bi-lingual Journal (English/Hindi Editions)
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Prof. Braj Gopal ShuklaChief Editor
Research J ournal Social and Life Sciences41/42, Raghuwans Sadan, Shantikunj, Bichhiya, Rewa 486 001 (M.P.)
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To provide a plateform for the publication of original unpublished Research Papers, Summary of ResearchProject, Thesis and Book review relating to all subjects of Social & LifeSciences and to promote interdisciplinary research work. BookReview can be published on receipt of two copies of concerned book.
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o¼Zeku egkohj vkSj fgUnh dfork o¼Zeku egkohj vkSj fgUnh dfork o¼Zeku egkohj vkSj fgUnh dfork o¼Zeku egkohj vkSj fgUnh dfork o¼Zeku egkohj vkSj fgUnh dfork ¹ t; 'kadj 'kkgh ¹ t; 'kadj 'kkgh ¹ t; 'kadj 'kkgh ¹ t; 'kadj 'kkgh ¹ t; 'kadj 'kkgh
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¹ ,lksfl,V izksQslj] fgUnh foHkkx] ckcw 'kksHkkjke jktdh; LukrdksÙkj dyk egkfo|ky;]vyoj (jkt0)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k&tSu /keZ ds 24 osa rhFkZ daj o¼Zeku egkohj ds O;fDrRo vkS j fopkj dk O;kid izHkko fgUnh dfork ij iM+k gSA egkohj ftu*] vgZr* rFkk dsofyu* dgyk;sA o¼Z eku us vfgalk* dk fl¼kUr fn;k rFkk dS oY;* dh izkfIr ds fy, f=jRu* dh vo/kkj.kk lekt ds le{k j[khA muds fl¼kUrks a ls fgUnh dfork fo'ks"kdj Nk;koknh dfork vR;f/kd izHkkfor gSA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
NBh 'krkCnh bZ- iwoZ es a mn~Hkwr /kkfeZd lq/kkj vkanks yu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk xkSjo'kkyh i`"B gSA bfrgkldkj MkW0 jke 'kj.k 'kekZ fy[krs gSa&''We hear of as many as
62 religious sects in this period. Of these sects, Jainism and Buddhism were the
most important, and they emerged as the most potent religious reform
movements."1 tSu /keZ ds pkS chlosa rhFkZa dj o/kZeku egkohj ds fopkjksa us Hkkjrh; lH;rk&la Ld`fr dks cM+ s iSekus ij izHkkfor fd;kA izks0 ,-,y- ck'ke us fy[kk& 'Jain
philosophers developed their Doctrines, evolved a theory of epistemology of
great subtlety and a remarkable view of space and time suggesting the world
picture of relativity physics. … In its insistence of Ahimsa (Non-violence) Jainism
went much farther than any other Indian religion."2 izks0 tSdksch 3] flu Dys;j LVhosa'ku 4 rFkk ts- ,y- >kcsjh 5 tS ls fo}kuksa us tSu /keZ vkS j n'kZu ij O;kid v/;;u fd;k gSA tS u /keZ esa ^f=jRu*≦d vkpkj] lE;d J¼k vkSj lE;d Kku dh vo/kkj.kk gS tks ekuo thou ds fy, Js;Ldj gSA egkohj Lokeh us vfgalk dk ekxZ
crk;kA MkW0 jke 'kj.k 'kekZ us fy[kk& 'Jainism mainly aims at the attainment of
freedom from worldly bonds. It can be attained through full knowledge and
action. … Jainism made the first serious attempt to mitigate the evils of the
Varna order and the ritualistic Vedic religion."6 ^tSu /keZ us osn dh izkekf.kdrk ugha ekuh] os nokn dk fojks/k fd;kA deZ ls gh dksbZ czkã.k gksrk gS]--- egkohj Lokeh us dgk&*tks vfXu esa rik dj 'kq¼ fd;s] f?kls gq, lksus dh Hkka fr iki&ey ls jfgr gS] jkx&}s"k&Hk; ls eqDr gS] ogha czkã.k gSA*7 iz ks0 f}tsUnz ukjk;.k >k us fy[kk& 'Jainism
is essentially atheistic, the concept of God being irrelevant. Jainism representsthe universe as functioning according to eternal law, continually passing through
a series of cosmic waves of progress and decline. The sole purpose of life is the
purification of soul."8 bfrgkldkj MkW0 oh-Mh- egktu us fy[kk& 'Mahavir did not
believe in the existence of God. God is only the highest, the noblest and the
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fullest manifestation of all the powers which lie latent in the soul of man."9
o¼Zeku egkohj us L;knokn* vkSj dk;k&Dys'k* dh vo/kkj.kk izLrq r dhA fgUnh lkfgR; esa Nk;koknh dforkvksa ij egkohj vkSj muds tSu n'kZu dk O;kid izHkko gSA egkdfo t; 'kadj izlkn] egkizk.k lw ;ZdkUr f=ikBh fujkyk] lqfe=k uUnu ia r vkSj egknsoh oekZ dh dforkvksa esa tSu /keZ vkSj n'kZu dk izpqj izHkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA t;'kadj iz lkn us ^dkek;uh* egkdkO; esa Kku] bPNk vkSj deZ ds leUo; dk lans'k fn;k gS %&
^Kku nwj] dqN fØ;k fHkUUk gS] bPNk D;ks a iwjh gks eu dhA ,d nw ljs ls u fey lds a] ;gh foMEcuk gS thou dhA*
bl leUo; dh vo/kkj.kk ij tSu n'kZu ds f=jRu dk izHkko gSA fujkyk dh HkfDr lEcU/kh dforkvks a esa Hkh ;g izHkko ns[kk tk ldrk gS] tc dfo ^ia p fodkjksa * vkSj
^nqfjr* nwj djus dh iz kFkZuk djrk gSA tS u n'kZu esa ^dk;k Dys'k* ds ek/;e ls ^fuokZ.k* iz kfIr dk ekxZ crk;k x;k gSA egknsoh oekZ ds xhrksa es a Hkh ;g ns [kk tk ldrk gS&
^e/kqj&e/kqj] esjs nhid ty] rw ty&ty ftruk gks rk {k;] og lehi vkrk Nyuke;---A*
egknsoh ds xhrksa ij d:.kk ds ckny Nk;s gSa A os fy[krh gSa & ^d:.kke; dks Hkkrk gS re ds ijns eas vkuk gs] uHk ds rkjkofy;ksa rqe iy Hkj dks fNi tkukA*
egknsoh ds xhrksa esa tSu&n'kZu ds nq [kokn dk izHkko nh[krk gS tc os fy[krh gSa & ^eSa uhj Hkjh nq[k dh cnyh@foLr`r uHk dk dks bZ dksuk
esjk uk dHkh viuk gks uk@ifjp; bruk] bfrgkl ;gh meM+h dy Fkh] feV vkt pyh@eSa uhj Hkjh nq [k dh cnyhA*
tSu n'kZu ds ri vkSj lk/kuk rFkk fuokZ.k dh vo/kkj.kk dks egknsoh ds bu xhrks a esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS&
^iaFk jgus nks vifjfpr] izk.k jgus nks vdsyk vU; gks axs pj.k gkjs vkS j gSa tks@ykS Vrs] ns 'kwy dks la dYi lkjs---
nq[kozrh fuokZ.k mUen@;g vejrk ukirs in cka/k nsaxs vad lal`fr ls frfej esa Lo.kZ csykA*
egknsoh dh dfork esa nhid dk fp= ckj&ckj vk;k gSA tSu /keZ&n'kZ u esa nhid dh cM+h efgek gSA egkohj us dgk&^vIi nhiksa Hko%* vFkkZr~ Lo;a nhid cu tkvksA
egknsoh fy[krh gSa& ^;g eafnj dk nhi bls uhjo tyus nks >a>k gS fnXHkzka r jkr dh ewNkZ xgjh vkt iqtkjh cus T;ksfr dk ;g y?kq iz gjh
nwr lka > dk bls izHkkrh rd pyus nksA* tSu n'kZu es a ew yHkwr ekuo ew Y;ksa tSls&n;k] d:.kk] R;kx] lgkuqHkwfr] ijksidkj]
vfgalk] lR;] ca /kqRo] vifjxzg dh ladYiuk gSA bu vkn'kks aZ dh vfHkO;fDr ^dkek;uh* egkdkO; esa gqbZ gS&
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^vkSjksa dks g¡lrs ns[kks euq] g¡lks vkSj lq[k ikvksA
vius lq[k dks foLr`r dj yks] lcdks lq[kh cukvksA* izlknth dh ^vk¡lw * dfork es a Hkh fo'o cU/kqRo dh lh[k nh xbZ gSA t; 'kadj
iz lkn fy[krs gSa & ^lcdk fupksM+ ysdj rq e@lq [k ls lw[ks thou esa cjlksa izHkkr fged.k lk@vk¡lw bl fo'o&lnu esaA*
rkjdukFk ckyh fy[krs gSa &^Nk;koknh dkO; esa loZ okn] deZokn] osnka r] 'kSo n'kZu] v}Srokn] HkfDr ds fl¼kUrksa dks O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA*10 MkW0 fo'oukFk f=ikBh us fy[kk&^Nk;kokn lkezkT;okn fojks/kh ekuorkoknh dkO;&/kkjk gSA og O;fDr ds lq[k&nq [k dk mnkÙkhdj.k djds] jk"Vªh;rk&vUrjkZ "Vªh;rk ,oa lokZReokn rd igq¡pk ns rk gSA*11
egkns oh oekZ ds xhrksa es a d:.kk dk lans'k fn;k x;k gS& ^lcdh vk¡[kksa ds vk¡lw mtys] @lcds liuksa esa lR; iykA*
^osnuk esa tUe] d:.kk esa feyk vkokl]* ^eSa uhj Hkjh nq %[k dh cnyh* tSlh vfHkO;fDr;ksa esa tSu n'kZu dk izHkko gSA tSu n'kZu ds L;knoknh fl¼kUr dks ^dkek;uh*
egkdkO; esa vfHkO;fDr feyh gS& ^gs vuar je.kh;! dkSu rqe\@;g eS dSls dg ldrk\*
lq fe=k uUnu iar Hkh fy[krs gSa& ^u tkus u{k=ksa ls dkSu\@fueU=.k nsrk eq>dks ekSuA*
fujkyk Hkh iwNrs gSa& ^dkSu re ds ikj js] dg\*
tSu&n'kZu esa] tS lk fd izks0 ,-,y- ck'ke fy[krs gSa& 'The Universe functions
through the interactions of non-living entities (Ajiva), ether (Akash), the means
or condition of movement s (Dharm), the means or condition of rest (Adharm),
time (Kala), the matter (Pudgal)."12 fujkyk us viuh dfork ^rqe vkSj eS* esa fy[kk gS&
^rqe rqa x fgeky;&J`a x@vkSj eSa papy xfr lqj lfjrkA rqe foey ân; mPNokl@vkS j eSa dkUr&dkfeuh&dforkA*13
bl dfork es a dfo us czã dks ^fnudj ds [kj fdj.k&tky*] ^'kq¼ lfPpnkuUn cz ã*] ^ukn&osn vkasdkj&lkj*] ^dq an&bUnq&vjfoUn&'kqHkz* dgk gSA MkW 0 jkefoykl 'kekZ fy[krs gSa &^fujkyk&lkfgR; esa ,d czã oS".ko dfo;kas dh ijEijk ds vuq:Ik lxq .k vkSj
yhykiz seh gSa] nwljk 'kkadj v}Sr ijEijk ds vuq:Ik fuxqZ.k vkS j ek;krhr gSA rhljk czã blh la lkj ds lkSUn;Z esa izR;{k gksrk gSA--- pkSFkk czã nhuca /kq vkS j d:.kke; gSA ikapok czã jgL;oknh ijEijk ds vuq:Ik gSA*14 egknsoh oekZ ds xhrks a esa blh vn`';&vlhe lÙkk ds izfr HkfDr&Hkko feyrk gS&
^D;k iwtk] D;k vpZu js\@ml vlhe dk lqUnj eafnj esjk y?kqre thou js!*
lq fe=k uUnu iar Hkh fy[krs gSa& ^bl /kkjk lk gh tx dk Øe@'kk'or mn~xe] 'kk'or laxe
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fpj tUe&ej.k ds vkj&ikj@'kk'or thou ukS dk&fogkjA*
^dkek;uh* egkdkO; esa t;'kadj iz lkn blh n'kZu dks O;Dr djrs gS a& ^lejl Fks tM+ ;k psru@lqa nj lkdkj cuk Fkk psrurk ,d foylrh@vkuUn v[k.M ?kuk FkkA*
yxHkx 2500 o"kksZa ls yxkrkj tS u /keZ 'kkfUr] vfgalk] f=jRu] v.kqozr] uodkj] ia pegkozr] L;knokn] ekuorkokn vkSj fo'o&ca/kqRo dk eaxy lans'k fodh.kZ djus okyk fojkV izdk'k&LrEHk ds ln`'k gSA vkt ds ifjiz s{; esa tS u /keZ ds fl¼kUrksa vkS j vkn'kksZ a dh izklafxdrk vkS j T;knk c<+ xbZ gSA vkt iw jh nq fu;k ,d /kqzoh;* (Uni-polar ) gks xbZ gS ftldk usr`Ro vesfjdk dj jgk gSA ;g Hkwe.Myhd`r ,d /kqzoh; nqfu;k ;q¼ ds Tokyeq[kh ij cSBh gqbZ gSA izFke fo'o&;q¼ (1914&1918) rFkk f}rh; fo'o&;q¼ (1939&1945) ds Hkh"k.k uj&lagkj dks ns[k pqdh ;g nq fu;k rhljs fo'o&;q¼ dh
lEHkkfor foHkhf"kdk ls la=Lr gSA bl ifjizs{; esa o¼Zeku egkohj }kjk izfrikfnr 'kkfUr vkS j vfgalk ds vkn'kZ vkt vfr'k; iz klafxd gks x;s gSaA ves fjdk vkS j baXyS.M ds egku
dfo Vh-,l-,fy;V us viuh dfork ^n os LVyS.M* esa ;q¼ dh foHkhf"kdk] vk/kqfud euq"; }kjk fufeZr lH;rk dh ewY;ghurk] ekuo&thou dh vFkZghurk dks ekfeZd vfHkO;fDr nh gS&
'A heap of broken images, where the sun beats,
And the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no
relief,
And the dry stone no sound of water : only
there is shadow under this red rock…
Here is no water but only rock
Rock and no water and the sandy road. …
Ganga was sunken, and the limp leaves
Waited for rain, while the black clouds
Gathered far distant over Himvant…"15
mudh ;g dfork ^vkse 'kkfUr% 'kkfUr% 'kkfUr%* ls lekIr gksrh gS rFkk 'Datta
Dayadhvam Damyata" ds lans'k ns rh gSA ,fy;V egkohj ds fl¼kUrks a ls izHkkfor gS a vkS j vk/kqfud fo'o dh leL;k dk lek/kku os tSu /keZ }kjk izfrikfnr 'kkfUr vkSj vfgalk ds fl¼kUrksa esa ikrs gSaA blh izdkj jk"Vª dfo MkW 0 jke/kkjh flag fnudj usvk/kqfud la lkj esa O;kIr Ik'kq rk vkS j ccZjrk dh izo` fr ij fVIIk.kh djrs gq , fy[krs
gSa &^>M+ xbZ iw¡ N] jksekUr >Ms +s] Ik'kqrk dk >M+ uk ckdh gSA ckgj&ckgj ru l¡ oj pq dk] eu
vHkh l¡ojuk ckdh gSA* fdlh vU; dfo us fy[kk&^fdUrq ] jks&jks dg jgk bfrgkl ;g]vkneh dk 'k=q ds oy vknehA* MkW0 fnudj us ^dq:{ks=* dkO; esa ;q ¼ dh fouk'kd
foHkhf"kdk dks of.kZr fd;k gS&^fdUrq c<+rk gh x;k efLr"d gh fu%'ks"k] NwV ihNs jg x;k gS ân; dk ns 'kA* vk/kqfud fo'o dh bu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku tSu /keZ esa gh fufgr gSA tSu /keZ dh lcls egRoiw.kZ nsu gS& euq"; dh iz fr"BkA euq "; Loa ; viuh fu;fr ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA*16
bl izdkj tS u /keZ&n'kZu us fgUnh lkfgR; dks O;kid :Ik ls izHkkfor fd;k gS fo'ks"kdj Nk;koknh dfork dksA ^dSoY; izkfIr* ds fy, ftl izdkj tSu n'kZu esa ri
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vkS j dk;k&Dys 'k ij cy fn;k x;k gS] blh Hkkouk dh vfHkO;fDr t;'ka dj izlkn dh
fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa esa gks rh gS& ^bl iFk dk mn~ ns'; ugha gS@Jka r Hkou esa fVd jguk fdUrq] igq¡ puk ml lhek rd@ftlds vkxs jkg ugha A*
fu"d"kZ %&1- Ok¼Z eku egkohj ds fopkjks a us Hkkjrh; lH;rk vkSj laLd`fr dks O;kid rkSj ij
izHkkfor fd;kA2- Qyr% lkfgR; Hkh egkohj ds n'kZ u ls izHkkfor gqvkA3- fgUnh dfork fo'ks"kdj Nk;koknh dfork egkohj ds fl¼kUrks a rFkk tSu n'kZu ls
vR;f/kd izHkkfor gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- Sharma Dr. R.S. (1986) Ancient India, NCERT Delhi p.No. 60
2- Basham A.L. (1990) The wonder that was India, Rupa & Co. New Delhi p.No. 293-295
3- izks0 tSdksch& Jain Sutras, oxford 1985, The metaphysics and ethics of the jainas, 1903
4- LVhosa'ku flu Dys;j (1915) The heart of Jainism, Notes on modern Jainism 1910
5- >kosjh ts-,y- (1912) First Principle of Jain philosophy
6- Sharma Dr. R.S. (1986) Ancient India, NCERT Delhi p.No. 63-64
7- >k f}tsUnz ukjk;.k] d".k eksgu Jhekyh (1986) (lEiknd) izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl esa xks foUnz izlkn mik/;k; dk vkys[k] fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZ Uo;u funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh i`0 143
8- Jha D.N. (1989) Ancient India an introductory outline, people"s publishing house New
Delhi, p.No. 33-349. Mahjan V.D. (1995) Ancient India S. Chand & Co. Ltd. Delhi p.No. 173
10- uxsUnz MkW0 (1990) (lEiknd) fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkml] fnYYkh esa rkjd ukFk ckyh dk ys[k i`0 550
11- f=ikBh MkW0 fo'oukFk (1986) fgUnh lkfgR; dk laf{kIr bfrgkl] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- fnYyh] i`0 113&114
12- Basham A.L. (1990) The wonder that was India, Rupa & Co. New Delhi p.No. 293
13- uoy MkW0 uUn fd'kksj (lEiknd) fujkyk jpukoyh jktdey izdk'ku izk0fy0 fnYyh i049
14- 'kekZ MkW0 jke foykl&fujkyk dh lkfgR; lk/kuk] f}rh; [k.M i`0 185&18715- Eliot T.S. - The Wasteland (1995) oxford university press, Delhi P.No. 72, 86, 88
16- xqIr MkW0 f'ko dqekj (lEiknd) (2002) Hkkjrh; laLdfr ds ewyk/kkj] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj i`0 119
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/kek±rj.k ij vEcsMdj ds fuoZpu /kek±rj.k ij vEcsMdj ds fuoZpu /kek±rj.k ij vEcsMdj ds fuoZpu /kek±rj.k ij vEcsMdj ds fuoZpu /kek±rj.k ij vEcsMdj ds fuoZpu
¹ vferk oekZ¹ vferk oekZ¹ vferk oekZ¹ vferk oekZ¹ vferk oekZ
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
¹ O;k[;krk] jktuhfr foKku] vkj-,y- lgfj;k jktdh; LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] dkykMsjk] t;iqjA
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lkjka'k& /kekZ arj.k dh leL;k vkS j ml ij cgl Hkkjr dh cgqr iqjkuh leL;k gSA flQZ bZlkb;r vkS j bLyke tS ls izpkj mUeq[k /keksZ a ds pyrs gh ;g leL;k ugha iSnk gqbZ cfYd fgUnw /keZ esa ekStwn reke tM+rkoknh rRoksa dh otg ls blds Lo;a ds vkUrfjd Lo:i es a Hkh ges'kk ,d rjg dh mgkiksg dh fLFkfr jgh gS ] ftlds pyrs fgUnw /keZ ds vUnj ls ckS ¼ vkS j tS u rFkk
ckn es a fl[k tS ls /keZ vfLrRo es a vk;s tks dkQh lqlaxr vkS j ekuoh; lkfcr gq;sA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
/keZ ds izfr ,oa /kekZ arj.k dh yEch py jgh cgl es a vEcs Mdj ds fopkj Hkh fgUnw /keZ ds tM+oknh rRoks a ds f[kykQ FksA /keZ ds izfr vEcsMdj dk n`f"Vdks.k Li"V FkkA
os ekuo thou es a /keZ ,oa uSfrdrk ds egRo dks Lohdkj djrs FksA mudk er Fkk fd /keZvkS j uS frdrk dk ca/ku lekt dks ,drk ds lw = es a ck¡/k ldrk gSA /keZ ds iz fr lpsru
gksrs gq;s Hkh os /keZ ds uke ij iz pfyr vU;k;] HksnHkko vkS j ik[k.Mksa ds leFkZ d ugha FksA mudk n`<+ er Fkk fd /keZ dks foosd vkSj foKku ls lEer gks uk pkfg,] muds vuqlkj
ogh /kkfeZ d fo'okl vkSj ewY; lkekftd nf"V ls mi;ksxh ekus tk ldrs gSa tks lerk] Lora =rk vkSj cU/kqrk ds vkn'kks Za ds vuq:i gksa A os fgUnw /keZ vkSj mlds fl¼kUrksa dk L=ksr
le>s tkus okys 'kkL=ks a ds dVq vkykspd Fks] mudk ekuuk Fkk fd fgUnw /keZ Å¡p&uhp]vlekurk dk iks"k.k djrk gS] bles a lerk] Lora =rk] cU/kqRo dh Hkkouk vkSj ekuoh; xq.kksa dk vHkko gSA blus gh lekt dks o.kks Za ds vk/kkj ij ck¡V dj vlekurk vkSj oxZ }s"k dks c<+kok fn;k gSA mUgks aus Hkkjr esa izpfyr /keksZa esa ckS¼ /keZ dks gh ekuork dk /keZ ekuk ftlesa lekurk Lora=rk] vkS j HkkbZ&pkjs ds vkn'kZ izfr/ofur gks rs gS aA mUgksaus dgk fd egkRek cq¼ us vfga lk ds fl¼kUr dks iz frf"Br djds lkekftd thou es a ls ?k` .kk vkS j fo}s"k dks fudky Qsa dus ij cy fn;kA ;gha ugha cq¼ us vius /keZ esa lkekftd Lora=rk ckSf¼d Lora=rk vkS j jktuhfrd Lora=rk dh f'k{kk nhA mUgksa us dsoy O;fDr;ksa ds e/; lekurk dk iz pkj ugha fd;k vfirq L=h vkSj iq:"k ds e/; Hkh lekurk dh f'k{kk nhA1
ckS¼ /keZ ds izfr >qdko gksus ds ckotwn Hkh os fdlh Hkh /keZ dks jkT; /keZ cuk;s
tkus ;k mls jkT; dk la j{k.k iznku djus ds i{k esa ugha FksA os jkT; ds /keZ&fujis{k Lo:i ds leFkZ d Fks] lkFk gh os ;g Hkh pkgrs Fks fd jkT; ds leLr ukxfjdksa dks /keZ rFkk vUr%dj.k dh Lora=rk iznku djuh pkfg;s rFkk ukxfjdksa ds e/; /keZ ds vk/kkj ij dksbZ Hks nHkko ugha djuk pkfg;s vkS j u gh O;fDr;ksa ds /kkfeZd fo'oklks a esa gLr{ksi djuk pkfg;sA vktknh ls iwoZ ls vEcs Mdj lkekftd lq/kkj ,oa iq uZjpuk ij cy nsrs Fks
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D;ksafd buds fcuk jktuhfrd Lora=rk v/kwjh jgsxhA cqf¼ vkSj vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr
tura= dks os lkekftd lg;ksx] tuls ok vkSj lekurk ij vk/kkfjr djuk pkgrs Fks] ftles a ekuoh; ;ks X;rkvksa dk ewY;kdau tUe ds vk/kkj ij u gksdj deZ rFkk {kerk dsvk/kkj ij djuk pkgrs FksA blhfy;s muds fy;s lkekftd tura= dk lh/kk vFkZ Fkk] ,slh
lkekftd O;oLFkk tgk¡ dksbZ nklrk] NqvkNwr] tkfrxr neu] tUek/kkfjr HksnHkko vkSj /kkfeZ d vyxko u gksA
vktknh izkfIr ds ckn fu%lans g dkaxzs l rFkk usg: dh uhfr;ksa ds dkj.k fgUnw dks M fcy ikl u gks ldk] ftldh otg ls vacsMdj dks eaf=eaMy ls R;kx&i= nsuk iM+kA dka xzsl vkS j usg: ds O;ogkj ls mUgsa gkfnZd Bsl igq¡ phA blh grk'kk vkSj fujk'kk us mUgs a fgUnw /keZ ls foeq[k dj fn;k mUgs a Li"V gksus yxk Fkk fd fgUnw /keZ dh tMks a esa O;kIr dqjhfr;ksa ls yM+uk dfBu dk;Z gSa A brus vf/kd la?k"kZ ds mijkar Hkh fgUnw o.kZ O;oLFkk
esa lq/kkj ugha yk ikuk Hkh muds nq[kksa dk dkj.k FkkA mUgks aus lkspk fd tc bruh vf/kd mPp f'k{kk izkIr djds Hkh lekt esa mfpr LFkku ,oa lEeku ugha ik lds rks mu djksM+ksa vNwrksa dks Lora=rk] lekurk ,oa lEeku dk gd dSls feysxk\ vUr esa mUgksaus nfyrksa ds
fy;s lerk vkSj lEeku la{ks i esa euq";Ro izkIr djus ds fy;s ftls o.kZokn rFkk cz kã.kokn us Nhu fy;k Fkk dh iz kfIr ds fy;s ^^/kekZ arj.k** ds :i es a lek/kku <w¡<+ k] ysfdu blh ls lacaf/kr ,d vU; iz'u Fkk fd D;k os rFkk muds djksM+ ksa vuq;k;h ml /keZ dks NksM+ nsa] ftlesa os yksx iSnk gq ;s gSaA bl ij mOnsfyr vEcs Mdj dk dguk Fkk fd ^^lo.kZ fgUnw mudh ckrksa vFkkZ r~ nfyrksa dh leL;k ij xgjkbZ ls fopkj D;ksa ugha djrs\ gesa ;s yksx cjkcjh dk vf/kdkj D;ksa ugha nsrs\ fgUnw vU; /keZ ds yksxksa ds lkFk gkFk feykrs gSa] ijUrq viuks a ls ugha vkf[kj D;ksa\2 bu leL;kvks a ds lek/kku gsrq ^^/keZ
ifjorZu** dk dne mUgksaus a vfUre iz ;ksx ds :i esa mBk;k Fkk fd 'kk;n muds bl QSlys ls fgUnw lekt dh vk¡ [k [kqy tk;s vkSj os nfyrks a ds fy;s Ldwyksa ,oa efUnjksa ds }kjk [kks y nsa] ijUrq lo.kZ lekt us muds bl fu.kZ; dks vgfe;r ugha nh vkSj vius gh leqnk; esa cus jgus dh vEcs Mdj dh dksf'k'k foQy gks xbZA
blls /kekZarj.k ds ckjs esa mudh /kkj.kk vkSj Hkh n`<+ gks xbZA blh lanHkZ esa mUgksa us13 tuojh] 1936 dks iwuk esa dh xbZ izfrKk dks mUgksa us 1956 esa fQj nq gjk;k fd ^vxj
lk{kkr~ bZ 'oj Hkh vkdj dgs fd fgUnw /keZ er NksM+ ks rks Hkh eS a bl ujdrqY; fgUnw /keZ es a ugha jgwa xk** vNwr ,oa nfyr lekt tc rd flj >q dkdj fgUnw lekt esa vkLFkk O;Dr djrk jgsxk rc rd lo.kZ mls vLi`'; gh ekurs jgs axs] D;ks afd Li` ';ks a dk fgUnw lekt rks bl ckr dh vkKk nsrk gS fd mudh nf"V esa gekjk /keZ Js"B ,oa lukru gSA3 vr% blesa
dks bZ ifjorZ u ugha gks ldrkA bu lc dkj.kksa ls mudk /keZ dk y{; lkeus vk;k] mUgs a dguk iM+k fd ^^eSa iS nk rks fgUnw /keZ esa vo'; gqvk gw ¡] ijUrq bl /keZ esa jgdj e:axk ughaA4 /kekZ arj.k fo"k; ij 1937 eSa MkW- vacsMdj us ohj lkojdj dks ,d O;fDrxr i= fy[kk Fkk ftlesa mUgksa us fy[kk Fkk ^vkidk ekuuk gS fd eSa fgUnw /keZ dks R;kx dj yEch Nykax ugha cfYd Å¡ph Nyka x yxk jgk gw¡ ftldh ifj.kfr ogha ij vk fxjus ls gks xh] tgk¡ ls ;g Nykax yxkbZ Fkh vFkkZ r~ /kekZarj.k ds ckn Hkh es jh vkS j esjs lekt dh fLFkfr ij dksbZ QdZ ugha iMs+ xkA vkidh bl /kkj.kk dks eSa vkidh [kht gh eku ldrk gw¡A
lu~ 1936 cacbZ ds fo'ki cSMys dks ,d O;fDrxr i= es a mUgks aus lacksf/kr djrs gq;s
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dgk Fkk ^^dksbZ O;fDr ek= lqfo/kkvks a ds fy;s ;k fd HkkSfrd oLrqvksa ds ykyp esa /keZ
dk ifjR;kx ugha djrk gSaA vkneh ftl /keZ esa iS nk gksrk gS mls cM+ h ihM+k ds lkFk NksM+us dk QSlyk djrk gSaA eS aus fgUnw /keZ dks vius vkSj vius lekt ds izfr ân;ghurk ds O;ogkj ds dkj.k R;kxus dk fopkj fd;k gSa aA
^^n vuVpscYl gw vkj ns\ ,.M OgkbZ ns fode vuVpscYl** esa mUgks aus vius fopkj O;Dr djrs gq;s dgk Fkk ^/kekZarj.k HkkSfrd yksHk ugha] uSfrd lkgl dk ifjpk;d gSa ] ogha vEcsMdj ,d vU; txg dgrs gSa ** /kekZ arj.k ,slk gS tSls fd vius dks Mwcus ls cpkus ds fy;s fd;k x;k dksbZ iz;klA D;k Mwcus ls cpkus ds fy;s ,s lk iz;kl ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg;s\5 /kekZarj.k ij mUgks aus xk¡/kh ls loky fd;k dh ^^os (xk¡/kh) vkSj dkaxzs l ds dqN nw ljs cMs+ us rk eq>ls dgrs gSa fd eS a /kekZa rj.k D;ksa dj jgk gw¡\ eS a xk¡/kh ls iwNrk gw ¡ fd rq Egkjh NqvkNwr fuokj.k dh ea'kk rqels ,d gkFk vkxs c<+ ldh gS D;k\6 MkW-
vEcsMdj /keZ dh vko';drk vkSj egRo dks c[kwch le>rs Fks fdUrq os ykSfdd vkpkj dks /kkfeZd fo"k; ugha cukuk pkgrs Fks mudk ekuuk Fkk fo'o ds lHkh /keZ dekscs'k etgc gSa] okLrfod /keZ ughaA fo'o esa tgk¡ tc dHkh /keZ dk fu;a =.k lekt ij jgk lkekftd U;k; dk vHkko jgkA blfy;s mUgksaus Lora= Hkkjr dks /kkfeZd jk"Vª gksus ds LFkku ij /keZfujis{k jk"Vª ds er esa leFkZu fd;kA muds er esa /keZfujis{k jk"Vª esa gh lkekftd U;k; LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mudk ekuuk Fkk fd lekt] /keZ] jkT; dk dsUnz fcUnq euq"; gSA O;fDr bldk fuekZrk gSA ;|fi og vius vfLrRo o fodkl ds fy;s bu ij cgqr vf/kd fuHkZj gSA O;fDr vkSj buds chp nks rjQk la cU/k bl izdkj gS fd O;fDr ;fn bldk Lokeh ugha rks nkl Hkh ugha gSA tks O;oLFkk bl rF; dh vogsyuk djrh gS] og mér'khy vkSj
fVdkÅ ugha gks ldrhA lafo/kku ds ek/;e ls vEcsMdj us ,d ,s ls yks drkaf=d lekt dh jpuk dh ftldk y{; O;fä gS % ftldh vk/kkjHkwr bdkbZ O;fä gSA os bl ckr ds izcy i{k/kj Fks fd lkekftd <k¡ ps dk fuekZ.k bl ckr dks /;ku esa j[kdj fd;k tkuk pkfg;s fd ;g O;fäRo ds fodkl esa lgk;d gks mldh Lora =rk ds fuekZ .k dk mís'; ,d ,sls lekt dh jpuk djuk gksuk pkfg;s tks O;fDr ds fodkl ds fy;s vuqdw y i` "BHkwfe dk fuekZ.k dj ldsA
vEcsMdj us cpiu ls gh bl ckr dk vuqHko fd;k vkSj muds lkFk gh muds ^^vNwr** gksus ij vusd vR;kpkj gq, ftudk fd mUgs a dVq vuqHko gq vkA rHkh ls mUgksaus iz frKk dh Fkh os bl leL;k dk lek/kku <w<+ saxs o vius vNwr lekt dks bl vekuoh;]vukpkj] 'kks "k.k ls eqfä fnyk,axsA MkW- vEcsMdj ds bruk i<+ s fy[ks gks us ij Hkh dsoy
os ^vNwr** gSa blfy;s muds lkFk lEekuiw.kZ O;ogkj ugha fd;k tkrk FkkA MkW- vEcs Mdj us ;q xksa ls ihfM+r] 'kksf"kr] nfyrks a dh leL;kvksa dks ^^lkekftd U;k;** ds vUrxZr eglwl djrs gq, bls jk"Vªh; leL;k crk;k vkSj vkthou blds fy;s la?k"kZ fd;kA7
vEcsMdj ;g Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tkurs Fks fd ;fn lekt dk <+k¡pk U;k; ij vk/kkfjr ugha gS rks detksj fiNM+s oxksZ a ds fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy;s fd;s x;s iz;klksa ,oa laoS/kkfud micU/kksa dk dks bZ ewY; ugha gksxkA mUgksaus nfyrksa dh leL;k dks jk"Vª h; leL;k crk;k vkS j dgk fd ,slh vktknh dk dksbZ Qk;nk ugha tgk¡ ij lkekftd tura= u gksA mUgksaus
dgk fd ns'k dk Lora= gksuk cgq r t:jh gS ysfdu ns 'k dh vktknh ds lkFk&lkFk nfyrks a
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dh lkekftd Lora=rk Hkh vko';d gSA mudk fopkj Fkk fd ^^Lora =rk ls igys
lkekftd vlekurk lekIr gksuh pkfg, rkfd Lora=rk dk ykHk ckn esa nfyrksa dks Hkh fey ldsA D;ksafd tc rd nfyr lkekftd 'kks "k.k dk f'kdkj jgsxsa rc rd muds fy;s Lora=rk dk dks bZ egRo ugha gksxkA os dy Hkh xqyke Fks] vkt Hkh xq yke gSa vkSj dy Hkh xqyke jgsaxsA vr% muds thou esa cnyko vkuk vko';d gSA**
Li"V gS fd vEcsMdj us vLi';rk dks ns'k dh loZizeq[k leL;k ekukA D;ksafd bl vLi`';rk ds dkj.k gh lekt dk ,d oxZ lkekftd /kkjk ls vyx&Fkyx iM+ x;k Fkk ftlls fd jk"Vª ds fodkl esa mudk mfpr mi;ksx ugha gks ik jgk FkkA mudk vkxzg Fkk fd lcdks U;k; feys] fdlh ds lkFk HksnHkko u gks] lkjk lekt ijLij eS=h Hkko
ls jgs lcdks Lora =rk iz kIr gksA MkW- vEcsMdj dk er Fkk fd lkekftd U;k; rc rd ugha vk ldrk tc rd fd jktuSfrd lekurk] vkfFkZd lekurk izkIr ugha gks tkrhA MkW -
vEcsMdj us vktknh ls iwoZ o vktknh ds ek/;e ls Lora=rk] lekurk] Hkz kr`Ro ij vk/kkfjr ,d U;k;iw.kZ lkekftd <k¡ ps dh vk/kkjf'kyk j[khA ^^lkekftd U;k;** esa ;g vEcsMdj dk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA
MkW- vEcsMdj dk iw.kZ o n`<+fo'okl Fkk fd ftl vlekurk o Nw vk&Nwr dk cksyckyk gSA ml vlekurk dh izFkk dks fgUnw /keZ 'kkL= ekU;rk nsrs gSaA blesa fgUnw /keZ ds xzaFk xhrk] jkek;.k] euqLe`fr] czkã.kxzaFk] ikS jkf.kd lkfgR;] os n bR;kfn ds vfrfjä fgUnh o laLd`r xzaFk eq[; gS a] ftudks /keZ ijk;.k fgUnw vkt Hkh izkekf.kd /keZ xzaFk ekurs gS aA8 os izFke O;fä Fks ftUgksaus u dsoy fgUnw /keZ dh vkykspuk ek= dh vfirq ,d foosdiw.kZ o rdZla xr leL;k dk lek/kku Hkh izLrqr fd;k mUgksa us mifu"k~nks a dks Hkh udkj fn;kA blds fy;s mUgksaus o.kZ O;oLFkk dks nks"kh ekuk vkS j dgk fd ^o.kZ O;oLFkk ds bl
vlarqfyr oxZ foHkktu ds dkj.k fo'ks"kkf/kdkj izkIr tkfr;k¡ cu xbZ gS a ftlls vlkekftd Hkkouk,a iS nk gks rh gSaA**9
MkW- vEcsMdj ls igys 'ka djkpk;Z] pS rU;] dchj] vjfoUn] foosdkuUn] n;kuUn ljLorh] jktk jke eks gu jk;] VSxksj] xk¡/kh bR;kfn us Hkh fgUnw /keZ esa lq/kkj ds izfr fopkj O;ä fd;s Fks] os viw.kZ o vi;kZ Ir FksA ds oy MkW- vEcs Mdj us gh lQy :i ls fgUnw /keZ dk ekSfyd o iw.kZ lek/kku fn;k] ftlls ^lkekftd U;k;** dh iz/kkurk jgh tks fd
fuEu izdkj ls Fkk 10&1- lHkh fgUnq vks a }kjk Lohd`r fgUnw /keZ dk ,d izkekf.kd /keZ xzaFk gks] tSls fd
bZlkbZ;ks a] eqlyekuksa ] flD[kksa bR;kfn es a gSA2- fgUnq vks a esa iqjksfgrokn dk mUewyu gksuk pkfg,] ;fn bls j[kuk vko';d gh gks rks
mldk iSr`d vk/kkj fcYdqy lekIr gksuk pkfg,A lHkh fgUnw leku :i ls iqjksfgrkbZ ds vf/kdkjh gks us pkfg,A
3- izR;sd iqjksfgr ds ikl jkT; }kjk ekU; /kkfeZd dk;ZØeks a vkSj mRloks a dks lEiUu djkus ds fy, ,d ekU; lun gksuh pkfg,A lun ds fcuk iqjksfgrkbZ djus okyks a dks n.M feyuk pkfg,A
4- jkT; ds fu;eksa o dkuwuksa }kjk vuq 'kkflr iqjksfgr ljdkjh deZpkjh gksuk pkfg,] rkfd og vf'kf{kr turk dk 'kks"k.k u dj ik;s] mldh uhfr;ksa rFkk fo'oklksa dk iz'kklu }kjk ewY;ka du gksA
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5- iq jks fgrks a dh la [;k lhfer gks uh pkfg,] ftl vuq ikr es a mldh lekt dks vko';drk
gksA6- /keZ uSfrdrk dh nf"V ls izR;sd lekt dk ekU; fl¼kUr gSA /keZ ckSf¼drk ij
fVdk gksuk pkfg,] ftls nwljs 'kCnks a es a foKku dgk tk ldrk gSA blds uSfrd fu;eksa esa Lora=rk] lekurk o Hkkr` Ro dh Hkkouk dk lekos'k gksA
7- /keZ dk ewY;kadu lkekftd ekinaMksa ls fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks Lo;a lkekftd vkpkj&fopkjks a ij vk/kkfjr gksA
mijksDr fyf[kr dkjdks a ds vfrfjä vus d ,sls vU; mica /kksa dh O;oLFkk MkW -vEcsMdj us dh Fkh ftlls fd lkekftd oxZ foHksn lekIr fd;k tk ldsA vEcsMdj
us vius y{; dks izkIr djus o vLi`';rk dks lekIr djus ds fy;s mUgksaus thou Hkj la ?k"kZ fd;kA vNwrksa dh vkokt dks cq yan djus rFkk mu ij gksus okys vR;kpkjksa vkSj
viekuksa dks mtkxj djus ds fy, rFkk mUgsa leku vf/kdkjksa ds izfr izksRlkgu djus ds fy, mUgksaus lkfgfR;d izek.kksa dk Hkh Hkjiwj lg;ks x iz kIr fd;kA blds fy, bUgksaus loZ izFke ,d if=dk ^^ewd uk;d** dks vkjEHk fd;k] ftlds ek/;e ls lekt dh dqjhfr;ksa dk [kqydj fojks/k fd;k x;kA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd ^vLi`';rk* dks fgUnw lekt esa vuqfpr le>k tkus yxkA lkfgfR;d dfM+;ksa esa ^dkLVl bu bf.M;k** 1917 esa mUgksa us tkfr;ksa dh mRifÙk o xBu ij izdk'k MkykA blh izdkj 1938 esa ^,sfufgys'ku vkWQ dkLV* ds ek/;e ls mUgks aus crk;k fd Hkkjr dk ewy lekt pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gS] ftls fgUnw lekt es a o.kZ O;oLFkk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bls MkW- vEcs Mdj us lkekftd vU;k; dk izrhd crk;kA11 mUgksa us dgk fd xk¡/kh }kjk vNwrksa dks ^^gfjtu** uke nsuk mUgs a vyx igpku nsuk gSA12
^^gw os;j nh 'kwnzkt** 1946 esa ek/;e ls mUgksaus 'kwnzksa dh mRifÙk ij iz dk'k MkykA ^^fn vuVpscy** 1948 bR;kfn lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls 'kksf"kr o nfyrksa dks tkx` fr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA bu dk;ksZa dks ewrZ :i nsus ds fy, mUgksaus ^^cfg"d`r fgrdkj.kh lHkk** ds ek/;e ls nfyrksa dks la?k"kZ ds fy, ,df=r fd;kA mUgksaus 15 vxLr] 1936 dks mUgksaus ^bafMisUMsUV ys cj ikVhZ** dh LFkkiuk dhA MkW- vEcsMdj us muesa vkRefo'okl]vkRelEeku] vkRelq /kkj dk egRo nfyrksa dks crk;kA 1942 esa tc vEcsMdj] ok;ljk;
dh ,dthD;wfVo dkS afly esa dkSflyj cudj vk, rks mUgksa us 8½ izfr'kr vkj{k.k dsUnzh; ljdkjh lsokvksa esa ykxw djok;kA 1891&94 esa ^xs Vejh deh'ku** ds dkj.k vNw rksa dks ls uk esa ysuk ca n dj fn;k Fkk] ijUrq MkW- vEcsMdj us bl izFkk dk fojks/k djrs gq, u dsoy bldks lekIr gh djok;k] vfirq muds fy, LFkk;h vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk Hkh
djok;h] tks fd ,d cM+h miyfC/k FkhA MkW- vEcsMdj us lkspk fd tc bruk i<+ fy[k ys us ij vkSj viuh ;ksX;rk fl¼
djus ds ckotwn Hkh mUgs a vf/kdkj ugha feyk rks mu djksM+ksa vNwrks a dks Lora =rk] lekurk] lEeku dSls feysxk] ftuds ikl uk rks Ldwy gS] uk gh ea fnj izos'k dh vuqefrA os lnS o fpfUrr jgrs Fks fd ;fn bl leL;k dk lek/kku ugha gqvk rks lkekftd U;k; izkIr ugha gks ik,xkA va r esa mUgksaus ^^/keZ ifjorZu** ds :i es a bldk lek/kku <wa < fudkykA MkW -vEcsMdj us tksf[ke Hkjk dne mBk;k rkfd lo.kZ fgUnw vks a esa dksbZ ifjorZ u vk lds ijUrq
nqHkkZ X; dh ckr gS fd ,slk ugha gks ldkA var es a mUgsa vius leqnk; dks ;g le>kuk iM+k
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fd /keZ ifjorZu gh vko';d gSA blh lanHkZ esa 13 tuojh] 1936 dks iwuk esa dh xbZ
iz frKk dks mUgks aus (1956) esa nqgjk;k ftlesa MkW - vEcsMdj us dgk Fkk fd ^^;fn lk{kkr bZ'oj Hkh vkdj dgs fd fgUnw /keZ er NksM+ ks rks Hkh eSa bl ujd rqY; fgUnw /keZ esa ugha jgawxkA** bl rjg MkW - vEcsMdj ftl lkekftd] jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd o /kkfeZd lekurk ds fy, vkthou tw>rs jgs] mls os var le; rd larks"ktud <ax ls izkIr ugha dj ik,A os vius vyx iz;kl ls Hkh lkekftd U;k; ds guu dks lekIr ugha djok ik,A mUgsa foo'k gksdj viuk y{; cnyuk iM+k vkSj dguk iM+ k fd ^^eSa iSnk rks fgUnw /keZ esa gq vk gwa ] ijUrq bl /keZ es a jgdj e:a xk ughaA**13 MkW- vEcsMdj us ckS¼ /keZ dks Js"B /keZ crk;k D;ksafd Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa vkjEHk ls gh ckS¼ /keZ dk fof'k"V LFkku jgk gSA MkW-vEcsMdj ckS¼ /keZ dh rhu ckrksa ls izHkkfor FksA 1- izKk 2- d:.kk 3- lekurk ftlls
fd og vU; /keksZ a ls Js"B gSA mUgks aus dgk fd ^^ckS¼ /keZ lrk,s x, innfyrksa ds fy,
vk'kk dk ,d nhi gSA**1413 vDVwcj] 1935 dks ukfld ftys esa /kekZUrj.k dh ,sfrgkfld ?kks"k.kk esa mUgksa us
dgk fd& ^geus fgUnw /keZ esa lekurk dk LFkku izkIr djus ds iz ;kl] lR;kxz g fd;s fdUrq lc csdkj gq,A fgUnw /keZ esa gekjs fy;s lerk dk dks bZ LFkku ugha gSA** vr% fgUnw lekt o /keZ dk R;kx gh gekjs m¼kj ds fy;s fodYi gS blds flok dksbZ jkLrk ugha gSA14
vDVw cj] 1956 dks n'kgjs ds fnu ukxiqj esa vius ik¡p yk[k vuq;kf;;ksa ds lkFk lerk] Lora=rk] foKku ij vk/kkfjr ckS¼ /keZ dh nh{kk ysuh iM+hA ckS¼ /keZ dh nh{kk ds mijkUr MkW- vEcsMdj us dgk Fkk fd& ^eS aus vkt vki yksxks a dks fgUnwvksa dh cjkcjh dk cuk fn;k gS vkSj eq >s ,slk yxrk gS fd esjk vkt iq uZtUe gqvk gS rFkk ujd ;kruk ls esjh eqfä gqbZ gSA** blls mues a LokfHkeku tkx`r gqvk o muds ân; esa teh vkRe lEeku
dh Hkkouk us ns'k ds fy, ubZ&ubZ psruk,a iSnk dh] ftldk mnkgj.k nfyr lkfgR; vkUnks yu ds :i esa izdV gqvkA bl izdkj /kekZUrj.k dh bl ?kVuk us lfn;ksa ds 'kksf"kr
nfyr oxZ ds fnyksa ls dkyk va/ksjk gVk fn;kA MkW- vEcsMdj lekt O;oLFkk esa la 'kks/ku ugha oju~ ekSfyd ifjorZ u pkgrs FksA os u dsoy vLi ';rk dk var vkSj tkfr O;oLFkk dk mUewyu pkgrs Fks oju~ o.kZ la jpuk ds leLr ijEijkxr rRoksa dks lekt ls lnk&loZnk ds fy;s feVk nsuk pkgrs FksA muds vuqlkj o.kZ ls tkfr fHkUu ugha gSaA o.kZ ls tkfr mRiUu gq bZ ftldh pje fod`fr vLi`';rk gSA os ,d ,s lk lekt pkgrs Fks ftldh jpuk Lora=rk] lekurk] Hkzkr`Ro ds fl¼kUrksa ij dh xbZ gksA o.kZ] tkfr] ttekuh] iqjksfgrkbZ O;oLFkk;sa ] mi;qDr fl¼karks a dk fu"ks/k djrh gS] blfy;s vEcsMdj bUgsa Lohdkj djus ds fy;s drbZ rS;kj ugha FksA MkW- vEcs Mdj us o.kZ O;oLFkk] tkfr
O;oLFkk dk fojks/k fd;kA mUgksaus o.kZ O;oLFkk dks fdlh Hkh n` f"V vFkok fdlh Hkh :i esa Lohdkj ugha fd;k] D;ksafd ;g lekt O;oLFkk vU;k;iw .kZ gS] tks vlekurk] vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k] lkekftd mRihM+u] /kkfeZd HksnHkko] jktuhfrd Hkz"Vrk vkfn ij fufeZ r gSAvEcsMdj ds vuqlkj o.kZ O;oLFkk us tkfr izFkk o vLi`';rk dks tUe fn;k gS] ftUgksa us
ekuo izkf.k;ksa dks i'kq leku cuk fn;k gS vkSj lEiw .kZ fgUnw lekt dks ukjdh; irukoLFkk esa <dsy fn;kA mUgks aus dgk fd o.kZ O;oLFkk u rks bZ 'ojh; gS u gh LokHkkfod gSA mls ifo= ,oa vdkV~; ekuuk] vkneh dh xfjek] xkSjo dh Lora=rk] lerk] Hkzkr`Ro tSls ekuo ewY;ks a dks vieku djus ds cjkcj gSA og ekurs Fks fd o.kZ] tkfr ,oa NwvkNwr es a
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vUr% lEcU/k gSA tkfr vkSj NqvkNw r feVkus dh ckr egt ,d fn[kkok gSA mldh tM+
o.kZ O;oLFkk gSA ftls lewy u"V fd;s fcuk tkfrokn vkS j vLi` ';rk ds vlk/; jks x dHkh lekIr ughs gks ldrsA vr% ;g fufoZokn gS fd vEcs Mdjokn vkSj o.kZ okn vFkok euqokn tSlk fd ekuk tkrk gS] nksuks a ,d nwljs ds iz frdwy fopkj gSA tgk¡ vEcs Mdjokn gS ogk¡ mlds lkFk o.kZ okn] euqokn] czká.kokn xk¡/khokn tS ls fopkj dHkh Hkh rkyesy rFkk rkjrE; esa ugha cka /ks tk ldrsA
MkW- vEcsMdj us o.kZ ,oa tkfr ls lacaf/kr lexz dks vLohdkj fn;kA o.kZ O;oLFkk] tkfr izFkk] vLi ';rk] euqokn czká.kokn] fnO;rk] vdkV~;rk dk izfrjks/k djrs gq, vEcsMdj dk ew yea = ekuooknh lekt gS ftldk vk/kkj lerk] Lora=rk]Hkz kr`Ro ds =;h fl¼kar esa vUrfuZfgr gSA ;g =;h fl¼kar u dsoy MkW- vEcsMdj ds
lektoknh lekt dk lajpukRed i{k gS] vfirq uSfrd ekun.M Hkh gSA lerk Lora=rk]
Hkz kr`Ro rhuksa 'kCn ,d nwljs ds i`Fkd u gksdj ijLij lEc¼ gSA MkW- vEcsMdj us dgk fd **esjk vkn'kZ lekt og gks xk tks Lora=rk] lekurk] Hkz kr`Ro ij vk/kkfjr gksA15 MkW-vEcsMdj us bu 'kCnksa &Lora=rk] lerk] Hkzkr`Ro dk vuqdj.k Ýka l dh ØkfUr ls ugha
fd;k] oju~ cq¼ dh f'k{kkvksa ls xz g.k fd;kA mUgks aus dgk] **fo/ks;kRed n`f"V ls esjk lekt&n'kZ u rhu 'kCnksa es a fufgr gS& Lora=rk] lerk ,oa Hkz kr`RoA ysfdu fdlh dks ,slk ugha dguk pkfg;s fd eSaus vius n'kZ u dks Ýkal dh ØkfUr ls fy;k gSA esjs n'kZu dh tM+s/keZ esa gS] u fd jktuhfr foKku esaA eSaus vius egku xq: cq ¼ dh f'k{kkvksa ls mudk vuqdj.k fd;k gSA16 MkW- vEcsMdj ds lkekftd fpUru ds ewy rRo Lora=rk] lerk]Hkzkr`Ro] tura= vkfn gSa ftuesa ekuoh; xkSjo dh /ofu xw atrh gSA muds s vuqlkj lekt esa
Lora=rk] lerk] Hkzkr` Ro] ekuoh; ln~xq .k Hkh gS tks dÙkZ O;] ln~xq .k ds :i esa vkneh dks
mRd` "V rFkk mnkÙk cukrs gSa A MkW- vEcsMdj dh n f"V ls] ;g =;h fl¼ka r dsoy dÙkZO; rFkk lnkpj.k ds ewyk/kkj gS] vfirq ekuo&ekuo ds chp lE;d laca /kksa dh LFkkiuk ds fy, vfuok;Z ?kVd gSA bUgha ls lPps ekuooknh lekt dh tM+s lq n`<+ gks ldrh gSA bUgha ds vk/kkj ij mUgksaus Hkkjr esa uohu lekt O;oLFkk dh ckr dgh] tks o.kZ] tkfr]vLi` ';rk ls fHkUu ekuoonh ewY;ks a dks Js "B ekurh gSA mUgksaus dgk fd **lkekftd U;k;
dk tks lkj rRo gS] o.kkZJe /keZ mldk iz frjks/kh gSA17 MkW- vEcs Mdj ;|fi lekt ds lHkh oxksZa dh méfr pkgrs Fks rFkkfi nfyrks a dks ijEijkxr lkekftd nklrk ls eqfä fnykuk vkSj muds fgrksa dh j{kk djuk muds thou dk iz/kku y{; FkkA os dgrs Fks fd nfyr lekt ftlesa eSa tUek gw¡ mls lfn;ksa dh nklrk ls eqä djuk esjk ije dÙkZ O; gSvkS j ;fn eSa ,slk ugha dj ldk rks xksyh ekj dj viuk thou lekIr dj nwaxkA os nfyrksa
ds fgr dks jk"Vª ,oa Lo;a ds fgr ls cM+k ekurs FksA mUgks aus dgk fd ;fn vius fgr o jk"Vªfgr esa Vdjko gq vk rks os viuk fgr R;kx ns axs] fdUrq jk"Vª fgr o nfyr fgr es a Vdjko gqvk rks os jk"Vªfgr R;kx nsaxsA vEcs Mdj fgUnw lekt es a ifjorZu pkgrs Fks blfy;s mUgksaus o.kZ O;oLFkk dks nks"kh ekuk vkS j dgk fd **o.kZ O;oLFkk es a vla rq fyr oxZ foHkktu ds dkj.k fo'ks"kkf/kdkj izkIr tkfr;k¡ cu xbZ gSaA ftlls fd vlkekftd Hkkouk;sa iSnk gksrh gSA** MkW- vEcsMdj us dgk fd **vkn'kZ lekt og gS ftles a lerk] Hkz kr`Ro dk leUo; gksA** bl izdkj MkW- vEcsMdj us thou Hkj nfyrksa ds fgrksa ds fy;s la?k"kZ fd;k viuk thou lefiZr dj fn;kA
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MkW- vEcs Mdj dk ekuuk Fkk fd ubZ O;oLFkk ds fuekZ.k ds fy;s u;s O;fä dk
fuekZ.k djuk t:jh ugha gS] t:jh gS iqjkuh O;oLFkk ij vk?kkr djukA lekt cnysxk rks O;fä vius vki cny tk;sxkA O;fä o lewg dks fu;fer djus okys vk/kkjHkwr fu;eksa esa ifjorZu ds lkFk O;fä dks lek;kstu djuk gh iM+rk gS D;ksafd lekt ds ckgj thou nwHkj gS vkSj lekt es a jgus ds fy;s lekt ds lkFk lkFkZd rknkRE; LFkkfir djuk t:jh gks rk gSA MkW- vEcs Mdj ds 'kCnks a esa & ;fn Hkkjr dks Lora= djuk gS rks igys fgUnw lekt dk ekSfyd lq/kkj vfuok;Z gS] D;ksa fd fcuk lkekftd lekurk ,oa lq /kkj dsvktknh <dks lyk ek= gSA vEcsMdj ds bl vk'k; ds fopkjks a dks ysdj vusd ckj
mudh Nfo ds iz fr la'k; O;ä fd;s x;s] fdUrq os vfMx jgsA mudh lkekftd iz frc¼rk gh jk"Vª lsok dk izfreku cuh jghA MkW- vEcsMdj Lora =rk ds rks i{k/kj Fks fdUrq mudk ;g ekuuk Fkk fd lo.kksZ dh nklrk ls eq fä ikuk nfyrksa ds fy;s mruk gh
t:jh gS ftruk vaxzstks dh xqykeh ls vktknh ikukA mudk dguk Fkk fd ;fn cky xaxk/kj fryd czká.k dh txg vNw r tkfr esa iSnk gq, gks rs rks os ;g ugha dgrs fd Lora=rk esjk tUefl¼ vf/kdkj gS eSa mls ysdj jgaw xkA os ;g dgrs fd vLi` ';rk mUew yu esjk tUe fl¼ vf/kdkj gS vkSj mldk mUewyu djds jga wxkA
MkW- vEcs Mdj nfyr leL;k dks fgUnw lekt dk vax ekuus dks rS;kj ugha FksA mudk dguk Fkk fd ;fn nfyr fgUnw lekt dk vax gksrs rks muds lkFk bruk vekuoh; O;ogkj ugh fd;k tkrk nqfu;k dk dksbZ lekt vius fdlh Hkkx dks vNw r ugha ekurk vks j u gh vius ls i`Fkd djus ds fy;s ck/; djrk gSA ya nu esa gq, f}rh; xksyest
lEesyu esa mUgksaus bl ckr ij tksj fn;k fd nfyr fgUnw lekt dk Hkkx ugha gS] ;g tual[;k dk i`Fkd rRo gS] blfy;s bls i`Fkd izfrfuf/kRo fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA mudk
dguk Fkk fd fgUnw vkSj tkfr ,d nwljs ds i;kZ; gS aA tkfr dh tM+ s fgUnw /keZ esa gSA blfy, fgUnw lekt ls tkfr dk mUeq yu la Hko ugha gSA tkfr dh tM+s fgUnw /keZ gS vr% tkfr dk mUewyu laHko ugha gSaA mUgksaus fgUnw /keZ dks R;kx dj nfyrksa ls ckS ¼ /keZ viukus dks dgk mUgksa us dgk fd **ckS¼ /keZ lrk, x, in nfyrks a ds fy, vk'kk dk ,d nhi gSA** var esa lo.kZ fgUnw :f<+okfn;ksa us mUgs a /keZ ifjorZu djus dks etcwj dj fn;kA 14vDVw cj] 1956 dks n'kgjs ds fnu ukxiqj esa vius ikap yk[k vuq;kf;;ksa ds lkFk lerk]
Lora=rk ds fy;s] lekt esa euq";ksa dh Hkk¡ fr thus ds fy;s ckS¼ /keZ dh nh{kk ys yhA bl izdkj 1935 esa ^^;soM+ k** es a yh dle fd os fgUnw jgdj ejsa xs ugha dks mUgks aus iwjk fd;kA ckS¼ /keZ dh nh{kk ds ckn mUgksaus dgk fd eS aus vkt lekt ds ml oxZ dks tksvkt rd euq ";ksa dh Js.kh es a ugha Fkk] dks fgUnqvksa dh cjkcjh dk cuk fn;k vkSj eq >s
,slk yxrk gS fd vkt esjk iquZtUe gqvk gS rFkk ujd ;kruk ls es jh eqfDr gqbZ gSA** mUgksaus ckS¼ /keZ dh Js"Brk dks Lohdkjrs gq;s dgk fd ckS¼ /keZ lrk;s x;s in nfyrksa ds fy;svk'kk dk ,d nhi gS] ftlesa lHkh yksxksa ds fy;s iz Kk] d:.kk vkSj lekurk ds xq.k gS
tks bls vU; /keks Za ls Js"B fl¼ djrk gSA18 vEcsMdj ds vuqlkj **;fn nfyr oxZ bZlkbZ] bLyke viuk;s axs rks os u ds oy fgUnw /keZ ls ckgj pys tk;saxs cfYd fgUnw laLd` fr ls Hkh ckgj pys tk;s axsA fdUrq ;fn os fl[k /keZ Lohdkj djsaxs rks os fgUnw laLd`fr esa cus jg ldrs gSa A fgUnwvks a ds fy;s ;g dke ykHknk;d ckr ugha gSA** MkW - vEcs Mdj dks ckS ¼ /keZvPNk yxk mUgks aus mls viuk fy;kA vUrr% e`R;q ds FkksMs+ fnu iwoZ gh mUgks aus ckS¼ /keZ
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viuk dj bl ckr dks lgh lkfcr dj fn;k fd os fgUnw /keZ esa ugha ejsaxsA MkW - vEcsMdj
}kjk fdlh fons'kh /keZ dks viuk;s tkus ds nwjxkeh jktuSfrd o lkekftd ifj.kke cgqr [kjkc gks rs vksj Hkkjr 'kk;n bruk cM+k vkSj bruk l'kä ugha gksrkA /keZ ifjorZu tSlh uktqd leL;k esa Hkh mUgksa us cM+k /;ku j[kk fd ns'k la Ld`fr ls og dgha oafpr u jg tk;s aA pwa fd ckS¼ Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk gh vfHkUu va x gS] blhfy;s mUgksa us dgk Hkh fd ^^eSaus bl ckr dk /;ku j[kk gS fd esjk /keZ ifjorZu ml Hkwfe ds bfrgkl vkSj la Ld`fr dh ijEijk dks dks bZ gkfu ugha igq¡ pk;sA mudk /keZ ifjorZ u vkRekfHkeku rFkk vkRe&lEeku] lerk ,oa ca/kqRo ds fy;s FkkA vEcsMdj ftrus lEeku vkS j ekuoh; vf/kdkjksa ds fy;s yMs+ Fks] mrus fdlh vU; fdlh ckr ds fy;s ughaA mUgksa us dgk fd ^^lEeku iwoZd jguk equ"; dk tUefl¼ vf/kdkj gS] blds fy;s ftruk R;kx gks lds] gesa djuk pkfg;sA ckS¼ /keZ gh nfyrksa esa vkRekfHkeku rFkk vkRefo'okl iSnk dj ldrk gS] D;ksa fd og Lora=rk
lerk rFkk ekuo cU/kqRo ij vk/kkfjr gSA /kekZa rj ls eSa cM+k gh izlUu gw¡ vkSj izQqfYyr gks mBk gw¡] eq >s ,slk izrhr gks rk gS fd eSa ujd ls NqVdkjk ik x;k gw¡A
la{ksi es a dgk tk ldrk gS fd vEcsMdj ds fopkj ekuooknh fl¼kUr fy;s gq, gSa ftuesa va /kfo'oklksa] :f<+ okfnrk dh ctk; ckS f¼drk dks izkFkfedrk nsrs gSaA vius fopkjksa ,oa dk;ksZ ds izfr l'kDr fojks/kh ekgkSy ds chp mUgksa us lkekftd U;k;] nfyrksa dh jktuhfrd lÙkk es a Hkkxhnkjh gsrq u dsoy ekax dh cfYd O;ogkj es a la?k"kZjr jgsAvEcsMdj us ns'k ds izfr viuh Hkfä dks cuk;s j[krs gq ,s lkekftd lq/kkjksa dks
iz kFkfedrk nhA vkt Hkh vEcsMdj dks nfyrksa dk elhgk ekuk tkrk gSA orZeku es a lkekftd U;k; ,oa nfyrksa dh jktuhfrd lÙkk es a Hkkxhnkjh dh ns'k es a tks vko';drk O;ä dh tk jgh gS mldh rg esa vEcs Mdj dh vkokt izfr/ofur gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- pUnzk HkkfjYy] lks'ky ,.M ikWfyfVdy vkbfM;kt vkWQ MkW- Hkhejko vacsMdj] vkys[k
ifCy'klZ] t;iqj] lu~ 1977] i`- 120&1232- nh VkbZEl vkWQ bf.M;k] cEcbZ] 12-1-19503- gfjtu & 21-3-19364- Hkxoku nkl] nl Liksd vEcsMdj Hkkx&1] (laikfnr) (lysDVsM Lihpst vkWQ MkW- ch-vkj-
vEcsMdj) fjokbTM ,Mh'ku&2] Hkhe ifCy'klZ tkya/kj] 1963] i`- 67]5- 'kkafr nsok] lh-,e- ok?k] MkW- vEcsMdj ,.M dUolZu] vEcsMdj ifCyds'kal lkslk;Vh
gSnjkckn] 1965] i`- 666- vEcsMdj ch-vkj-] OgkV dkaxzsl ,.M xk¡/kh gSo Mu Vw n vuVpscYl] Fksdj cacbZ&1946]
i`- 1067- v;~;j]oh-ds- d`".kk] MkW- vEcsMdj ,.M nh nfyr ;wpj] ch-vkj- ifCyf'kax dkWiks Zjs'ku
fnYyh] 1990] i`- 5]8- vEcsMdj] ch-vkj-] jkbfVax ,.M Lihp% dkLV bu bafM;k okWY;we&1] Hkhe ifCy'klZ tkya/
kj] 1976] i`- 1619- dqcsj] MkW- vEcsMdj , fØfVdy LVMh] ihiqy ifCyf'kax gkÅl] ubZ fnYyh] 1979] i`-
293]10- vEcsMdj ch-vkj-] cq¼k ,.M fn ;wpj vkWQ fjfytu] vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; lkekftd ,oa
jktuhfrd fparu] MkW- iq:"kksÙke ukxj] jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj 1995 i`- 17]
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11- vEcsMdj ch-vkj-] gw oj nh 'kwnzkt] Fksdj] cEcbZ 1946] i`- 7&8
12- vEcsMdj ch-vkj- OgkV dkaxzsl ,.M xk¡/kh gSo Mu Vw fn vuVpscYl] vEcsMdj Ldwy vkWQ FkkWV] ve`rlj 1963] i`- 44]
13- Hkxoku nkl] nl Liksd vku vEcsMdj] Hkkx&4] vEcsMdj lkfgR; izdk'ku] csaxyksj 1980] i`- 107&108
14- nh VkbEl vkWQ bafM;k] 18&10&193515- vEcsMdj] ,sfufgys'ku vkWQ dkLV] vEcsMdj Ldwy vkWQ FkkWV] ve`rlj 1963] i- 144]16- ch-vkj- vEcsMdj] fnukad 3 vDVwcj] 1954] vky bafM;k esa izlkfjr Hkk"k.k 17- vEcsMdj ch-vkj- ,sfufgys'ku vkQ dkLV] vEcsMdj Ldwy vkWQ FkkWV] verlj 1963]
i`- 38-18- nh VkbZEl vkWQ bf.M;k] cacbZ 18-10-1935
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ia-fo-uk- Hkkr[kaMs jfpr cafn'k dh leh{kk] jkx&;eu ia-fo-uk- Hkkr[kaMs jfpr cafn'k dh leh{kk] jkx&;eu ia-fo-uk- Hkkr[kaMs jfpr cafn'k dh leh{kk] jkx&;eu ia-fo-uk- Hkkr[kaMs jfpr cafn'k dh leh{kk] jkx&;eu ia-fo-uk- Hkkr[kaMs jfpr cafn'k dh leh{kk] jkx&;eu
¹ Hkks tjkt ch- pkS/kjh ¹ Hkkstjkt ch- pkS/kjh ¹ Hkks tjkt ch- pkS/kjh ¹ Hkkstjkt ch- pkS/kjh ¹ Hkkstjkt ch- pkS/kjh
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¹ f'kokth uxj] vejkorh] egkjk"Vª
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& ia-fo-uk Hkkr[kaMs us 'kS{kf.kd nf"Vdks.k ls gq;s fg-Ø-iq-ek-Hkkx&1 ls 6 Hkkx dh jpuk dh gS A mUgks aus fofHkUu jkxksa dks Øeokj yxkdj mu jkxks a dks izFker% 10 FkkaVks es a oxhZ d`r fd;k gSA rhoz Lojks a dk FkkV izkjaHk es a rks vf/kd fod`r Lojksa dk FkkV rksMh ;g var es s a j[kkA mudk FkkVks dk Øe ;g dY;k.k] fcykoy] [kekt] HkS jo] iwohZ] ekjok] vklkojh] dkQh]
HkS joh vkSj rksMh ,slk ns[kus dks feyrk gS A izLrqr jkxks a es a mUgksaus izFke 'kkL=h; foospu esLojekfydk] y{k.kxhr] NksVk[;ky] cMk[;ky] /kin vkS j dHkh Lo;a jfpr cafn'k nh gSA viuh iqLrd ds var es a jkxks a ds Lo:i Li"V djus ds fy, dqN vkyki ds mnkgj.k fn;s gS aA bu Ng Hkkxks esa ls igys Hkkx es a ia-fo-uk-Hkkr[kaMs jfpr jkx ;eu dh jpuk fl/nka rks dh leh{kk djuk bl 'kks/k dk mís'; gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
fo"k; ifjp;& bl 'kks/k i= esa fn, gq , 'kq/n vkS j fod`r Lojksa ds fHkUu vyadkjks ds lrr v/;;u ls tks vkokt rS ;kj gksrh gS mu nl jkxksa dks Øe'k% fl[kkus gsrq ia fMrth us ;eu ;g vkJ; jkx fy;k gSA fg-dz-iq -ek-Hkkx&1 ds i`-dz-26]27 es a jkx ;eu dh ia fMrth dh Lojfpr cafn'k nh gSA lHkh rhoz Lojks a ls ;qDr jkx ;eu gSA loZ izFker%
jkxksa ds oknh] laoknh] fod`r Loj] xkule; vkS j vkjksg vojks g fn;s gSaA mlds i'pkr jkx dh Lojkd`fr Li"V :i ls mHkjus ds fy;s e/;y; esa ,d Lojekfydk nh gSA mijks Dr dzeij vxj voyks du fd;k tk;s rks ges fuf'pr~ :i ls iafMrth dk ;g 'kS{kf.kd n`f"Vdks.k Li"V gks rk gSA vc cafn'k dk fo'ys "k.k fHkUUk RkRRoksa }kjk ge ns[ksaxsA
ca fn'k dk 'kCnkFkZ& xhrks a es a Lojkas dk 'kCnks a ls tks vVwV laca/k jgrk gS oks ia fMrth us ;gk crk;k gSA Loj dgh Hkh gks mlds Lojks a ds laf{kIr uke ls u iqdkjrs gq, vkdkj es a mPpkj.k djds xkuk xkus dh vknr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fl[kkbZ tkrh gSA blh izdkj Lojksa ds fofo/k vya dkj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls fHkUu fHkUu y;dkjh esa xok;s tkrs gSa A gj ,d 'kCn dks fuR; fnuØe esa mPpkj.k dh ,d fof'k"V /ofu izfrek jgrh gS] ijarq xn; dh ;g iz frek xhrksa ds vfo"dkj esa lka fxfrd /ofu ds :i esa mHkjdj vkrh gSA ;eu jkx ds bl igyh
ca fn'k ls iafMrth us ;g lkjh izfdz;k dks fl[kkus dk iz;kl ;gk fd;k gSA xhrks a esa dqN 'kCn vk* vkdkj;qDr jgrs gSa] rks dqN v* vdkj;qDr] rks dqN bZ* bZdkj;qDr vkSj dbZ ^vkS a * vkS a dkj;q Dr gS rks dq N vuq Loj;q Dr gSA mnk- bl xhr es a 'kCn lnkf'ko* (v$vk$b$m) ^Hkteuk* (v$v$v$vk) ^fulfnu* (b$v$b$v) lkafxfrd izfdz;k es a ges ;g dguk iMsxk fd] i es xjs* ;g eq[; Loj vkdj esa xk ldrs gSa vkSj mUk Loj dks NksMdj 'kCn ^fulfnu* ;g xkuk iMs+xkA
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Hkk"kk es a pyu izkIr Lojksa dks lkafxfrd Lojksa ls lglacaf/kr djrs le; Hkk"kk esa
lfEefyr O;atuks dks ys us dh vko';drk lnS o jgrh gSA Hkk"kk esa lfEEkfyr O;a tu;qDr Loj vkSj lkaxhfrd Loj ds ,d:irk ls xhrksa ls 'kCn vkS j dze'k% xhr fuc/n gks rs gSaA
dkO;& LFkk;h lnk'kho Hkteuk fulfnu fj/nk flf/n nk;d fcur lgk;d ukgd HkVdr fQjr vuojr
va rjk 'kadj Hkksyk ikjorh jeu flr ru iux Hkw"k.k vuqie dksbZ u lq fejr HkVdr rw fQjr
ca fn'k dk dkO;kFkZ& bl fo'ys "k.k djrs le; dfo us [kqn ds eu dks le>rk gS fd ;s eu rw ges 'kk f'ko dh mikluk djA fjf/n flf/n dh izkIrh djkus okyk vkS j 'kj.k vk;sHkDr dks laHkkuysokyk og 'ka dj gh gSA dfo [kqn dks le>krs gq,s ;g dgrk gS fd] ;s
eu rw cxSj eryc ds ;gk ogk HkVdrk jgrk gSA ;g NksMdj rw fuR; f'ko dh mikluk djA ikoZ rh dk ifr ;g Hkksyk gSA mldk 'kjhj f'kr jgus ds fy, vrqyuh; lki :ih ,slk vyadkj mlus /kkj.k fd;k gSA fQj ;gk ogk HkVduls rw 'kho'kadj dk euu D;ks a ugha djrkA
'kadjth ds xq.k&o/kZu ds fy, tks 'kCn fy, gSaa muesa dgha Hkh la ;qDr v{kj ugha gSA tgk la;qDr v{kjks a dh vko';drk Fkh ogk mu 'kCnks a dks mPpkj.k dh n`f"V ls lqyHk fd;k x;k gSA tSls fjf/n flf/n dk fj/kh] fl/kh ikoZrh je.k dk (ikjorh jeu) Lejr dk (lqfejr) bl rjg ls lqyHkhdj.k fd;k gSA blh otg ls izLrqr jpuk 'kCnksaPpkj.k dh n`f"V ls lqyHk gq bZ gSA ;ed dh n`f"V ls vxj bl jpuk ij ge fopkj djs rks LFkkbZ ds var eas vuojr bl 'kCn dks varjk ds var eSa vk;s gq,s fQjr bZl 'kCn us ;ed cgqr gh vPNh rjg ls lk/kk gSA vxj varxZr ;ed fd n`f"V ls lksps rks LFkkbZ vkSj varjk ls iz R;sd izkjaHk dh ia fDr;ksa esa vdkjkar 'kCn jpuk ysus ls ukn laokn lk/kk gSA ca fn'k ds oknh] laoknh vkS j U;klLojksa dk vH;kl
f=rky ds Ng vkorZuka dh ;g cafn'k iw.kZr% Ngkuos ek=kvksa esa izLrqr dh xbZ gSA rhu fHkUu Lojksa fd Ngkuos ek=kvksa dk vodk'k ekuk gSA mu Lojksa dk ek=k foHkktu fuEu fyf[kr gSA
lk 5] js 14] x 16] es 12] i 18] /k 11] fu 11] lk 9] & 96 bu Lojks a dk ek=kvodk'k dh n`f"V ls izk/kkU;dze fuUe rjg ls gSA i18] x16] js 14] es 12] /k 11] fu 11] lk 5$9&14
izLrq r Lojekfydk ds iw.kZr% Ngkuos ek=kvksa ls lokZf/kd vBkjg ek=kvksa dk vodk'k iape bl Loj dks feyk gSA bl otg ls iape Loj dh bl jkx esa izkcY;
fn[krk gSA ;g jkx esa egRo dk U;klLoj dgk tk;sxkA 16 ek=kvksa dk xa/kkj oknh dgus dks dks bZ f>>d ugha mlds ckn izkIr 14 ek=k ;g jkx es a fj"kHk dh rjg mrjkax es /kS or dh Hkw fedk la oknh RkRoksa ds dkj.k egRRoiw.kZ gSA ;g 14 ek=kvkas dh fj"kHk dh Hkwfedk
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fdruh egRoiw.kZ gS ;g n'kkZrk gS A blh rjg mRRkjkax esa fu"kkn vkSj /kSor bu Lojksa dks
11 ek=kvksa dk vodk'k izkIr gqvk gSA fu"kkn dks la oknhLoj dgus ds ckn iwokZax esa "kM+t ;g vuqoknh Loj dgus ;ksX; gSA mlh rjg 12 ek=kvksa dk rhoz e/;e dk LFkku Hkh ;ksX; gSA jkxn'kZu dh n`f"V ls LFkkbZ dk mBko fu"kkn ls vkSj varjk dk mBko xa/kkj ls ys uk ;g jkx dks iks "kd gSA
cafn'k esa d.k Loj dk yxko& iz Lrqr jpuk eas dqy 10 d.kLoj fy, gSaA lokZf/kd dqy 3 Loj iape~ dks Øe'k% utfndh e/;e ds vkjks gh Lo:i esa nks LokHkkfod d.k yxs gksdj rhljs dz ekad ds xka/kkj dk oSf'k"V;iw .kZ vkjksgh Lo:i dk ,d d.k feyk gSA fu"kkn bl Loj dks utfndh ds "kM~t ds vkjks gh- Lo:i ds nks d.k yxs gSA xa/kkj dks frljs dzekad ds "kM~t dk oSf'k"V;iq.kZ vkjksgh Lo:i ds d.k yxs gS aA xa/kkj dks rhljs Øekad ds "kM~t dk oS f'k"V;iw .kZ vkjks gh Lo:i dk ,d d.k yxk gSA fj"kHk dks yxr
ds "kMt dk vkjksgh Lo:i esa LokHkkfod nks d.k yxs gq , gS aA "kM~t bl Loj dks Hkh yxr ds fu"kkn dk vkjksgh Lo:i ds nks d.k yxs gq , gSa A bl rjg ls fHkUu izdkj ds oSf'k"Viw.kZ d.k Loj ls izLrqr cafn'k esa iz eq[k Lojksa dk lkSan;Z vkS j Hkh c<+k gSA
cafn'k esa y; lkSan;Z& izLrqr jpuk ;g f=rky e/;y; esa gksdj izLrqr Lojekfydk (1) ,d pqrZwFkkZa'k iV (2) fueiV (3) ,diV ,s lh rhu izdkj ds y; ls vfHkO;Dr gqbZ gSA y;lkSan;Z dh n`f"V ls bl cafn'k dh gj ia fDr es a f=rky ds vyx&vyx vkd`frcan gesa vyadfjd Lojlew g ls r;kj feyrs gSaA fyf[kr Lo:i esa Lojleqnk; ;g f=rky ds pkj
pkj ek= ds foHkktu dh rjg fn[krs gSa] fQj Hkh bl fdz;k ls xk;k tk;s rks dsoy ek= ;kaf=d y;c/nrk jgsxhA blhfy;s bl txg y; ds lkSan;Zcks/k ds fy;s bl cafn'k fd gj ia fDrvksa es a f=rky dh 16 ek=kvksa ds Lojleqnk; dh lgk;rk ls fdl rjg vkd`frcan rS ;kj gksrs gS a ;g ns[ksaxsA ia fDr Øekad&
ca fn'k dh 'kSf{kd leh{kk& ;eu jkx ds Loj xk;u ls xhrxk;u fo|kfFkZ ;ksa dks lgt :i ls vkdyu djus ds fy, bl cafn'k dk iz eq[k iz;ks tu gSA lqyHk] vFkZiw.kZ]
3 3 6 4
4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4
4 3 1 4 4
6 6 4
4 4 4 4
¼1½ fu/k · $ iesi $ xesi sss $iesxjs = 16
¼2½ lkjsxjs $xesi| $ iesxjs $ xjslkM = 16
¼3½ fujsxes $ i|fulk $ jsalkfu/k $ iesxes = 16
¼4½ xxi| $ ilka $ lka $ fujasxajas $ lka fu/ki = 16
¼5½ xajsa lkafu/ki $ fu|ieasxjs $ xjslk · = 16
¼6½ fujsxes $ i/kfulka $ jsa lkfu/k $ iesxes = 16
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mfpr'kCn jpuk] vk/;kfRed n`f"V ls ifjiw.kZ laxhr ds nsork Jh 'kadjth dk Lej.k]
e/kqj xq at;qDr Lojjpuk] pkj vkorZu dh y;dkj ;qDr xqaQu] jkxn'kZd] lq xe ija rq vyadkfjd Lojkoyh bu fHkUu&fHkUu vaxksa ls vkSj n f"V ls izkjafHkd Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks xk;u fl[kkus ds fy, ;g vR;a r lkgk;d jpuk gSA izkjafHkd fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds euij vk/;kfRed laLdkj djus gsrq bl dkO; dk p;u
lqxelqjks }kjk djus ds fiNs iafMrtha dk dq'ky n`f"Vdksu izxV gksrk gSA izkjafHkd fo|kfFkZ;ksa us ;g jpuk loZizFke vkRelkr djds ;eu jkx dh Nk;k viz R;{k :i lsvkdyu djds ;eu jkx dk Lo:i bl jpuk}kjk fo|kfFkZ;ks a ds [k;ky esa jgrk gSA ek=
;eu jkx dh lkSan;kZRed vfHkO;fDr izLrqr jpuk}kjk fl/n u gksus ds dkj.k /kjnkat xk;d vius egfQy es a bl rjg dh ca fn'k dk p;u gh ugha djrs gSaA bl rjg 'kSf{kd n`f"Vdks .k ls gh bl cafn'k fufeZfr gqbZ gSA ;g Li"V gksrk gSA
cafn'k dh dykRed leh{kk& dykRed fufeZfr ;g bl cafn'k dk iz;kstu ugha gSA blh fy, dsoy ek=k cafn'k 'kSf{kd n`f"V ls gh jph gSA ?kjankt cafn'khvksa esa ges'kk dykRed ewY;ks a dh vis{kk djuk ;g iw .kZr% mfpr ugha gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Lrjij cafn'k dykRed djrs gq, Hkh izLFkkfir xk;dkas dh egfQyks es a bl cafn'k dks fo'ks "k LFkku ugha fn;k tk ldrkA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- ia-fo .kwukjk;u Hkkr[kaMs] fgUnqLrkuh laxhr i¼fr] Øfed iqLrd ekyk Hkkx&1] laxhr
dk;kZy;] gkFkjl] i`"B&26] 27
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orZeku ifjizs{; esa yksdlkfgR;&c?ksy[k.M orZeku ifjizs{; esa yksdlkfgR;&c?ksy[k.M orZeku ifjizs{; esa yksdlkfgR;&c?ksy[k.M orZeku ifjizs{; esa yksdlkfgR;&c?ksy[k.M orZeku ifjizs{; esa yksdlkfgR;&c?ksy[k.M ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa
¹ vfer 'kqDy ¹ vfer 'kq Dy ¹ vfer 'kqDy ¹ vfer 'kq Dy ¹ vfer 'kqDy
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¹ lgk;d izk/;kid] fgUnh] 'kkldh; Bkdqj j.ker flag egkfo|ky;] jhok (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& yksdxhr 21oha lnh ds Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds nkSj es a mrus gh mRlkg] meax ls xk;s vkS j ila n fd;s tkrs gS a ftrus izkphu le; esaA le; ds cnyrs ifjos'k esa ;qokvks a] o`¼ks a es a vk/kqfudrk dh Nki Li"V utj vkrh gSA ij c?ksy[k.M ds yksdxhrks a dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tk; rks
vkt Hkh laLdkj xhr] nsoh&nsorkvks a ds xhr] vkfnokfl;ksa ds fofo/k vk;keh xhr] thoup;kZ xhr] Jexhr] ckydks a ds xhr] u`R; xhr vkfn vusd izdkj ds yksdxhrksa dh yksdfiz;rk ;gk¡ ds yksd lkfgR; esa n`f"Vxr gS aA ;gk¡ ds yksdxhr c?ksyh laLd`fr ,oa yksdthou dh ltho vfHkO;fDr gS aA bues a yksd thou ds lq[k&nq%[k fefJr vuUr Hkko lek;s gq;s gS aA ½rq pØ dsvuqlkj vyx&vyx ioksa Z] R;kS gkjksa ds vuqlkj yksdxhrksa dk xk;u gksrk gS A bles a u dsoy ekVh dh lksa /kh lqxU/k feyrh gS ] cfYd la?k"kks aZ ds chp vkuUniwoZd dk;Z lEikfnr djus dh is zj.kk Hkh feyrh gS A c?ksyh ds 'kykdk iq#"k MkW - Hkxorh izlkn 'kqDy ds vuqlkj&O;fDr fo'ks"k }kjk jfpr ogh xhr yksdxhr dh laKk izkIr djrs gS a] ftues a yksd O;kidrk] ljyrk] Hkko izo.krk vkS j lqcks/krk gksA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
yksd lkfgR; dk Hkkjrh; laLd`fr es a ogh LFkku gS tks nsg es a izk.k dk] mlh ls tu&thou Lia nu ,oa fujarj xfr'khy jgk gSA yksd lkfgR; lgk;d ufn;ksa dh rjg gS tksvius dwy fdukjs ds xhr] dFkk] dgkor] fo'okl] ekU;rkvksa vkSj foiqy 'kCn laink ls
jk"VªHkk"kk fganh dks le ¼ djrk vk;k gSA okLro es a] dfBukb;ksa esa Hkh eqLdqjkus vkSj foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ks a es a Hkh vkxs c<+us dh 'kfDr tu&thou us yks d lkfgR; ls ik;h gSA yksd lkfgR; esa cnyrs ifjos'k ds lkFk vius vkidks cnyus] fuR; uohu :i es a vkxs c<+us dh viwoZ {kerk gSA fpjaru blfy;s gS fd orZeku ij mldh etcwrh ls idM+ gSvkS j ftldh orZeku ij idM+ gS] og tc Me: dh rjg gk¡Fk fgykrk gS rks rks mlls Hkwr vkS j Hkfo"; nksuksa cuus yxrs gS aA og ,d gkFk ls vrhr ds mn~xe ls tq M+k gS vkSj nwljs
gk¡Fk ls Hkfo"; ds leqnz esa tk feyrk gSA blfy;s og orZeku esa fujarj xfr'khy] fpjuwru
vkS j lukru gSA ns[kk tk; rks yksdklkfgR; vkthou tUe ls ys dj e`R;q rd dh ?kVukvksa ds fp= [khaprk gS] og yks d la Ld`fr dk QksVks xzkQj Hkh gS tks mldh fofHkUu Hkafxekvksa dks mtkxj djrk gS rFkk ftlesa iz d`fr o tu&thou ds leLr i{kksa dh >kadh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA eqgkojksa vkSj yksdks fDr;ksa ls og lkfgR; dk l` tu djrk gS tks fd eeZLi'khZ o ltho gksrh gSA yksd lkfgR; esa fu"diV g` n; dh tks Hkkouk;sa eq[kfjr gSa muesa lPpkbZvuqHkwfr dh xgjkbZ ,oa lkef;drk dk ;FkkFkZ 'kk;n vfHktkr oxhZ; dfo;ks a rFkk ys[kdks a
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dh vyad`r ok.kh esa ns[kus dks ugha feyrk] gj ns'k gj tkfr dh Hkk"kk dk viuk ,d
yksd lkfgR; gks rk gS tks tuekul dh vfHkO;fDr gksrk gSA og tuok.kh o yksdok.kh gS ;g fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k dk ugha gS cfYd lewg dh ok.kh gSA bldk {ks= vR;ar O;kid gSA yks d lkfgR; ls gh fdlh ns'k dh lH;rk dks tkuk tk ldrk gS] D;ks afd og ekuo dh Hkkouk ls tqM+k lkfgR; gSA ;g ekuo ds g`n; esa fyiVk jgrk gS tks d`f=erk ls dks lksa nwj jgrk gSA blesa ekuork dh >yd] vkReh;rk dks lgt gh ns [kk tk ldrk gSA 21oha 'knh ds Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds bl ;qx esa yksd lkfgR; dk egRo vkSj c<+ x;k gS] D;ks afd ;gh nwj gksrs fj'rksa dks tks M+us dk dk;Z dj ldrk gSA yksd lkfgR; es as yks dxhrks a] yksdxkFkkvks a] yks ddgkorksa] yksdukV~;ks a esa ekuork dh >yd Li"V n` f"Vxr gksrh gS] D;ksafd ;g yksd dk] yksdekul dk vkS j yksd lksp dk ,oa mlds eu dk niZ.k gks rk gSA ;g /kjrh ekuo g`n; ds fy;s vuqHkoksa vkS j vuqHkwfr;ks a dh ikB'kkyk gSA ekuo us tc
igyh ckj bl /kjrh ij vk¡ [k [kks yh rks mls ihB ij gYdh lh Fkidh vkSj dkuksa esa yksjh dh feBkl dk vuqHko gqvkA mldh e/kqj eq Ldku vkS j fdydkjh ls ek¡ fu<ky gks xbZA bl izdkj vuqHkwfr;ksa ds jgL;e;] ljl ,oa jks ekapd okrkoj.k us ekuo ds thou dks bUnz/kuq"kh jax ns fn;s] blls yksdekul dHkh xkus yxk] dHkh fFkjdus yxk vkS j dHkh iq yfdr gksdj xaxks=h cu x;kA mlds mn~ xkj yksddFkkvksa dh lfjrk cu x;sA mldh ok.kh ls ,slk vkd"kZ.k vkSj tknw lek x;k fd yks d ds fy;s 'kCn dgkors a cu xbZA mldh Hkk"kk es a eqgkojs tq M+ x;s vkSj yksd lkfgR; ds fy;s HkkoHkwfe rS ;kj gks xbZ tgk¡ fofHkUu fo/kkvksa ds ek/;e ls ekuo dh vuqHkwfr;k¡ vfHkO;fDr dk :Ik ys us yxhaA yks d lkfgR; ekuo ds g`n; esa s lek;s gq;s Hkkoksa dks fofHkUu :iksa esas vfHkO;Dr ns rk gSA blesa {ks= fo'ks"k dh vkRek cks yrh gSA ekuo ds laLdkj vkS j thou dk fpjaru lR; cksyrk
gS] ;gk¡ la Ld`fr :ikf;r gksrh gSA dgkorksa vkS j eqgkojks a esa Hkh yksd dks ok.kh feyrh gS]vuqHkoks a dk la Lkkj lkeus vkrk gSA ekuo ds O;ogkj] mlds vkpkj&fopkj] mldsvkpj.k vkSj thou n f"V ds fp= lkdkj gksrs gSaA yksd ds vkn'kZ mlds thou dh vk/kkjHkw r ekU;rk;sa] dgkorksa vkSj eqgkojks a es a la fpr gks rh gSA ;s ekuoh; O;ogkj ds
fofHkUu :i laosnukvks a dk fofp= lalkj] thou dh gfj;kyh] ej.k dh mnklh] la?k"kksaZ ls tqM+k thou] ns[kk gqvk le; Hkksxk gqvk ;FkkFkZ] Hkfo"; dh vk'kk] eu dh O;Fkk] fj'rksa dh feBkl vkS j cnyus ;k VwVus dk nnZ lc dq N :ikf;r gksrk gSA lRrk vkSj lsok ds n`';] ekuo eu ekuosrj txr dk rkjrE;] eu dh mM+ku] dYiuk dh Mks j vkSj lcls cM+h ckr ;g gS ,d vKkr jgL; yksd dh vuqHkwfrA ;gha tUe feyrk gS dgkor dks vkSj mitrk gS eq gkojk o daB ls QwV iM+rk gS thou dk la xhrA 21oha lnh ds Hkw &e.Myhdj.k
ds bl nkS j esa ewY;ghurk] fujk'kk] fgalk] vkrad us tgk¡ ekuo es a ,d Hk; mRiUu dj nwfj;k¡ c<+k nh gSa ,sls le; es a yks dlkfgR; ds ek/;e ls ekuo ew Y;ksa vkSj laosnukvksa dks lekt esa cuk;s j[kuk ,d egRoiw.kZ dM+h gS D;ksafd yksd lkfgR; essa ekuoh; ljks dkjksa ds izfr xgjh vkLFkk n`f"Vxr gksrh gSA buesa g`n; ds okLrfod mn~ xkj izLQqfVr gksrs gSaA ;s fdlh ns'k&ijns'k vFkok {ks= dh lH;rk laLd` fr vkS j jhfr&fjoktksa dk eq¡g cksyrk lk{; gSA blesa ;FkkFkZ vkS j vkn'kZ dk lqUnj leUo; feyrk gS tks lkfgR; ekuo thou ds dsoy ,d i{k dk o.kZu mifLFkr djrk gSA og lPpk lkfgR; ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA ftl lkfgR; esa tu&thou dh vk'kk fujk'kk lq[k%nq[k g"kZ&fo"kkn vkfn lHkh
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Hkkoukvksa dk fp=.k gks ogh lPpk vej vkSj yksdizfrfuf/k lkfgR; gS] ftldh >yd
yksd lkfgR; esas feyrh gSA yksd lkfgR; ml fueZy niZ.k ds leku gS ftlesa ekuo dk vf[ky rFkk fojkV Lo:i iw.kZ:is.k izfrfca fcr gksrk gSA yksd lkfgR; dh fueZy fu>Z j.kh
esa voxkgu dj dsoy 'kjhj gh ifo= ugha gksrk iz R;qr vkRek Hkh ikou cu tkrh gSA Hkkjr o"kZ ds izR;s d tuin dk viuk yks d lkfgR; jgk gSA Hkkstiqjh] exgh] eS fFkyh] cqa nsyh]vo/kh] ekyoh] fuekM+h] NRrhlx<+h] jktLFkkuh] xqtjkrh] gfj;k.koh] iatkch] dk'ehjh]
ey;kyh] dUuM+] caxyk] vksfM+ ;k] laFkkyh] eq aMkjh vkfn vusd izdkj ds yksd lkfgR; iz pfyr gSaA yks dHkk"kkvksa esa jk"VªHkfDr] isz e fojg] iki&iq.;] la;q Dr ifjokj ds fp=] lkl&cgw] uun&HkkHkh] nsoj&HkkHkh] HkkbZ&HkkbZ la ca/k ,oa isz e oSeuL;] caU/;k dk foyki] dq¡ vkjh yM+ dh dh O;Fkk&dFkk] dU;knku] csVh dh fonkbZ] fo;ks fxuh dh n'kk] ckjgeklk] Neklk] pkSeklk] fookg ds iz la x] nsoh&nsorkvksa ds xhr vkfn dh eeZLi'khZ vfHkO;atuk
gq bZ gSA bl izdkj yksd lkfgR; dh izR;sd fo/kk esa thou iw.kZr% izfrfcfEcr gksrk gS
varfuZfgr gks rk gSA fofHkUu vapyksa ds yksd lkfgR; vR;ar yksdfiz; gq;s gSaA ns [kk tk;s rks c?ksy[k.M vapy dh tuHkk"kk c?ks yh yksd&thou vkSj yksd la Ld`fr dh igpku gSA ;gk¡ ds yksd lkfgR; es a yksdxhrksa vkSj yksdksfDr;ks a dh yksdfiz;rk vkt Hkh mruh gS ftruh iw oZ esa FkhA yksdxhr] yks dthou dh thrh&tkxrh laifRr gSA mudh fxurh yksd lkfgR; esa gksrh gSA yksdxhrksa esa Hkkouk vdsys gh ugha vkrh] mlesa izd`fr ds midj.kksa ds chp g`n; dh vuqHkwfr;k¡ rjafxr gks dj cgrh gSaA ekuo ds pkjksa vksj dh nqfu;k dh lPph /kM+ du yksdxhrksa esa jgrh gSA xhrksa ds tUe LFkku dh fo'ks"krk;sa yks dxhrksa es a mtyh /kw i vkS j euks gj pk¡nuh dh rjg fNVdh jgrh gS] blesa euq"; dh iwjh nqfu;k jgrh gSA ekuo
ds lq[k&nq%[k mlds g¡lus&jks us dh dFkk;sa] mlds I;kj&eqgCcr dh jaxhu ckrsa] vkS j mudh eLrh] mlds thou dk lc dq N mu xhrksa es a rSjrk gSA c?ksy[k.M vapy ds yksdxhr Hkh dqN ,sls gh gSaA ;s yksdxhr 21oha lnh ds Hkw e.Myhdj.k ds nkS j esa mrus gh mRlkg] meax ls xk;s vkSj ila n fd;s tkrs gSa ftrus izkphu le; esaA le; ds cnyrs ifjos'k es a ;qokvksa ] o`¼ks a esa vk/kq fudrk dh Nki Li"V utj vkrh gSA ij c?ksy[k.M ds yksdxhrksa dh nf"V ls ns[kk tk; rks vkt Hkh laLdkj xhr] ns oh&ns orkvksa ds xhr] vkfnokfl;ksa ds fofo/k vk;keh xhr] thoup;kZ xhr] Jexhr] ckydks a ds xhr] u`R; xhr vkfn vus d iz dkj ds yks dxhrks a dh yks dfiz;rk ;gk¡ ds yks d lkfgR; esa n`f"Vxr gSa A ;gk¡ ds yksdxhr c?ksyh laLd`fr ,oa yksdthou dh ltho vfHkO;fDr gSaA bues a yksd thou ds lq[k&nq%[k fefJr vuUr Hkko lek;s gq;s gSaA ½rq pØ ds vuqlkj vyx&vyx ioksa Z] R;kS gkjks a ds
vuqlkj yks dxhrks a dk xk;u gksrk gSA blesa u dsoy ekVh dh lksa/kh lqxU/k feyrh gS] cfYd la?k"kksaZ ds chp vkuUniwoZ d dk;Z lEikfnr djus dh iszj.kk Hkh feyrh gSA c?ksyh ds 'kykdk iq#"k MkW- Hkxorh izlkn 'kqDy ds vuqlkj&O;fDr fo'ks"k }kjk jfpr ogh xhr yksdxhr dh laKk izkIr djrs gSa ] ftuesa yksd O;kidrk] ljyrk] Hkko izo.krk vkSj lq cks/krk gksA c?ksy[k.M ds yks dxhr blh Js.kh ds gS aA bues a gkl&ifjgkl] vkuUn&mYykl ds lkFk&lkFk] /keZ] uhfr] mins'k ;k thou ds vU; fdlh vkn'kZ dk izfriknu jgrk gSA ftlesa HkfDr] J`axkj] fojg] gkL; dh pjeks Rd"kZ euksHkko vius lewps m}s x ds lkFk mHkjrh gSA O;a X;] Vhl] dld vkSj lkekftd thou ds fofHkUu igyw ,d vljnkj
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vfHkO;fDr ds :i esa mHkjdj vk;s gSa A c?ksy[k.M ds c?ksyh yksdxhrksa es a laLdkj ds
le; xk;s tkus okys xhrksa dk vR;ar egRo gSA laLdkj vkS j deZ] fo'okl rFkk fpa ru }kjk fufeZr nks dxkjsa gSa ftuls thou dh lfjrk izokfgr gksrh jgrh gSA ;gh nks dxkjsa /kkjk dks e;kZ fnr larqfyr rFkk xfreku gksus es a lgk;rk djrs gSaA mudk vfrØe.k lk/kkj.k ugha gksrk ;fn gks rk gS rks mldh lkekftd] /kkfeZd rFkk ,s lh gh fdlh Økafr ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA fgUnw thou lka Ldkfjd vf/kd gSA blesa fHkUu&fHkUu laLdkj vius&vius le; ij vkrs jgrs gSaA blh iz dkj ds fofHkUu laLdkj fgUnw thou ds fu;ked dk dk;Z djrs gSa A fgUnq vks a esa izkphu dky es a euq"; ds thou ls laca f/kr lksyg la Ldkjksa dk fo/kku Fkk tks lHkh 'kkL=h; Fks] ftudk laca/k thou ds izkjEHk ls ysdj var rd ds dky ls FkkA c?ksy[a kM esas ik¡ p laLdkjksa dk gh izpyu jgk gSA ftuesa tUe] eq .Mu] tus Å] fookg gSasA c?ksyh yksdxhrksa ds {ks = esa dqN fo}kuks a us vius ilhus dh cw¡ nksa dks cgkdj irks aZ esa fNih
laLd` fr dks izdk'k es a ykus dk iz;Ru fd;kA buesa izFke uke MkW- Hkxorh izlkn 'kqDy th dk vkrk gSA c?ks y[k.M ds jhok] lh/kh] lruk] 'kgMksy essa xk;s tkus okys yksdxhrksas esa vyx&vyx laLdkjksa ds xhr vkS j fHkUu&fHkUu Hkkoukvksa ds xhr gSaA tS ls&lks gj] iq=
dkeuk ds xhr] izlo ihM+k ds xhr] ca/;k ds fodyrk ds xhr] eq.Mu laLdkj laca/kh xhr] oz rca /k laca/kh xhr] fookg laLdkj laca/kh xhr] }kj iwtk ds xhr] rs y p<+kus ds xhr] xkjh ds xhr] fonkbZ xhr vkfn gS aA cPps ds tUe ds ckjgosa fnu ;k rsjgosa fnu cjgkS a euk;k tkrk gSA ml fnu /kwe&/kke ls ckts ctrs gSa vkSj xhr xk;s tkrs gS aA cjgkSa ds fnu bl rjg dk;Z foHkDr jgrs gS a& lkscjh iks ruk] gYnh ihluk] ihM+k (yM~Mw ) ck¡/kuk] iNhr cksyuk] buds fy;s lHkh dks vyx&vyx us x Hkh feyrk gSA lksgj xhrksa esa fuEu Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr n f"Vxr gqbZ gS] iq= ds vHkko esa osnuk rFkk ghurk dh Hkkouk]
ca /;k dh osnuk o ghurk] ca/;k ds ifr dh os nuk o ghurk] iq= dh dkeuk] xHkZorh gksus ij euksdwy Hkkstu dh lk/k] izlo osnuk o ihM+k] g"kZ dh vfHkO;fDr] usx ds lksgj xhr] ifjgkl] fo;ksxtU; d#.k Hkkouk dh vfHkO;fDr] ckyd dk :i o.kZu] uotkr f'k'kq ds tUe ds miy{; esa f[kykus&fiykus dk o.kZu vkfnA
c?ksy[k.M esa iq= dh dkeuk dh vfHkO;fDr jke] lw ;Z vkSj xaxk ls dh xbZ gSA iq= nsus dks lokZf/kd lkeF;Z lw;Z esa gS] ,s lk ;gk¡ ekuk tkrk gSA iq = dkeuk ds xhrksa es a og xhr Hkh vkrk gS] ftlesa iq= ds vHkko esa fody ,d ukjh xaxk ls ygj ns us dh iz kFkZuk djrh gS fd eq>s vc bl thou ls eqfDr nksA ;s xhr cz t] vo/kh] c?ks yh] vkSj eSfFkyh esa vR;ar yksdfiz; gq;s gSaA c?ksyh ds izlo ihM+ k ds xhr Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS izlo ihM+ k ds ,d xhr esa ifr us dgk gS fd&^^pUnzcnfu vl /kfu;k¡ rks ihju efj tkbZ gks**A g " k Z
rFkk vkuUn dh vfHkO;fDr okys lks gj xhrks a esa /ku rFkk gk¡ Fkh yqVkus dh ppkZ gSA bl le; eqDr gk¡Fk ls lkl&llqj nku nsrs gSaA dgha ;'kksnk vkSj uUn d`".k tUe ij /kuq oL= yqVkrs gSa vkS j dgha dkS'kY;k&n'kjFk vkukUnkfrjsd es a cgqew Y; oLrq dk nku djrs gS aA budsvfrfjDr c?ksy[k.M es a usx ds yksdxhrksa dk vR;ar egRo gSA iq= tUe ij lkl] uun]
nsoj] nsojkuh] tsBkuh vkfn ds usx c¡/ks gq;s gSa A ogha usx ds la ca/k esa uun&HkkStkbZ ds fookn Hkh vR;ar izpfyr gSasA d#.k Hkkouk okys xhr Hkh c?ksyh esa i;kZIr ek=k esa gSaA tSLkk fd ,d xhr ftles a jke dkS'kY;k ls cu tkus dh fonk ek¡xus vk;s gSa os dgrs gSa fd&
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^^ekrk eq¡g Hkj n;k gks vlhl] cuS ge tkcb gksA**
dkS 'kY;k dgrh gSa& ^^v¡ f[k;k eka [kkslma ljb;k] r ftfe;k vaxjk /kjma gksA Nfr;k ctq j ifj tk;] opu dbls cksyma gksAA**
lksgj ds d#.k&xhrksa esa jke vkSj lhrk ls lac¼ xhrks a dk Hkh mYys[k c?ksy[akM esa feyrk gSA bl vapy esa ifr dh e`R;q ls laca f/kr fgj.kh ds xhr fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; jgs gS aA ;g yks dxhr Hkkstiq jh] vo/kh] czt rFkk c?ksyh esa ik;k tkrk gSa
c?ksyh yksd lkfgR; esa nknj Hkh vRa;r yksdfiz ; gSA ;g nknj dk izpyu fo'ks"k :i ls cjgkSa ds fnu ;k mlds ,d fnu ckn gksrk gSA fdlh&fdlh tkfr es a NBh ds fnu Hkh nknj xkus dh izFkk gSA dksy] pekj] xksaM+] dksVokj] ifudk vkSj Hkhyksa esa lks gj xkus
dh izFkk ugha gS] os izkjEHk esa nknj xkrs gSa A c?ksyh dh nknjsa fofHkUu Lo:iksa esa vR;ar
yksdfiz; gS] ftUgsa bl izdkj foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU; nknj ds vUrxZRk ctugkbZ ftlesa lks gj ij dh nknj] LQqV nknj] xSygkbZ nknj gSaA fo'ks"k nknj Hkh gSa ftlesa ctugkbZ esa dksynkbZ nknj] dksVcjgkbZ nknj] pejgkbZ nknj gSaA bl izdkj lkekU; esa s mPp oxZ vkS j fo'ks"k esa brj oxZ ds yksxksa es a iz pfyr gSaA ctugkbZ og nknj gS ftlesa <ksyd ctkdj xkrs gSa vkSj epugkbZ nknj esa pekj] uxfM+;k vkSj clqgkj 'kgukbZ ctkrs gSaA fL=;k¡ ukprh gS a vkSj xkrh gS aA bl izdkj mi;qZDr yksdxhrksas ds vfrfjDr eq .Mu la Ldkj ds usx xhrksa dk izpyu Hkh vR;f/kd gSA QqQw dks >kyj dk us x nsuk ,d ifo= dk;Z ekuk x;k gSA c?ks y[akM ds yksdxhrksa ds ;Kks iohr vFkkZr~ tusÅ ds xhr vR;a r yksdfiz; gS a] tks vkt Hkh cM+s mRlkg ls xk;s tkrs gSa A tus Å ds xhr ftUgs a c?ksy[k.M esa c#vk dgk tkrk gSA rhu voljksa ij xhr xkus dk iz pyu gS] izFke izkjfEHkd fØ;kvksa ds le;
f}rh; Hkh[k iM+rs le; vkSj rrh; c#vk fjlkrs le; ds xhrA c?ksy[k.M ds c#vk esa Hkh[k ek¡ xus dk xhr vR;a r gh ekfeZd gSA bu laLdkjksa ds yks dxhrks a dh yksdfiz;rk vHkh Hkh ean ugha iM+h gSA ogh fookg laLdkj ds xhrksa dks vR;f/kd mRlkg ls ;gk¡ xk;k
tkrk gSA ;g lHkh laLdkjksa ls Hkh vf/kd /kw e&/kke ls euk;k tkrk gS vkSj c<+&p<+dj xhrksa es a fgLlk fy;k tkrk gSA fryd ds fnu xhr xkuk iz kjEHk gks tkrk gSA fL=;ksa dk gkl&ifjgkl dkty vkSj ngh yxkuk o xkjh xkuk vkfn c?ksyh yks dxhrksa dh fo'ks"krk;s a gSa A fookg ds volj ij tks yksdxhr xkus dh izFkk c?ks y[k.M es a gS os gSa ] fryd] ekVh&ekxj] e.Mi] ekr&iw tk] rsy p<+krs le;] oj i{k ls cjkr dh fonk] }kj&pkj] p<+ ko] ykok ijkslus] T;kSukj (dysok)] ijNu ds xhrksa dh ijEijk vkt Hkh fo|eku gSA ;s xhr vR;a r mRlkg ls c?ksyh Hkk"kk es a xk;s tkrs gSa ftUgsa ik¡p iz dkjksa es aa ck¡ Vk x;k gS&
cujk] fcvkg] lksgkx] xkjh vkSj lksgkjh dh nknjA c/ks yh yksdxhrksa esa laLdkjksa dsvfrfjDr R;kSgkjksa ds voljksa o oz rksa ds xhr Hkh [kwc iz pfyr gq ;s gSaA c?ks y[k.M ds
R;kSgkjksa o ozrksa esa QkYxq u esa gksyh] pS r esa uonq xkZ] T;s "B esa Hkhelsuh ,dkn'kh] Jko.k esa [ktqyb;k¡] j{kkcU/ku] ukxiapeh] Hkknksa es a rhtk] gfj;jh vekoL;k] d`".k tUek"Veh] Dokj esa <sa f<+;k] n'kgjk vkSj ukS nqxkZ] dkfrZd esa dkfrZd iw tk] fryok pkSFk vkS j nhokyhA bu R;kS gkjks a vkS j ozrksa dk /;ku esa j[krs gq;s c?ks y[k.M ds yksdxhrksa dks rhu oxksaZ esa foHkDr fd;k gS& tSls olUr ds R;kS gkjksa vkSj ozrksas ds xhr] Dokaj&dkfrZd ds R;kS gkjks a vkS j ozrksa ds xhr vkSj ikol ds R;kSgkjks a vkSj ozrksa ds xhrA c?ks y[k.M esa X;kjg Qkxs a yksdfiz;
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gSa & (1) ys te (2) frerkyk (3) cS lokjk (4) MXxk (5) <agdk (6) NqV~Vk <agdk (7) Vgwdk
(8) cq Uns y[k.Mh (9) ukjnh (10) ns ojk (11) Qkx jkbZA ;gk¡ ds yksdxhrksa es a iwtk ds xhr Hkh yksdfiz; gSaA c?ksy[k.M dh fL=;ksa rFkk iq #"kks a }kjk xk;s tkus okys iwtk xhr vkt Hkh yksdfiz; gSaA c?ksy[k.M ds yksdxhrksa dh ijEijk esa ikol ds R;kSgkjksa ds xhrksa dk
iz pyu vR;f/kd gSA [ksrksa esa jks ik yxkus] fujkbZ djus] cSy pjkrs] jkLrs esa rFkk jkf= es a foJke ds le; ds xhrksa dk Loj xk¡o es a vkt Hkh lqukbZ nsrk gSA [ktqyb;k¡ cksus ds le; ds xhr Hkh ;gk¡ iz pfyr gS aA dtyh xhrks a esa HkkbZ&cgu ds fu'Ny xhrks a dh iz/kkurk gSA rhtk ds xhrksa es a Hktu rFkk xhr xkus dk izpyu gSA bu xhrks a esa L=h ifr dks izlUu djusvkSj mldh izR;sd bPNk dh iw frZ djus dk iz ;Ru djrh fn[kk;h x;h gSA tSls fd&
^^xsaa nkju cu gksbxs] gekj jktk xsank dk vjeSa rkesa ds xxjk ega ty Hkfj yk;Åa ] lQjbZ uk
lklq th ds cs Vk uun thds Hkb;kA vjs ns oj ds Hkb;k] gekj ykxb lb;k¡ xjschp cfg;k¡ eb rksjs yxma ikb;ka lcsjs jktk xs ank eaxk; nscA
c?ksy[k.M esa nsoh dks izlUu djus ds fy;s Hkxr xkus dk iz pyu gSA nsfo;ksa es a nqxkZ vkS j egkekbZ dh iwtk vf/kd gksrh gSA ;gk¡ Hkksys ckck ds xhr vR;ar yksdfiz; jgs gSa ftl izdkj c?ksy[k.M ds yksdxhrksa ds laLdkj xhrksa esa jke dk izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gS mlh izdkj ;gk¡ ds R;kS gkj rFkk ozr ds xhrksas esa Hkksys ckck dk izHkko gSA is ze ds xhr Hkh dqN R;kSgkjksa es a ;gk¡ xkus dh izFkk gSA lkou es a xk;s tkus okyk dtjh] uojkf= esa mekg] fnokjh nhikoyh esa <saf<+;k vkfn c?ksy[k.M ds yksdxhrksa ds izk.k gS aA dtjh c?ksyh yksdlaxhr dh ,d cgqizpfyr fo/kk gSA xzh"edky dh rirh nks igjh ds ckn tc
dkys&dkys es?kk vkdk'k es a f?kj&?kqeM+ tkrs gSa vkSj o"kkZ dh >M+h yxk nsrs gS a rc xk¡ o esa ;s dtjh ds xhr xk;s tkrs gSa A dtjh ds xhrksa esa HkkbZ&cfgu ds fu'Ny isz e dh fo'ks"krk gSA cgu ds ijns'k esa gksus ij cjlkr vk xbZ gS] og HkkbZ ds vkus dh jkg ns[krh gqbZ dgrh gS fd&
^lkou HkknkSa dh >qdh vaf/k;fj;k]vkor gksbgSa u eksjs Hkb;k irjbys vkor gksbgS a u*A
cjlkr ds xhrksa es a dtjh dk vR;ar egRo jgk gSA c?ks y[k.M esa ljdkjh deZpkjh ds vU;k; o vR;kpkj ls lacaf/kr xhr Hkh djek ds vUrxZr feyrs gSa&
taxy eka taxfy;k ywVS] ?kj yw VS iVokjh]
chp lM+d eka Fkkuk iqfyl yw VS] dbls /kjkSa /khjk gksA
bl izdkj mi;q ZDr iafDr;ksa ds taxy es a taxy ds flikgh] ?kj esa iVokjh vkSj jkg pyrs iqfyl yksx ywVrs gSa A cspkjk xksaM+ D;k djsA bl izdkj c?ksy[k.M ds yksdxhrksa esa ikfjokfjd] ljdkjh] nkEiR; isze dh vfHkO;fDr vR;a r lgt Hkko ls fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
c?ksyh yksdxhrksa esa ,d tks lcls cM+ h fo'ks"krk ;g jgh gS fd ;gk¡ ds yksdxhrks a esa izd` fr fp=.k vR;ar eueksgd cu iM+s gS aA ;gk¡ ds xhrksa esa iz d`fr iz k.k dh rjg gSA muds fcuk ;gk¡ dk yks d lkfgR; v/kw jk lk yxrk gSA ;gk¡ ds yksdxhrksa es a nsoh iwtk]
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Qkx] j{kkcU/ku] Vsf<+;k vkSj rhtk ds lHkh izdkj ds xhrksa esa iz d`fr ds fp= vR;ar
je.kh; gSaA nsoh iwtk ds xhrks a esa vke] uhe] pUnu ds isM+] pes yh] cs yk vkj dsoM+ k ds Qwyksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA Qkx ds xhrkas es a ckSjksa ls ynh ?kuh vejkb;ksa esa dks ;y vkSj dhj ds ifjgkl] ckny dks vkSgkj] pk¡ n dks csa nh vkSj iFoh dk E;kuk cukdj fojfg.kh dks ys tkus dk lUns'k feyrk gSA lkou ds xhrksa esa gjs&Hkjs isa M+] mu ij iM+s gq;s fgaMksyus] Ny&Ny djrh unh vkSj uhe ds isa M+ks a dk o.kZu feyrk gSA bl iz dkj c?ksy[k.M ds yksdxhrksa esa izd`fr fp=.k dk o.kZu izpq j ek=k es a fd;k x;k gSA c?ksy[k.M es a lkekU; yksdxhrksa ds vfrfjDr vkfnoklh ds yks dxhrks a dks vR;kf/kd yksdfiz;rk izkIr gqbZ gS] pkgs oks la Ldkj xhr gksa ;k R;kSagkjksa ds xhr] dke djrs le; ds xhr] ea= Vks uk&VksVdk ;k tknw fl¼ djus okys rFkk foJke xhr vkfn vkfnoklh yksdxhrksa dh yksdfiz ;rk vkt Hkh gSA vkfnokfl;ksa ds xhrksa dks 13 Hkkxksa es a foHkDr fd;k tkrk gS] mues a ls dqN
iz eq[k yks dfiz; xhr tks vHkh Hkh ilUn fd, tkrs gSA muesa ls gSa& is ze laca /kh djek xhr&
isze esas vxj la;ksx o fo;ksx u gks rks isz e dSlkA ns[kk tk;s rks vkfnokfl;ksa ds isze laca /kh djek xhr esa is ze vkSj fo;ksx nksuksa gSaz&
utj ek >w yb js ikrj eqag ds Nks djhA nkj cuk ys Hkkr cuk ys] vmj cukys xksl [kksfju&[kksfju gs fj Hkq ykus ukgha feyg nksl] utj ek >wyb js ikrj eqag ds NksdjhAA
ij og fdlh u fdlh cgkus viuh isz fedk ds ikl igq¡p tkrk gS& rks js Vksyk ek[kwa ekxba x;ma] ykfx xk djmnk
vly ds nkslh gksl rkS] fudkfj ns djkSank dkaVk gksA ,d ukjh ds dVk{k dk o.kZu djek xhr es a fd;k x;k gS tks bl iz dkj gS&
dguk dS pkmj] dguk dsj filku dguk dS cka dh Mmdh] ekjb fulkuA xkSjsyk ds nkj pkmj xksjsyk dsj filkuA isaM+jk ds ckadh Mmdh] ekjb fulkuA
fo;ks x ds xhrksa esa ohj Hkko o d#.kk Hkko nksuksa gh n`f"Vxr gks rs gSa & lj lj cku pyr] Mba x Mbax rhj pyrA ?kV eqjgk >ud >gjk;s xgoj xt ?kkV ?kgjk;sA ymV lj iV ukxns o vk;s] ckye&fof/k ?ksjs vk;sA
>wej vkSj ygdh djek es a fo;ksx J`a xkj dh Hkkouk vf/kd jgrh gS ,d >wej djek bl izdkj gS&
vklma dsj laor fuj/kkjs rÅ eksj lktu uk vkckgb js] f>a xq jk >a>dkj erkbl [kjgk Vgdksjs] cSjh pk.Mky vk/kk [kfV;k Hkj ik js] lktu ugha vkok gb jsA
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yx xbZ tsB ekl] yx xbZ vlk<+s
phaVh pquxq u vkiu /kkj [kkstsa] cSjh pk.Mky vcgw¡ [kcj ukfga ysb jsA lktu ufga vkck gb jsA lqj lqj ieu pyr] [kjHkj mRikr djr]vEek vfeyh ds Mkj] dksgyh lqj djrh]
ij lktu ufg vkok gb jsA ?kqeM+r gb pkj fnlk] cjlr gj cwa n e?kk pkj cw an Nfr;u eka ijb] vpdp ft;k djb rÅ lktu ufga vkck gb jsA fVVdk Vgdkj nsr] f>axqjk >udkj nsr]
iS lktu ufga vkck gb jsA mi;qZDr xhr ds vfrfjDr vkfnokfl;ksa dk ,d yksdfiz; xhr 'kS yk gSA blesa J` axkj
dk vkf/kD; gS ftls >w e&>e dj yksx xkrs gSa ] >wej 'kS Ykk dk ;g ,d xhr bl izdkj gS&
ibjh igjh] nq bZ nqgjyh >edr vkcb vdsy eksjs jktk >wej vkbZA pqjck ifgjb nqb nqgjgyh] >edr vkcb vdsy eksjs jktk >wej vkbZA cgqaVk ifgjg nqb nqgjbyh] >edr vkcb vdsy] eksjs jktk >wej vkbZA
<jdq fy;k ifgjb] nqb nqgjbyh] >edr vkcb vdsy] eksjs jktk >wej vkbZA
utj ;k Vksuk VksVdk dks gVkus okys dbZ xhr vkfnokfl;ks a }kjk iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa ,d mudk izfl¼ xhr gS&
ueks utj tgk¡ ij ihj u tkuh cks yh ny ls vefjr ckuh] dgks utj dgk¡ rs vkbZ jgau ds j Bmj rks gh dmus crkb] dks cj cs Vh dk rksj ukek dgk¡ dks mM+h] dgk¡ dks tk;]
vcfgu cl dfj ysgma rksj ek;k eks j tkr lquY;k fpr yxkbZ tSlh gksgq lqucgw lksb] rsfyu reksfyu dg jkuh]
es grjkuh jktk ds jkuh nks"k vksgh ds flj ij es jh HkDrh xÅ ds 'kfDr ea = blqj okpkA blh izdkj tc nwljs ij Vksuk&VksVdk fd;k tkrk gS ml le; vkfnokfl;ks a ds
}kjk ;s xhr iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS& dkyh erokyh opu u isjs [kkyh lk/kkS ijlalk] jdNk dj
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ikih eD[ku okyh foØe igkj fcEc dkfyd pyk
eulk ns oh ukfgu dkfyd vks j iqfu;k Bk<+ tks ikl nqjaxk] ru esa jk[k dqlkyk gka Fk tksM+ eafnj cbBkok] cje ?kj ekyk cq¼k ckuh Hkwa [ks dsj Hkks tu] fivkls dk B.Mk ikuh pkj [kwaV eka la r crkok] pkj osn eba tku;a okys [kqfy xok /kje nqvkjh] ukud lqfejÅa lkjh ekj iM+ kiM+ 'k=q u ds j Hks M+ /kM+kiM+ tS cks yk dkyh Hkokuh eksj opu u ijS [kkyhA
mi;qZDr xhrks a ds vfrfjDr uSu tqxkuh yksdxhr vkfnokfl;ksa dk vR;ar e/kqj xhr
gS ;g pk¡nuh jkr esa xk;k tkrk gS& uSu tqxkuh ckye ftUnxkuh gq bZ FkksM+k uSu tqxkuhA
bl xhr esa vus d izdkj dh Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr jgrh gS tS ls& gafM+;k Mks ys] ibyk Mksys] Mksysxk ja?kb;k] Åij yS ilb;k fxjb] >ka sds ys cyb;kA uSu tqxkuh ckye ftUnxkuh gb FkksM+kA
blds ckn ueZnk n'kZu dh bPNk O;Dr dh tkrh gS& fryh ds Hkaqtb] HkwtbZ rksj jkbZ] pyk nj'ku dk pyh ujenk ekbZA
uSu tqxkuh ckye ftUnxkuh gb FkksM+k blds ckn is ze dh vfHkO;fDr dh tkrh gS&
?kj ek cksyb ?kj fpjb;k] cu ek cksyb usojk] f[kjfdu rsjs fe=k cksyb] lusgk js] uSu tqxkuh ckye ftUnxkuh gb FkksM+k uSu tqxkuhA ,d pkyh ekBk] r lksyk Mksyk ikuhA rks j Mmdk gb ijns'kh] dkgs [kksoS tokuh uSu tqxkuh ckye ftUnxkuh gb FkksM+kA
bl iz dkj c?ksy[k.M esa xk;s tkus okys yks dxhrks a esa vkfnokfl;ksa ds yksdxhrksa dh
viuh ,d vyx igpku gS] mu yksdxhrksa dh yks dfiz;rk vkt Hkh gS vkSj Hkfo"; esa Hkh jgsxhA c?ksyh yksdxhrksa dh rjg c?ksyh yksd lkfgR; esa yksdksfDr dk Hkh viuk egRo jgk gSA os yksdksfDr yks dfiz;rk rks gS ij mudk pyu vc iwoZ dh vis{kk dq N ean lk fn[kkbZ nsus yxk gSA ns[kk tk; rks c?ksy[k.M ds yksd lkfgR; esa yks dks fDr lkfgR; dk Hkh fo'ks"k egRo gSA yksdksfDr;ksa dks c?ks y[k.M esa mD[kku dgrs gS aA xzkeh.k vapy ds
yksx dgkorksa ds ek/;e ls Hkkoksa dh xgurk rFkk l'kDr vfHkO;fDr ,oa O;a tuk dh vfHkO;fDr djrs gSaA ftues a vFkZ xkS jo dh j{kk] euks jatu ,oa dkSrwy o vuqHkoksa dh
laf{kIrrk dk Hkko jgrk gSA fdlh foLr` r okD; dks O;k[;kfir :i esa u dg dj lw=
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:i esa dg nsuk gh yksdksfDr;ksa dh fo'ks "krk gSA ftlesa mldk izHkko lh/ks <ax ls iM+rk
gSA yksdks fDr lkfgR; es a yksd dh leLr izdkj dh mfDr;ksa dk lekos'k gks tkrk gS] ftles a dgkorsa] igsfy;k¡ <dkslys o vU; izdkj ds peRdkj iw.kZ dFkuks a dk lekos'k gSA yksdksfDr lkfgR; ds nks izeq[k Hks n gSa dgkorsa vkSj igsfy;k¡A igsfy;k¡ euks jatu iz/kku gksrh gSa ] ftuesa dgha&dgha vFkZ xkSjo dh Hkh iz/kkurk jgrh gSA igsfy;k¡ vkSj dgkorksa ds bu vfHkUu lekurkvksa ds ckotwn Hkh] fofHkUurk;sa jgrh gSa A dgkorks a esa tgk¡ Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr esa Kku ?kuhHkw r gksdj vkrs gSa ogk¡ igsfy;ksa esa Hkkoksa dh xks iuh;rk dh izo`fRr
jgrh gSA bues a ftruh xksiuh;rk gks mruk gh vPNk gS D;ksafd blls rdZ 'kSyh dk fodkl gksxk rHkh cqf¼ dh dq'kyrk }kjk muds eeZ dks tkuk tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj igs fy;ks a ds ek/;e ls rdZ cqf¼ dk fodkl gksrk gS vkSj dgkorks a esa igys ls gh cqf¼ dh iz/kkurk dk Hkko jgrk gSA <dkslyks a dk dksbZ fo'ks"k egRo ugha gS D;ksa fd muesa u rks igsfy;ksa tS lk
euks jatu gksrk gS] vkSj u gh dgkorksa tS lh vuq Hko ;k mn~ns'; ij mins'k dh iz/kkurkA buds }kjk lkekU; dks fV dk euksjatu gks rk gSA c?ksyh dgkorsa fuEu Hkkoukvksa ij vk/kkfjr gS a&uhfr] vkykspuk] O;a X;] izd`fr ;k LoHkko dk o.kZu] mins'k] lwpuk]vk'p;Z] [ksrh la ca /kh] jhfr&fjokt laca /kh 'kqHk&v'kqHk] lxqu&vilxq u] ykSfdd O;ogkj
laca /kh] u;k dke djus ij lhekvksa ya ?ku laca/kh] cgqr dke djus ij Hkh flf¼ u feyus ls fujk'kk dh vfHkO;fDr] gO;a r] Hkks tu la ca/kh] pfj= laca/kh] 'kjhj laca/kh] ,drk ls ykHk rFkk Qw V ls fonzksg ;k gkfu] [kq 'kken dh Hkkouk] LokLF; laca/khA jhfr&fjokt rFkk vU; fo'okl la ca /kh dgkorsa ] lkekftd la ca /kksa dks O;Dr djus okyh dgkors a] i'kq &if{k;ksa
la ca /kh dgkorsa] vU; LQqV dgkorsa A yks dks fDr dh rjg c?ks y[akM esa igsfy;ksa dk Hkh egRo gS] c?ksyh esa igsfy;ksa dks dgkuh dgrs gSaA c?ks yh dgkuh ;k igsfy;k¡ tks izpfyr
gSa os gSa& [ksrh laca /kh] ?kj&x`gLFkh] mi;ksxh Qy&Qwyksa ls lacaf/kr igs fy;k¡] Hkkstu laca/kh] tho&tUrq laca/kh] iz d`fr laca/kh] ys[ku lkexzh o xf.kr laca/kh] vkx&ikuh laca/kh dFkkRed igsfy;k¡] n`f"VdwV la ca/kh O;olk; laca/kh bl izdkj mi;qZDr Hkkoukvks a ls la ca /kh c?ksy[k.M ds yksd lkfgR; esa yks dks fDr lkfgR; ds lkFk igsfy;ksa dk Hkh fof'k"V LFkku gSA
bl izdkj ns[kk tk, rks c?ksy[k.M dk yksdlkfgR; yksdxhrksa o yksdksfDr;ks a dk [ktkuk gS ij vk/kqfudrk o Hkwe.Myhdj.k dk izHkko Li"V fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA iw oZ ;q x dh vis{kk orZ eku le; esa yksdksfDr;ks a dk egRo ?kVrk tk jgk gSA 'kgjksa ls xk¡ oks a esa yksdksfDr;ksa dk iz;ks x vf/kd gksrk gS fdUrq xk¡oksa ds yksx Hkh vc 'kgjh thou dks ilan djus ds fy;s vxz lj gks jgs gSa A lkFk gh f'k{kk dk izlkj xk¡oksa esa vR;f/kd gks us ls
yksdks fDr;ksa dk iz;ksx ogk¡ de gks rk tk jgk gSA uohu yks dks fDr;ksa dk iz;ksx vc cUn lk gks rk utj vk jgk gS D;ksafd uohu yks dks fDr;k¡ vc de lq uus dks fey jgh gSaA oa'k ijEIkjk ls izkIr iq jkuh yksdks fDr;ksa dk gh iz ;ksx gks jgk gSA oS Kkfud vfo"dkjksa ds dkj.k euq"; dh thou ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cnyko vk;k gSA blls muds thou ds vuqHkoksa ds ewY; Hkh cny x;s gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa dqN yksdksfDr;k¡ le; ls iq jkuh iM+ pqdh gSa vkSj viuk vfLrRo [kks pqdh gSaA u;s yksdks fDr;ksa ds fuekZ.k u gks ikus ds tks dkj.k utj vk jgs
gSa os f'k{kk ds fujarj fodkl ds dkj.k xk¡o ds yksx iqjkuh ijEijkvksa dks Nks M+dj ubZ ekU;rkvksa dks ysdj py jgs gSaA vk/kqfud ;q x es a u;s&u;s vuqla/kkuksa ds fodkl ls yks xksa
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dk /;ku u;s ;qx dh vks j vkd`"V gks jgk gS rFkk vkt dh xzkeh.k turk u;s ;q x dh nkSj
esa ihNs ugha gS] if'pe lH;rk ds jhfr&fjoktksa dk vuqdj.k dj jgh gSA vkt yks dks fDr;ksa ds fy;s dksbZ {ks = 'ks "k ugha jg x;k gSA iz R;sd ns 'k esa vla[; yks dks fDr;k¡ feyrh gSa] vuqeku ds vk/kkj ij ;wjksi es a 70&80 gtkj ds yxHkx yks dks fDr;k¡ gksaxhA dsoy Lis u es a 15&20 gtkj yks dks fDr;k¡ gSa A ;fn blesa Hkkjr o ,f'k;k dks Hkh tksM+k tk;s rks budh la [;k yk[kksa ls vf/kd gks tkrh gSA buesa thou ls la ca f/kr yksdksfDr;k¡ feyrh gSa A ijUrq uohu yksdksfDr;ksa dk vHkko gks x;k gSA fQj Hkh ;g ekuk tk ldrk gS fd vkt Hkh foU/; {ks= dh yksdks fDr;ksa dk izHkko bruk vf/kd gS fd ;g ;gk¡ ds yksxksa dk
eu eksg ysrh gSA ;gk¡ budk Hkfo"; rks lqjf{kr gS ij uohurk dh deh Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd c?ksy[k.M ds yksd lkfgR; esa lewph yksd psruk thfor gSA ;gk¡
ds yks dxhrks a dk yksdO;kih egRo gSA yks d lkfgR; mruk gh iqjkuk gS ftruk fd euq";] blfy;s mlesa tuthou dh izR;s d voLFkk] izR;sd oxZ] izR;s d le; vkS j izd`fr lHkh dqN lekfgr gSA yksd lkfgR; fdlh Hkh vapy dk gks fdlh Hkh izns 'k ;k {ks= fo'ks "k dk gks mldh var/kkZjk loZ = leku :i ls gh iz okfgr gks rh gSA vfHkO;fDr fHkUurk ds ckotwn vuqHkwfr dh xgurk :ih txg leku :i ls ikbZ tkrh gSA yksd thou ,oa laLd` fr dh
lEiw.kZ /kjksgj dk laj{k.k yksd lkfgR; ls gh la Hko gSA bl n`f"V ls Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; vR;ar le`¼ gSA yks dxhrks a ds ek/;e ls vusd Hkwys&fcljs ,sfrgkfld i{kksa dh tkudkjh
iz kIr gksrh gSA c?ksy[k.M ds yksd lkfgR; dks le`¼ djus es a lu~ 1960&65 ds chp c?ksy[k.M ds mtkZoku ys[kd MkW- Hkxorh izlkn 'kqDy us yks d lkfgR; vkSj yksdHkk"kk ij dk;Z djus dk chM+k mBk;k FkkA /khjs&/khjs c?ksy[k.M esa c?ksyh dh ,d ygj foLrkfjr
gqbZ] ftlesa c?ksyh vkSj c?ksy[k.M dks ,d Lo:i nsus dk iz;kl gqvkA iwjs c?ksy[k.M esa c?ks yh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;] c?ks yh yksdxhr] yksddFkk] yks dukV~ ; dk la dyu o v/;;u izkjEHk gqvkA bl izdkj Hkxorh izlkn 'kq Dy us c?ksy[k.M ds lkfgR; dks
[kxkyus] laxzghr djus vkS j 'kks/k dk;Z djus dh ekufldrk dks fodflr fd;kA budk c?ksyh lkfgR; esa fd;k x;k dk;Z vR;ar oSKkfud o ljkguh; jgk gS ftlds mnkgj.k vkt Hkh c?ksyh lkfgR; es a fn, tkrs gSaA muds vfrfjDr ftu fo}kuksa dk ljkguh;
;ksxnku jgk& cS tw] lSQw] eqUuhyky I;kjs] mjxs'k] ykyHkkuq fla g] Jh pa n tSu] d`".koa'k fla g vkfn dk uke vkrk gSA ns[kk tk;s rks c?ksyh yksdxhr iw oZ es a ftrus mRlkg ls xk;s tkrs Fks vkt ds Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds bl nkSj ds dksykgy iw.kZ vkS|ksfxd iz xfr ds ;qx es a og mRlkg ugha fn[krkA vkt dk ekuo izd`fr ds lEidZ esa jgdj Hkh mlds 'kk'or
lkSUn;Z ds voyks du vkSj vuq Hkwfr ls oa fpr gSA ekuo dh la osnu'khy Hkkouk;s a vkt v'kDr gks rh fn[kkbZ nsus yxh gS aA ik'pkR; lH;rk vkSj rFkkdfFkr vk/kqfudrk ds eksg esa s
gekjh lksp vfHkO;fDr vkS j Hkk"kk dk lgt Lo:i iznwf"kr gks x;k gSA dgkorsa] eqgkojsa vkS j ;gk¡ rd fd fojklr ls tq M+h lVhd 'kCnkoyh Hkh yqIr gks jgh gSA yksd lkfgR;
misf{kr gks jgk gSA ge viuh lH;rk] la Ld`fr vkSj /kjrh ds ewy laLdkjksa ls oa fpr gks jgs gSa A vr% viuh tM+ks a vkSj la Ld`fr dks tksM+s j[kus ds fy;s yks d lkfgR; vkS j mldh fo/kkvksa ds laj{k.k djus dh vko';drk gSA tgk¡ rd c?ks y[k.M ds yks d lkfgR; vkSj yksdxhrksa dk iz'u gS vkt Hkh og yksdfiz;rk cuh gq bZ gS tks iw oZ esa Fkh] ij vk/kqfudrk
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dk jax mlesa Hkh vk x;k gSA ;gk¡ ds yks d lkfgR; ds laj{k.k dk oDr vc vk x;k gS
D;ksafd le; dk pØ vk/kqfudrk ds jax es a jaxdj ;gk¡ ds yksd lkfgR; dks foyqIr u dj ns] fQj Hkh ;gk¡ ds fo}kuksa o dfo;ksa ds c?ks yh lkfgR; esa fn;s x;s ljkguh; ;ks xnku dk ;qxks a&;qxksa rd Lej.k fd;k tk;sxkA vko';drk gS vkt ds ;qok dfo;ksa] lkfgR;dkjks a dks fojklr lEHkkyus dh ;fn bl ij fopkj u fd;k x;k rks c?ksy[k.M dk yksd lkfgR; vkSj yksdxhrksa dk vHkko ;gk¡ dh laLd`fr dks [kks ns xkA blfy, c?ksyh yksd lkfgR; ds v{k; Hk.Mkj ds laj{k.k dk nkf;Ro orZeku le; ds lkfgR;dkjks a dks lEHkkyuk gksxk] fQj Hkh c?ksyh yksd lkfgR; dk Hkfo"; mTtoy fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- lEesyu if=dk] yksd laLdfr fo'ks"kkad] fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu iz;kx lu~ 1995 i-&25]
127] 141] 1522- lkj la{ksfidk ,oa dk;ZOkkgh fooj.k dY;k.k LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky; fHkykbZ& i`-& 20]22]
353- MkW- vfer 'kqDy dk ys[k] foU/; oSHko if=dk vad rrh; 2009 izdk'kd % Jhjke foU/;
fodkl lfefr jhok i`-&14] 15] 45] 464- c?ksy[k.M dh yksd dyk;sa n'kk o fn'kk MkW- vfer 'kqDy dk ys[k Nk;kuV y[kuÅ
mRRkjizns'k ls izdkf'kr =Sekfld if=dk vad&132 2012 i`-&65- yksd lkfgR; dh laosnuk Hkwfe] MkW- vfer 'kqDy dk izdkf'kr ys[k] 'kks/k la{ksfidk] lsfeukj
23&24 vDVwcj 2010 'kkldh; egkjktk dkWyst Nrjiqj] i`-&9] 106- c?ksy[k.M ds yksdxhr] y[ku izrki flag mjxs'k i-& 108] 1257- MkW- Hkxorh izlkn 'kqDy] c?ksyh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;] lkfgR; Hkou bykgkckn i-&8] 10] 82]
88] 100] 108] 110] 113] 143] 145] 146] 147] 191] 193] 194] 337] 342] 344]347
8- pkSeklk vad 79 laiknd& MkW- dfiy frokjh i-&36] 1079- foU/; ds yksdxhr fcjgk& yky y[ku izrki flag mjxs'k] i-&4010- c?ksyh yksd jkfxuh Hkkx&01] Hkkx&02& MkW- Hkxorh izlkn 'kqDy i`-& 36] 40] 48] 6111- Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR;& ';ke ijekj] i-&36] 40] 4812- vkfnokfl;ksa ds yksdxhr& Jh pUnz tSu i`-& 36] 40] 5113- foU/; izns'k ds yksdxhr& Jh pUnz tSu i-& 38] 40] 4814- Lo;a dk los Z{k.k o fu"d"kZA
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izeq[k lekt Hkk"kk foKkuh vkSj mudh Hkk"kk fo"k;d izeq[k lekt Hkk"kk foKkuh vkSj mudh Hkk"kk fo"k;d izeq[k lekt Hkk"kk foKkuh vkSj mudh Hkk"kk fo"k;d izeq[k lekt Hkk"kk foKkuh vkSj mudh Hkk"kk fo"k;d izeq[k lekt Hkk"kk foKkuh vkSj mudh Hkk"kk fo"k;d ekU;rk,a ekU;rk,a ekU;rk,a ekU;rk,a ekU;rk,a
¹ lq'khy f=ikBh ¹ lq'khy f=ikBh ¹ lq'khy f=ikBh ¹ lq'khy f=ikBh ¹ lq'khy f=ikBh
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¹ 'kks/k Nk=] vo/ks'k izrki flag fo'ofo|ky;] jhok (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& lekt Hkk"kk foKku dk v/;;u djus okys izeq[k lekt'kkL=h fo}kuksa us lekt Hkk"kkfoKku vkS j Hkk"kk foKku ds {ks= es a Hkk"kk fo"k;d egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;s gSa A budh ppkZ ftruh dh tk,a mruh de gS A lektHkk"kkfoKkuh ds gh 'kks/k dk;Z ls lektHkk"kkfoKku dks
l'kDr] lqn`<+ ,oa etcwr :i feyk gSA bl fo"k; dks vkxs c<+us es a izeq[k lektHkk"kk oSKkfudks a es a MkW 0 jke foykl 'kekZ] MkW 0 johUnz ukFk JhokLro] MkW 0 jktkjke esgjks=k] MkW 0fo|k fuokl] MkW 0 Hkksyk ukFk frokjh] ';ke lqanj nkl] gjnso ckgjh] jke d`".k Hkk.Mkjdj]MkW 0 lwjtHkku flag] MkW 0 'ke'ksj flag] eqdqy fiz;nf'kZuh] fd'kksjh nkl cktis;h] ckcw jke lDlsuk] mn; ukjk;.k frokjh] vack izlkn lqeu] jktey cksjk] lquhfr dqekj pVthZ] nsosUnzukFk 'kekZ vkfn izeq[k gS aA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
;wjksi esa Hkk"kk&foKku dk v/;;u 18oha 'knh esa 'kq: gqvkA 19oha 'knh ds var rd ;g fuf'pr gqvk fd Hkk"kk dk vf/kdrj /;ku ,sfrgkfld v/;;u dh vksj gh gSA bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd Hkk"kk foKku dk vFkZ Hkk"kk dk ,sfrgkfld v/;;u le>k
tkus yxkA ;g tks xyr /kkj.kk cuh Fkh] mls ubZ n`f"V ns us dk dke loZizFke lL;w j us fd;kA bUgksaus Hkk"kk oSKkfud] ,sfrgkfld v/;;u ,oa Hkk"kk ds ,ddkfyd o.kZukRed v/;;u ds chp dk varj Li"V djrs gq, Hkk"kk dk o.kZukRed v/;;u gh Hkk"kk dk
;FkkFkZ v/;;u gksrk gSA ;g er j[kdj Hkk"kk v/;;u dÙkkZvks a dk /;ku bl vksj vkdf"kZr dj fy;kA Hkk"kk dk lgh v/;;u le>us ds fy, lL;wj us Hkk"kk O;oLFkk vkSj Hkk"kk O;ogkj ds chp dk vFkZ Li"V fd;kA lkekftd O;ogkj dk v/;;u djuk gks rks
loZ izFke O;fDrxr va'k dks vyx dj dsfUnzr djuk gks xkA bl fopkj ij mUgksaus tksj fn;kA lL;w j us Hkk"kk O;ogkj ds lanHkZ esa blh fopkj dks j[kkA ges'kk iz;qDr Hkk"kk O;ogkj] O;fDrxr rkS j&rjhds] izla xkuqlkj u;kiu] 'kkjhfjd uohurk ds dkj.k Hkk"kk esa vk, gq, nks"kks dk es y&feyki ,oa lfeJ Lo:i ns [kus dks feyrk gSA ;gh Hkk"kk dk lkj
:iO;oLFkk lekt dh viuh lEifÙk gksrh gSA Hkk"kk O;ogkj gksrs le; mles a O;fDrxr rkSj&rjhds dk lekos 'k iz la xkuq:i FkksM+s le; ds fy, gksrk gSA vr,o mldk R;kx djuk] /;ku u nsuk mfpr gSA ,slk mUgs yxrk gSA lL;wj Hkk"kk dks fpUg O;oLFkk ekurs gS ftls os *lkbu flLVe dgrs gSA muds erkuqlkj Hkk"kk ds nks i{k gksrs gS& /ofu vkSj vFkZA /ofu ladsrd gks rh gS vkSj vFkZ la dsfrdk mnkgj.k& iqLrd ,d ladsrd gS] ftldh
jpuk ,d lqfuf'pr /ofu ls gqbZ gSA ;g /ofu lewg i~ $ m $ v $ l $ r $ v $ d
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ls feydj cuk gSA bldk lkadsfrd (vFkZ ) *iqLrd* uked oLrq gSA
lL;wj Hkk"kk vkSj okd~ dks fHkUu&fHkUu ekurs gSA bu nksuksa dks fHkUurk ds fuEuLrj ij iz Lrqr djrs gSA (v) *Hkk"kk* lkekftd oLrq gS vkS j *okd~* oS;fDrdA (c) *Hkk"kk* vew rZ oLrq vkSj *okd~ * mldk LFkwy 'kCn :iA (n) *Hkk"kk* fdlh Hkkf"kd lekt ds efLr"d esa fo|eku jgrh gS vkS j *okd~ * O;ogkj es a iz;q Dr gksrh gSA **la iz fr izpfyr ifjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh dh vifjiw .kZ rk] mlds lq /kkj dh vko';drk vkSj buds lkFk ;g fn[kykusvkS j izekf.kr djus dh t:jr gS fd lk/; Hkk"kk dh viuh okLrfod izd`fr D;k gS\Hkk"kk&laca /kh es js ftKklq eu ds lq [k&larks"k esa cjkcj ck/kd curs jgs gS] ;|fi Hkk"kk dh
lkekU; izd`fr dh [kkst ls vf/kd fiz; oLrq esjs fy, dqN vkS j ugh jgh gSA fuLlansg bl [kks t dk ifj.kke es js fy, ,d iqLrd gks xh ftlesa fcuk fdlh vfrfjDr mRlkg ;k mNkg ds ;g fn[kykus dk iz;Ru d:¡xk fd Hkk"kk foKku esa bl le; izpfyr ,d Hkh ,s lk
ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn ugh gS tks esjs fy, lkFkZd gksA eSa ;g ekurk gw¡ fd ,slk djus ds ckn gh eSa ml txg ls vkxs fy[kus dk viuk dke c<+k ldrk gw¡ tgk¡ ij vkt eSa [kM+k gw¡A* lL;wj us Lo;a cgqr de fy[kk gS ij bruk de fy[kdj Hkh os vkt Hkk"kk fpa ru ds {ks= esa vej gSA os Lo;a bl ckr ds vuw Bs mnkgj.k gS fd ,d v/;kid&fpard ds fy, v/;kiu] ys[ku ls vf/kd izHkko'kkyh gks ldrk gSA lihj&,MoMZ lihj ,d cgqeq[kh
iz frHkk lEiUu Hkk"kk oSKkfud FksA mUgksaus ,sfrgkfld Hkk"kk foKku ds {ks= esa cgqr egRoiww.kZ dk;Z fd;k] ftlds vUrxZr Hkkjr&;ksjksih; ifjokj] lkeh ifjokj] phuh ifjokj] ves fjdk&bafM;u Hkk"kkvks a rFkk vÝhdh Hkk"kkvksa dk v/;;u lfEefyr gSA fdUrq mudh lcls egRoiw.kZ nsu Hkk"kk dk lS¼kafrd foospu gSA
mudk ekuuk gS fd Hkk"kk dk {ks= ekuosrj gSA ;g lgt mPpfjr ladsrksa dh
O;oLFkk gSA ekuo ds mPpkj.k vo;o ds lfØ; gksus dk ifj.kke /ofu gS] ijUrq Hkk"kk&oSKkfud lihj dk ;g er gS fd Hkk"kk dk laca/k dsoy mPpfjr okD;ksa ls ysuk
mlh rjg gS tSlk ?kqVuksa ds cy >q ddj iz kFkZuk djukA ftl izdkj izkFkZuk esa 'kjhj ds gkFk&ik¡o vkfn va xksa ds lkFk eu dk Hkh lekos 'k gksrk gS] mlh izdkj Hkk"kk ds O;ogkj esa vks"B~ ;] nUr] rkyq] ftOgk] Lojraf=;ka vkfn vo;oksa ds lkFk&lkFk euq"; dh psruk Hkh layXu dh gSA mUgks aus dgk gS Lofue dh lRrk HkkSfrd u gksdj ekufld gksrh gSA Hkk"kk ds Lo:i ds lanHkZ esa fo'ks"k vax dks ys dj ,d ubZ mRifÙk lihj&cksQZ bu Hkk"kk oSKkfudksa us LFkkfir dh gSA bu nksuks a ds fopkj esa Hkk"kk dk vfHkiz k; dsoy HkkSfrd okLro dk iz frfcac n'kkZus okyk vkbZ uk ugh gSA lkekU;r% ;g le>k tkrk gS fd Hkk"kk ds ckgj tks Hkh l`f"V fo|eku gS] mldh gj bdkbZ ds fy, Hkk"kk esa 'kCn gksrs gS ijUrq ckr
oSlh ugh gSA oLrqr% Hkk"kk dh ckgjh l` f"V dk tks Hkh Kku gesa gksrk gS] og lkis{k gksdj Hkk"kk ds }kjk fu;af=r gks rk gSA iz R;sd Hkk"kk;h lekt dh Hkk"kk vU; Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh lekt
ls i`Fkd gksrh gSA fgUnh esa tks fyax O;oLFkk gS] og mldh viuh gS vkS j cká n`f"V ls mlds fy, vk/kkj gksxk gh ,slk ckr ugh gks ldrh] ij bl fya x O;oLFkk ds dkj.k cká l`f"V dh vksj ns[kus dk gekjk n`f"Vdks.k vo'; fHkUu gqvk gSA *unh* 'kCn L=hfya x vkSj *lkxj* iqfYyax gks us ds dkj.k ge ifr&iRuh fiz;dj&fiz;rek dks mlh :i esa vfHkO;Dr
djrs gSA lkjka'k esa gj Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh lekt dk Hkkf"kd cká Kku ml lekt dh Hkk"kk }kjk fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA gekjh Hkk"kk es a tks Hkh 'kCn lEink gS] mUgha 'kCnksa ls ge
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ikl&iM+ksl dh l`f"V dk o.kZu djrs gSA 'kCnksa dh vuqifLFkfr esa ge ,d vlhe O;Fkk
vuqHko djrs gS bls gh Hkk"kk ls lkis{kokn dk O;qRifÙk fl¼kUr dgk tkrk gSA**,MoMZ lihj dk dguk gS fd& **ekuo u rks dsoy oLrqijd lalkj esa jgrk gS
vkS j tS lk lk/kkj.kr;k le>k tkrk gS] u gh ds oy lkekftd fØ;kvks a ds lalkj esa gh jgrk gS] vfirq og ml fo'ks "k Hkk"kk dh n;k ij fuHkZj djrk gS] tks ml lekt es a vfHkO;fDr dk lk/ku cu pqdh gSA ;g dYiuk djuk dkQh cM+h HkzkfUr gS fd euq"; Hkk"kk ds iz;ksx ds fcuk gh fuf'pr :i ls okLrfodrk ds lkFk le>kS rk dj ysrk gS] vkSj
;g fd Hkk"kk lapj.k ;k fpUru dh fof'k"V leL;kvks a dks lq y>kus dk dsoy iz klafxd lk/ku gSA rF; dh ckr ;g gS fd *okLrfod la lkj* cgqr vf/kd lhek rd vps ru :i esa ,d oxZ dh Hkk"kkbZ vknr ij fufeZr gksrk gS& ge lqurs gS] vkSj ns[krs gS] rFkk tSlk dqN vf/kdrj ge vuqHko djrs gS fd og lc bl fy, gS fd gekjs oxZ dh Hkk"kkbZ vknrs
vFkZ fu.kZ; ds dqN fodYi igys gh fuf'pr dj nsrh gSA* bl vesfjdu Hkk"kk oSKkfud us 1950 es a *jpukUrj dk fl¼kUr* LFkkfir dj o.kZukRed Hkk"kk foKku dks lw{; fo'ys "k.k dh ,d ubZ xgjkbZ iz nku dhA Hkk"kk foKku ds chp Øka frdkjh dYiukvks a dk lekos 'k djus ij gks pkW Eldh dk vn~Hkqr v/;;u Hkk"kk O;oLFkk ij gh dsfUnzr FkkA pkWEldh us lL;wj ds leku dh Hkkf"kd {kerk ,oa Hkkf"kd O;ogkj uked fopkjksa ij tks j fn;kA euq"; ds eu ds Hkhrj cS Bh gqbZ Hkkf"kd fu;e O;oLFkk Hkk"kk ds gj O;ogkj ds ihNs dke djrh gSA bu lw=ks a ds vk/kkj ij vusd okD; fuekZ.k fd;s tk ldrs gSA bl vizdV fu;e O;oLFkk dks pkWEldh us Hkkf"kd {kerk dh ckr dgha A gj O;fDr ds eu esa Hkk"kk ds fuekZ.k ds le; ;g {kerk cu tk;k djrh gS vkSj Hkkf"kd O;ogkj mldh gh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA
;gh vkn'kZ Hkwr O;oLFkk gh Hkk"kk dk varLoj gksrk gSA Hkkf"kd lads r O;oLFkk dk Kku Hkkf"kd {kerk ds ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij gj fut Hkk"kk dks gqvk djrk gSA ;gh pkWEldh dk dFku gSA Hkk"kk dk Hkhrjh Loj Hkk"kk ds cká :ikdj esa fdl izdkj bu laLdkjksa ds ek/;e ls O;Dr gksrk gS] mldk v/;;u djuk pkWEldh dk fo"k; jgk gSA muds bl v/;;u i¼fr dks *tudlw =h jpuk j.koknh lEiznk;* dgk tkrk gS lL;w j dsvuqlkj Hkk"kk O;ogkj ij lekt dk vf/kdkj gksrk gS vkSj pkWEldh ds fopkj esa Hkkf"kd {kerk O;fDrxr gksrh gSA**pkWEldh dh ;g ekU;rk gS **fd Hkk"kk] *ekuo&eu dk niZ.k*
cu ldrh gSA muds vuqlkj ekuo&eu lgtkr o` fÙk;ksa dh ,d fof'k"V *Ldhe* ys dj iS nk gksrk gSA ;g Ldhe gh muds vuq lkj *lkoZHkkSfed O;kdj.k* gS] tks mu lHkh Hkk"kkvks a esa leku :i ls feyrk gS ftls ekuo&lekt vius LokHkkfod :i ls fodflr djrk gSA
blfy, iz R;sd ekuo fl¼ Hkk"kk ds Hkhrj dqN lk/kkj.khd`r] lkoZHkkSfed O;kdj.k ds os rRo gksrs gS tks mldh O;oLFkk dk ,d iz dkj ls fu;eu dj *euq";ksa dh Hkk"kk* dh Js.kh dk mls gdnkj cukrs gS vkSj lkFk gh mlesa O;ogkj] iz;ksx vkS j vfHkO;fDr dh
LFkkuh; fof'k"Vrkvks a ls ;qDr O;fDrfu"B rRo gksrs gS tks *euq";ks a dh Hkk"kk* ds chp iSnk dk vewrZ O;oLFkk dks Bksl vkSj okLrfod vk/kkj nsrs gSA** pkWEldh dk fl¼kUr dk 1965 laLdj.k] viuh iwoZorhZ fopkj/kkjk ls dbZ n`f"V;ksa ls fHkUu gSA bl fl¼kUr esa osvius dks **CyweQhYM vkSj gSfjl** ds vuqHkooknh vkSj vkxeukRed n'kZu ls eqDr djus
dk iz;kl djrs ik, tkrs gSA vFkZ dk tks {ks= 1957 laLdj.k us misf{kr jg x;k Fkk]
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mls os vius u, fl¼kUr esa lesVus dh vksj vxzflr gksrs gSA lkFk gh chp (Kernel )
okD; dh ladYiuk dk la'kks/ku dj okD;ks a dh vkH;karj la jpuk (deep structure ) vkSj cká la jpuk (surface structure ) ds :i dks LFkkfir djrs gSA blh izdkj lHkh lEHkkfor okD;ksa ds lap; ds :i es a ifjHkkf"kr Hkk"kk vkS j ekr`Hkkf"k;ks a }kjk lHkh mPpfjr okD;ksa ds lap; ds :i esa xzká Hkk"kk&rF; ds varj dks os vf/kd lqlaxr Hkkf"kd {kerk (Linguistic Competence ) vkSj Hkk"kk O;ogkj (linguistic performance ) ds iz fr;ksxh ds :i es a fodflr djrs nh[krs gSA inca/k O;kdj.k dh viuh lhekvksa ls ifjfpr gksdj os bl /kkj.kk dk Hkh fodkl djrs ik, tkrs gS fd fudVorhZ ?kVd ds :i es a tks okD; dk fo'ys "k.k gksrk gS] mldk lEcU/k izk;% okD;ksa dh cká vfHkO;fDr ds lkFk gksrk gSAvkH;arj vfHkO;fDr ds /kjkry ij Hkh in~ca/k lajpuk ns[kus dks feyrh gS] ij ;g
lajpuk] xq.kkRed n` f"V ls cká vfHkO;fDr ds Lrj ij ikbZ tkus okyh lajpuk ls fHkUu
gksrh gSA la jpukRed Hkk"kk foKku ds tud ekus tkrs gS muds xzUFk dks *Hkk"kk foKku dh ckbfcy* dgk tkrk gSA bUgksaus Hkk"kk ds ?kVdksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj mldh lajpuk dks le>us dh oSKkfud izfØ;k dk fodkl fd;kA bUgksaus Lofue dh O;k[;k djds mlds*xkS.k* *eq[;* nks Hksn fd;sA eq[; Lofueksa esa Loj vkSj O;atuksa dk rFkk *xkS.k* es a
cyk?kkr] Lojk?kkr vkfn dk mYys [k fd;k gSA bruh gh ugh nks Lojksa ds *ew y* vkSj *la;q Dr* Loj esa Hks n djds /ofu foKku dks iw.kZrk iznku dhA CyweQhYM us tks milxZ]
iz R;; vkS j izd` fr (/kkrq vkSj izfrikfnd) dk tks fo'ys "k.k fd;k gS] ikf.kuh esa la Ld`r ds O;kdj.k ls feyrk tqyrk gS rFkk lw{e gSA lekt Hkk"kk foKku ds fodkl es a yscks Q dk ;ksxnku egRoiw .kZ gSA mudk 'kks/k&izcU/k 1965 esa izdkf'kr gqvk ftles a mUgks aus U;w ;kdZ esa cks yh tkus okyh va xzsth dk lkekftd Lrjijd v/;;u fd;kA loZizFke mUgksaus gh bl
rF; ds fo'ys"k.k dk iz ;kl fd;k gS fd Hkk"kkxr Hksn lektxr Hksnks ls tqM+ s gq, gSA mUgksaus dbZ Lrjksa ij 'kks/k&dk;Z fd;k] U;w;kdZ esa okX:iksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k] fMikVZ esa Vy LVks jks esa fodYiksa dh tk¡p dh vkSj xzkgdksa ds oxksZa ds vk/kkj ij mUgsa Lrjhd`r fd;kA mUgksa us bl v/;;u esa vkdfLed ;k lgt okd~ ] lekl okd~] okpd] 'kCn lwfp;ksa rFkk U;wure ;q Xeksa ds ijh{k.k esa vkSipkfjdrk dh ek=k esa c<+ksÙkjh ds lkFk&lkFk 'kS fy;ks a esa Hks n ik;kA yscksQ us v/;;u&Øe esa rhu rjhds viuk,A¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- tkWu ch dSjksy & Hkk"kk fopkj vkSj okLrfodrk] i0 la0 2692- johUnz ukFk JhokLro & fgUnh Hkk"kk dk lekt'kkL=] i0 la0 58
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bDdhloha lnh dh dfork bDdhloha lnh dh dfork bDdhloha lnh dh dfork bDdhloha lnh dh dfork bDdhloha lnh dh dfork ¹ xkSjh vxz oky ¹ xkS jh vxzoky ¹ xkSjh vxz oky ¹ xkS jh vxzoky ¹ xkSjh vxzoky
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¹ lgk;d izk/;kid] fgUnh foHkkx] MkW- jk/kkckbZ 'kkldh; uohu dU;k egkfo|ky;] jk;iqj
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& 21 oha lnh ds izFke n'kd dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa us ekuo lekt dks yksHkh] LokFkhZ ]yEiV] vkRedsfUnzr laosnu 'kwU; cuk fn;k gS A bl lcds ckotwn Hkh og fuHkZ ; gS A ;g fodV leL;k gS ] og Hkh Hkkjr tS ls jk"Vª ds fy,A bfrgkl xokg gS fd tc tc ,slh fo"ke vkSj fodV ifjfLFkfr;ka vk;h gS dfork ^laHkokfe ;qxs ;qxs** ds :i esa fuja rj tu lekt dk fn'kk
funs Z'k djrh jgh gS aA ;g vkys[k reke fonzirkvksa ds chp dfork dks viuh l`tu /kfeZrk dsfnO; xq.kks a ds lkFk euq";rk ds i{k esa [kM+h djus dh iM+rky gSA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
bDdhloha lnh dk egkea = ^olq/kSo dqVqEcde~** vkt ds i;kZoj.k esa xw¡ t jgk gSA olq /kk rks dqVqEc gks xbZ ij dqVqEc dh laos nuk,a fc[kj xbZA vkt ds izkS|ksxdh; ?kVdksa vkS j le; us ges a lsds.M ls feyh lsd.M] ekbØks lsds.M] uSuks ls ds.M vkSj vkxs dg¡ w
rks ihdks ls ds.M esa cakV fn;k gSA NksVs&NksVs ikjn'khZ dkap ds cus dSfcu dh laLd`fr esa fugkjrk ekuo viuh mifLFkfr dk ,glkl cxy es a cSBs O;fDr dks fnyk rks nsrk gS ij mlls la okn ugh dj ldrkA Lis l dh deh gS] le; dh deh gS] ds oy fpV pSfVax gh gSA vodk'k ds fy, le; dgk¡\ ,sls esa vkt dh dfork dks ryk'kuk tS ls >w ys esa fdlh
cPph dks mrkj dj ^^esjh xks jkm.M** esa fcBkus ds leku gSA vkt dEI;wVj xz kfQDl vkHkklh okLrfodrk jpus vkSj cktkj esa fcdus dks vkeknk gSaA og Hkh js fVax dh Hkk"kk esa luluh [kst dh Hkk"kk esa& tgk¡ uSfrd ck/kk gks rh gh ughaA lp gS bl rduhdh pwgs us iw jh iFoh dks uki fy;k gSA bles a etk Hkh vkrk gS] D;kasfd vkxs&ihNs tkus dk [ksy tks [ksyk tkrk gSA ,d le; Fkk tc x.ks'k th us pwgs ij lokj gksdj ekrk&firk dh ifjØek dj cz gek.M esa izFke iwT; cus ij ;g rduhdh pwgk rks lkoZ nsf'kd vkSj loZiw T; cu x;k gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dfork fdruh fulax gS ;k lax&lax \ ;g iz'u tS ls gh mRrj dh [kkst ds fy, fudyrk gS rks mls dfork dh fulaxrk vkSj lgHkkfxrk nksuks gh :iksa ds n'kZu gksrs gSa A dksbZ Hkh dyk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls folax ugh jg ldrh gS] blfy, 21 oha lnh dh ;g 12 o"khZ ; ckfydk viuh jkxkfRedk o`fRr ls FkksM+h gVdj ukVdh; rks gks
pyh gS] ijarq mlesa rkRdkfyd ekuoh; la ca/kksa esa gks jgs ifjorZ uksa dks idM+us dh vkSj mls mlh Hkk"kk es a O;Dr djus dh cs pSuh lh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS%& lkFk gh viuh LokHkkfodrk ls nwj gks us ds dkj.k Fkdh vkSj grk'k&lh Hkh gSA bl u`'kal vkS j funZ; le; dh 'kks j esa mlds vUr~l dh iq dkj nc lh xbZ gSA dfork ;|fi le; dh lqfuf'pr frfFk;ksa ds fglkc ls ifjofrZr ugha gksrh ija rq le; dh vUrj/kkjkvksa ls ue gks rh pyrh gSA vkt gj ,d O;fDr gj iy dh tkudkjh j[k jgk gS] ij phtks a dks ns [kdj xgjs vkgr gksus] rktqCc
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gksus] mcy iM+ us dk ;k vkg~ykfnr gksus dk Lisl fldqM+rk pyk tk jgk gSA lc dq N Ýse
odZ gks x;k gSA vkt ekdsZ V r; dj jgk gS fd ge dS ls vkSj fdu fdu phtks a dks fdruk ns[ksaA ns[kus vkSj eglw l djus ls igys gh lc dqN fu/kkZfjr gks tkrk gS& nks uks ds chp nwjh gekjs flLVe esa fQV gks xbZ gSA cktkj us vkt euq"; ds vUrjtxr ij geyk cks y fn;k gSA ;g ,d izdkj dh euks oSKkfud ?ksjkca nh gSA bls ,d deksfMVh dYpj Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS] tks euq"; dh xfjek] vfLerk] lkSan;Z] Le` fr dks yhyus esa yxh gSA euq"; HkhM+ esa [kM+k rks gS ij furkUr vdsyk] ykpkj gSA cktkjhdj.k us cMs+ /kS;Z ls viuh rkdr
la Ld`fr mUgs oSlk cy fn;k gSA bl laca /k esa MkW- t; izdk'k dk dFku gS fd ^^;g lnh vius oSf'od izlkj ls ,d ,s lh vkfFkZ d lH;rk dk fuekZ.k djuk pkgrh gS] ftlds ds Unz
esa euq"; ugha vekuoh; iwath gSA**1 dfork ges 'kk ls vUrl dh lk{kkRdkj jgh gS] vkSj dks bZ Hkh vjktd fLFkfr gks og fo'luh; la lkj dk irk nsuk tkurh gSA gkWykfd dfork
igys ls T;knk ,d xgjs uSfrd ljksdkjksa ls gksdj xqtj jgh gS] D;ksa fd lQyrk ds jsfMes M iz frekuksa ds rgr gekjh mnkrrk vkSj vkRefuHkZjrk dks ns'k ls ckgj tks dj fn;k x;k gSAvkt oLrq txr ds ek;koh cktkj esa thou dh feVrh laosnuk dks <wa <+us vkSj mls cpkus
dh fpa rk mls gks jgh gS] mlds fy, ;g ,d pqukSrh Hkh gSA dfo mn~;pUnz >k dh iafDr;kW bldk lkeuk djrs utj vk jgh gSa&
csp jgk dksbZ fnekx] liuk csp jgk gSAJe gh ugha ] jDr rd ns[kks] viuk csp jgk gSA
Ikki&iq .; ds ipM+s NksM+ ks] nsg cs prh ukjhA xfy;ksa esa ugha] jktiFk ij fcdrh ykpkjh 2
lwpukra= vkSj rduhdh xfrfof/k;ksa us dfork dh Hkk"kk vkS j laos nukvks a ds
bZnZ&fxnZ ?ks jk Mky j[kk gSA jpukdkj dks bl nq[k ls gksdj jks t xq tjuk iM+ jgk gSA ika o esa ;g dhy jkst pqHk jgh gSA mUgsa bl nq [k dks jks t lguk iM+ jgk gSAbl ihM+k dsHkq DrHkksxh dfo;ksa dh J`a[kyk esa dq aoj ukjk;.k] fo".kq [kjs] os.kqxks iky] Hkkxor jkor]
jkts'k tks'kh] fouksn nkl] cnzhukjk;.k] vk'kq rks"k nqcs] yhyk/kj txw M+h] iadt jkx] nsoh iz lkn feJ] dqekj vEcq t] v"VHkq tk 'kqDy] dkR;k;uh] uhys'k j?kq oa'kh ds uke fy;s tk ldrs gS aA VsDuks ykWth cktkjokn vkSj mlds iziap esa iw ath ds bl fodkl ds nkSj esa dfork ds jpus vkSj gksus dk cM++k varjky eglwl fd;k gSA fouksn dqekj dh ;s ia fDr;ka bldh iM+rky gS& ^^lwpuk cjl jgh gS] vk¡/kh rwQku dh rjgA jks 'kuh bruhA fd vkW [ks ca n gks tk,A vc ugha cp jgsA thou es a dksbZ jgL;A fdruk de cp jgh gSA bl nqfu;k ds fy,**3 futZ u ,oa vua r iBkj ln`'; le; ls vkØa kr gksdj dfork ,d cqfu;knh laLdkj
ds fy, NViVk jgh gSA gkW ykfd ekS twnk rkdr laLd`fr Hkh viuh Øwjrk iw.kZ n`f"V ls fujarj fugkj jgh gSA oSf'od iw ath us vius cs[kkSQ csyxke ?kks Ms+ dks olq/kSo dq Vq Ecde~ ds ifjlj esa Nks M++ fn;k gSA ,sls esa dfo 'kS ys"k dh dfork ;gh rks dgs xh& ^^oS 'ohdj.k ds ?kksM+s nkSM+ jgs gSaA cs[kkS Q--- csyxkeA ek¡ ej x;h gS rks og D;k djsa A 'ks ;j ekdsZV rks can ugha gks tk,xkA**4 21 oh lnh dk le; jktuhfr dk le; gSA yksdra = ls yksd xk;c vkSj ra= ds 'kks"k.k vkS j "kM+ ;a= ls tuthou O;fFkr gSA orZeku es a vkneh viuh vknfe;r ls ugha tkfr] /keZ] lEiznk;ks a oxZ ;k jktuhfr ny ds uke ls tkuk tk jgk gSA
mldh gj fØ;k] gj djoV dks ns[kus vkSj le>us dk <a x jktuhfr gSA dfo gjs izdk'k
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mik/;k; dh dfork bls c[kwch c;ka dj jgh gS&
;gka bruk jkthfr le; gS ftlesa gj fØ;k jktuhfrd gSA rqEgkjk eqLdqjkuk Hkh funksZ"k ugh gS] cPps mldk Hkh vk'k; de [krjukd ugha fy;k tk jgk gSA frryh rqEgkjs ml Qwy ij cSBus dk lh/kk vFkZ ;g fy;k tk jgk gSA fd rqe bl Qwy ds f[kykQ gksA5
jktuhfr 'kCn dk iz;ks x vc Nn~e] diViw.kZ LokFkZ uhfr ds fy, fd;k tk jgk gSA blh dh dks [k ls vkradokn] uDlyokn] iza krokn] tkfrokn] lEiz nk; dk tUe gqvk gSA vkradokn dk vkrad iwjs fo'o esa O;kIr gSA funksZ"k turk ewd :i ls lgu djrs
pyh tk jgh gSA vkra dokfn;ks ds vekuqf"kd d`R;ksa ls cs cl gks turk ekSr dks xys yxk jgh gS] vkSj blh dh ygw ihdj lRrk dk rkt va xMk+bZ ys jgk gS] ftls dfo rq"kkj /koy dh iafDr;ka bl izdkj vfHkO;Dr dj jgh gS%&
vkrad dk rqEgkj psgjk mlh dh vakr ls mitk gS fuf'apr jgks rqEgs Qaklh ugha gksxh gekjs ygw ls gh vaxM+kbZ ysrk rqEgkjk rkt Hkys gh rq eus
gtkj gR;k,a dh gks rqEgs Qkalh ugha gksxhA6
vkt nfyr foe'kZ vkSj L=h foe'kZ ij lkfgR; dh lHkh fo/kk,a viuh dwph ls jax Hkj jgh gSA 21 oha lnh ds nfyr viuh cs grjh ds fy, fdlh nwljs dh vis{kk fd, Lo;a vkxs vk jgs gSa& viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djk jgs gaSA ljdkj dh dbZ ;kstuk,a Hkh buds fy,
cuh gqbZ gSaA bl lnh dh dfork bls Lohdkj dj mlds cqyan gkSlys ls lk{kkRdkj djkrh gSA jkds'k jatu dh dfork bl izlax esa n`"VO; gS%&
c<s a+xs ix mlds ua xs gS] dVs&fNys mueas vaf/k;kjk Hkjh jkgksa dh /kw j gS dgrs gS] mlh ls fl;klr dh jkSud gS
mlesa j¶rkj xtc] ph[krk x:j gSA7
L=h ys[ku rks Lo;a ds vkRecks/k dh vfHkO;fDr gSA og vius drZO; ds iz fr ftruh lefiZr gS] mruh gh ltx vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr Hkh gSA fufHkZdrk rks mldh ps ruk esa igys ls T;knk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA og lcdks ;g ,glkl fnyk pq dh gS fd iz xfr iFk ij fujarj c<+rs jgus ds fy, mUgs vyx djds ;k] va/ksjs es a j[kdj ;k nckdj ugha j[kk tk ldrkA olq/kSo dqVqEcde~ ds lw= es mUgs lEeku iw oZd fijksuk gh gks xkA 21 oha lnh dh dof;f=;ksa dh iafDr esa vukfedk] pUnzdkark] fueZyk iq rq y] vYiuk feJk] pUnzdyk f=ikBh vkfn dk uke fy;k tk ldrk gS& ftUgksa us viuh dkO; iafDr;ks a dks L=h
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thou dh ihM+k vkSj muds eu dh laqnjre~ fcUnqvksa ls ltk;k gSA fueZyk iqrqy dh ;g
vkRekfHkO;fDr ns[krs gh curh gS%&vkSj vxj fdlh rjg gkjh bl ckj Hkh
rc dj yks uksV fnekx dh Mk;jh esa vkt dh rkjh[k ds lkFk
fd fxjsxh ftruh ygw dh cwans /kjrh ij mruh gh tuesxh fueZyk iqrqy gok esa eqV~Bh cka/ks ygjkrs gq,A8
fL=;ka vius fy, feys Lis l esa vkdk'k dks pwe ysus dh vkdak{kk gh ugha j[k jgh gS] cfYd vius Lisl esa fofo/k jax Hkj dj lqanj cukus es a Hkjiwj yxh gqbZ gSA ijarq vc Hkh iq:"k txr ls Åij ugha mB ik;h gSA MkW0 js[kk dLrokj dgrh gS& ^ifjokj L=h dh
okgokgh vkSj vius fy, thrh L=h ij oØ n`f"VA /keZ] jktuhfr] U;k; ds laLFkku L=h dks M~;ks<h p<+us nsuk gh ugha pkgrsA vkdk'k pweus dh ltk tkurh gks\9
21 oha lnh ds vusd dfo vkSj dof;f=;ksa us viuh jpuk /kfeZrk ls fo'o es a c<+rs i;kZoj.k iznw "k.k vkSj vla rq yu ij viuh fpark tkfgj dh gSA tSls& ikuh dk nq[kM+k (foey dq ekj 2089)] gokvksa ykSV vkvks (ohjsUnz lkja x 2005)] /kjrh gksus dk lq[k (ds'ko&2008)] /kjrh dk vUrZukn ('khyk xq tjky 2004) vkfn xzaFk HkkSfrd iznw"k.k ij gekjs lkeus miyC/k gSA blls ,slk yxrk gS fd ekufld iz nw"k.k dks nwj dj mls larqfyr djus ds fy, dfork dk egRo fQj ls js [kka fdr gksxkA bl lnh esa dfork ds le{k vusd pqukSfr;k¡ gS& oS f'od iwath dk izca/k] HkweaMyhdj.k] miHkks Drk la Ld`fr dk izlkj vkSj oLrq vks a dk thou esa c<rk gLr{ksi A [kSjA vkt dh dfork fdruh gh dfBu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls D;ksa u xq tj jgh gks ija rq izs e ds fojkV Lo:i ds }kjk bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls eq Dr gksus dh vk'kk dk lapkj Hkh djuk pkg jgh gSA og nhokj esa }kj cukus dh vkSj gj }kj ls iwjk dk iwjk igkM+ fudkyus dh tqxr esa gSA lkFk gh lkFk ;g vk'kk Hkh gS fd og iqu% vius Lo:i vkSj vkRek ds lkFk mifLFkr gksxh ij dqN Lisl vkSj le; fy;s&D;ksa fd dfork dh nqfu;k U;wVu ds xq:Rokd"kZ.k dh nqfu;k ugha gSA og jSf[kd ugha gS] og iwokZ uqeku ugha gS] rks vxyh iafDr ds fy, vuuqekfur Hkh ugha gS] mls cktkj dh Hkk"kk vkSj la osnuk cgq r fnuks a rd cjxyk ugha ldrh A mlds vUrjeu dks djIV djuk
ukeq efdu gS] og dg jgh gS%& la Hkokfe ;q xs&;qxs
ge gS] ojkg
ge gS] ujflag ge gS a okeu ge gS] ij'kqjke vkSj geh gS] dfYd
rqe gekjh lRrk dks Hkwy u tkvksA10
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lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- dFkkns'k & lg;k=k izdk'ku & 2002 i"B&70
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2- vktdy & izdk'ku foHkkx & ubZ fnYyh vxLr & 2009 i"B &25
3- igy & tcyiqj] flrEcj ] vDVwcj 2008 i"B&1044- vkykspuk & jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] tqykbZ& flrEcj] 2008 & i"B & 525- bDdhloh lnh dk fgUnh lkfgR; & MkW0 johUnz ukFk feJ yksd Hkkjrh izdk'ku &2011
i`"B&386- igj ;g csigj & jktdey izdk'ku & 2009 i"B & 167- cgqopu & tqykbZ flrEcj & 2009 i"B & 238- bDdhloh lnh dk fgUnh lkfgR; &MkW0 johUnz ukFk feJ &yksd Hkkjrh izdk'ku&2011 i`"B
& 789- L=h fparu dh pqukSfr;ka 2009 jktdey izdk'ku & izkDdFku 10- bDdlhoh lnh dk fgUnh lkfgR; &MkW0 jfoUnz ukFk feJ&yksd Hkkjrh izdk'ku &2009
i`"B&36
RNI No. MP BIL 01034/12/1/2005-TC ISSN 0973-3914
iz ks- cz txks iky 'kq Dy 41@42] j?kq oa 'k lnu] fcfN;k] jhok (e-iz-)& 486001
Phone - (07662) 255177, 9425186437E-mail - [email protected]@rediffmail.com
ls UVj QkW j fjlpZ LVMht] jhok }kjk fjlpZ tjuy vkWQ lks 'ky ,.M ykbQ lkbals l
ds fo'ks "kka d ds :i es a fuEufyf[kr nks la nHkZ iq Lrdksa dk iz dk'ku ekpZ] 2013 es a fd;k tk jgk gSA
mDr la nHkZ iq Lrdksa es a iz dk'ku gs rq vki viuk rF; ijd ,oa rdZ ;q Dr 'kks/k i= Hks tdj bl vdknfed dk;Z es a lg;ks x dj ldrs gS a A fgUnh Hkk"kk es a 'kks/k i= ,e-,l- oMZ es a QkUV d` frns o 010] djs DVj lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k_
va xz s th Hkk"kk es a VkbEl U;w jks eu QkUV lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k es a Hks ts a A
(vkbZ-,l-ch-,u- 978&81&87364&56&6)
(ISBN 978-81-87364-55-9)
Social Change & Development in India
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& izdfr dk fHkUu&fHkUu :iks a es a iz;ksx gksrk jgk gSA la{ksi es a izeq[k :Ik es a izd`fr&fp=.k dk gh o.kZ u ;gk¡ fd;k x;k gS A oS ls izd`fr dk vkS j Hkh vusd :Ik esa lkfgR; eas o.kZu gksrk jgk gS ijUrq bl laf{kIr es a foLrkjiwoZd mlds Hksnksa iHksnks a dk o.kZu djuk vR;Ur nq"dj dk;Z gS A vkyEcu :i esa] míhiu :i esa] i`"BHkwfe ds :i esa mieku :i esa ] minsf'kdk :i esa jgL;kRed :i es a] ekuohdj.k :i es a izd`fr ds fp=.k ds dqN Lo:i dk o.kZu bl 'kks/k i= esa fd;k x;k gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
izd` fr dks lkekU; euq ";] nk'kZfud] oSKkfud lHkh ns[krs gSa ijUrq dfo dh n`f"V lcls fHkUu gksrh gSA bruk gh ugha Hkkouk rFkk LoHkko Hksn ls ,d dfo dh n`f"V nwljs dfo dh n`f"V ls fHkUu gksrh gS] fQj Hkh ;g Li"V gS fd izd`fr ds lkFk dfo dk jkxkRed lEcU/k gksrk gSA og izd` fr ds ds oy mUgh :iks a dks xzg.k djrk gS tks mldh jkxkRed o`fÙk;ksa dks mHkkjdj mls l`f"V ds ewy ea s fLFkr lkSUn;Z dh v{k; lÙkk dk n'kZu djk ldsA dfo dk ewy y{; ^jl* ;k vkuUn* dh vuq Hkw fr djkuk gSA blh y{; dh flf¼ gsrq og iz d`fr ds vuq ie lkSUn;Z dk o.kZu djrk gSA lkFk gh og vUr% lÙkk ds ftrus
va'k ls jl fu"ifÙk gks ldrh gS] mrus va'k dks gh xzg.k djrk gSA dfo brus rd gh lhfer ugha jgrk] og vkRek ds cy ij l`f"V ds d.k&d.k esa vofLFkr jgL;e;h ije lÙkk ds lkSUn;Z dk n'kZu djrk gSA ;gh dfork dk LorU= ,oa ifjiw.kZ izd`fr n'kZu gSA lkfgR; esa izd`fr dk o.kZ u fofo/k :iksa esa dfo;ks a us fd;k gS&
vkyEcu :Ik esa izd`fr& bl :Ik esa iz d`fr dfo ds fy, lk/ku u cudj lk/; cu tkrh gSA dfo izd` fr dk fujh{k.k djrk gS] mlds lw {e rRoksa ds iz fr vkdf"kZr gksrk gSAvkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy us izd`fr ds ,sls o.kZ u dks loZJs"B ekuk gSA xzke&lq"kek dk o.kZ u
djrs gq, mUgksaus fy[kk gS& ^^x;k mlh nsoy ds ikl ls gS xzke&iFk 'osr/kkfj;ksa es a dbZ ?kkl dks foHkDr dj
/kwgjksa ls lVs gq , is M+ vkSj >kM+ gjs xks jt ls ?kwy ys tks [kMs+ gSa fdukjs ijAA**1
blh izdkj ia poVh dk eSFkyh'kj.k xqIr th us izd` fr&fp=.k fd;k gS] og vR;Ur ljy LokHkkfod vkSj eu dks Nwus okyk gSA
^^pk:pUnz dh pa py fdj.ks a [ks y jgh gS a tyFky esa ] 'kqHkz pk¡nuh fcNh gqbZ Fkh vofu vkSj vEcj ry esa AA**2
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míhiu :Ik esa izd`fr& bl :Ik es a iz d`fr dfo;ks a ds fy, vuqjkx dk fo"k; u jgdj
uk;d vkSj ukf;dk ds Hkkoksa dks míhIr djus dk lk/ku cu tkrh gSA izd` fr esa ekuo Hkkoksa dks míhIr djus dh izcy 'kfDr gSA mldh blh 'kfDr dks y{; dj gekjs dfo;ksa
us fpjdky ls izd`fr dk míhiu :Ik esa o.kZu fd;k gSA la;ksx dky esa izd`fr dh lqjE; NVk,¡] iz d`fr ds fofo/k miknku lq[k dh vuqHkw fr dks rhoz dj nsrs gSa vkSj fo;ksx esa iz d`fr ds fofo/k miknku mldh fojg os nuk dks vkSj vf/kd rhoz dj nsrs gSaA lwj dh xksi;ks a dks fojg dky esa e/kq ou dk gjk&Hkjk gksuk vPNk ugha yxrkA os mls dkslrs gq, dgrh gSa &
^^e/kqou rqe D;ksa jgs gjs\ fojg fo;ks x ';ke lqUnj ds Bk<s+ D;ksa u tjsA**3
rqylh dh lhrk dks fojg dky eas lq[knk;d oLrq,¡ Hkh d"Vnk;d yxrh gSaA
'khry pUnzek Hkh mls nkgd yxrk gS& ^^dgsm jke fo;ksx ro lhrkA eks dgq¡ ldy Hk, foijhrkAA uo r: fdly; eugq¡ d`lkuq A dkyfulk le fufl lfl Hkkuw AA**4
3- i`"BHkwfe ds :Ik esa izd`fr fp=.k& bl :Ik esa izd`fr dk fp=.k vkusokyh ?kVukvksa ds fy, i`"BHkwfe izLrqr djrk gSA dfo fnudj us *moZ'kh* esa bl :Ik es a izdfr dk fp=.k vusd LFkyksa ij fd;k gSA egkjkt iq :jok dks moZ'kh ls fcNM+us dk la dsr LoIu esa gh fey tkrk gS&
^^ns[kk ft/kj] m/kj Mkykas] Vgfu;k¡] iq"Ik o`Urksa ij] nsfo! vkidk ;gh dqlqe vkuu txexk jgk FkkA g¡lrk gqvk] iz â"V] lR; gh] l|% LQqfVr dey&lkA fdUrqqq gk;! nqHkkZ X;A ft/kj Hkh c<+k Li'kZ djus dks] Mwc x;k og Nyh iq"Ik i=ksa dh gfj;kyh esa A**5
mieku :Ik esa izd`fr& bl :Ik esa dfo dks izd`fr esa ,d foy{k.k lkSUn;Z fn[kk;h iM+rk gSA og ekuo lkSUn;Z vFkkZ r~ uk;d&ukf;dk ds 'kjhj ds fofo/k vaxksa dh rqyuk ds fy, izd`fr ds fofo/k miknkuksa dk p;u mieku :Ik esa djrk gSA vf/kdka'k lkn`';ewyd vyadkj izd`fr txr~ ij gh vkfJr gSaA xqykc th us ukf;dk ds fofo/k vaxksa dh rqyuk
iz d`fr ds miknkuks a ls dh gS tks vR;Ur vkd"kZd gS& ^^uoe`.kky&ls Hkqt ypdhys uHk os.kh&ca/ku ls uhys
>jrs rkjd dqlqe ja xhys ns[k jgh eq[k vkHkk viuh vkslksa ds niZ.k esa pk¡ nuh Qw y pqu jgh ou esaA**6
minsf'kdk :Ik esa izd`fr& euq "; us izd` fr dks viuk vkn'kZ ekuk gSA i`Foh {kek vkSj lgu'khyrk dk vkn'kZ gSA ioZr pkfjf=d n <+rk dk] iou vuojr lsok Hkkouk dk] lfjrk] o`{k ijksidkj rFkk len`f"V dk vkn'kZ izLrq r djrs gSaA bl :Ik es a izd` fr dk o.kZu xks Lokeh rq ylhnkl th us cMs+ lqUnj <a x ls fd;k gSA rq ylhnkl th dks izd`fr dk iz R;sd rRo mins'k nsrk gqvk izrhr gS&
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^^nkfefu ned jg u ?ku ekghaA [ky dS iz hfr tFkk fFkj ukgha AA
cj"kfg tyn Hkwfe fuvjk,¡A tFkk uofga cq/k fo|k ik,¡AA cw¡ n v?kkr lgfg fxfj dSlssA [ky ds opu la r lg tSlsAA Nqnz unh Hkfj pyh rksjkbZA ty Fkksjs gq /ku [ky brjkbZAAHkwfe ijr ek <kcj ikuhA tuq thofga ek;k yiVkuhAA lfefV lfefV ty Hkjfga rykckA ftfe lnxqu lTtu ifga vkokAA lfjrk ty tyfuf/k eg¡q tkbZA gks b vpy ftfe fto gfj ikbZA**7
;|fi bl izdkj ds izd`fr ds o.kZu esa izd` fr dk LFkku xkS .k jgrk gS vkSj mins'kkRed Hkkouk dh iz/kkurk jgrh gSA
nw r ;k nwfrdk :Ik esa izd`fr o.kZu& fojg dh voLFkk esa dfo izd`fr }kjk nwr ;k nwfrdk dk dk;Z ysrs jgs gS aA dkfynkl dk *es ?knw r* rFkk gfjvkS ?k dk *fiz ;izokl* blds
lq Unj mnkgj.k gSaA dkfynkl ds *es?knwr* es a fcjgh ;{k es?k ls vkxz g djrk gS fd og nwr cudj mldh fiz;k ;f{k.kh rd mldk lans'kk ys tk,&
^^larIrkuka Roefl 'kj.ka rRi;ksn fiz;k;k% lUns'ka esa gj /kuifrØks/k fo'ysf"krL;A xUrO;k rs clfrjydk uke ;{ks 'ojk.kka ckg;ksvkufLFkrrjf'jpfUnzdk/kS rgE;kZAA**8
jgL;kRed :Ik esa izd`fr&fp=.k& bl :Ik esa iz d`fr&fp=.k esa dfo iz d`fr esa ije lÙkk ds n'kZu djrk gSA oSfnd dky ls gh ekuo us iz d`fr es a ml ije rRo ds n'kZ u fd;sA iz d`fr ds jkSnz :Ik esa mlus loZ'kfDreku czã dh Hkzw&Hkafxek rFkk izQqfYyr okrkoj.k iq"Ik vkfn esa ml ije rRo dh e nq eqLdku dk vuq Hko fd;k gSA lw;Z] pUnz vkSj u{k= dk fu;fer le; ij mfnr rFkk vLr gksuk] iou dk izokg vkfn dfo ds eu esa ftKklk iSnk djrk gSA dfo izlkn iz'u djrs gSa &
^^fo'onso] lfork ;k iw "kk lks e] e:r] papy ioeku] o:.k vkfn lc ?kwe jgs gS a fdlds 'kklu esa vEyku\--------------------------------------------- egkuhy bl ije C;kse esa vUrfj{k esa T;ksfrekZu xzg] u{k= vkS j fo|qRd.k fdldk djus ls lU/kku**9
izlkn th dks ;g vkHkkl gksrk gS fd dksbZ vuar 'kfDr t:j gS] ftlds ihNs gh ;g lkjk lalkj fØ;kfUor gS] ij og 'kfDr dkSu gS] dSlh gS] ;g ftKklk mUgsa cpSu dj nsrh gSA ekuohdj.k :Ik esa izd`fr&fp=.k& izd`fr ij psruk O;fDrRo dk vkjksi ekuohdj.k gSA bl dksfV ds o.kZ u esa iz d`fr ekuo dh rjg g¡ lrh&jksrh] [ksyrh&dw nrh ,oa jkx&fojkx dh izo`fÙk;ks a ls lapkfyr fn[kk;h iM+rh gSA ;ksa n'kZ u vkSj foKku ds {ks= esa iz d`fr dh
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ps rurk ,oa tM+rk dk la?k"kZ pyrk jgk gS] ij dfork ds {ks= esa mls psru gh ekuk x;k
gSA dfo izd`fr es a ekuoh; O;kikjksa ds n'kZu djrk gSA lw;Z] pUnz] ok;q ] ty] es?k vkfn dks nsoRo iznku djuk vkSj Øe'k% mUgs a lw;Z] lkse] e:r] o:.k ,oa bUnz vkfn ukeks a ls lEcks f/kr djuk blh iz o`fÙk dk ifjpk;d gSA bruk gh ugha ] tM+ dks psru vkSj ps ru dks tM+ :Ik esa dfYir djuk gekjs iz kphu dfo deZ esa lfEefyr FkkA
^^Hkkokupsruk ufi psrukoPps ruk ups ruor~ A O;ogkj;fr ;Fks"V lqdfo% dkO;s Loraa =r;kA**10
vFkkZr~ lqdfo vius dkO; esa vpsru inkFkksZ dks Hkh vpsru ds leku tSlk pkgrk gS] oSlk O;ogkj djrk gSA
izd` fr esa ekuohdj.k dh iz o`fÙk ,d iz dkj ls Nk;kokn ;qx dh gh nsu gSA iwoZorhZ dkO; esa bl izdkj ds iz;ks x ugh feyrsA ;fn fdlh us dgha ekuohdj.k fd;k Hkh gS rks
mlesa vk/kq fud dky dh lh lthork lqUnjrk ljlrk vkSj Ekk/kq;Z ugha gSA laLd`r es a egkdfo dkfynkl us es?k dks nSR; deZ lkSa idj ekuohdj.k dk vkjksi fd;k gS] fdUrq mlesa ;{k }kjk vge~ dks bne~ ls lEUo; djus dk lqUnj iz ;Ru gSA**11
fujkyk dh *tqgh dh dyh* uked dfork ekuohdj.k ds Js"Bre mnkgj.kksa es a ekuh x;h gS&
^^fotu ou oYyjh ij lksrh Fkh lq gkx HkjhA Lusg LoIu eXu dksey ru r:.kh tqgh dh dyh n`x cUn fd;s f'kfFky i=ka d es aA**12
blh izdkj xq ykc th us pk¡nuh dk lksyg J` axkj djds fiz;re ls feyus ds fy, epyrh vfHklkfjdk ds :Ik es a o.kZu fd;k gS&
^^vydksa esa eqDrkgy HkjdsHkky chp 'kf'k&fca nh /kjds g¡lh fla xkj lksYkgksa djds uHk ij [kM+h&[kM+ +h vkt rks iwuks epy iM+hA**13
xqykc xzaFkkoyh] pk¡nuh] izFke [k.M] Hkkx&1] i`"B&90 xqykc th dk eu rks pk¡ nuh ij bruk je x;k fd mUgs aus pk¡ nuh ij gh ipklksa xhrks a
dh jpuk dj MkyhA blh izdkj iz lkn th us izkr%dky ds le; dks ^ifugkfjuh* dk :Ik iznku fd;k
gS&
^^vEcj&iu?kV esa Mq cks jgh rkjk&?kV m"kk ukxjhA**14
xxu&e.My iu?kV gS vkSj rkjd&lewg ?kV leq nk;] m"kk ,d L=h gS tks ?kM+ ksa dks Mqcks jgh gSA izkr%dky ds okLrfod lR; dks dfo us viuh Hkkouk }kjk ltho :Ik iz nku fd;k gSA izd`fr dfo lq fe=kuanu iar th dks rks izd` fr ek¡] cgu] lgpjh] iszfedk lHkh :Ik esa fn[kk;h iM+ rh gSA mUgsa izd`fr ds vkxs ukjh lkSUn;Z Hkh Qhdk yxrk gSA os fy[krs gSa &
^^NksM+ nzq eksa dh e`nq Nk;k
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rks M+ izd`fr ls Hkh Ekk;k
ckysA rs js cky tky es a my>k nw¡ dS ls ykspu\**15
bl iz dkj iz d`fr dk fHkUu&fHkUu :iksa esa iz;ks x gks rk jgk gSA la{ksi esa izeq[k :Ik esa izd`fr&fp=.k dk gh o.kZu ;gk¡ fd;k x;k gSA oSls izd fr dk vkSj Hkh vusd :Ik esa lkfgR; eas o.kZ u gks rk jgk gS ijUrq bl la f{kIr vkys[k esa foLrkjiwoZd mlds HksnksaiHksnksa dk o.kZu djuk vR;Ur nq"dj dk;Z gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- dkO;kax dkSeqnh] ia0 jkepUnz 'kqDy] Ik"B&4052- ^iapoVh ] eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr] Ik"B&7
3- lwjlkxj lkj] la0 MkW0 /khjsUnz oekZ] in&68] i"B&2404- jkepfjrekul] xksLokeh rqylhnkl] xhrk iszl] xksj[kiqj] lqUnjdk.M] i`"B&7125- moZ'kh fnudj i`"B&1306- xqykc xzz aFkkoyh] pk¡nuh] izFke [k.M] Hkkx&1] i"B&997- jkepfjreku] rqylhnkl] xhrk iszl] fdf"dU/kkdk.M] pkS0 1]2]3]4 i`"B&679&6808- es?knwr (iwoZes?k) la0 MkW0 f'kojkt'kkL=h] 'yksd 7] i"B&169- ^dkek;uh ] izlkn] vk'kk lxZ] i"B& 25&2610- /OkU;kyksd] vkuUno¼Zu] 3@4311- dkO; vkSj dyk rFkk vU; fucU/k] t;'kadj izlkn] i`"B&3912- jkx&fojkx] fujkyk] tqgh dh dyh] i"B&4813- xqykc xzz aFkkoyh] pk¡nuh] izFke [k.M] Hkkx&1] i"B&90
14- ygj] t;'kadj izlkn] Ik"B&1615- rkjk iFk] iar] yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn] i`"B&58
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fgUnh dh lkekftdrk vfLerk fgUnh dh lkekftdrk vfLerk fgUnh dh lkekftdrk vfLerk fgUnh dh lkekftdrk vfLerk fgUnh dh lkekftdrk vfLerk ¹ lq'khy f=ikBh ¹ lq'khy f=ikBh ¹ lq'khy f=ikBh ¹ lq'khy f=ikBh ¹ lq'khy f=ikBh
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¹ 'kks/k Nk=] vo/ks'k izrki flag fo'ofo|ky;] jhok (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& izdfr dk fHkUu&fHkUu :iks a es a iz;ksx gksrk jgk gSA la{ksi es a izeq[k :Ik es a izd`fr&fp=.k dk gh o.kZ u ;gk¡ fd;k x;k gS A oS ls izd`fr dk vkS j Hkh vusd :Ik esa lkfgR; eas o.kZu gksrk jgk gS ijUrq bl laf{kIr es a foLrkjiwoZd mlds Hksnksa iHksnks a dk o.kZu djuk vR;Ur nq"dj dk;Z gS A vkyEcu :i esa] míhiu :i esa] i`"BHkwfe ds :i esa mieku :i esa ] minsf'kdk :i esa jgL;kRed :i es a] ekuohdj.k :i es a izd`fr ds fp=.k ds dqN Lo:i dk o.kZu bl 'kks/k i= esa fd;k x;k gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
Hkkjr ,d cgqHkkf"kd ns'k gS tgk¡ ij vusd tkfr] /keZ] Hkk"kk&cksyh] jgu&lgu vkfn ds yksx fuokl djrs gS aA ;gha ij vusd Hkk"kkokj izkUrksa dh otg ls fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dh lkekftd vfLerk dk iz'u mB ldrk gSA tc ge Hkk"kk ^^fgUnh dh lkekftdrk vfLerk** ds fo"k; esa fopkj djrs gSa fd Hkk"kk ,d lkekftd iz fØ;k gS] Hkk"kk ds gh ek/;e ls O;fDr vkil esa ,d nw ljs ds iz fr viuh vfHkO;fDr O;Dr djrk gSA Hkk"kk ,d lkekftd thou dh ,d ,slh lPpkbZ gS ftldks dks bZ O;fDr bu~dkj ugha dj ldrk gSA dqN Hkk"kkfo}kuksa dk dguk gS fd Hkk"kk 'kkfCnd izrhdksa dh O;oLFkk gS vkSj f'k{kkfon~
;g crkrs gSa fd Hkk"kk gekjs fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr ,oa lEizs"k.k dk l'kDr ek/;e gSA ;g ifjHkk"kk,a Hkk"kk lEcU/kh ;FkkFkZ ds dq N gh igyw ij iz dk'k Mkyrh gS] u fd iwjs igyw ijA Hkk"kk dks O;kdjf.kd O;oLFkk vFkok vfHkO;fDr dk ek/;e ekudj oLrq r% gesa mfpr lanHkZ ls dkVdj mls ij[kuk pkfg,] cfYd Hkk"kk dh ml lkekftd 'kfDr ls Hkh vk¡ [k cUn dj ysuh pkfg,] tc fdlh ,d leq nk; ds lHkh O;fDr;ksa dh Hkkouk fparu vkS j thou n`f"V ds /kjkry ij ,d nwljs ds utnhd ykrh gSa vkSj vkil esa ,d nwljs dks tks M+rh gSA Hkk"kk dh mlh 'kfDr ds dkj.k O;fDr ^^eS a** leqnk; ls ckgj vk dj ^^ge** esa fey tkrk gSA Hkkjr dk izR;sd fgLlk cgqHkk"kh gSA bldk O;fDrRo Lrjhd` r jgk gS] LFkkfud ls ys dj jk"Vªh; rdA gj Lrj ds fy, vyx Hkk"kk dk iz ;ksx gksrk jgk gSA ,sls lekt esa Hkk"kk;h ruko vkSj fookn dk gy ,sfrgkfld] lkaLd` frd cgqHkkf"kd
i "BHkwfe esa gh [kkstuk gksxk vU;Fkk lkekftd vfLerk dh lexzrk ds VwVus&fc[kjus dk [krjk gSA bl lkekftd vfLerk ds loky ds lanHkZ esa ge tc ^^fgUnh dh lkekftd vfLerk** ij fopkj djrs gS] rc mlds dbZ ckrs Lo;aes o mHkj dj lkeus vkrh gSa] ge bUgha leL;kvksa ds dqN ,sls lanHkksaZ dh ppkZ djrs gS a tks gekjh Hkk"kk uhfr ij vkt Hkh iz 'u fpUg yxkrs gSaA fgUnh Hkk"kk dh viuh dbZ {ks=h; cksfy;k¡ gSa tSls&czt] vo/kh]Hkkstiqjh] eSfFkyh vkfnA fgUnh 'kq¼ Hkkf"kd jpuk dk :Ik ns[kk tk, rks [kM+h cksyh* us
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lkaLd`frd :Ik esa fgUnh* gh ,d ekU; Hkk"kk* gS vkSj mldk viuk ,d fof'k"V O;kdj.k
gSA blh iz dkj ;g cksfy;ka Hkh ^Hkk"kk dk :Ik* gSa] D;ksa fd budh Hkh viuh ,d fof'k"V jpuk ;k O;oLFkk gS] bu cksfy;ksa dk Hkh viuk ,d O;kdj.k gSA Hkkjr tSls cgqHkkf"kd ns'k esa] Hkk"kk cks yh Hksn dk vk/kkj ek= O;kdjf.kd O;oLFkk ugha gks rhA ;gk¡ Hkk"kk cksyh Hks n dk vk/kkj og Hkk"kk;h psruk gS ftldh izd`fr la LFkkxr gSA ges'kk ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd tkrh; iq uxZBu dh lkekftd iz fØ;k ds le; dksbZ ^cksyh* O;kikj ;k jktuhfr ;k laLd`fr ds dkj.k mu ftyks a dh cksfy;ksa dh rq yuk esa fo'ks"k egRo ik ysrh gSa ] ftldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd vU; cksfy;ks a ds cksyus okys ds chp lEidZ lk/ku dk Hkh dke djus yxrh gS] ckn es a vU; cks fy;ks a dk iz;ksx djus okys O;fDr Hkh bl izfrf"Br vkSj lEidZ lk/ku ds :Ik esa iz;qDr cksyh ds lkFk viuh lkekftd vfLerk tksM+us yxrs gSaAHkk"kk vkSj cks yh ds Hks n ds la nHkZ esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd vusd cks fy;ksa ds chp
lEidZ lk/ku dk dke djus okyh izfr"Bk iz kIr cksyh gh ^^Hkk"kk** dgykrh gS] tcfd vU; tuinh; cksfy;k¡ ek= ^cksyh* gSA vkt dh orZeku fLFkfr esa [kM+h cks yh gh ,d ;FkkFkZ ds :Ik es a ekU; ^fgUnh* rks Hkk"kk gS ij czt] vo/kh] Hkkstiqjh vkfn ek= mldh cksfy;k¡ gS aA mnkgj.k ds fy,&^^ge fgUnh Hkk"kkbZ leqnk; dks ns[ksA ;g leqnk; oLrqr% cksyh leqPp; dk gh ,d nw ljk uke gSA bl cksyh leqPp; es a fcgkjh miHkk"kk dh Hkkstiqjh] ex/kh vkSj eSfFkyh cksfy;k¡ gSa tks mlh ex/kh viHkz a'k ls fudyh gS ftllsvlfe;ka vkS j caxyk Hkk"kk fudyh gSA nw ljh rjQ blds Hkhrj jktLFkkuh miHkk"kk dh ekyoh] esokrh] gM+ kSrh vkfn cks fy;k¡ Hkh gSa tks mlh ukxj viHkaz 'k ls lac¼ gS ftlls xqtjkrh vkSj ejkBh Hkk"kk,a lac¼ gSA ij fcgkjh vkSj jktLFkkuh miHkk"kk oxZ dh bu cksfy;ksa us 'kkSjlsuh viHkza'k ls viuh if'peh fgUnh (c`t] dkSjoh vkfn) vkS j v¼Zex/kh
viHka z'k ls mRiUu iwohZ fgUnh (vo/kh c?ksyh] NÙkhlx<+h vkfn) ls rknkRE; LFkkfir dj fgUnh Hkk"kkbZ lekt dh la dYiuk dks lkekftd lkaLd`frd ;FkkFkZdrk iznku dh gSA oa'kkuqØe dh n`f"V ls ns[ks a rks bu cks fy;ks a dh lÙkk vyx&vyx gSa vkSj O;kdjf.kd cukoV vkS j cukoV dh n`f"V ls ij[ksa rks buesa ls vf/kdka 'k [kM+h cksyh dh rq yuk esa vU; Hkk"kkvks a dh lajpuk ds vf/kd utnhd gS a] ij Hkk"kkbZ vfLerk ds /kjkry ij os fgUnh Hkk"kk vkS j mlds leqnk; ds lkFk gSA bl fgUnh Hkk"kkbZ lekt dh okLrfodrk ;g gS fd mldk gj lnL; vius ?kjsyw thou ,oa O;ogkj ds vkReh; lanHkZ esa viuh cksfy;ksa dk iz ;ksx djrk gS] ij f'k{kk ,oa O;ogkj ds vkSipkfjd lanHkZ esa fdlh&u&fdlh va'k esa [kM+ h cksyh dk iz;ksx djrk gh gSA ;g ckr Hkh de egRoiw.kZ ugha gS fd tc ge fgUnh lkfgR; dh vkt ckr djrs gSa ] rc mls [kM+h cksyh esa jfpr dkO;&d`fr;ksa rd gh lhfer
ugha djrsA blesa iz lkn] ia r] fujkyk] iz sepUnz] vKs;] eqfDrcks/k vkfn dh jpukvksa ds lkFk&lkFk vo/kh] czt] eSfFkyh] vkfn cksfy;ksa ds lkfgR;dkj ;Fkk tk;lh] lwj] rqylh] fo|kifr vkfn dh d`fr;ksa dks Hkh lekfgr djus esa ladksp ugha djrsA bu fofHkUu cksfy;ksa ds ek/;e ls vfHkO;a Dr gksus okyk lkfgR; ,d gS D;ksafd budh jpuk djus okys fgUnh Hkk"kkbZ lekt dh tkrh; vfLerk ,oa lkfgR;d psruk ,d gSA** Hkk"kk vkSj cksyh ds lEcU/kksa ij fopkj djrs le; dq N fo}kuks a dk er gS fd Hkk"kk vkSj cksyh es a O;kdj.k la cfU/kr Hksn rks gksrk gS ij bruk ugha fd buds cksyus okys ,d nwljs dh ckr dks u le> ldsA bl n` f"V ls tc nks cksyh cks yus okys vkil esa nks uksa cksfy;ksa dk
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O;kdjf.kd Kku u gksus ds dkj.k rc os nks Hkk"kk,a dgha tk,xhA blds foijhr tc muesa
nksuksa cksyh dk O;kdjf.kd Kku gks us dh fLFkfr es a rc os ,d gh Hkk"kk dh nks cksfy;k¡ dgha tk,xhA Hkk"kk cks yh ds O;kdjf.kd ,oa vk/kkjks a ij ^iz fl¼ Hkk"kk'kkL=h lq uhfrdq ekj pkVq T;kZ us ^eSfFkyh* dks fgUnh ls vyx djuk pkgk ij Hkk"kk&cksyh&Hksn ds ;s vk/kkj furkar Hkzked gSA phuh Hkk"kk dh ekU; dbZ cksfy;k¡ (eaMkfju] dSVks uht] isdsxht+ ) vkil esa cks/kxE; gS ugha] teZ u Hkk"kk dh dbZ ,slh {ks=h; cksfy;k¡ gSa] ftudh O;kdjf.kd la jpuk ,d&nwljs ls furkar fHkUu gS a] fQj Hkh os ,d gh Hkk"kk dh fHkUu cksfy;k¡ dgh tkrh gS aA blds foijhr Ýsa p vkS j brkyoh viuh viuh&viuh Hkk"kk esa ckr djrs gS a vkSj os ,d nwljs dh ckr le> ysrs gSa] fQj Hkh tkrh; bfrgkl] lkfgR; laLd fr ,oa jktuhfrd vk/kkj] mUgs a nks fHkUu Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh cuk ns rs gSaA** bu mnkgj.kksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyrk gS fd Hkk"kk&cksyh dk O;kdjf.kd dk vk/kkj rdZ laxr ugha gSA fgUnh ek=
O;kdj.k ugha gS vkSj ugha og dsoy fof'k"V Hkkf"kd lajpuk gSA Hkk"kk ds :Ik es a og ,d lkekftd laLFkk Hkh gSA laLdfr ds :Ik eas Hkk"kk;h izrhd Hkh gS vkSj lkfgR; ds :Ik esa og ,d tkrh; ijEijk Hkh gSA
fgUnh dh Hkk"kk;h vfLerk dh lkekftd izd` fr dks mlds mfpr la nHkZ es a ns[k ugha ikrsA ^is fjl esa ;w usLdks }kjk vk;ksftr (lu~ 1977) Hkk"kkfonksa dh ,d xks"Bh es a ekrHkk"kk dh ladYiuk ds lanHkZ esa eS aus ;g Li"V djus dk iz;Ru fd;k Fkk fd ekr`Hkk"kk ds nks iz ;kstukRed vFkZ ekus tk ldrs gSaA igys vFkZ esa og ,d ,s lh Hkk"kk gS] ftlesa mlds cksyus okys lcls igys vius Hkk"kk;h cks/k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa A bl lanHkZ esa ekr`Hkk"kk] cpiu esa lh[kh tkus okyh igyh Hkk"kk gks rh gSA bls ge >w ys vkSj ikyus dh Hkk"kk Hkh dg ldrs gS aA vius nw ljs vFkZ esa ekr`Hkk"kk lkekftdrk vfLerk dh Hkk"kk gksrh gS ftlls
O;fDr Hkko&fopkj] laLdkj vkS j vius tkrh; bfrgkl ,oa ijEijk ls tqM+ rk gSA lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k ls xq tjdj gh O;fDr ekr`Hkk"kk ds bl nwljs lanHkZ dks vkRelkr~ djrk gSA bls ge ^la LFkkxr vfLerk* dk Hkh Hkk"kk dg ldrs gSaA**
^^fgUnh lkekftd vfLerk ds lanHkZ esa fgUnh cuke vaxszth ds iz'u ij fopkj djrs le; fo}kuks a dk ,d oxZ ;g dgrk ik;k tkrk gS fd vaxzsth lkekftd fu;U=.k dk ges a vf/kd volj iznku djrh gSA izHkqrklEIkUUk O;fDr;ksa ds vkpj.k dk ek/;e gksus ds dkj.k vkt e/;oxZ dk gj O;fDr vius cPpksa dks vaxzs th Ik<+kus ds fy, csfglkc [kpZ djus es a ladksp ugha djrkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vaxzs th f'kf{kr oxZ dh lkekftd vfLerk dh Hkk"kk curh tk jgh gSA ;gh oxZ viuh ;g nyhy Hkh is'k djrk g S fd fgUnh ;k vU; iz kns f'kd Hkk"kkvksa dh rqyuk esa vaxzsth Hkk"kk vf/kd l{ke vkSj fodflr gS] oSKkfud
fpa ru vkS j lw{e fo'ys"k.k ds fy, vf/kd leFkZ gS vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;ogkj dh vf/kd iz ;kstu&fl¼ Hkk"kk gSA f'k{kk&ek/;e ds :Ik esa Hkh vaxzsth vf/kd leFkZ Hkk"kk gS D;ks afd foKku vkSj rduhd ds {ks = esa og viuk :Ik ftl Lrj ij fu[kkj pqdh gS] mldh Nk;k Hkh gekjs ns'k dh iz knsf'kd Hkk"kk,a idM+us esa vleFkZ gSaA**
Hkkjr ns 'k esa ^fgUnh dh lkekftd vfLerk** ds fo"k; es a fu"d"kZ ds :Ik es a O;Dr djuk cgq r dfBu gS D;ksafd Hkkjr esas cgq r lh Hkk"kk cksyus vkS j cgqlkaLd` frd yksxks a dk ns'k gSA bl ckr dks ge lHkh Lohdkj djrs gSaA ge yks xksa us ;g fopkj ugha fd;k fd Hkk"kk dk O;ogkj vkSj lkaLd`frd ewY; ds /kjkry ij fdl iz dkj ge ,d nwljs ls tqM+s
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gSa vkSj tqM+dj fdl rjg ls geus viuh ^jk"Vªh; psruk* dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA bl ckr
Ikj ge lHkh yksxksa us xgjkbZ ls ugha lkspkA gesa ;g ugha Hkw yuk pkfg, fd lEizs"k.k ra= esa vxj LFkkuh; cksfy;ks a dk ;ksx gSa rks fyaxqvk] Ýsadk ds :Ik esa tuinh; Hkk"kkvksa fgUnh vkSj vaxzsth dk Hkh vkSj lkekftd vfLerk ds fuekZ.k esa vxj vusd Hkk"kk,a lk/kd dk :Ik vkSj mlds cuus ds lw pd ds :Ik esa dke djrh gS rks gekjh Hkk"kk lEcU/kh lkekftd vfLerk Hkh Lrjhd`r gksxhA bl fo"k; ij ge ;g Hkh dgrs gS a fd fgUnh Hkk"kh ,d Lrj ij viuh cks fy;ksa ls vkSj nwljs Lrj ij viuh Hkk"kk fgUnh ls HkhA blhfy, vfgUnh izns'k Hkk"kh Lrj ij viuh tuinh; Hkk"kk ls tqM+k gS vkS j vf[ky Hkkjrh; fgUnh vkSj vaxzsth ls Hkh tqM+ k gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1 johUnzukFk JhokLro&fgUnh Hkk"kk dh lkekftd ladYiuk&i0 la0 852 johUnzukFk JhokLro&Hkk"kkbZ vfLerk vkSj fgUnh&i0 la0 183 johUnzukFk JhokLro&fgUnh Hkk"kk dk lekt'kkL=&i0 la0 1034 johUnzukFk JhokLro&fgUnh Hkk"kk dk lekt'kkL=&i0 la0 1045 johUnzukFk JhokLro&fgUnh Hkk"kk dk lekt'kkL=&i0 la0 129
ISSN 0975-4083
A Registered Reviewed Research JournalSix monthly Bi-lingual Journal (English /Hindi Editions)
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& bZ'oj rks O;fDrRoijd lRrk ekuk x;k gS] og czg~e ds va rZxr gh gks ldrk gS A O;fDrRo/kkjh gksus ds dkj.k og lhfer gks tkrk gS tcfd czg~e vlhfer vuar gSA ,slk bZ'oj fdlh vU; lRrk ls ckf/kr gksus ds dkj.k bZ 'oj dS ls dgyk ldrk gS \ ;fn czg~e dks gh bZ'oj ekuk tk, rks czg~e ij ;g bZ'ojRo ykxw ugha gks ldrk D;ks afd czg~e dk Lo:i rks ewy :i
ls fuxqZ.k gh gS A czg~e bl bZ'oj ls vizfre gS A loks ZPp gS A ;g czg~e gh bl txr dh mRifÙk]fLFkfr rFkk y; dk loZK rFkk loZ'kfäeku dkj.k gSA mifu"knksa esa blh czg~e dks lxq.k o fuxqZ.k ekurs gq, ,d dks vijczg~e vkS j nwljs dks ijczg~e dgk x;k gS A vijczg~e lksikf/k gS ]lfo'ks"k gS ] ijczg~e fu#ikf/k] fufoZ'ks"k gSA ijczg~e fu"iziap rFkk vijczg~e] liziap gS] lr~]fpr o vkuan dk y{k.k gS A 'kadj dgrs gS a fd vKku o'k gh czg~e ges a lxq.k o fuxq Z.k nks #iksa esa fn[krk gS A blh vKku ds dkj.k gh ;g ges a bZ'oj rFkk tho izrhr gksrk gSA mikld rFkk mikLp dk Hksn ek= O;kogkfjd Lrj ij gh gS A ikjekfFkZd Lrj ij czg~e dÙkkZ] deZ] cqf¼ lsijs dsoy 'kq¼ Kku dk fo"k; gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
vR;a r vkjaHk esa osnkar 'kCn dks mifu"knksa dk cks/kd ekuk tkrk FkkA ckn esa mifu"knks a ds Kku ds vk/kkj ij fodflr gksus okys nk'kZ fud fopkjksa dks osnkar dgk tkus yxkA mifu"knksa dks vusd dkj.kks a ls osnka r dgk x;k gSA loZizFke ;s oSfnd dky dsvafre lkfgR; gSa A buesa miyC/k Kku dk fu/kkZj.k vyx&vyx vkpk;ks aZ us vyx&vyx iz dkj ls fd;k gSA vr% buds fo"k;ksa dks ys dj vusd iz dkj ds la nsg ik, tkrs FksA bl dkj.k ;g vko';d ekuk tkus yxk fd mifu"knksa esa ik,s tkus okys fopkjksa ds vrZ xr tks vkRefojks/k gS mls nwj dj mu fopkjks a dks muds ewy o 'kq¼ vFkks aZ esa xg.k fd;k tk,A blh fopkj ls iz sfjr gks dj cknjk;.k }kjk czg~elw= dh jpuk dh xbZ ftls osnkar lw=] 'kkjhfjdlw=] 'kkjhfjd ehekalk] vFkok mRrj ehekalk vkfn ukeksa ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA cknjk;.k ds fy[ks bl Hkk"; ij vusd O;k[;k,s a dh xbZaA vusd Hkk";dkjksa us viusHkk"; fy[ks gSa tSls 'kadj] jkekuqt] HkkLdj] e/o] fuckadZ Jhda B] Jhifr] oYyHk] foKku fHk{kq vkfnA bu O;k[;kvksa es a O;k[;kdkjksa us vius&vius izdkj ls bls vfHkO;Dr fd;k gS] fdarq 'ka djkpk;Z ds Hkk"; dks gh czg~ elw=dkj ds n'kZ u ds vf/kd fudV ekuk x;k gSA czg~ elw= ij vkpk;Z 'kadj }kjk fy[ks Hkk"; ds vuqlkj 'ka dj o muds vuq;kf;;ksa dksv}Srokn ds leFkZd ekuk tkrk gS D;ksa fd mUgks aus }Sr dks u ekurs gq, dsoy v}Sr dks gh ekU;rk nh gSA ;g er vR;a r yksdfiz ; gqvkA ;gh v}Sr os nkar n'kZu vkt 'a kdj ds n'kZu ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA osnkar n'kZu dks ^mifu"knks a dk lkj*1 dgk x;k gSA bldk
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eq[; xzaFk cknjk;.k dr czg~elw = gSA os nkar tSlk fd uke ls gh Li"V gS ^osn dk va r*
;kfu mifu"kn gh gS D;ksa fd mifu"kn osn ds vafre Hkkx ekus tkrs gSa A osnkar 'kCn ds vusd vFkZ crk, x, gS a fdarq lcls egRoiw.kZ rFkk mi;qä vFkZ ,d 'yksd esa ik;k tkrk gS & cz g~ e lR;a txfUeF;k thoks czg~ eSo ukij%A vFkkZr czg~e gh lR; gSA txr feF;k gS rFkk tho czg~ e gh gS dksbZ nw ljk ugha A ;g v}Sr os nkar dk lqizfl¼ lw= okD; Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA bls bl er dh iw.kZ O;k[;k Hkh dgsa rks dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr ughaA bl 'yksd ls Li"V gks rk gS fd osnka r ds vuqlkj rRo dsoy ,d gS] og gS czgeA ;gh vkRek Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ^v;e~ vkRek czge*A2 bl iz dkj bl rRoKku ds vk/kkj ij os nkar dk eryc gqvk] czg~ efo|k] v/;kRefo|k ;k cz g~ eKkuA bls osnka r dk prqFkZ vFkZ ekuk x;k gSA osnkar dk izFke vFkZ gS osn dk var ¾ mifu"knA osnka r dk f}rh; vFkZ gS pje Kku ;k vafre KkuA osnkar dk r`rh; vFkZ gS ije iq #"kkFkZ ;kfu eks{knk;d Kku ftlls fd tUe ej.k
dk pdz NwV tkrk gS rFkk osnka r dk prqFkZ vFkZ gS Kku ¾ rRoKku gS ftldh ppkZ Åij gks pqdh gSA vkpk;Z 'kadj dk tUe 788&820 bZLoh lu dk ekuk x;k gSA 32 cjl dh vYik;q es a gh mudk fu/ku gqvk fdarq bruh de vk;q esa gh 'kadj us n'kZu dks tks vueksy fojklr nh gS mldh dksbZ vU; felky feyuh la Hko ughaA mudh x.kuk ns'k ds Js"Bre nk'kZfudks a esa gks rh gSA Lo;a osnka r ds ftrus Hkh laiznk; gS a mu lces a Hkh 'kadj ds er dks iz/kku ekuk tkrk gSA muesa vkyks pukRed rFkk l` tukRed izfrHkk dks vksj&Nksj u FkkAvdkV~ ; rdZ o cqf¼ ds lanHkZ esa mudk n'kZ u Hkkjrh; n'kZu ds vkdk'k esa v[kaM izdk'k dh rjg fujarj txexkrk jgsxkA muds osnkar n'kZ u dks lkekU; #i ls v}Sroknh n'kZu dgk tkrk gSA ;g og fl¼kar gS tks ekurk gS fd ije lÙkk,a nks ugha v}Sr gSA ;gk¡ iz 'u mBk;k tk ldrk gS fd bls udkjkRed in ls v}Sr D;ks a dgk x;k gS\3 blds mÙkj esa dgk
tk ldrk gS fd 'kCn ,d ;k ;ksa dgsa la[;k ^,d* ^nks* ls lkisf{kr gks rh gS fcuk nks ds ge ,d dh dYiuk ugha dj ldrsA ;fn ,d gS rks nks Hkh gks xk vkSj vU; la[;k,a Hkh gksxh fdarq v}S r n'kZu esa ftl ije lÙkk dh dYiuk dh xbZ gS og fujis{k gS] og fdlh vU; la[;k ls lkisf{kr ugha gS blfy;s bls ,d u dgdj v}S r dgk x;k gSA*4 ;k la {ksi esa ge dg ldrs gS a fd v}Srokn okLrfodrk dh lajpuk esa la[;k ds izos'k dksvLohdkjrk gSA ogh ;gh v}Sr 'kadj ds er esa czg~e dgk tkrk gSA bl foospu ls gh n'kZu ds fo|kFkhZ ds fy;s ;g le>uk vklku gks tkrk gS fd muds n'kZu esa czg~e dsvfrfjDr fdlh vkS j rRo dh xqatkbZ 'k gh ugha gSA czg~e muds n'kZu dk ,d og rRo gS ftles a lc rRo lek tkrs gSaA
'kadj ds czg~e dh foos puk MkW- jk/kkd`".ku bl izdkj djrs gaSA og rks vR;ar iw .kZ
;FkkFkZ lÙkk gSA Hksnksa ls loZFkk 'kwU; czg~e] ftl rd ge cjkcj izfr"ks/kkRed /kkj.kk }kjk igq¡ prs gSa vFkkZ r u eks Vk u iryk] u NksVk] u yackA ftls u Jo.ksfnza;ksa ls lquk tk lds] u Li'ksZ fUnz; }kjk Li'kZ gh fd;k tk ldsA*5 'kadj us bl cz g~ e ds nks #iksa dh ppkZ dh gS ij rFkk vijA Åij of.kZr fu"ks/kkRed mfä;ksa ds }kjk tks czg~e le> esa vkrk gS og gS ij] rFkk blds foijhr Bhd mlh ;FkkFkZ lÙkk dk iwtk vkfn dk y{; j[kdj fdlh Hks n ds }kjk ftldk o.kZu fd;k tk, og vij czg~ e gSA bls fuxqZ.k o lxq .k czg~ e Hkh dgk x;k gSA fdarq czg~e lxq .k Hkh gks fuxqZ .k Hkh] mlds ;s nks uksa #i ,d lkFk ugha gks ldrsA MkW- jk/kkd`".ku iky o Mk;lu ds gokys ls crykrs gSa fd cz g~ e 'kCn uiqaldfyax
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012110
esa gSA ;g ,d ,slh fuos Z;fDrd oLrq dk okpd gS ftldk vfLrRo lc iz dkj ds O;fäRo
ls Åij gSA*6 Tkkfgj gS fd bZ 'oj rks O;fDrRoijd lRrk ekuk x;k gS] og cz g~ e ds va rZ xr gh gks ldrk gSA O;fDrRo/kkjh gksus ds dkj.k og lhfer gks tkrk gS tcfd czg~e vlhfer vuar gSA ,slk bZ'oj fdlh vU; lRrk ls ckf/kr gksus ds dkj.k bZ 'oj dSls dgyk ldrk gS\ ;fn czg~e dks gh bZ'oj ekuk tk, rks czg~e ij ;g bZ 'ojRo ykxw ugha gks ldrk D;ks afd cz g~ e dk Lo:i rks ew y :i ls fuxqZ.k gh gSA czg~e bl bZ'oj ls vizfre gSA loksZ Pp gSA ;g czg~e gh bl txr dh mRifÙk] fLFkfr rFkk y; dk loZK rFkk loZ'kfäeku dkj.k gSA mifu"knks a es a blh czg~e dks lxq.k o fuxq Z.k ekurs gq , ,d dks vijcz g~e vkSj nwljs dks ijczg~e dgk x;k gSA vijczg~ e lks ikf/k gS] lfo'ks"k gS] ijcz g~e fu#ikf/k] fufoZ'ks"k gSA ijczg~e fu"iziap rFkk vijcz g~e] liziap gS] lr~] fpr o vkuan dk y{k.k gSA 'kadj dgrs gSa fd vKku o'k gh czg~e gesa lxq.k o fuxqZ.k nks #iksa esa fn[krk gSA blh vKku ds dkj.k
gh ;g gesa bZ'oj rFkk tho izrhr gksrk gSA mikld rFkk mikLp dk Hksn ek= O;kogkfjd Lrj ij gh gSA ikjekfFkZ d Lrj ij cz g~e dÙkkZ] deZ] cqf¼ ls ijs dsoy 'kq ¼ Kku dk fo"k; gSA osnka r dks Hkkjr dk xgu rFkk mRd`"Vre n'kZu ekuk tkrk gS vr% osnkar dh tks O;k[;k ;gk¡ gksxh og lw;Z dks nhid fn[kkus ds cjkcj gh gksxhA fQj Hkh] vuh'ojokn ds lanHkZ esa vusd fo}kuksa us osnkar es a Hkh tks lw{e vuh'ojoknh fpUg <wa < fudkys gSa mudk ;gk¡ mYys[k djuk vko';d gSA osnkar dh tM+a s mifu"knksa esa crykbZ xbZ ga SA vusd mifu"kn bZ'oj dks l` f"VdÙkkZ rFkk O;fäRo iwoZ #i es a iz Lrqr djrh gaSA lkFk gh lkFk mls ije lr~ ds #i esa fuxqZ .k&fujkdkj Hkh crykrh gS aA ;s nks ukas gh i{k osnka r es a ik, tkrs gSa A dHkh blds fuoS;fDrd ij rks dHkh blds bZ 'ojoknh i{k ij vf/kd cy fn;k x;k iz rhr gksrk gSA ;g gesa irk gS fd 'kadj us fuxqZ.koknh ijaijk es a v}Sr dks rks jkekuqt us
Hkfä ijaijk esa fof'k"Vk}Sr dks egRo fn;k gSA fdarq nksuksa gh erksa esa ;g ekuk x;k gS fd bZ'oj dks rdZ cqf¼ }kjk izkIr fd;k tkuk vlaHko gSA nks uksa mls Jqfrfl¼ ekurs gSa A vr% bZ'oj vkLFkk dk fo"k; dgk tk,xk u fd ;qfä dkA ija rq ;fn fdlh dks bZ'oj esa rFkk Jqfr esa vkLFkk u gks rc ,slh n'kk esa bZ 'oj ds vfLrRo fdl izdkj Lohdkjk tk,xk\*7
vkLFkk ds leLr fo"k; lkis{k gksrs gSaA ,d euq"; dh mlesa vkLFkk gS laHko gS fd vU;ksa dh mlesa u gksA 'kadj ds ^v}Sr osnka r esa cgqr nwj rd lkis{krk&fl¼kar dksviuk;k x;k gSA ijarq bl lkis{krk&fl¼kar dks Lo;a fujis{k lÙkk ijeczg~e ds lanHkZ esa Lohdkj ugha fd;k x;k gS tcfd vkLFkk ds lkFk lkis{krk dks Hkh Lohdkj djuk iM+sxkA ,slh voLFkk es a bZ 'oj dks ,d ek=] vuU; ije lÙkk le>uk U;k;laxr ugha BgjsxkA*8
bl izdkj dguk u gksxk fd vkLFkk ds iz'u ij bZ'oj ds ijelr~ okys #i esa ck/kk
igq¡prh gSA vr% osnkar esa rkfdZd #i ls fujh'ojokn ;gk¡ fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA bZ 'oj dh /kkj.kk gksrs gq , Hkh bZ'oj dh okLrfod vuar] vtj&vej] loZ'kfDr'kkyh dYiuk ls bldk dkslksa nwj dk ukrk ugha nh[krkA lk/kd dks T;kSa gh czg~eKku feyk fQj ds oy czg~e gh ,dek= lRrk ckdh cp jgrh gSA fQj bZ'oj vkfn dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha jg tkrkA blls bZ'oj fopkj viuk ewy Lo:i gh [kks nsrk gSA ,d vU; vk/kkj ij Hkh os nkar esa fujh'ojoknh #[k fo}kuks a us <wa < fudkyk gSA og ;g fd bl er esa bZ'oj dks ije lÙkk ds #i esa ekU;rk ugha nh xbZA 'kadj us bZ'oj dks Hkh O;kogkfjd #i ls gh lR; ekuk gSA muds erkuqlkj dsoy fuxqZ.k rFkk fufoZdkj ijczg~e gh ,dek= ikjekfFkZ d lÙkk gS rFkk
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012 111
blh dh izkfIr gh ekuo ds thou dk ,dek= y{; gSA ;g y{; czg~eKku ls ik;k tk
ldrk gSA czg~ eKku dfBu lk/kuk ls gh miyC/k gks ldrk gSA vr% 'kadj dk er gS fd O;kogkfjd n`f"V ls] czg~eKku izkfIr ds fy;s bZ'oj ds vuqxzg dh vko';drk bruh ek= gksrh gS fd ekuo ds Kku&p{kq [kq y tk,a mldh cqf¼ dk ifj"dkj gksdj eqeq{kq czg~eKku dk vf/kdkjh cu tk,A vr% 'kadj us bZ'oj dh mikluk dks czg~eKku iz kfIr dk lk/ku ek= crk;k gSA ;gk¡ Hkh mUgksus bZ'oj dks vafre lÙkk ugha Lohdkjk gSA
'kadj dgrs gSa fd cz g~ eKku gks tkus ij txr feF;k fl¼ gks tkrk gSA rc mldk ukukRo nwj gks dj dsoy czg~e gh cp jgrk gSA blh izdkj bZ'oj dk Hkh czg~e esa yksi gks tkrk gSA vr% Li"V gS fd 'kadj u rks bZ'oj dks ekuo thou dk ije y{; ekurs gSa vkS j u gh ije lr~A
ns oh iz lkn pV~Vksik/;k; viuh izfl¼ d`fr Hkkjrh; n'kZu % ,d ljy ifjp; esa
fy[krs gSa fd ^'kadj ds n'kZu es a v}Sr dk vFkZ gS nwljs dk u gksukA blesa ,d czg~e vFkkZ r 'kq¼ pSrU; vFkkZ r vkRek dks Nks M+ dj fdlh nwljs rRo dks okLrfod ugha ekuk x;k gSA*9 os viuk Li"V vfHker ns rs gq, ekurs gSa fd okLro esa bl iz dkj dk n'kZ u rks bZ'ojokn ds fy;s vodk'k Hkh dnkfpr gh NksM+rk gS! dksbZ vk'p;Z ugha fd bl n'kZu dh ekU;rk ds vuqlkj bZ 'oj Hkh O;kogkfjd (u fd ikjekfFkZd) #i ls gh okLrfod gSvkS j bZ 'oj dh mi;ks fxrk dsoy dkepykÅ gSA ;g thou dk pje mís'; ugha A viuh Li"V fparu ijaijk dks vkxs c<+krs gq, nsoh izlkn th iqu% crykrs gSa fd ^bl iz dkj bl n'kZu esa bZ'ojoknh euksHkko dks dsoy FkksM+h lh Nw V Hkj ns nh xbZ gS] ys fdu og Hkh ,d ,s ls O;kid oSpkfjd nk;js ds Hkhrj fd ftldk okLrfod mís '; bZ 'ojokn dh vko';drk ls badkj djuk FkkA*10
czg~elw= ij] tSlkfd gesa Kkr gS vusd Hkk"; fy[ks x, fdarq 'kadj ds Hkk"; dh iz fr"Bk esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gks us ds lkFk vusd 'kS o o oS".ko la iz nk;ksa us (tks fd rc cgqrk;r ls izpfyr Fks) 'kadj ds er dk [kaMu fd;k tkus dh vko';drk dk vuq Hko fd;kA vr% czg~elw= ij bZ'ojoknh n` f"Vdks.k ls Hkk";ksa dh ijaijk vkjaHk gqbZA jkekuq t fuckadZ vkfn oS ".koksa us bl bZ'oj dks fo".kq rks Jhda B tS ls 'kS oks a ls f'ko*11 uke fn;kA bl izdkj 'kadj ds er ds fo#¼ czg~ elw= ij HkkLdjkpk;Z us Hksn&vHksnokn (Hks n&vHksn nksuksa le) fy[kk ftlesa leanj o bldh ygjksa ds mnkgj.k ls mUgksa us viuh /kkj.k izLrqr dhA jkekuqt us JhHkk"; fy[kdj fof'k"Vk}Sr er dk iz pkj fd;kA bls 'ka dj ds pje v}Sroknh er ds fo#¼ ,d ,slh /kkj.kk LFkkfir djus dk lQy iz;kl ekuk tkrk gS ftldk nk'kZfud vk/kkj bZ'oj Hkfä cu ldsA blh iz dkj fuckZd] e/o] oYyHk gaS ftuesa
ls izR;sd us cz g~ elw= ij Hkk"; jps gaSA fuckZ d dk er }Srk}S rokn dgyk;k tks jkekuqt ds dkQh utnhd ekuk tkrk gSA blesa MkW jk/kkd`".k ds erkuq lkj bZ'oj Hkfä dk fof'k"V LFkku gSA ek/okpk;Z dk er }S rokn dgk x;kA blesa bZ'oj dks dsoy txr ds fufeÙk dkj.k ds #i esa ekuk x;k gSA tcfd jkekuqt ds erkuqlkj bZ'oj txr~ dk miknku dkj.k Hkh Lo;a gSA ek/okpk;Z ds }S rokn es a bZ'oj dks ikSjkf.kd fo".kq #i esa n'kkZ ;k x;k gSA bles a crk;k x;k gS fd *os tc Hkh vorkj ysrs gSa rks ok;q&nsork muds iq= curs gSaA Lo;a e/o dks ok;q nsork dk vorkj ekuk x;k gS tks 'ka dj ds er rFkk muds vuq;kf;;ksa dk /oal djus i`Foh ij vk, FksA*12 e/o ds vuq;kf;;ks a us 'kadj ij iz PNUu ckS¼ gksus
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012112
ds vkjksi Hkh yxk,A blh izdkj czgelw= dks vk/kkj cukdj ,d vU; fpa rd dk Hkh
inkiZ.k gksrk gS tks gS oYyHkkpk;ZA bUgksaus tks er fn;k mls 'kq¼k}Srokn dgk tkrk gS tks ekurk gS fd bZ'oj rFkk ekuo ds chp ogh la ca/k gS tks Lo.kZ rFkk Lo.kkZHkw"k.k ds chp esa gSA vFkok lc thokRek,a bZ'oj ls fNVdh gq bZ fpaxkfj;k¡ gaS tks fd bZ'oj ls vyx gksus ds ckotwn Hkh rkfRod #i esa bZ'oj ds gh tSlh gSaA blesa Hkh bZ'oj Hkfä rFkk vorkjokn dks izJ; fn;k x;k gS fdarq oYyHk iaFk esa fuo`fÙk ekxZ dks vekU; fd;k x;k gSA blh dkj.k ls vusd fo}kuks a us oYyHk la iz nk; dks ekuus okyksa dks ^Hkkjr ds ,ihD;w fj;l*13
rd dgk gSA oYyHk ekurs Fks ds bZ'oj dh mikluk dk ;g vFkZ ugha fd ekuo vkRe&neu djsA thokRek Hkh mlhdk ,d va'k gSA vr% bldk Hkh egRo mruk gh gSA ;g 'kjhj oYyHk erkuqlkj thokRek dk ,d eafnj gSA vr% bls iq"V fd;k tk, u fd ri vkfn ls lq[kk dj bldk uk'k dj Mkyk tk,A pSrU; egkizHkq ds er dks vfpUR; HksnkHksnokn
ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA mUgksaus Lo;a dqN fy[kk ugha fdarq pSrU; ds Hkfäoknh Lojksa us turk dks HkkofoHkksj fd;kA bZ'oj ds izfr izse o vkReh;rk ls ljkcksj pS rU; turk ds fuEu ls fuEu oxZ rd igq ¡psA mUgha ds usr`Ro esa mÙkj e/;;qx esa lcls cM+k ,d tu&vka nksyu gq vk ftlesa bZ 'oj ds iz fr izs e ls ljkcks j Hkfä ls ifjiw .kZ pSrU; ds 'kCn ekuks tu&tu ds 'kCn cu x,A bu leLr bZ'ojoknh nf"Vdks.kksa dk ;gk¡ foospu djus dk lcc ;gk¡ ;gh n'kkZuk gS fd 'kadj ds er esa tks bZ'oj dks ux.; LFkku izkIr Fkk] tks 'kq"drk Fkh mlh ds QyLo#i lekt esa mijks ä er iuisA vxj 'ka dj us vius v}Srokn esa bZ'oj dks bZ 'ojoknh n`f"Vdks.k ls viuk;k gksrk rks mijksä erokn u mRiUu gq, gksrsA 'ka dj ds Hkk"; ds iz fr vla rq "V gks dj gh mijksä fo}kuksa us czg~elw= dh viuh vyx O;k[;k vius&vius Hkk";ksa eas dhA ftues a os vius&vius rjhdksa ls bZ'oj flf¼ ds fy;s
cs rkc ik, tkrs FksA ;fn 'ka dj ds n'kZ u es a bZ'oj dks roTtks feyh gks rh rks muds ckn Hkk";dkjksa us ;wa bZ'oj ds izfr vkxzg u fd;k gksrkA okLrfodrk rks ;gh iz rhr gks rh gS fd lw{e n`f"V ls ns[kus ij 'kadj ds er esa bZ'oj dksbZ [kkl egRo ugha j[krkA cz g~e gh muds er esa loksZifj dgk x;k gSA ;g bZ 'oj muds er esa ds oy O;kogkfjd n`f"V ls gh egRo j[krk fn[krk gSA bldh lRrk O;kogkfjd rkSj ij gh lR; ekuh xbZ gSA 'kadj ds erkuqlkj bZ'oj ds vfLrRo esa fo'okl djuk dsoy O;kogkfjd thou ds fy;s gh vko';d gSA u ;g eks{k ds fy;s vko';d gS vkS j uk gh ije Kku vkfn ds fy;s ghA vr% bZ'oj fopkj muds er esa ux.; gh dgk tk ldrk gSA tSlk fd ekuk x;k gS mÙkjdky es a bZ 'ojoknh ijaijk fodflr gks pqdh Fkh fda rq bl foospu ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd gekjh vkfndkyhu ijaijk es a fujh'ojoknh i;kZIr #i esa fo|eku FkkA ;g bl ckr dk Hkh lwpd gS fd
Hkkjrh; fopkjdks a es a fuHkhZdrk o Lora= fparu dh iw.kZ fodflr ija ijk ekStw n FkhA os ekurs Fks fd fcuk fdlh bZ'ojh; 'kfä ;k vf/knSfod lgk;rk ds Hkh] ekuo Loiz;kl ls gh viuk lao/kZu djus esa leFkZ gSA fu%Js;l ikus esa l{ke gSA "kMn'kZuks a dh Hkh ijaijk dks ;fn /;ku ls ns[kk tk, rks ges a vusd n'kZ u laiznk; ,sls feyrs gSa tks ew y :i ls fujh'ojoknh gh Fks tSls U;k;&oS'kS f"kd] lka[;&;ksx] ehekalk vkfnA budk vkjafHkd Lo:i fujh'ojoknh gh dgk x;k gSA osnksa ls lEerrk n'kkZ us ds fy;s bues a ckn dsvkpk;ksaZ us bZ'oj fopkj tksM+ fn;k ,slk ekuk tkrk gSA 'akdj ds n'kZu es a bZ'oj dks ge cz g~ e dh dYiuk esa gh lekfgr ikrs gSaA ;g czg~e ls Lora = lRrk ugha dgk tk ldrkA
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mldk ;g Lo:i bZ 'oj dh ,d ije rkfRod dYiuk ls esy ugha [kkrk tks fd bZ'oj dh
,d okLrfod dYiuk dgh xbZ gS fd ftlesa bZ 'oj drkZ&HkrkZ o grkZ dgk tkrk gSA vr% ;g ekuus ds vusd Bksl dkj.k ekStwn gSa fd 'kadj ds bZ'oj fopkj dks fujh'ojokn ls gh tksM+k tk ldrk gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- laxeyky ikaMs;] i`- 2412- ekaMwD; mifu"kn& 23- MkW-oekZ] lqjsanz] v}Sr vkSj fof'k"Vk}Sr fuca/k] Hkk- nk'kZfud fuca/k] laik- MkW- Mh-Mh- cafn"Vs]
MkW- jek'kadj 'kekZ] e-iz- fganh xzaFk vdkneh] Hkksiky] i 2014- ogh] i`- 202
5- MkW- jk/kkd".ku ,l ] Hkkjrh; n'kZu] Hkkx&1]i-127&96- MkW- jk/kkd".ku ,l] Hkkjrh; n'kZu] Hkkx&2]i 468&697- elhg];kdwc] fujh'ojokn] i- 648- ogh] i` 659- pVVksik/;k;] nsoh izlkn] Hkkjrh; n'kZu% ,d ljy ifjp;] i-7810- ogh] i` 7911- ogh ] ogh 12- ogh] i`- 8113- ogh] i`- 82
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iqjk.kksa esa 'kkDr /keZ iqjk.kksa esa 'kkDr /keZ iqjk.kksa esa 'kkDr /keZ iqjk.kksa esa 'kkDr /keZ iqjk.kksa esa 'kkDr /keZ¹ jkts Unz izlkn prqosZnh ¹ jktsUnz izlkn prqosZnh ¹ jkts Unz izlkn prqosZnh ¹ jktsUnz izlkn prqosZnh ¹ jktsUnz izlkn prqosZnh
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¹ izk/;kid ,oa foHkkxk/;{k&laLd`r foHkkx] 'kkldh; Bkdqj j.ker flag egkfo|ky;] jhok (e0iz0)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& czãk.M iqjk.k] eRL; iqjk.k] ok;q iqjk.k] fo".kq iqjk.k vkfn lHkh iqjk.kksa es as ^'kfDr* dkstxr dh tuuh ekuk x;k gSA 'kfDr dh mikluk ge fofHkUu :iks a esa djrs gS aA uojkf= esa uonqxkZ& 'kfDr ds ukS :iks a dh mikluk dh tkrh gSA 'kfDr dh mikluk ds dkj.k gh 'kkDr /keZ (nsoh mikld) loZO;kih cukA bl y?kq 'kks/k i= es a fofHkUu iqjk.kksa dk lanHkZ nsrs gq, bl ckr
dh iqf"V dh xbZ gSA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
czãk.M iqjk.k es a 'kfDr dks rhuks a txr~ dh tuuh dgk x;k gSA vU;= mUgs a iki?kzh*vFkkZ r~ ikiksa dk fouk'k djus okyh crk;k x;k gSA eRL; iqjk.k ds vuqlkj mudk uke Lej.k djus ls euq"; lHkh ikiks a ls loZFkk eqDr gksdj f'koyksd dh iz kfIr djrk gSA ok;q iq jk.k esa o.kZu vkrk gS fd dkyh dh Lrq fr djus ls euq"; dk ijkHko dHkh ugha gks rk gSA fo".kq iqjk.k es a of.kZr gS fd izlUu gksus ij os lHkh dkeukvksa dks iwjk djrh gSaA blesa lUnsg ugha fd 'kfDr&fo"k;d mi;qZDr ikSjkf.kd LFky oSfnd fopkj/kkjk esa ifjorZ u ds lwpd gS aA ;|fi oSfnd ok³~e; esa :nzk.kh rFkk Hkokuh 'kCn feyrs gSa vkS j ;s 'kCn dkykUrj dh 'kfDr ds i;kZ; gSa] rFkkfi bl lkfgR; esa budh lÙkk #nz&f'ko ls frjksfgr
gSa A mudh Lodh; vFkok LorU= egÙkk osnksÙkjoÙkhZ xzUFkksa esa gh Li"V dh xbZ gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] egkHkkjr ds Hkh"eioZ esa of.kZr gS fd tks euq"; izkr%dky 'kfDr dk Lrks= i<+rk gS] og laxzke esa fot;h gksrk gS rFkk mls y{eh dh ,s dkfUrd izkfIr gks rh gSA fo".kq iq jk.k esa dgk x;k gS fd 'kfDr] lqjk rFkk ekal ds migkj ls larq"V gksrh gSa A cz ãk.M iqjk.k esa vusd LFkyksa ij efnjk vkSj nsoh dk lEca/k fu:fir feyrk gSA ,d LFkku ij dgk x;k gS fd 'kfDr dh vpZuk fd, fcuk tks euq "; efnjkiku djrk gS] mls ujd dh iz kfIr gksrh gSA yfyrk uked nsoh ds mikld fl¼ksa ds lEca/k esa o.kZ u vkrk gS fd os efnjkiku djrs gq, nsoh dh HkfDr esa rRyhu jgrs gSaA yfyrk dh vuqpjh 'kfDr;ksa ds lEca/k es a vU;= of.kZr gS fd os efnjk ls iw.kZ p"kd /kkj.k fd, gq , muds iw tu] /;ku vkSj Lrks= esa ijk;.k jgrh gSA Hkxorh ek;k ds ckjs esa mYys[k gS fd mUgks aus i'kq vks a dk l`tu ;K
ds fy, fd;k gSA eRL; iqjk.k esa ,d LFky ij 'kfDr dks ^eklakxk* uke fn;k x;k gSA iz Lrqr ikSjkf.kd LFkyksa dk leFkZu egkHkkjr dh iafDr;ksa ds }kjk Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA fojkV~ ioZ esa 'kfDr ds lEca/k es a of.kZ r gS fd os efnjk] ekal vkSj i'kq esa vfHk#fp j[krh gSa A 'kfDr ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa esa muds }kjk vlqj&fouk'k dk Hkh mYys [k gSA fo".kq iqjk.k esa dgk x;k gS fd 'kqEHk] fu'kqEHk vkfn lgL=ksa vlqjksa dks ekjdj mUgksa us Hkwe.My ds
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012 115
vusd LFkkuks a dks lq'kksfHkr fd;k gSA czãk.M iqjk.k ds vuqlkj Hk.Mklq j ds vR;kpkjksa ls
=Lr gksdj mlds fouk'k ds fy, bUnz us ukjn ls ijke'kZ fy;k FkkA ukjn us mUgsa vHkh"V dh flf¼ds fufeÙk 'kfä dh vkjk/kuk ds fy, fufnZ"V fd;kA bUnz rFkk vU; nsorkvksa uss 'kfä dh vkjk/kuk fd;kA rnq ijkUr 'kfä us Hk.Mklqj dk o/k djus dk opu fn;kA eRL; iqjk.k esa o.kZu vkrk gS fd 'kq "djsorh uked nsoh us] tks fo".kq ds 'kjhj ls mRiUu gqbZ Fkha] vlqjksa dk fouk'k fd;k FkkA 'kfä ds bl Lo:i dk mYys[k egkHkjr esa Hkh gqvk gS] ftlesa fot; izkIr djus ds fy, nq xkZ dks izLrqr djrs gq , mUgs a dSVHkukf'kuh ds uke ls lEcksf/kr fd;k x;k gSA
eRL; iqjk.k esa o.kZu feyrk gS fd rkjdklq j ds c/k ds le; nsoh us czãk dsvkns'k ls viuk vkokl foU/;kpy esa cuk;k FkkA nsoh dk vkokl foU/;kpy ls lEcfU/kr gksus ds dkj.k gh ok;q iqjk.k esa Hkh mUga s foU/;fuy;k* uke fn;k x;k gSA eRL;
iq jk.k es a mi;q ZDr izlax esa crk;k x;k gSA ok;q iqjk.k ds o.kZ ukUrj es a Hkh nsoh ds vus d ukeksa es a ekgsUnzh 'kCn dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA blh czãk.M iq jk.k esa Hkh nsoh ds ukeksa esa ekgsUnz h 'kCn dk funsZ'k feyrk gSA ;gk¡ mYys[kuh; gS fd fo".kq iqjk.k esa ns oh dks bUnz dh Hkfxuh dgk x;k gSA ftldk o.kZu ok;q iqjk.k eas Hkh feyrk gSA
czãk.M iqjk.k ds tkenXu;&ijkØe ds o.kZu esa nsoh dks eq .Meky ls foHkwf"kr crk;k x;k gSA eq.Mekyk ls mudk lEcU/k eRL; iqjk.k esa Hkh O;Dr fd;k x;k gS vkS j dgk x;k gS fd f'ko ds fookgksRlo ds le; pkeq.Mk us muds f'kj esa dikykas dh ekyk ck¡/kh FkhA czãk.M iqjk.k esa of.kZr gS fd Hk.Mklqj ds lkFk ;q ¼ djus ds fy,] ftl le; nqxkZ izdV gq bZ] mUgsa 'kadj us viuk 'kwy lefiZr fd;k rFkk fo".kq] o#.k] vfXu] e#r~] bUnz] dqcs j] ;e] czãk] ,s jkor] e`R;q ] leqnz rFkk fo'odekZ us mUgsa Øe'k% pØ] 'ka[k]
'kfä] pki rFkk rw.khj] otz] p"kd] n.M rFkk ik'k] dqf.Mdk] ?k.Vk [kM~ ~~~~~ ~~~x vkSj <ky rFkk vkHkw"k.k iznku fd;kA yfyrk ds ckj esa o.kZu feyrk gS fd os ds;wj vkSj da d.k ls ea fMr jgrh gSA ok;q iqjk.k esa Hkh mUgsa 'kwy/kjk* uke fn;k x;k gSA eRL; iqjk.k esa nsoh ds ?k.Vk] vkHkw"k.k rFkk ihr dkS'ks; oL= dk mYys[k gqvk gSA nsoh ds bu Lo:iksa dk mYys[k rFkk mudh egÙkk dk izfriknu egkHkkjr esa Hkh fu:fir feyrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] fojkV~ &ioZ esa o.kZu vk;k gS fd foU/; esa nsoh dk LFkku 'kk'or gSA blh iz dkj Hkh"e&ioZ esa ^dkikfy* (tks diky /kkj.k djrh gS a) 'kCn ns oh ds lEcks/kukFkZ izLrq r fd;k x;k gSA fojkV~ ioZ es a o.kZu vkrk gS fd nsoh ?k.Vk] ik'k] /kuq "k] pØ rFkk vus d izdkj ds 'kL=ks a dks /kkj.k djrh gSa A
fo".kq iqjk.k es a nsoh dk lEcU/k fo".kq ls LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA blds vuqlkj ftl
le; fo".kq us ns odh ds xHkZ ls mRiUu gksus dk fu'p; fd;k] mUgksaus ;ksxfunzk dks ;'kks nk ds xHkZ esa fLFkr gksus dk vkns'k fn;kA mudh iz sj.kk ls oklqnso us ;'kksnk ds f'k'kq dks nsodh ds 'k;u&x` g es a rFkk nsodh ds f'k'kq dks ;'kks nk ds ;gk¡ LFkkukUrfjr fd;k FkkA dal us HkzkfUro'k ns oh ds :i esa vorfjr fu'kk dks f'kykry ij izf{kIr fd;k FkkA blh {k.k og vkdk'k esa fLFkr gqbZA buds vorkj dk mn~~ns'; nS R;ks a dk fouk'k crk;k x;k gSA ;g o.kZ u dqN vUrj ds lkFk ok;q vkSj czãk.M iqjk.kksa esa Hkh feyrk gSA bu nksuksa iqjk.kksa ds vuq lkj dal us mls dU;k le>dj NksM+ fn;k FkkA ,slk dgk x;k gS fd ;g dU;k oLrqr% ,dkn'kk 'kfä FkhA budk tUe d`".k dh j{kk ds fy, gqvk Fkk vkSj ;nqoa 'kh
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012116
iz lUueu ls mudh iwtk djrs FksA eRL; iq jk.k esa nsoh dk vorkj cz ãk ds vkns'k ls
lEcfU/kr gS vkSj of.kZr gS fd os mek ds 'kjhj ls d`rd` R;k gqbZ a FkhA bl :i esa mUgksa us lqjdk;Z dks iwjk djus dk vkns'k iz kIr fd;k FkkA nsoh dk l` tu&fooj.k egkHkkjr ds fojkV~ ioZ es a Hkh feyrk gSA blds vuqlkj ;s uUnxksi ds dqy esa ;'kks nk ds xHkZ ls mRi= gqbZ FkhaA tc da l us dU;k ds :i esa mUgsa f'kyk ij izf{kIr fd;k] ml le; os vkdk'kekxZ ls pyh xbZA
ok;q iq jk.k ds vuqlkj egkdyh] mek ds 'kjhj ls Hkwrksa ds lkFk mRi= gqbZ vkSj vU;= ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd ftl le; n{k ds ;K&fouk'kkFkZ f'ko ds x.k ;K&Hkwfe esa x,] muds lkFk mek ds Øks/k ls mRi= Hknzdkyh Hkh FkhaA cz ãk.M iq jk.k esa o.kZu vkrk gS fd 'kfä dh mRifÙk cz ãk ds /;ku;ks x ls gqbZ Fkh] ;s nsorkvksa dks vHkh"V ns us okyh FkhaA ok;q vkSj czãk.M iqjk.kksa es a dgk x;k gS fd ftl le; 'kqØkpk;Z f'ko dh Lrqfr dj
jgs Fks] muds vHkh"V dks iwjk djus ds fy, ns oh iz dV gqbZaA bUgsa ekgsUnzh vFkkZr~ bUnz dh iq =h crk;k x;k gS blds iwoorhZ v/;k; es a t;Urh ds fy, Li"V bUnznqfgrk fo'ks"k.k&cks/ kd vFkZ esa iz ;qä gqvk gS ok;q iq jk.k ds o.kZ ukUrj esa Hkh nsoh ds vusd ukeksa esa ekgUnzh 'kCn dk iz;ks x gqvkA blh cz ãk.M iqjk.k esa Hkh nsoh ds ukeksa esa ekgsUnzh 'kCn dk funsZ 'k feyrk gSA ;gk¡ mYys [kuh; gS fd fo".kq iq jk.k esa nsoh dks bUnz dh Hkfxuh dgk x;k gSA ;g o.kZu ok;q iqjk.k esa Hkh feyrk gSA
fo".kq iqjk.k ds izlaxkuq lkj ftl nsoh us ;'kksnk ds xHkZ ls vorkj fy;k Fkk] og oLrqr% fo".kq ds }kjk iz;qDr oS".koh egkek;k Fkha czãk.M iqjk.k esa Hkh muds fofHkUu ukeksa esa oS".koh 'kCn iz ;qä gSA ;g nsoh dh O;kiu'khyrk dk gh cks/kd gSA czãk.M iqjk.k esa nsoh dks ekgs'ojh 'kfDr dh laKk ls tkuk x;k gSA blh izdkj ok;q iqjk.k esa muds
fofHkUu ukeks a esa jkSnzh dk Hkh mYys [k gqvkA eRL; iqjk.k esa of.kZr gS fd egknso us ikoZ rh nsoh dks jkSnzh dk Lo:i iznku fd;k FkkA bu LFkyksa esa jkSnzh 'kCn ls nsoh ds Hk;kog Lo:i dk Hkh cks/k gksrk gSA
fu"d"kZr% ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k fd iqjk.kksa esa 'kfDr dh mikluk gksus ds dkj.k gh 'kkDr /keZ loZ O;kih cuk ftlls =S yksd; dh j{kk la Hko gqbZ vkS j ekuo es a ,d ubZ 'kfDr dk la pkj Hkh 'kkDr /kez dks viukus ls gh izkIr gqvk gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- f=txrka tuuh cHkkls fo|ksrekufoHkokA czãk.M iq0] 4@29@1452- Hkklrs lk Hkxorh iki?kzh yfyrkafcdkA ogh] 4@37@84
3- loZikifofueqZDr% dYia f'koiqjs olsr~A eRL; iq-] 13@564- HknzdkY;kLroksDrkfu nsO;k ukekfu rRor%A
;s iBfUr ujkLrs"kak fo|rs u ijkHko%A ok;q iq0] 9@86&875- u`.kke'ks"kdkekaLRoa izlUuk laiznkL;flA fo".kq iq0] 5@1@866- ; bna iBsr L=k sr a dY; mRFkk; ekuo%A
laxzkes fot;sf=R;a y{eha izkIuksfr dsoyke~A Hkh"eioZ] 23@21&247- lqjkekalksigkjS'p Hk{;HkksT;S'p iwftrkA fo".kq iq0] 5@1@858- vuH;P;Z ijka'kfDr ficsUe|a rq ;ks uj%A
jkSjos ujds·Cna rq fuolsf}Unqla[;;kA czãk.M iq0] 4@7@76
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012 117
9- yfyrk;ka HkfDr;qDrkLriZ;Urks---ficfUr efnjkjlku~A ogh] 4@33@4
10- efnjkiw.kZp"kde'ks"ka-----------yfyrkiwtu/;kutiLrks=ijk;.kk%A ogh] 4@32@19&2011- iqjk Hkxorh ek;k------lltZ--------i'kwufi---------;t/oai'kqfHk%A ogh] 4@6@53&5512- e/;s ;FkkLoa ekalkaxka-----A eRL; iq0] 62@1913- dkydkfy egkdkfy /kqekali'kqfiz;sA egkHkkjr] fojkV~ioZ 6@1714- czãk.M iq0. 4@12@41&74 vgeso fofuftZR; Hk.Ma nSR;dqyksn~Hkok; vfpjkÙko nkL;kfe
=SyksD;a lpjkpje~A ogh] 4@13@3215- rrLrq HkxokfUo".kq l"V~ok 'kq"djsorhe~A
;k iikS ldya rs"kkeU/kdkukel`d{k.kkr~A eRL; iq0] 179@3616- mes 'kkdEHkfj 'osrs d".kks dSVHkukf'kfuA egkHkkjr] Hkh"eioZ] 23@917- xPN foU/;kpya r= lwjdk;Z dfj";flA eRL; iq0 157@1718- veks?kk foU/;fuy;kfoØkUrk x.kukf;dkA ok;q iq0] 9@85
19- ogUrha eq.Mekyka fodVkL;ka Hk;adjhe~A czãk.M iq0] 3@39@3420- dikyekyka foiqyka pkeq.Mk ew/U;ZcU/k;r~A eRL; iq0] 154@43621- 'kw ya p 'kw fyuk nÙka pØa pfØlefiZ re~ 'ka [ka o#.knÙk'p 'kfäa nÙkka gfoHkqZ tkA pkie{k;rw.khjkS
e#íÙkkS egke`/ks oktznÙka p dqfy'ka p"kda /kunkfiZre~A dkyn.Ma egkn.Ma ik'ka ik'k/kjkfiZre~ czãnÙkka dqf.Mdka p ?k.VkeSjkorkfiZrke~A e`R;qnÙkk S [kM~x[ksVkS gkja tyfuf/kukfiZre~A fo'odeZiznÙkkfu Hkw"k.kkfu u foHkzrhaA czãka.M iq0 4@29@81&84
22- ds;wjdad.kJs.kheafMrkUlksfeZdkaxqyhe~A ogh] 4@37@7523- cfg/oZtk 'kwy/kjk ijeczãpkfj.khA ok;q iq0 9@8324- Ropk lk pkioíhIrk ?k.VkgLrk f=ykspukA
ukukHkj.kkiw.kkZaxh ihrdkS'ks;/kkfj.khA eRL; iq0 157@14&1525- foU/;s pSo uxJs"Bs ro LFkkua fg 'kk'ore~A fojkV~ ioZ] 6@1726- dqekfj dkfy dkikfy dfiys d".kkfiaxysA Hkh"eioZ] 32@427- ik=h p iadth ?k.Vh-------ik'ka /kuqeZgkpØa fofo/kkU;k;q/kkfu pA fojkV~ioZ] 6@10&1128- fo".k q iqjk.k] 5@1@70&8129- rkeczohÙkrks czãk nsoha uhykacqtfRo"ke~A eRL; iq0 157@15&1630- ;'kksnkxHkZlaHkwrka -----uUnxksidqys tkrka---A31- fu%lrk p egknsO;k egkdkyh egs'ojhA ok;q i0] 101@29832- ekgsUnzh Roa ojkjksgs ef)rkFkZ fegkxrkA ok;q iq0] 98@8
ekgsUnzh Roa ojkjksgs ef)rkFkZ fegkxrkA czãk.M iq0] 3@73@833- nsoh lk ghUnznqfgrk t;Urh 'kqHkpkfgxhA ck;q iq0] 96@152]
czãk.M iq0] 3@72@15334- ok;q iq0] 9@8435- czãk.M iq0] 4@36@54
36- rrLRoka 'krnd~NØ%------HkfxuhRos xzgh";frA fo".kq iq0] 5@1@8037- ekgsUnzh psUnzHkfxuh o"kdU;SdokllhA ok;q iq0] 9@8438- fo".kqiz;qäk egkek;k oS".koh eksfgra ;;kA fo".kq iq0] 5@1@7039- izdfrfuZ;rk jkSnzh nqxkZ Hknzk izekfFkuhA ok;q iq0] 9@8140- jkSnzha pSo ijka ewfÙka egknso% iznkL;frA eRL; iq0] 179@82
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/kekssZ dk lkekftd lans'k ^^ckS¼ /keZ ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa**/kekssZ dk lkekftd lans'k ^^ckS¼ /keZ ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa**/kekssZ dk lkekftd lans'k ^^ckS¼ /keZ ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa**/kekssZ dk lkekftd lans'k ^^ckS¼ /keZ ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa**/kekssZ dk lkekftd lans'k ^^ckS¼ /keZ ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa**¹ dUgS;k yky /kqosZ¹ dUgS;k yky /kqosZ¹ dUgS;k yky /kqosZ¹ dUgS;k yky /kqosZ¹ dUgS;k yky /kqosZ
¹¹ xkSrek dBkus¹¹ xkSrek dBkus¹¹ xkSrek dBkus¹¹ xkSrek dBkus¹¹ xkSrek dBkus
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¹ lgk;d izk/;kid] bfrgkl] 'kkldh; Lukrd egkfo|ky; fuokl] ftyk&e.Myk (e-iz-)¹¹ vfrfFk fo}ku] 'kkldh; egkfo|ky; ykath] ftyk& ckyk?kkV (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& Hkkjrh; /keks sZ ds bfrgkl esa ckS ¼ /keZ dk LFkku vf}rh; gS aA NVh 'krkCnh bZ-iw- u dsoy Hkkjr o"kZ vfirq fo'o ds vU; vusd ns'k ds fy, /kkfeZd vkanksyuksa dk ;qx FkkA bl vof/k es a fo'o ds vusd ns'kksa es a egku lekt lq/kkjdks a dk izknqHkkZo gqvkA Hkxoku cq¼ muesa
ls ,d Fks budk tUe NVh 'krkCnh bZ-iw- 563 es a 'kkD; x.kra= dfiy oLrq esa yqfEcuh uked LFkku ij gqvk FkkA 36 o"kZ dh vk;q es a cksf¼ Kku izkIr dj os cq¼ cus fQj 45 o"kZ rd mUgksus/keZ mins'k fn;kA rFkk 80 Ok"kZ dh mez esa eYyks a ds x.kra= es a dq'khukjk uked xkao es a mudk egkifjfuokZ.k gqvkA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
ckS¼ /keZ ds ewy fl¼kar& ckS¼ /keZ ,d egku /keZ gS a vkSj blds nk'kZ fud fl¼kar Hkh xaHkhj gS aA fQj Hkh blds mins'k tulk/kkj.k rFkk fo}ku lcds fy, lgt cks/; gSA bldh lkoZHkkSfedrk dk ewy dkj.k ekuo ân; ij iM+us okyk bldk izHkko gSaA ckS¼ /keZ ds ewy fl¼ka r bl izdkj gS aA ckS¼ /keZ ds pkj vk;Z lR; mlds ewy miknku gSaA okLro esa lkjk ckS ¼ /keZ mUgha esa varHkw Zr gS aA bls cq¼ks a dk Lo;a mRikfnr ,oa mRd"kZ dh
vks j ys tkus okyk /keksZins 'k dgrs gS aA tc rd bldk Kku ugha gks rk rc rd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr cq¼ ugha gks ldrk vkSj u rks mlds Kku ls eqfDr gh izkIr gks ldrh gSaA ½f"k iru esa bUgha lR;ks a dk mins 'k ns dj rFkkxr us /keZpØ izoZ ru fd;k FkkA1- nq %[k lR; gS& lalkj esa tUe] ;'k] Hkj.k] b"V] fo;ksx] la ;ksx vkfn nq [k ns[ks tkrs
gSaA vr% ;g lR; gSaA2- nq %[kks a ds dkj.k lR; gSa & (nq[k leq nk; lR;) tc nq[k gS rks nq [k ds dkj.k Hkh
vo'; gSa A r`".kk lc izdkj ds nq[kksa dk dkj.k gSaA3- nq %[k fujksx lR; gSa& tc nq[k gS a rks nq[k ds dkj.k gS rks dkj.k ds uk'k gksus ij
nq [k dk Hkh fouk'k gks uk pkfg,A4- nq %[k fujks/k ekxZlR;& nq [kksa dks nwj djus dk Hkh jkLrk gSA vr% ;g Hkh jkLrk gSaA
vr% ;g Hkh lR; gSaA lalkj esa nq [k gSa A nq[k ds vfLrRo dh Lohd`fr gh /kEe dk ewy m¼s'; gSa A nq[k ds
fuokj.k ds mik; gSa os pkj vk;Z lR; gSa tks /kEe dh vk/kkj f'kyk,a gS aA /kEe dk vuqlj.k djus ls O;fDr nq[k vFkkZr lkekftd d"Vksa ls eqfDr ik ldrk gSaA /kEe dk vuq'kj.k djus ls vk'k; gS /kEekuqdwy vkpj.k djus ls gSa A /kEekuqdw y vkpj.k ds rhu izeq[k i{k
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012 119
gSa aA lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ i{k gS aA v"Vkfxad ekxZ dk vuq 'kj.k ;s ekxZ gSaA 1- leE;d n`f"V
2- lE;d ladYi 3- lE;d ok.kh 4- lE;d vkthfodk 5- lE;d deZ 6- lE;d O;k;ke 7- lE;d Le`fr 8- lE;d lekf/kA2- /kekZ uqdwy vkpj.k dk nwljk Hkkx thou ifo=rk ds iFk ij pyuk gSa A blds ikp eki n.M gSaA 1- fgalk u djuk 2- pksjh u djuk 3- O;fHkpkj u djuk 4- vlR; u cksyuk 5- u'khyh oLrqvksa dk lsou u djukA bUgsa iap'khy dgk tkrk gSaA3- /kEekuqdwy vkpj.k dk rhljk Hkkx thou esa 'khy ds iFk ij pyukA 'khy dk vFkZ lnkpj.k thou esa 'khy ds vuq lj.k ds fy, nks phts t:jh gSa A buesa ,d lno` fRr dk fodkl lno`fRRk ls vk'k; gSaA uS frdrk vFkkZr nwljks a ds dY;k.k dh o`fRr rFkk nw ljksa dks {kfr igq qapkusa ;k nwljksa dh cq jkbZ djus esa ladksp] yTtk ;k Hk; dk cks/kA 'khy vFkkZ r lnkpj.k dk nwljk vko';d rRo gS vius lnxq.kksa dk fodkl djuk lnxq.k nl
gSa A 1- 'khy 2- nku 3- mis{kk 4- uS"Øe; (lkalkfjd dke Hkksxksa dk R;kx) 5- oh;Z (iz;kl) 6- 'kkafr (lgu'khyrk) 7- ?k`.kk u djuk 8- mfnXu ,oa fopfyr u gks uk 9-vf/k"Bku (vFkkZr m¼s'; rd igapkus dk n` <+ fu'p; 10- dY;k.k vkS j eS =h
cq¼ dk /kEe& cq ¼ dk /kEe mu rhu rRoksa dk esy gSaA tks vU; fdlh /keZ esa ugha gSaA lHkh /kekssZ dks bZ'oj] vkRek] vkSj e R;q ds ckn thou dh fpa rk gksrh gSaA tcfd cq ¼ dk /kEe izKk] ;kfu] va /kfo'okl vkSj ijkiz dfroknh (iz d`fr ls ijs fdlh 'kfDr ij fo'okl j[kuk) ls eqfDr fl[kkrk gS aA ;g lerk vFkkZ r~ cjkcjh dh f'k{kk nsrk gS vkSj 'khy vFkkZr uSfrdrk dh f'k{kk nsrk gS aA euq"; dks lalkj esa vius vPNs vkS j nq[kh thou ds fy, dsoy bUgha rhu fl¼karks a dh vksj vkdf"kZ r gksuk pkfg, D;ksa fd lekt dks u ds oy bZ 'oj cpk ldrk gS a u vkRekA
MkW- ckck lkgsc vkEcsMdj& cq¼ dk /kEe ftls vkt ckS¼ /keZ dgk tkrk gSa A reke /keksZ vkSj lEiznk;ks a ls ,dne vyx gSaA ckS¼ /keZ ds bl vuqBsiu dk dkj.k blds ewy RkRoksa lerk] 'khy] iz Kk] es a [kkstk tk ldrk gSaA ckS¼ /keZ esa bZ'oj] ijekRek] vkRek deZdk.k dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gSa A cfYd ckS¼ /keZ dk dk lkj gSaA O;fDr dk O;fDr ls fj'rk blfy, ckS¼ /keZ esa 'khy vFkkZ r uS frdrk dks og LFkku feyk tks vU; /keZ esa bZ'oj dksA cq¼ dk dFku& ^^vr nhiks Hko** vFkkZr Lo;a izdk'koku cuks* euq"; dks fcuk lgkjk <wa<s foosd'khy cuus dk ekxZ fn[kkrk gSA cq¼ us fo'o dks eS=h dk vFkkZr~ vkSj O;kogkfjd la ns 'k fn;k ckS¼ /keZ dk egku m¼s'; la lkj dk dY;k.k djuk gSa A blesa
O;fDr ds O;fDrRo ,oa lekt dh pgqeq[kh iz xfr fufgr gSaA ;g /keZ vkRek vkS j ijekRek esa fo'okl ugha djrkA bldk izR;{k vkSj lh/kk laca/k euq"; vkSj lekt gSaA cq ¼ us lHkh izdkj dh Lora=rk vFkkZr lkekftd] ckS f¼d] vkfFkZd] ,oa jktuSfrd
Lora=rk dh f'k{kk nhA mUgks aus lekurk dh Hkh f'k{kk nhA u dsoy iq:"k vkSj iq:"k ds chp cfYd iq:"k vkSj L=h ds chp HkhA cq¼ us viuh f'k{kkvksa es a ekuo thou ds thrus foLr` r i{k dks lekfgr fd;k mudk laca/k O;fDr dks i`Foh ij mlds orZeku thou es a gh nq[k ls eq fDr dk ekxZ fn[kkuk gSaA u fd e`R;q ds mijkar LoxZ ls eqfDr fnykus dk vk'oklu ns uk gS aA MkW- vkEcsMdj us Hkh dgk fd /keZ euq"; ds fy, gSa euq"; /keZ ds fy,
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ugha A muds Hkh er esa /keZ ,d lk/ku ek= gSaA cq¼ dk dFku Fkk fd] fdlh ckr dks
dsoy blfy, er ekuksa fd og iqjkus le; ls pyh vk jgh gSA blfy, Hkh er ekuksa fd og cgqr lkjs yks xksa ds }kjk ekuh tkfr gS aA blfy, Hkh er ekuksa fd og fdlh izfrf"Br O;fDr }kjk dgh x;h gS aA blfy, Hkh er ekuksa fd og vlk/kkj.k iz rhr gksrh gSa A cfYd tc dksbZ ckr rqEgkjh cqf¼ dh dlkS Vh ij [kjh mrjrh gks vkS j rqEgkjs rFkk lHkh yksxks a ds fgr esa gks rc gh mls Lohdkj djks vkSj thou es a mrkjksA cq ¼ us viuk ifjp; ,d O;fDr ds :Ik es a fn;k mUgksaus /keZ dks vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij vk/kkfjr O;ogkj ds fl¼ka r ds :Ik esa fu:fir fd;kA
fu"d"kZ ds :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd ckS¼/keZ ,d ekuorkoknh /keZ gSaA ftles a lekurk] ca /kqRo] eS =h] d:.kk] n;k vkSj vafglk tSls egku tu dY;k.kdkjh fl¼kar lekfgr gSaA ckS¼ /keZ euq"; dks Lokoyach] vkRefuHkZj vkSj O;kid n f"V okyk cukrk gSA
rHkh ckS ¼ /keZ ds izorZd xkSre cq¼ us dgk ^^vr nhiks a Hko^^ ;gh dkj.k gS fd ckS¼ /keZ ds izfr lekt ds ncs dqpys yksx vkSj 'kksf"kr ihfM+r yksx gesa 'kk ls vkdf"kZr gq, vkS j vkt Hkh ;g flyflyk tkjh gSa A vYcVZ vk"Vhu us dgk Hkh gS a& ^fo'o ds lHkh /keksZ esa dsoy ckS¼ /keZ gh ,d ,slk /keZ gS tks fd foKku ds lkFk rkyesy cSBk ldrk gSaA**¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- lh0Mh0 ukbZd (2006) ckS¼ opu rFkk vkEcsMdj fopkj dyikt ifCyds'ku fnYyh i"B
281] 2822- MkW0 jktsUnz eksgu HkVukxj (1990)] MkW0 vkEcsMdj thou vkSj n'kZu fdrkc?kj nfj;kaxt]
u;h fnYyh i`"B 121
3- jRus'k (2007) cq¼ ds ewy fl¼kar bUlkbZM QkmMs'ku ubZ fnYyh i`"B 25] 26] 274- ih0 Yk{eh ujlw (1948)] ckS¼ /keZ dk lkj (fn bUlSQ vkWQ cqfn{kek) fl¼kFkZ xkSre f'k{k.k o laLd`fRk lfefr /kulkjh ftyk vyhx<+
5- egsUnzUkkFk flag (1990) ckS¼ rFkk tSu /keZ] /kEein vkSj mRrjkv/;ku lw= dk ,d rqyukUre v/;;u] fo'ofo|ky; izdk'ku pkSd okjk.klh i`"B 78] 79
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pj.knklh lEiznk; pj.knklh lEiznk; pj.knklh lEiznk; pj.knklh lEiznk; pj.knklh lEiznk; ¹ cchrk fla?ky ¹ cchrk fla?ky ¹ cchrk fla?ky ¹ cchrk fla?ky ¹ cchrk fla?ky
¹¹ dqlqeorh ¹¹ dqlqeorh ¹¹ dqlqeorh ¹¹ dqlqeorh ¹¹ dqlqeorh
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¹ izoDrk] bfrgkl] jkes'ojh nsoh jktdh; dU;k egkfo|ky;] Hkjriqj] jktLFkku ¹¹ izoDrk] jktuhfr foKku] Jh Hkokuh fudsru LukrdksÙkj efgyk egkfo|ky;] t;iqj] jktLFkku
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& pj.knklh lEiznk; ('kqd laiznk;) dk mn; vkSj fodkl eq[;r% la0 1760 ls1900 fo0 ds vUrxZr vkus okys dky[k.M es a gqvk FkkA fo-la- 1764 es a eqxy lezkV vkS jaxtsc ds fu/ku ds lkFk gh bLykeh lkezkT; dk iru izkjEHk gks x;k] ogha nwljh vks j flD[kks a] vaxzstks a vkfn dk mRd"kZ 'kq: gks x;kA ,sls gh la ØkfUr dky es a Lokeh pj.knkl us;ksx] Kku vkS j deZ ls lEiq"V HkfDrekxZ dk voyEcu xzg.k dj turk dks vius /keZ ,oa thou ewY;ks a ds izfr tkxzr fd;kA mUgks aus fuxqZ.k dkO;/kkjk ds lUrks a ukFkiaFkh ijEijk ds;ksfx;ksa vkS j oS".koks a dh dkyksfpr ekU;rkvksa ds lkFk uo/kkHkfDr rFkk o`Unkou dh jfld lk/kuk dks lfEefyr djds ,d loZ Fkk izklafxd lk/kukew yd vkpkj&fopkjks a vkS j thou&ew Y;ks a dh LFkkiuk dh] tks rRdkyhu /kkfeZd vkS j lkekftd ifjiz s{; esa iw.kZr% mi;qDr FkhA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
pj.knklh lEiznk; (ewy uke 'kqd lEiznk;) ds la LFkkid HkDrf'kjksef.k ,oa ;qxiq:"k Lokeh Jh';kepj.knkl th dk tUe Hkknzin 'kqDyk r`rh;k eaxyokj fo-la01760 dks esokr iz ns'k ds ^Msgjk* uked xzke esa <w lj HkkxZ o oa'k esa gqvk FkkA buds firk dk uke eqjyh/kj ,oa ekrk dk uke daqth nsoh FkkA budk vkjfEHkd uke j.kthr FkkA
buesa 4&5 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa gh HkfDrHkkouk ,oa vykSfdd y{k.k n`f"Vxks pj gksus yxsFksA ckY;koLFkk es a gh mUgksaus fryd] Nki vkSj da Bh /kkj.k dj yh Fkh ,oa jke/kqu dk Lej.k djrs jgrs FksA lkr o"kZ dh voLFkk esa loZJh firk] nknk ,oa nknh ds LoxZoklh gks tkus ij viuh tUeHkwfe Ms gjk xzke dks NksM+dj vius ukuk jkefHk[kkjh ds ;gk¡ tks cgknqjiqj (vyoj) ds ewy fuoklh Fks] ijUrq lifjokj fnYyh esa jgus yxs Fks] pys x;sA buds Hkxor~izse dks ns[kdj vkB o"kZ dh vYik;q esa gh buds ukuk o ekrk us mudk fookg djuk pkgk] ijUrq mUgksaus fookg djus ls euk dj fn;k vkSj vkthou czãpkjh jgsA 10 o"kZ dh voLFkk rd igq¡prs&igq ¡prs muesa fojfDr Hkko ,oa Hkxor~ izs e vR;Ur izxk<+ :Ik ls izfrHkkflr gks us yxk FkkA ckjgos a o"kZ esa izHkq &feyu dh rhoz fojg&os nuk ds QyLo:Ik vkRe&foLe` fr dh fLFkfr esa igq¡p tkrs Fks ,oa czã ds jgL; dh ftKklk vkSj Hkh vf/kd iz cy gks xbZ FkhA 16osa o"kZ dh vk;q ls rhu o"kZ rd fujUrj ln~xq: dh [kks t esa iz ;kljr jgsA vUrr% xq: dh [kkst esa HkVdrs gq, ,d fnu os xaxk&tequk ds nksvkc esa fLFkr eksjuk&rhlk uked LFkku esa igq¡ps tks 'kqdrky (ftyk eq tQj uxj) ds ikl fLFkr gSA ;gk¡ mUgsa oV&o{k ds uhsps fnO;ewfrZ 'kqdnso eqfu ds n'kZu gq ,A 19 o"kZ dh vk;q esa pS= 'kqDyk dh izfrink fo- la 1779 (1722 bZ0) xq:okj ds fnu 'kq dnso eq fu ls xq:nh{kk iz kIr dhA
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nhf{kr djus ,oa xq:ea= ns us ds i'pkr~ xq: us f'k"; dk ^';kepj.knkl* ukedj.k
fd;kA rnuUrj bUgksa us fnYyh es a 12 o"kZ rd xq: }kjk mifn"V ;ksxlk/kuk dk vH;kl djds lEiw.kZ flf¼;k¡ izkIr dhaA flf¼;ksa ds Lokeh cu tkus ds ckn mUgks aus fnYyh ds Qrsgiqjh uked LFkku esa vkJe cukdj jguk vkjaHk fd;kA ;gk¡ ij ;s viuh lsok&iwtk (HkfDr&Hkkouk) nkufiz;rk] peRdkfjd dk;ksZ ,oa Hkfo";okf.k;ksa ds dkj.k cgqr fo[;kr gq,A muds }kjk dh xbZ Hkfo";okf.k;ksa esa fuEu izeq[k Fkh&1- ukfnj'kkg ds Hkkjr ij vkØe.k ds lEcU/k esa dh xbZ Hkfo";ok.kh dk mYys[k
yhyklkxj ,oa HkfDr lkxj esa feyrk gSA2- bZ'ojh flag dks t;iqj jktxn~nh izkIr gksuk lEcU/kh Hkfo";ok.kh dk mYys[k xq#
HkfDr izdk'k esa feyrk gSA Qrsgiq jh uked LFkku esa vkJe LFkkfir djus ds ckn og ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku
ij Hkze.k djrs gq, yksxksa dks mins'k ns rs jgsA bUgksa us o` Unkou] ikuhir] djuky] mTtSu] y[kuÅ] 'kkgtgk¡ iq j vkfn uxjksa dk Hkze.k fd;kA budh vfUre ;k=k t;iqj 'kkld lokbZ izrkiflag ds vkxzg ij fo0la 0 1839 esa t;iqj gqbZ FkhA tgk¡ ij os nl fnu rd Bgjs FksA vUr esa budk nsgkUr fo0la0 1839 ekxZ 'kh"kZ 'kq Dy lIreh dks 'kqdnso iq jk uked vkJe esa fnYyh es a gqvk FkkA tgk¡ budh lekf/k cuh gq bZ gSA
lUr pj.knkl }kjk jfpr lkfgR;& pj.knkl th dk peRdkjh O;fDrRo lk/kuk {ks= ds gh leku dkO; l`tu ds {ks= esa Hkh vn~Hkqr ,oa vf}rh; FkkA vVyfcgkjh th ds efUnj t;iqj esa lar pj.knkl ds xzUFkksa ds nks izkekf.kd laxzg lqjf{kr gSaA pj.knkl dh loZJs"BÏfr ^HkfDrlkxj* ekuh tkrh gSA blds vfrfjDr muds vU; xzUFk& 1- cztpfj= 2- ve'yksd v[k.M& /kk; o.kZu 3- /keZ tgkt 4- v"Vkax ;ksx 5- lUns g lkxj 6- Kku loksZn; 7- iap mifu"kn~ 8- HkfDr inkjFk 9- nkuyhyk 10- ek[ku pks jh yhyk 11- dkyh uFku yhyk 12- eufo[krdj.k xq j dk lkj o.kZu 13- czãKku lkxj o.kZu 14- 'kCn o.kZ u 15- uklds ryhyk gS a A pj.knklÏr mi;Z q Dr xz UFkks a ls mudh fopkj/kkjk o HkfDr&lk/kuk i¼fr dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tkuk tk ldrk gSA Jh pj.knkl th us Lo;a rks vusdksa xzaFkksa dk l`tu fd;k gh] lkFk es a buds vusd f'k";ksa ,oa izf'k";ksa us lgL=ksa dh la[;k esa NksVs&cM+s xzUFkksa dh jpuk dhA muds vf/kdka'k dfo f'k";ksa us dkO; jpuk ds {ks= esa mUghsa dksvkn'kZ ekuk ,oa ewy L=ks r ds :Ik esa Jhen~Hkkxor~] LdU/k iqjk.k vkfn dfri; iqjk.kksa dks gh viuk;kA pj.knklth ds f'k"; dfo;ksa esa jke:Ik th dk xq: HkfDr&izdk'k] tqDrkuUn th dk HkfDr iz cks/k] lgtksckbZ th dk lgt izdk'k] tljke midkjh dh HkDr okfeuh] tks xthr th dk yhyk lkxj ,oa xq: NkSuk th Ïr "kV:Ik eqfDr fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSaA ;s izeq [k d`fr;k¡ vius lEiznk; vkSj lkFk gh ;qx dk lexz fp= izLrq r djrh gSaA jke :i th dk xq : HkfDr izdk'k* pj.knklh lEiznk; dk loZ izeq [k fl¼kUr O;k[;krk ;k fl¼kUr iz friknd ,oa vk/kkjHkwr xz UFk ekuk tk ldrk gSA ;g xzUFk vius lEiznk; dh ,s frgkfld] lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd ifjfLFkr;ksa dk Li"V fp= vafdr djus esa iw.kZr;k l{ke gSA Pkj.knkl th Ïr ,oa muds f'k";&izf'k"; dfo }kjk jfpr mi;qZDr xzUFkksa ls mudh fopkj/kkjk HkfDr&Hkkouk] fl¼kUr ,oa lEiznk; dh vkpkj&fopkjxr fof/kor~ ekU;rkvksa dk fo'ks"k o.kZu fd;k gqvk gSA
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lEiznk; dh fopkj/kkjk& pj.knkl th }kjk izofrZr lEiznk; 'kqd lEiznk; ds uke ls
iz fl¼ gSA blds ^'kqd lEiznk;* ukedj.k ds ewy esa vius xq: dks gh lEiz nk;&LFkkiuk dk Js ; nsus dh pj.knkl th dh Hkkouk eq [; :Ik ls fufgr fn[kkbZ ns rh gSA ;g mRrj Hkkjr dk ,d oS".ko HkfDr lEiznk; gSA bl lEiznk; ds egkRek eLrd ij ihyk fryd] xys esa rqylh dh ekyk vkSj ihyk oL= /kkj.k djrs gS aA bl Jhen~Hkkxorkuqeksfnr ,oa Kku] deZ rFkk ;ksx ls ifjiq"V izs ek HkfDrekxhZ lk/kuk&lEiznk; dks MkW - f=yksdh ukjk;.k nhf{kr] ia- ij'kqjke prqos Znh ,oa MkW- ihrkEcj nRr cM+Fkoky vkfn vusd fo}kuksa us fuxqZ.k lEiz nk; ds vUrxZ r ekuk gSA okLrfodrk ;g gS fd bl lEiznk; ds vkjk/; jk/kk&Ï".k ;qxy :Ik esa gSaA bruk gh ugha ] cfYd blesa l[kh ifjdj ls for jk/kk&Ï".k mikL; ds :Ik esa LohÏr gSaA blesa vorkjokn iw.kZ :is .k ekU; gSA bl lEiznk; esa iq :"kksRre rRo dks ije rRo ekuk x;k gSA Jhen~Hkkxor~ bldk vk/kkjHkwr xzUFk gS vkSj
;g 'kq¼ oS".ko lEiznk; gSA bl lEiznk; dh mikluk i¼fr esa uo/kk HkfDr vkS j v"V;ke oS/kh iw tk dk fo/kku gSA o` Unkou bldk /kke gS] Ckjlkuk bldk xz ke gSA Jh pj.knkl ls lEc¼ LFkku blds rhFkZ gSa vkS j fnYyh fLFkr eq [; LFky (xn~nh) bl lEiz nk; dk xq :}kjk gSA buds efUnjks a esa iw.kZr% o`Unkouh; iwtk&vpZuk dh i¼fr dk ikyu gks rk gSA oS".koksa esa ekU; lHkh rhFkZ] ozr] mRlo] deZdk.M] czãpkj] os 'kHkw"kk] Nkik&fryd rFkk vU; fof/k&fu"ks/k bl lEiznk; esa Hkh LohÏr gSaA ds oy ihroL=] Jh fryd rFkk vius vkpk;ksZ a ls lEcfU/kr o"kks ZRlo vkfn dq N gh ckrsa fof'k"V gSa] tks 'kqd lEiznk; rFkk vU; oS".ko lEiznk;ks a esa Hksndrk ds iz ek.k gSaA budh HkfDr lk/kuk uo/kk HkfDr ls Hkh vkxs c<+dj izs ek HkfDr rd igq¡pus dk y{; j[krh gSA bl lEiznk; ds vuq;k;h lxq.k lk/kdksa dh Hkk¡fr ,dkn'kh ozr] dhrZu] iw f.kZek&iz frink vkfn ds ozrkspkjksa dk ikyu djrs gSaAfu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;g ,d fo'kq¼ lxq.k oS".ko lk/kuk lEiz nk; gSA bl lEiz nk; dk viuk ,d lk/ku fl¼kUr gS] ftlds lEcU/k es a fdlh izdkj dk dHkh erHksn ugha jgk gSAbl lEiznk; ds vkfo"drkZ JheUukjk;.k ;k Jh Ï".k ekus x;s gSaA bl lEiznk; dh ekU;rk ds vuqlkj JheUukjk;.k ds fl¼kUrksa dks xq: ijEijk ls Jh 'kqdnso us izkIr fd;k] ftls mUgksaus vius f'k"; pj.knkl ds ek/;e ls lekt es a izpkfjr djk;kA blfy, bl lEiz nk; dk uke 'kqd lEiznk; gqvkA bl lEiznk; ds izorZd O;kl iq = 'kq dnso eqfu gS a ,oa pj.knkl th blds izpkjd vkpk;Z gSa A ;g lEiznk; vkxs pydj pj.knklth lEiznk; ds uke ls tkus tkuk yxkA bl lEiznk; esa czã dks f=xq.kkrhr]vxkspj] v:Ik] vuke] v[kaM] u Kkrk] u Kku] vdF;] vlhe] u lw{e vkSj u LFkw y] Nk;kfoghu ,oa vkdk'k dh Hkk¡fr loZO;kid crk;k gS ,oa czã u rks fuxqZ .k gS vkSj u lxq.k] u vkdkj gS vkSj u rks fujkdkj gh] u rks mldk dksbZ uke gS vkS j u /kke] og izxV Hkh gS] xqIr Hkh gSA rkRi;Z ;g fd og loZrksHkkos u o.kZukrhr gSA bl lEiznk; esa ekU;rk gS fd fuxZq .k&fujkdkj czã dh bPNk gh izÏfr ;k 'kfDr gS ,oa blh ls gh czãk.M dh mRifRRk gq bZ gSA ek;k ds Lo:Ik /kkj.k djus ds iwoZ cz ã v}Sr] v[ka M ,oa v}; Fkk] ijUrq mldh vUrfuZfgr lqlq Ir bPNk&'kfDr dh tkx`fr ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik ek;k vfLrRo esa vk x;hA ek;k dk lkFk gks tkus ds dkj.k czã us ijeiq:"k dk :Ik /kkj.k fd;k vkSj blh ijeiq:"k :Ik/kkjh cz ã us txr~ dh l`f"V dhA
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bl iz dkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd bl lEiznk; dk ijerRo lEcU/kh fpUru }S rk}Sr okn ls
feyrk&tqyrk gSA bl lEiznk; ds vf/kdka'k vkpk;Z czã ds lxq.k ,oa fuxq.kZ nksuks a Lo:iksa dss vfLrRo dks ekurs gSa vkS j ;g Hkh Lohdkj djrs gSa fd fuxZq .k gh vko';drk iM+us ij lxq.k :Ik /kkj.k dj ysrk gS] ftlds jke&Ï".k ;k dksbZ Hkh :Ik gks ldrs gSaA ;s vorkj ;k Lo:Ik Hkh ewyr% czã gh gSaA
pj.knklh lEiznk; dh lk/kuk es a ;ksx] deZ] Kku vkSj HkfDr dk lqUnj leUo; gSA bu pkjks a lk/kuk ekxks Za es a HkfDr gh fo'ks"k dkE; ekuh xbZ gS vkSj 'ks"k lk/kuk ekxZ mlds lk/ku ek= gSaA ;ks x dks bl lEiznk; esa lk/kuk dk vfuok;Z rRo ekuk x;k gSA blls fpÙkizo`fr;ksa ds fujks/k dh flf¼ gksrh gSA ;g iz sekHkfDr dk vko';d lksiku gSA pj.knkl th us ^/keZ&tgkt* uked xzUFk es a deZ dh O;k[;k ds lkFk mlds egRo dk iz friknu fd;k gSA fu"dke deZ dks uo/kk HkfDr dh vfHkO;fDr ekuk gSA bl lEiznk;
esa HkfDr dks loksZifj ekurs gq, czã ds fudV igq¡ pus dk lq xe vkSj lqjf{kr ekxZ ekuk gSA blesa Hkh lxq.k Hkko dh HkfDr gh xzkg~ ; gSA HkfDr ls n;k] {kek] nhurk] oSjkX;] thoueqfDr] Kku vkSj foosd vkfn 'kq Hky{k.k lk/kd esa Lor% gh vk tkrs gSaA v r %HkfDr dks Nks M+dj fdlh Hkh vU; lk/kuk ekxZ dks viukuk fujFkZd gSA tSlk fd dgk x;k gS%& bl lEiznk; esa uo/kk HkfDr dks tulk/kkj.k ds fy, mi;qDrre lk/kuk ekxZ rFkk mikluk i¼fr ekuk gS] ijUrq uo/kk HkfDr ls vkxs nkL; ,oa izsekHkfDr dks lk/; ekuk gSA bl HkfDr dks ikus ds fy, vuU; 'kj.kkxfr vko';d gSA bl lEiznk; us izsekHkfDr ;k l[khHkko dks loksZifj ekurs gq, dgk gS fd l[kh :Ik gh og lk/ku gS tks vkjk/; nso ds jktefUnj ds Hkhrj izfo"V gksus dh {kerk j[krk gSA lUr pj.knkl us xq: HkfDr ij Hkh vR;f/kd cy fn;k gSA muds erkuqlkj xq: dh efgek gfj ls 100 xquk vf/kd gSA
vr% gfj vkSj xq: esa ;fn pq uko djuk gks rks xq: dks izFke LFkku nsuk mfpr gksxkA ;fn gfj :B "h x;s rks dksbZ fpUrk dh ckr ugha gS] ijUrq xq: dks 'kh"kZ ij j[kuk pkfg, tks lc izdkj ls lgk;rk djrs gSaA bl lEiz nk; esa vusd xq: HkDr Fks ftudk ukedj.k gh xq: NkSuk] xq:izlkn] xq: eq[knkl] xq : lsod vkfn ds :Ik esa gqvk Fkk ,oa jke:Ikth dks xq: HkDrkuUn dh mikf/k iznku dh xbZ FkhA oLrqr% pj.knklh laiznk; ;k 'kq dlaiznk; iz/kkur% ,d oS".ko la iz nk; gS u fd fuxZ q.k la r laiznk;A bles a jk/kkÏ".k ds ;qxy :Ik dh oS/kh jhfr ls mikluk dk fo/kku gSA izpkj ,oa izlkj& lar pj.knkl th ds vusd f'k"; Fks ftudk o.kZu gesa ^xq:&HkfDr iz dk'k*] yhyk lkxj* ,oa xq:&efgek* uked xzaFkks a esa feyrk gS] ftuesa 52 f'k"; ofj"B ,oa iz eq[k Fks ftUgks aus ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa es a bl lEiznk; dh xfn~n;k¡ LFkkfir dhaA bl lEiznk; dh eq[; xn~nh fnYyh esa gS] tgk¡ pj.knkl ds ckn muds mRrjkf/kdkjh egUr tqxrkuUn th gq, Fks] fdUrq lUr pj.knkl dh xn~nh ds mÙkjkf/kdkj dks ys dj jke:ith] tqxrkuUn ,oa lgtks ckbZ ds e/; fookn gks tkus ds dkj.k rhuks a us pj.knkl th ds iz/kku LFky (iz/kku xn~nh) ds vkl&ikl viuh viuh Lora= xn~nh dh LFkkiuk dh tks bl lEiznk; esa vkpk;Z xfn~n;ksa ds :Ik esa tkuh tkrh gS vkS j iz/kku LFky dk iz cU/k gj eghus esa 10&10 fnu rhuksa xfn~n;k¡ lEHkkyrh gaSA pj.knkl th ds thoudky esa gh bl lEiz nk; dk izpkj ,oa iz lkj muds f'k";ksa&izf'k";ksa }kjk fnYyh izkar] vo/k] mRrj izns'k] iwoZ iatkc ,oa jktLFkku esa fd;k x;kA jktLFkku esa bl lEiznk; dk vR;f/kd izlkj t;iq j ,oa
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vyoj esa gqvk FkkA vyoj jkT; ds vUrxZr Msgjk esa pj.knkl th dh Nrjh cuh gq bZ gS
tgk¡ mudh Vks ih] ekyk,¡] xqnM+h ,oa pks yk lq jf{kr gSa A Hkknz in 'kq Dyk r rh;k dks ogk¡ mudk esyk Hkjrk gSA xq : NkSuk th dk ekpy (vyoj) esa iz/kku FkkEck FkkA fnYyh dh rhu vkpk;Z xfn~ n;ksa ds ckn ekpy xn~nh dh gh x.kuk gksrh Fkh] tks bl ckr dk ifjpk;d Fkh fd lEiz nk; es a egRo dh n`f"V ls mu rhu f'k";ksa ds ckn xq:NkSuk th dk gh LFkku FkkA t;iqj esa bl lEiznk; dk izpkj&izlkj pj.knkl th ds f'k"; vkRekjke] iz f'k"; v[kS jke ,oa ljlek/kqjh'kj.k }kjk fd;k x;kAv[kSjke th& xq:NkS uk th ds ofj"B f'k"; rFkk ;qxkorkj lar pj.knkl ds izcq¼ iz f'k"; v[kSjke th pj.knklh lEiznk; ds iz pkj&izlkj drkZvksa es ,d fof'k"V LFkku j[krs gSa A ,d fl¼ lk/kd ds :Ik esa v[kS jke th (v{k;jke) t;iqj jkT; esa iz[;kr rksFks gh] lkFk gh 'kh"kZdksfV ds dfo vkSj oS| ds :Ik esa Hkh mudh mruh gh [;kfr FkhA
v[kS jke t;iqj esa [k.Mkj ds jkLrs es a eksrh dVyk uked LFkku esa eB cukdj jgrs FksA t;iqj 'kkld lokbZ izrkifla g ds i=ksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd mudh la r pj.knkl esa vR;f/kd J¼k FkhA pj.knkl th ds ijyksd xeu ds dqN gh ekl iwoZ t;iqj ujs'k lokbzZ iz rkifla g th us v[kSjke th ds gh ek/;e ls pj.knkl th dks fnYyh ls t;iq j fuea f=r fd;k Fkk vkS j mudk izHkwr lRdkj fd;k FkkA bl ;k=k dk o.kZu xq: HkfDr iz dk'k ds i`ñ&211 ls 213 ds chp Lokeh jke:Ik th us cM+s foLrkj ls fd;k gSA
egkjkt izrkiflag us pj.knkl th ls t;iqj esa gh 'ks"k thou i;ZUr jgus dh iz kFkZuk dh vkS j viuh loZ iz dkjs.k lsok lefiZr djus dk izLrko fd;kA pj.knkl th us muls dqN Hkh ys us ls bUdkj dj fn;k] ijUrq egkjktk ds larks"k ds gsrq ,d xk¡o (dksyhokM+k xk¡o ftldh vkenuh 2000 :Ik;s lkykuk Fkh) vkSj 21 eqgjsa HksV esa ysdj lk/kqvksa ds lsokFkZ vius ikS = f'k"; (xq: NkSuk th ds f'k";) Jh v[kSjke dks lkSai fn;kA t;iqj esa vkdj pj.knkl th us xks foUn ns o th ds n'kZu fd;s ,oa jke efUnj ds rRdkyhu egUr ckykuUn th rFkk xks foUnnso efUnj ds egar xksfoUnkua n th ds lkFk lRlax fd;k FkkA os bl ;k=k esa 10 fnu ekpgM+h rFkk 10 fnu rd t;iq j esa :ds FksA ;g ,d izdkj ls lEiznk; izpkj ;k=k FkhA KkrO; gS fd egkjkt iz rkiflag ls nku esa iz kIr dksyhokM+k xk¡ o dh vkenuh ml le; 2000 #i;k lkykuk FkhA ;gh xzke lar pj.knkl ds LoxZoklh gks tkus ds ckn la or~ 1850 dks v[kSjke }kjk fufeZr o` Unkou es a pS u fcgkjh ds efUnj dksHkksx gs rq HksaV dj viuh J¼k fuosfnr dh FkhA
v[kSjke ds t;iqj fLFkr vVy fcgkjh th ds eafnj ds Hkks x ds fy, Hkh t;iqj ujs'k lokbZ izrkifla g us fljlh uked xzke ftldh vkenuh :0 1800 Fkh Hks aV fd;k FkkA eafnjksa ds fuekZ.kdrkZ ds :Ik esa v[kSjke th bl la iz nk; ds bfrgkl es a vfoLej.kh; ,oa vf}rh; gSa A mUgksa us vius thoudky esa vkB HkO; eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k fHkUu&fHkUu LFkkuks a ij djk;k vkSj izk;% lcls lqUnjre ewfrZ ;ksa dks i/kjk;kA ;s eafnj dqypk.kk] ekyk[ksMk] ftnkSyh] ekpy] nsYgkckl] vyoj] t;iqj vkS j o` Unkou esa cuok;s x;s FksA Jh v[kS jke th cgqHkk"kkfon~] mPpdks fV ds fpard] cgqeq[kh izfrHkk ds /kuh ,oa iz R;qRiUu dfo FksA ^v[kS lkxj*] ck.kxaxk ekgkRE;* vkSj oS|cks/k* &budh rhu izeq[k d`fr;k¡ gSaA v[kSlkxj* budh 14 NksVh&NksVh jpukvksa dk laxzg gSA
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Ckk.kxaxk ekgkRE; esa& Jh v[kS jke th us fnYyh ls vkdj t;iqj esa vius fuokl djus ds
dkj.kksa ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, t;iq j uxj dh iz 'kalk ds lkFk gh ogk¡ ds jktk lokbZ iz rkifla g rFkk muds rhu fo'oLr eqlkgcksa& jko [kq';kyh] nkS yrjke vkSj uUnjke dh Hkh i;kZIr iz'kalk dh gSA ;g fr rRdkyhu t;iqj ds bfrgkl ds v/;srkvksa ds fy, mRre nLrkost gSA Jh Nktwjke gfYn;k vkSj muds bu rhuksa iq=ksa ds bfrgkl ds lkFk gh t;iq j ds lokbZ egkjkt t;flag] muds iq= egkjkt ek/kks flag vkSj rRiq= egkjkt izrkifla g vkfn dbZ ihf<+;ksa dk izkekf.kd o`r bl jpuk es a lqjf{kr gSA la{ks ir% v[kSjketh pj.knkl th ds iz f'k"; oxZ esa lkfgR;<Zd] lEiznk;&izpkjd ,oa efUnj&fuekZrk ds #i esa vf}rh; FksA v[kSjkt th dk LoxZokl fo-la- 1858 ds vkl ikl ekuk tkrk gSA budh lekf/k eks rh dVyk uked ekSgYys esa buds }kjk fufeZ r vVy fcgkjh efUnj ifjlj esa cuh gqbZ gSA jktLFkku ds t;iqj] vyoj vkS j Hkjriqj dh fj;klrksa esa muds vuq;kf;;kssa ,oa f'k";ksa
dh la[;k cgqr vf/kd FkhA mudk izHkko lekt ds lHkh oxks Za ij Fkk] ;gk¡ rd fd vusd eqlyeku Hkh muls izHkkfor FksA ;|fi muds f'k";ksa dh la[;k 'krkf/kd Fkh] ijUrq muesa Hkh lEiznk; ds foLrkj ,oa lkfgR;&l`tu dh n`f"V ls Jh psrunkl] eksgunkl] /;kunkl] xksikynkl ,oa [kq 'kkykckbZ tSls f'k";ks a dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA [kq 'kkykckbZ t;iqj jkT; ds nhoku ,oa gfYn;k ifjokj dh iq =h FkhA ^v[kSlkxj* uked o`gr~ dk; xzUFk ds i`"B la 348&350 ij v[kSjke th }kjk cuok;s x;s efUnjksa ds o` Ùk vkSj i`"B la 350&356 ij ladfyr ^lk/kq efgek* uked xzUFk dh jpuk djus okyh [kq'kkykckbZz gh gS ,oa ^cq/k foykl* uked ,d Lora= fr dh jpuk dh gSAvkRekjke& pj.knkl th ds bgyks d R;kx ds ckn vkRekjke th us t;iqj uxj es a ctktksa ds cxhps ds ihNs fo'kky dh Mw¡ xjh ij vkRedqUt dk fuekZ.k dj lEiznk; dk iz pkj&izlkj djuk izkjEHk fd;kA t;iqj esa mudk ,d LFkku vkSj Fkk ftls ckjg xuxkSj dk LFkku dgrs gSaA vkRekjke th dks Hkh v[kSjke dh Hkk¡fr rRdkyhu 'kkld iz rkifla g th ls i;kZIr J¼k o lgk;rk izkIr gqbZ FkhA budh f'k";&ijEijk esa iz'kLr fo}ku] iz[kj oDrk vkS j Js"B dfo f'k";ks a dk ckgqY; FkkA pj.knklth ds bl f'k"; dh f'k";& izf'k"; ijEijk us lokZf/kd le`¼ dkO; jpuk dh FkhA buds fof'k"V f'k";ksa esa yf{knkl] Jh ekunkl] 'kksHkknkl] lqJh Kkuorh ckbZ] Jhiw .kZ nkl] thounkl] fujHkSnkl ds uke fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSA vkRekjke th dk ,d xzUFk ^lkfrd 'kqHk yPNu* ds uke ls iz fl¼ gSAvkRekjke bdaxh dk ijyksdokl&dky lañ 1867 gSA bldk izek.k ;g gS fd t;iqj lsvkesj tkus ds jkLrs ij jkex<+ ds dqN igys lM+d dh nkbZ a vksj dqN Nrfj;k¡ cuh gqbZ feyrh gSaA buesa ls ,d esa pj.knkl th dh iknqdk lañ 1853 dh cuh gqbZ gS] ftls Jh vkRekjke us cuok;k FkkA nwljh Nrjh esa vkrejketh dh iknqdk gS] tks lañ 1867 dh gSA
ljlek/kqjh 'kj.k& ljlek/kqjh 'kj.k th pj.knklh lEiznk; ds iqu:¼kjdks a esa 'kh"kZLFk ekus tkrs gSa A pj.knklh lEiz nk; ds uohu tkxj.k dk Js; bUgsa gh iz kIr gSA bUgksaus t;iqj 'kgj esa vkdj ikunjhck esa viuk Lora= LFkku cuk fy;k FkkA vc ml LFkku dk uke ljlfudqUt gSA mUgksaus iz k;% lHkh pj.knklh dsUæks a dk ifjHkz e.k fd;k vkSj ftl xn~nh dh FkksM+h lh Hkh iquthZ for gksus dh vk'kk Fkh] mlesa iz k.k&iz fr"Bk djus dk Hkjld iz;kl fd;kA ;s cgq r cM+s laxhrK] HktukuUnh] lEiznk;ks ¼kjd vkSj fl¼ egkRek FksA buesa /kkfeZd vkSj lkEiznkf;d lfg".kqrk bruh vf/kd Fkh vkSj ladh.kZrk dk bruk vHkko Fkk
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fd mUgksa us xkSjkax egkizHkq] fuEckdZ Lokeh] Jh gfjoa'k Lokeh vkSj lUr nknwn;ky vkfn dh
c/kkbZ vkSj muds efgek&xku ds inksa dh Hkh jpuk dh gSA os buds egksRloksa rFkk lkew fgd vk;kstuksa ds izksRlkgudrkZ vkSj Lo;a vk;kstd Hkh FksA bUgksa us jke&lHkk] lRlaxeaMy vkSj jkleaMyh vkfn vusd /kkfeZd laxBuksa dk xBu fd;k FkkA bUgks aus gtkjksa dh la[;k es a ckfu;ks a dh jpuk dhA budk ckfu;kasa dk laxzg ^ljl lkxj* 'kh"kZ d ls rhu Hkkxks a es a iz dkf'kr gks pq dk gSA buds iqLrdky; es a gtkjksa izkphu xzUFk la xzghr gS aA t;iqj ujs'k lokbZ ek/kksflag f}rh; ,oa vyoj rFkk fd'kux<+ ds jktk budk cgqr lEeku djrs FksA buds ,d lgL= ls vf/kd fojDr ,oa x`gLFk f'k";ks a us bl lEiznk; ds iqu:RFkku es a mYys[kuh; iz;kl fd;k gSA buds iz eq[k f'k";ksa esa ;qxyeuksgj 'kj.k] ekLVj ewypUn ch- ,- :iek/kqjh'kj.k] tqxyek/kqjh 'kj.k] jkeukjk;.k th] izseek/kqjh ckbZ th vkS j lqJh fd'kksjh ckbZ th vkfn fo'ks"k :Ik ls mYys[kuh; gSaA ljlek/kqjh'kj.k th ,oa muds
f'k";&iz f'k";ksa rFkk bu lcls izHkkfor ln~ xzgLFkksa dh Hkwfedk ds QyLo:Ik vkt Hkh t;iqj] vyoj ,oa jktLFkku ds dqN vU; uxj rFkk xz keh.k vapy pj.knklh lEiz nk; ls vuqizkf.kr vkS j vuqxq aftr gSA fu"d"kZ :Iks.k pj.knklh lEiznk; Jhen~Hkkxorkuqeksfnr ,oa Kku] deZ rFkk ;ksx ls ifjiq"V izsekHkfDrekxhZ oS".ko lk/kuk lEiznk; gSA bldsvkjk/; lf[k ifjdj ls for jk/kk&Ï".k ;qxy gSa ,oa o` Unkou bldk /kke gS rFkk Jhen~Hkkxor~ bldk vk/kkj xzUFk gSA bl lEiznk; ds lk/kuk ds {ks= esa fyax] tkfr vkSj /keZ ls laca/kh HksnHkko ls ijs gks us ds dkj.k blds f'k";&izf'k";ksa dh la[;k cgqr vf/kd Fkh] ftUgks aus bl lEiznk; ds izpkj&izlkj ,oa lkfgR; l`tu esa mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku fn;kA bl lEiznk; dk jktLFkku ds t;iqj] vyoj o vU; fj;klrks a esa O;kid izpkj&iz lkj gqvk rFkk t;iqj 'kkldka s }kjk bl lEiznk; dks fo'ks"k lEeku iznku fd;k x;kA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- vyoj jsdkMZl~ % cLrk ua ñ&112] xz UFkka d&1] pj.knkl dk thou pfj=] iñ&1] jk0jk0v0oh02- vyoj jsdkMZl % cLrk ua-&207] xzUFkkad iñ&3] yhyklkxj] iñ&30&333- pj.knklh lEiznk; vkSj mldk lkfgR; % MkW- ';kelqUnj 'kqDy] dyk izdk'ku] okjk.klh]
i`ñ&704- Okgh 5- vyoj jsdkMZl % cLrk ua-&207] xzUFkkad&1] iñ&4] yhyklkxj] i0&166] 215] 247] 268]
269] 2716- vyoj jsdkMZl % cLrk ua-&207] xzUFkkad&1] iñ&4] xq:HkfDr izdk'k % iñ&1157- xq:HkfDr izdk'k % iñ&2338- pj.knklh lEiznk; vkSj mldk lkfgR; % MkW- ';kelqUnj 'kqDy] iñ&19&209- xq:HkfDr izdk'k % iñ&10510- lgtizdk'k % i`ñ&9111- xq:HkfDr izdk'k % iñ&116&11712- lgtizdk'k % iñ&228&22913- xq:HkfDr izdk'k % iñ&22814- HkfDrlkxj % i`ñ&19415- pj.knklh lEiznk; vkSj mldk lkfgR; % MkW- ';kelqUnj 'kqDy] i`ñ&24516- mRrjh Hkkjr dh lar ijEijk % MkW- ij'kqjke prqosZnh] iñ&729
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17- vyoj jsdkMZl~ % cLrk ua-&51] xzUFkkad&1
18- t;iqj jsdkMZl~ % [kjhrs fgUnh vujftLVMZ MkD;wesUV EkU;qlfdZIV caMy ua-&4@1]Qkby ua-&2919- dksyhokM+k rFkk jkex<+ ijxuk lokbZ t;iqj] ijokuk % laor~ 1850 ekg onh 14] vVy
fcgkjh th dk eafnj t;iqj A20- t;iqj fjdkMZl~ % n~rj iq";] mfnd buke oxSjg] xzke fljlh rFkk vkesj ijxuk lokbZ
t;iqj] i`ñ&5021- pj.knklh lEiz nk; vkS j mldk lkfgR; % MkW - ';kelq Unj 'kq Dy] dyk iz dk'ku] okjk.klh&1996]
i`ñ&426&42722- pj.knklh lEiznk; vkSj mldk lkfgR; % MkW- ';kelqUnj 'kqDy] i`ñ&43223- pj.knklh lEiznk; vkSj mldk lkfgR; % MkW- ';kelqUnj 'kqDy] i`ñ&43224- pj.knklh lEiznk; vkSj mldk lkfgR; % MkW- ';kelqUnj 'kqDy] i`ñ&316
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& /keZ] vFkZ] dke] eks{k bu pkj izdkj ds iq#"kkFkks Za es a ls vFkZ ,oa dke dh vHkhIlk orZeku ;qx es a cyorh fn[kk;h nsrh gS ijUrq ys[k es a lkaxksikax fpUru fd;k x;k gS rFkk /keZ dh egRrk dks fo'ks"k :i ls izfrkikfnr djrs gq, crk;k x;k gS fdlh /keZ esa rhu iq#"kkFkZ vFkZ] dke] eks{k] ;fn u dsoy /keZ Hkh gks rks ges a ml dk;Z dks iw.kZ fu"Bk ,oa bZekunkjh ls
djuk pkfg,A iw .kZ:i ls Li"V fd;k x;k fd /keZ jfgr dke tks jko.k ds :i ea s ewfrZ eku gS egku vuFkZdkjh gS A vr,o geas furkUr :i ls /keZ ;qDr dk;Z Lo;a gh djuk pkfg, rFkk nwljks a dks Hkh izsj.kk nsuk pkfg,A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
gekjs /keZxzUFkksa esa /keZ dk fopkj dbZ <`f"V;ksa ls fd;k x;k gSA bu fofo/k fopkjkaa s dks ,d= dj mudk leUo; fd;k tk ldrk gSA /keZ dk lexz vkSj v[k.M :i ns[kus ds fy, ,slk djuk vko';d gSA fgUnw /keZ 'kkL=ks a es a /keZ dh vusdkusd ifjHkk"kk,¡ feyrh gS] mues ls dq N pquh gq bZ [kkl ifjHkk"kk,¡ nh tk jgh gS& pks nuky{k.kkFkksZ /keZ%A* vFkkZr~ HkxonkKk /keZ dk y{k.k gSA ;rks·H;qn;fu%Js;lflf¼%l /keZ%A* ftlds }kjk bl yksd esa vH;qn; rFkk vkxs ije dY;k.k dh izkfIr gks] og /keZ gSA ^/keZ ,oa grks gfUr /kes kZ
j{kfr jf{kr%A ^/keZ dk guu djus ls /keZ ekjrk gS rFkk /keZ dh j{kk djus ls og j{kk djrk gSA^;r% d`".kLrrks /kes kZ ;rks /keZLrrks t;%*A tgk¡ xks yksdoklh Hkxoku Jh d`".k gS ogk¡ /keZ gS vkSj tgk¡ /keZ gS ogk¡ fot; gSA /keZLreuqxPNfr*A vFkkZr /keZ gh gS tks e`R;q ds ckn Hkh ihNs&ihNs pyrk gSA /kkj.kk¼eZ fuR;kgq/keskZa /kkj;fr iz tk%*A /kkj.k djus okys dks /keZ dgrs gS a] /keZ iz tk dks /kkj.k djrk gSA prq foZ/k iq:"kkFkksZa es ls vFkZ vkS j dke dh ykylk] fo'ks "k:i ls bl ;qx esa bruh izcy gS fd yksx bl ckr dks Hkw y gh tkrs gSa fd bl vFkZ vkSj dke ds ewy es /keZ gh gSA dsoy vFkZ vFkok dsoy dkeksiHkksx thou dk dksbZ mnkÙk mn~ns '; ugha gSA budk R;kx u djsa ] ij budk xzg.k Hkh ogha mfpr gS] tgk¡ ;s /keZ ds fo:¼ u gks&cfYd /keZ ds }kjk gh izkIr gksaA /keZ ds foijhr tgk¡ vFkZ vkSj dke dks LokFkZe; vklqjh mik;ksa ls izkIr djus esa thou yxrk gS ogk¡ ?k`.kk vkS j }s"k gh
QSyrs gSaA ^/kekZFkZdkek% fdy rkr yksds leh{khrk /keZ Qyks n;s"kqA rs r= losZ L;qjla 'k;a es Hkk;sZ o o';kfHkerk lqiq=kAA ;fLeaLrq los Z L;q jlfUufo"Vk /keksZ;r% L;kÙknqiØesrA }s";ks HkoR;FkZijks fg ykssds dkekRerk [kYofi u iz'kLrkAA1
^/keZ ls iz kIr gksus okys lq[k lkSHkkX;kfn dh iz kfIr esa tks /keZ&vFkZ&dke :i mik; ekus x;s gSaA os ,d /keZ esa gh fLFkr gSa] tSls ifr ds v/khu jgus okyh deZ esa rhuksa iq#"kkFkZ
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012130
lfUufo"V u gksa (ij ,d /keZ gks) rks ftlds /keZ dh flf¼ gksrh gks ogh deZ fu%lansg
djuk pkfg,A /keZ dk ifjR;kx dj vFkZijk;.k jgus okyk iq#"k bl yksd es }s"; gksrk gSA blh rjg dkeijk;.k dh dkekRerk Hkh fuUnuh; gSA
^/keZfo#¼ks Hkwrs"kq dkeks·fLe HkrZ"kZHkAA*2
Hkxoku us Li"V :i ls dgk gS fd ogh dke gS tks /keZ ds vuqqdwy gSA /keZ jfgr dke] tks jko.k :i es a ewfrZ eku gS] fdruk vuFkZdkjh gS& bldh f'k{kk jkek;.k us] vkSj /keZ jfgr vFkZ] tks nq ;ksZ/ku :i esa ewfrZeku gS] fdruk uk'kdkjh gS& bldh f'k{kk egkHkkjr us nh gSA Hkkxordkj us Hkkxor ds ek/;e ls ;g crkuk pkgk fd vFkZ vkSj dke i'kq&thou gS a] euq"; dks lnkpkj ds }kjk bu nksuks a dk fu;U=.k dj i'kqdksfV ls Åij mBuk pkfg;sA blls Hkh Åij nsodksfV esa euq"; rc igq¡ p ldrk gS tc tho dk ije y{;& vFkkZr~ eks{k] bZ'oj&HkfDr vkS j ijekuUn dh izkfIr lrr mlds lkeus jgsA bl
y{; ds lEeq[k gks us ls /keZ] vFkZ] dke dk ijLij&lEcU/k vkSj fQj eks{k ds lkFk mudk lEcU/k ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA
^rnk··;Z/keZ'p foyh;rs u .kka o.kkZJekpkj;qrlz;he;%A rrks·FkZ dkekfHkfuos f'krkReuka 'kquka dihukfen o.kZ'k³~dj%AA3
vFkkZr~ rc jktk ds u jg tkus ij euq ";ksa dk o.kkZJekpkj;q Dr oS fnd vk;Z /keZ yqIr gks tkrk gS] vFkZ&yksHk vkSj dkeokluk ds foo'k gksdj yksx dq Ùkks a ,oa cUnjks a ds leku o.kZ'k³~dj gks tkrs gSa A
^/keZL; ákioxZL; ukFkksZ·FkkZ ;ksidYirsA ukFkZL; /keSZdkUrL; dkeks ykHkk; fg Le`r%AA dkeL; usfUnz; iz hfrykZHkks thosr ;korkA
thoL; rRoftKklk ukFkks Z ;'psg deZ fHk%AA*4vFkkZr~ /keZ dk Qy gS& lalkj ds cU/kuksa ls eq fDrA mlls ;fn dqN lkalkfjd
lEifÙk mikftZ r dj yh tk; rks ;g dks bZ mldh lQyrk rks ugha gSA /ku dk Qy gS ,dek= /keZ dk vuq"Bku] ;g u djds ;fn mlls dkeksiHkksx dh dq N lkexz h la xzghr dj yh tk; rks og dksbZ cM+h ifjyfC/k ugha gS] Hkksx dh lkekfxz;ks a dk Hkh ;g ykHk ugha gS fd bfUnz ;ksa dks r`Ir fd;k tk;A ftrus ls thou fuokZg gks] mruk gh Hkksx i;kZ Ir gSA thou fuokZ g dk ;g Qy ugha fd vusd izdkj ds deksZa ds ipM+s es a iM+k jgsaA mldk ykHk rks ;gh gSa fd rRo ftKklk gks vkS j lR;kuqlU/kku djsA /keZ ls gh fpÙk dh lqf¼ gksrh gSA fpÙk'kqf¼ ds fcuk Hkxoku dh vksj ys tkus okys deZ;ksx] /;ku;ksx] Hkfä;ksx vkSj Kku;ksx ds ekxZ ij dksbZ py ugha ldrkA
/keZ ds dq N vaaxksa dk fu:i.k o.kkZJe&/keZ ls gksrk gSA pkrq o.;Z ds ewy esa Js"B&dfu"B gks us dh dksbZ Hkkouk ugha gSa] cfYd JefoHkkx rFkk ijLij vkJ; dh uhao ij ;g ,d cqf¼la xr LFkk;h lkekftd O;oLFkk gSA izR;s d o.kZ dk viuk lgt /keZ gksrk gS a] mlh dks o.kZ/keZ dgrs gS aA vkJe /keZ pkj vkJ;ksa ls lEcU/k j[krk gSA czáp;Z] xz gLFk okuizLFk vkSj lU;klh ;s pkj vkJeksa gSaA vkReKku ds ekxZ esa ;s pkj iM+ ko gS] buesa ls gksrs gq , euq "; lq xerk ds lkFk Øe'k% R;kx ds }kjk vkReKku ds vf/kdkf/kd O;kid {ks=ksa esa igq ¡prk gSA /keZ dk ,d oxhZdj.k gSA blesa fuR; rFkk uS fefäd deZ vkrs gSaA tks fuR;deZ ;s gS a&
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lU/;k Lukua tiks gkse% nsorkkuka p iwtue~A
vkfrF;a oS'onsoa p "kV~ dekZf.k fnu fnusAA Luku] lU/;ksiklu rFkk ti] gkse] ns orkpZu] vfrfFk lRdkj ,oa oS'onso& ;s
iz frfnu djus okys "kVdeZ gSaA uSfefÙkd deZ os gSa] tks fo'ks"k voljksa ij tSls vekoL;k ,oa iwf.kZek ds fnu
n'kZiw.kZekl vkfn fd;s tkrs gSa A dkE; deZ os gSa tks fo'ks"k dkeukvks a dh iwfrZ ds fy, fd;s tkrs gS aA
^,oekpjrks n` "V~ ok /keZL; eq u;ks xfre~A loZL; rilks ewyekpkja tx`gq% ije~AA
bl izdkj eqfu;ks a us vkpkj ls /keZ dh izkfIr ns[kdj lc riksa dk ije ewy vkpkj dks gh ekuk gSA
^eaxykpkj ;qDrkuka fuR;a p iz;rkReuke~A tirka tqàrka pSo fofuikrks u fo|rsAA
fuR; 'kqq Hk vkpkj.k djus vkSj eu dks o'k esa j[kus okyksa dk rFkk t; ,oa gksse djus okyksa dk dHkh iru ugha gksrkA /keZ dk lkekU; ,oa fo'ks "k dh nf"V ls ,d vkS j oxhZdj.k gS tks lcds fy, leku ftls tks bl izdkj crk;k x;k gS&
^vfgalk lR;eLrs;a 'kkS pfefUnz; fuxzg%A ,oa lkekflda /keZ pkrqoZ.;sZ·czohUeuq%AA
vFkkZr~ vfgalk] lR;] pks jh u djuk rFkk bfUnz;ksa dks o'k esa j[kuk ;s pkjksa o.kksZa ds fy, leku /keZ euq us crk;s gSa A xkSre us vius /keZ'kw=ksa es a lkekU; /keZ dks bl izdkj crk;k gS & ^vFk k"Vkok Rexq.k k%A n;k lo ZH kw rs "k q {k kf Urjulw;k 'k kSpeuk;klk s
ea xye&dkiZ .;eLi` gs frAA vFkkZ r lc iz kf.k;ks a ij n;k] {kek] vuq lw ;k] 'kq fprk] vfrJeotZ u] 'kq Hk esa izo`fÙk] nku'khyrk vkS j fuyks ZHkrk ;s vkB vkRexq.k of.kZr fd;s gSaA
fo'ks"k /keZ os gSa] tks L=h&iq#"k] o.kkZJe vkfn ds Hksn ls mRiUu gksrs gSa&tS ls fL=;ks a dk L=h /keZ iq#"kksa dk iq#"k /keZA o.kksZ esa cz ká.k /keZ vkfnA vkJeksa esa czápkfj /keZ]x`gLFk /keZ vkfnA
xkSrekfn Le`frdkjksa us vkRexq.kksa ds vfrfjDr thou dh fo'ks"k&fo'ks "k voLFkkvks a esa djus ds fo'ks"k&fo'ks"k laLdkjks a dk Hkh funsZ'k fd;k gSA xHkkZ/kku ls ysdj vUR;sf"V rd ,sls 40 (pkfyl) la Ldkj gSA la Ldkj mls dgk tkrk gS] ftlls nks"kks dk viektZu gks rk gS rFkk xq.kks dk mRd"kZ gksrk gSa SA
^xkHkS ZgkS ZeS tkZrdeZpkS MekSŒthfucU/kuS%A
cSftda xkfHkZ da pSuks f}tkukeie` T;rsAA Lok/;k;s u cz rS gksZeSL=Sfo|susT;;k lqrS%A egk;KS'p ;KS'p czkãh;a fØ;rs ruq%AA9
vFkkZ r~ xHkZ dks ifo= djus okys gkse ls] tkrdeZ] pw M+ kdeZ] ekSŒthcU/ku (miu;u)vkfn laLdkjks a ds f}tksa ds cSftd (cht ls vk;s gq,) vkSj xkfHkZd (xHkZ tfur) nks "k u"V gks tkrs gS a A Lok/;k;] oz r] gks e] os n=;h dk v/;;u vkS j rnuq dw y deZ] ns o&½f"k&fir riZ .k] iz tks Riknu] iap egk;K rFkk T;ksfr"Vksekfn ;Kksa ds }kjk ekuo&'kjhj czkã vFkkZ r~ czãiz kfIr dk ;ks X; lk/ku curk gSA
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012 133
ijk'kjLe` fr dk O;ogkj&iz dj.k yq Ir gks x;k gS] ds oy vkpkj vkS j iz k;f'pr&iz dj.k
'ks "k gSa A ;s lHkh iq jkru Le`frxzUFk gS vkSj Hkkjro"kZ es a loZ = ekus tkrs gS aA /keZ ds ew y lzksr osn] os nfonksa dh Le` fr vkSj 'khy] lRiq#"kks a ds vkpkj vkSj vkRerq f"V gSa ] ;Fkk&
^os nks·f[kyks /keZ ewya Le`fr'khys p rf}nke~Avkpkj'pSo lk/kw ukekReuLrqf"Vjso pAA*16
dq Yywd HkV~V bl 'yksd dh Vhdk djrs gq, ^vkReuLrqf"V* dk vFkZ djrs gSaSA ^lk/kwuka /kkfeZdk.kke~ vkRerqf"V'p oSdfYid inkFkZ fo"k;k /kesZ izek.ke~A*
vFkkZr~ ftl fo"k; es a fodYi gks] ml fo"k; es a lRiq#"kksa dh vkRe&rqf"V /keZ fu.kZ ; esa iz ek.k gSA fofHkUu /keZlw=ksa] /keZ'kkL=ksa vkSj fucU/k xz UFkks a dk Lo:i vkSj dkyØe o.kZu eSaus foLrkj iwoZd ,d xzUFk es a fd;k gSA bu /keZ lw =kfn xzUFkksa esa vkpkj] O;ogkj vkS j iz k;f'pr&fo"k; of.kZr gSaA O;ogkj izdj.k vc cgqr dqN dkuwuksa vkSj U;k;ky;ksa ds
}kjk cny x;k gSA izk;f'pr izdj.k Hkh iz kFkZuk] iwtk vkS j HkfDr ds izHkko ls cgqr {kh.k gks x;k gSA
^izk;f'pÙkkU;'ks"kkf.k ri% dekZRedkfu oSA ;kfu rs"kke'ks"kk.kka Jhd` ".kkuqLej.ka ije~ AA*
tks ri% dekZ Red v'ks"k izk;f'pr gSa] mu lces a loksZifj izk;f'pr Jhd` ".kkuqLej.k gSA o` fÙk;ksa ds fo"k; esa rks cgqr ifjorZ u gks x;k gSA vLi`';rk izk;% mB gh x;h gSA ij cgqr ls laLdkj] fo'ks "kr% "kV~ deZ] miu;u] fookg] riZ.k] Jk¼ vkSj laU;kl vHkh rd thfor gSaA foKku vkS j jk"Vª okn] lektokn vkSj lkE;okn ds bl ;q x esa vkRexq .kksa dk] fo'ks"kr% lR; ,oa vfgalk dk vkxz g egkRek xka/kh ds }kjk bruk c<+k& ;g ckr fdlh Hkh iz dkj ls Hkqyk;h ugha tk ldrhA /keZ vkS j eks{k dh Hkkouk Hkkjrh;ksa ds g`n; esa bruh
c¼ewy gS fd og U;wukf/kd :i esa lnk cuh jgsxhA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- okYehfd jkek;.k v;ks/;kdk.M& 21] 56&572- Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk& 7] 113- Jhen~Hkxoriqjk.k& 1@18@454- Jhen~Hkxoriqjk.k& 1@2@9&105- euqLe`fr& 1@1106- euqLe`fr& 4@1467- xkSre /keZlw=& 7@20] 228- xkSre /keZlw=& 89- euqLe`fr& 2@27&2810- czãlw= Hkk";& 1@1@411- Jhen~Hkxorxhrk& 18@512- Jhen~Hkxorxhrk& 3@10&1313- ijk'kjLe`fr& 2@214- ijk'kjLe`fr& 2@615- Jqfr 16- euqLe`fr& 2@6
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euksfoKku esa vUr% lkaLdfrd v/;;u euksfoKku esa vUr% lkaLdfrd v/;;u euksfoKku esa vUr% lkaLdfrd v/;;u euksfoKku esa vUr% lkaLdfrd v/;;u euksfoKku esa vUr% lkaLdfrd v/;;u
¹ ujs'k dq ekj usek ¹ ujs'k dqekj usek ¹ ujs'k dq ekj usek ¹ ujs'k dqekj usek ¹ ujs'k dqekj usek
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¹ 525] fo|kiqje] cVkfy;u jksM] edjksfu;k lkxj (e0iz0)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& vUr% lkaLd`frd euksfoKku euksoS Kkfud 'kks/kksa dk og {ks= gS ftles a fofHkUu lkaLd`frd ifjoR;ksZ] lalkj ds fofHkUu Hkkxks a es a fuokl djus okyh vkfne tkfr;ksa] iztkfr;ks a ds O;ogkj dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS A euksoS Kkfudks a ds vuqlkj pwW afd bu yksxks a ds fparu]izR;{khdj.k] ijEijkvksa] :f<+;qfDr;ks a ,oa O;ogkjks a ds <ax vyx&vyx gqvk djrs gS a vr%
foxr o"kksZ ls euksoSKkfudksa rFkk vU; lekt euksoSKkfudksa us lkaLd`frd izHkkoksa dk lko/kkuhiwoZd v/;;u djuk izkjaHk fd;k gS rFkk cM+s gh egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke izkIr fd;s gS aA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
ekuo O;ogkj ls lEcfU/kr ifjdYiukvks a dk ijh{k.k djus ds mn~ ns '; ls u` rRo'kkfL=;ks a }kjk vUr% lkaLd`frd fof/k dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k rFkk laLd`fr dh rqyuk djus dh i¼fr;ksa vkSj muls izkIr vkaW dM+ ksa dh fo'ys"k.k dh jhfr;ksa ij cgqr xgu fopkj gq vkA u`rRo'kkfL=;ksa us lkaLd` frd rqyuk ds nks ykHk cryk;s gS aA ;s nksuks a ykHk ,d nw ljs ls lEcfU/kr gS aA igyk ykHk ;g gS fd tks Hkh ifj.kke izkIr gks rs gSa os laLd`fr fof'k"V u gksdj lHkh euq ";ks a ds fy, lkekU; gksrs gSaA nwljk ykHk ;g gS fd ftu pjks a dk v/;;u fd;k tkuk gS mudh mikns ;rk esa o`f¼ gks tkrh gSA euks foKku es a pk{kq "k Hkzeksa ds
vUr%lkaLd`frd izk;ksfxd v/;;u loZizFke fjolZ (1901) ds }kjk chloha 'krkCnh dsvkjEHk esa Vkfjl LVsV~ l ds fofHkUu vkfne lewgksa ij fd;s x;s FksA bu v/;;uksa esa ik;k x;k fd izR;{khdj.k es a izkR;f{kd vuqeku lEcU/kh vftZ r vknrks a dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA ekxZ u (1956) us nf{k.k vÝhdk ds tutkfr;ksa ds v/;;uksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g er O;Dr fd;k fd fofHkUu Hkzeks a dh izHkkoo';rk Hkz e vkd`fr;ksa ds vukoj.k dky ij fuHkZ j djrh gSA xgjkbZ iz R;{khdj.k ds v/;;uks a ds varxZr gMlu (1960) us 'os r vkSj dkys nf{k.k vÝhdh cPpksa dh fofHkUu lkaLd`frd vuqfØ;kvksa ds vk/kkj ij fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd f=foekRed xgjkbZ iz R;{k ds fodkl es a Ldwyh f'k{kk dsoy ukeek= dk lg;ks x iznku djrh gSA okLro esa ;g fodkl i;kZoj.k ds vU; lka Ld`frd dkjdksa ij fuHkZ j gksrk gSA euks oSKkfudksa rFkk lekt'kkfL=;ksa us laLd`fr dh fHkUurk ds lanHkZ esa Hkh
v/;;u fd;s gSa A bu v/;;uksa esa laLd`fr dh fHkUurk ds dkj.k rjg&rjg ds lkekftd O;ogkj fodflr gksrs ik;s x;s gS aA ekxZjsV ehM (1953) ds vuqlkj laLd` fr dk ekuo thou esa dsoy ;gh egRo ugha gS fd mlds vuqHko fu;a f=r gksrs gSa cfYd mldh thou'kSyh] n.M rFkk iq:Ldkj] vuq'kklu Hkh laLd`fr ds }kjk gh lapkfyr gks rs gSaA iz fl¼ euksoSKkfud ,YÝsM ,Myj us izHkqRo izs jd dks ekuo thou esa lcls egRoiw .kZ iz sjd ekuk gSA muds vuqlkj ekuo thou ds izR;sd {ks = esa euq"; nwljksa ij izHkqRo ikus
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012 135
dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd izHkqRo izsjd ds ifj.kkeLo:i izfr}fU}rk vkSj
iz fr;ksfxrk dh Hkkouk fofHkUu lektksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA U;wfxuh ds ,sjkis'k vkfne tkfr esa vkRexkS jo dh izo`fRr bruh de ns [kh xbZ gS fd ogkWa bl izo fRr dks vlkekU; ekuk tkrk gSA tw uh rFkk gksih vkfne Hkkjrh;ksa esa Hkh ;g izo` fRr ns [kh tkrh gSA bu tutkfr;ksa esa lekt ds izfrf"Br rFkk Js"B O;fDr;ksa dks izfr;ks fxrk esa Hkkx ugha ys us fn;k tkrk gSA twuh ckydks a ij fd;s x;s iz;ks x ds vk/kkj ij ik;k x;k fd izfr;ksfxrk es a os vkS jksa lsvkxs c<+ us dh dksbZ dks f'k'k ugha djrs vkSj nwljksa ls vPNs ifj.kke fn[kkus es a fgpdrs gSa D;ksafd budks cpiu ls gh vkRexkSjo dh izo`fRr dks fu:Rlkfgr djuk fl[kyk;k tkrk gSA O;fDrRo ij la Ld`fr ds izHkko dks fn[kykus ds fy, ekuo'kkfL=;ksa ,oa euksoSKkfudks a us Hkh dkQh iz;kl fd;s gSa A ehM us v/;;u esa U;wfxfu;k dh rhu tutkfr;ksa ,sjkis'k] eq.Mqxqeks j rFkk 'kkEcqyh ds O;fDrRo ds 'khyxq.kksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u fd;kA bl
v/;;u ds vuq lkj ,s jkis'k tkfr ds L=h rFkk iq :"k nks uksa ds O;fDrRo esa lg;ks x] lH;rk rFkk fouezrk dk xq .k vf/kd ik;k x;k] QyLo:i ,sjkis'k tkfr ds O;fDr;ksa es a vkRefo'okl] lg;ksx dh Hkkouk] 'kka frfiz;rk] vkfn 'khyxq .k gksrs gSaA eq.Mqxqeks j tkfr ds yks xksa dh laLd`fr ,sjkis'k dh laLd` fr ds foijhr gksrh gSA bl la Ld`fr esa iq:"kRo ls lEcfU/kr xq.kksa ij vf/kd cy Mkyk tkrk gSA L=h rFkk iq:"k nksuksa dks gh vkØe.k'khyrk rFkk fonzksgh cuuk vPNk le>k tkrk gSA tks L=h ;k iq:"k ,slk ugha cu ikrs gSa] mUgsa mis{kk rFkk ?k`.kk dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk gSA QyLo:i bl tkfr ds O;fDrRo dk eq[; 'khyxq.k vkØe.k'khyrk rFkk >xM+kywiu gksrk gSA 'kkEcqyh tkfr dh laLd` fr dqN fofp= gSA bl laLd`fr esa iq:"k ogh dke djrs gSa tks gekjs lekt esa ukfj;kW a djrh gSaA fL=+;kWa 'kkld gksrh gS a] ?kj ds ckgj ds dk;Z djrh gSa rFkk dfBu rFkk tks f[ke Hkjs dk;Z
djrh gSa bldk ifj.kke ;g gks rk gS fd iq:"kksa ds O;fDrRo es a ukjhRo ds xq .k tSls fouezrk] ytkyqiu] lg;ksfxrk vkfn vf/kd gks rk gS rFkk ukfj;ksa esa iq:"kRo ds xq.k tSlsvkØedrk] izHkqRo vkfn xq .k vf/kd ik;s tkrs gS aA
Hkwfedk fuokZ g esa ls Dl lEcU/kh v/;;uksa esa ns[kk x;k gS fd L=h vkS j iq:"k dh Hkwfedk;sa fHkUu&fHkUu laLd`fr;ks a esa fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSaA tw uh laLd`fr ds yksxksa dsv/;;uksa esa ns [kk x;k gS fd nS fud thou ls lEcfU/kr vf/kdka 'k fu.kZ; iq:"kks a dh vis{kk fL=;kWa ysrh gSa A vius ns'k esa yksxksa esa ls Dl lEcU/kh Hkwfedk fuokZ g es a iq:"kks a ls ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd og vkØked O;ogkj viuk,xsa] tcfd fL=;ksa ls vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd og lsDl Hkwfedk;sa djrs le; lgu'khyrk dk O;ogkj viuk,xha A dkVt (1975) usvius v/;;u es a ns[kk fd yksx dkyh iztkfr dh vis{kk 'osr iz tkfr ds yksxks a dh
lgk;rk djuk vf/kd ilan djrs gSaA izFke egk;q¼ ds le; uhxzks vkSj xksjs jax:Vksa dh cq f¼ ijh{kk djds ;kDlZ us ;g ifj.kke fudkyk fd mudh ckS f¼d vk;q Øe'k% 10-4 o"kZ vkS j 13-1 o"kZ FkhA blds fo:¼ DykdZ us U;w ;kdZ vkSj ykWl ,UtsYl esa fd;s x;s iz ;ksxksa ls ;g ifj.kke fudkyk fd xksjs vkSj uhxzks yksxks a dh cqf¼ esa dks bZ fo'ks"k varj ugha gSA DykbuoxZ ds v/;;uksa esa mRrjh vkSj nf{k.kh vesfjdk ds uhxzks yks xksa esa cqf¼yfC/k dk varj ik;k x;k D;ksa fd mRrjh vesfjdk ds uhxzks yksxks a dh f'k{kk vkS j ifjos'k lEcU/kh vU; ckrsa vf/kd mUur FkhA blds vfrfjDr dqN fo}kuks a us ;g Hkh la dsr fd;k gS fd bl izdkj dh cqf¼ ijh{kkvksa esa uhxzks yks xksa dks lnS o vlqfo/kk jgrh gS D;ksafd ;s ijh{kk;s a
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xksjh tkfr ds yksxks a ds fy, cukbZ tkrh gSa A ,d iz tkfr ds fy, cukbZ xbZ cq f¼ ijh{kk;sa
nwljh iz tkfr ij dke ugha ns ldrh gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa Hkh fgUnqvksa vkSj tutkrh; lektksa ds jgu&lgu jhfr&fjoktksa] ijEijkvksa] /keZ] dyk rFkk ewY;ksa esa Hkkjh varj ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ,d vks j fganw euq"; gR;k dks egkiki le>rs gSa ogha nw ljh vksj ukxk tutkfr ds yksxksa esa tks O;fDr ftrus vf/kd uj eq.M dkVdj ykrk gS mldk mruk vf/kd lEeku gksrk gSA gR;k djus okys O;fDr ls fganqvksa esa dksbZ Hkh yM+dh tkucw>dj fookg djuk ila n ugha djsxhA blds fo:¼ ukxk tutkfr ds yksxksa esa ftl O;fDr us dHkh dksbZ flj ugha dkVk gks] mlls dksbZ L=h fookg ugha djrhA tutkfr;ksa es a Hkh lkaLd`frd varj fn[kykbZ iM+ rs gS aA ukxk fljksa ds f'kdkjh gSa] Hkhy yM+kdw gS a] laFkky lh/ks&lk/ks gksrs gSaA lkaLd` frd v/;;uksa esa *;q;qRlka* ftldk vFkZ *dyg^ ls gS] tutkfr;ks a esa ;q¼ dk dkj.k ;gh izo fRr gSA bl iz o`fRr ds mRiUu gksus ds nks dkj.k gSa izFke 'kkjhfjd
vko';drkvksa dh larqf"V esa ck/kk] f}rh; f'k{kk ;k og okrkoj.k ftlls O;fDr bl iz o`fRr dks vftZr djrk gSA ;g izo`fRr dqN yksxksa es a vf/kd ek=k esa rFkk dqN es a de ek=k esa ikbZ tkrh gSA U;wfxuh dh eqaMqxqeksj tkfr ds yksxksa esa cgqr vf/kd ek=k esa ;g iz o`fRr ikbZ tkrh gSA ;g yks x euq";Hk{kh Hkh gksrs gSaA bl lekt ds yksxks a esa ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd bl lekt ds cPps dyg ds okrkoj.k esa iyrs gSa tgkWa bUgs a dyg ls lacaf/kr uew us jks t ns[kus dks feyrs gS aA buds firk bUgsa ugha pkgrs gSA ,sls cPps bZ";kZ] }s"k] iz fr'kks/k]vkRe iz n'kZu rFkk dyg ds okrkoj.k esa iyrs gSa bl okrkoj.k ls gh bu cPpksa dks ;q;qRlk dh izo`fRr viukus dh f'k{kk izkIr gksrh gSA
,s'k (1937) us ,d v/;;u esa ;g ns[kk fd gksih tkfr ds cPpksa esa [ksydwn ds le; Li/kkZ ugha ik;h tkrh gSA xks YMeSu (1937) us twuh laLd` fr ds yksxksa dk v/;;u
djds ns[kk fd ;g yks x nw ljksa dh pqxyh djds ;k nwljksa ij nks"kkjksi.k djds ;k pkyckth ls nw ljksa dks uhpk fn[kkdj lekt es a viuh izfr"Bk cukuk pkgrs gSaA ,d v/;;u esa iksfyl (1950) us xzhd tutkfr ds yksxksa ds vkRe iz R;; vkS j if'peh la Ld`fr ds vkRe izR;; dk rqyukRed v/;;u fd;kA bl v/;;u esa ns[kk x;k fd og dkS u gS] muds y{; D;k gSa vkSj mudk O;ogkj D;k gksuk pkfg, vkfn iz'uksa ds fu/kkZ j.k esa s xzhd tutkfr ds yksx viuk mRrjnkf;Ro u le>dj lewg dk mRrjnkf;Ro le>rs gSa tcfd vU; if'peh laLd` fr ds yks x bl izdkj ds iz'uksa ds fu/kkZj.k es a Lo;a dks mRrjnk;h le>rs gSaA la Ld`fr ds fuekZ .k esa vkSj fodkl esa Hkk"kk dk u ds oy egRoiw .kZ dk;Z gS cfYd Hkk"kk laLd`fr dk ,d egRoiw .kZ Hkkx Hkh gSA bl fn'kk esa ,d egRoiw .kZv/;;u ysucxZ (1984) us okfpd dwV la dsru dh lgk;rk ls fd;k ;g v/;;u tw uh
bf.M;Ul iz ;ksT;ksa ij fd;k x;kA bl iz;ksx ds vk/kkj ij euksoSKkfudksa us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd ja xksa dh igpku vkS j muds ukedj.k esa ?kfu"B lEcU/k gks rk gSA bu euksoSKkfudks a us vius v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij ;g Hkh crk;k fd twuh bf.M;u iz;ksT;ksa esa ls vf/kd iz ;ksT;ks a us ukjaxh vkS j ihys ja x ds igpkuus esa dfBurk dk vuqHko fd;kA lekthdj.k dk {ks = ,s lk gS ftles a euks oS Kkfudks a ds vfrfjDr lekt'kkfL=;ks a ] u` rRo'kkfL=;ks a rFkk laLd`fr ds v/;srkvksa dh Hkh :fp jgh gSA bu lcds mn~ns'; fHkUu gksus ij Hkh bu lcds va rxZ r ckY;dkyhu vuqHkoksa dk izkS<+ O;ogkjksa ds lkFk laca/k ns [kus dk iz ;kl fd;k x;k gSA cPpksa ds ikyu iks "k.k ds lEcU/k esa clq (1979) us f=iqjk ds vkfnokfl;ksa
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ds ,d v/;;u ls Kkr fd;k fd cPps ds tUe ds lkFk cgq r lkjs dR; vkSj VksVds tqM+s
gq, FksA nw/k NqM+ kus dk dksbZ tkucw >dj iz;kl ugha fd;k tkrk gS lkFk gh 'kkS pkfn fØ;k dk Hkh izf'k{k.k cPpksa dh 'kkjhfjd ifjiDork ij fuHkZj djrk gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- ÝheSu] ,Q-,e- (1962) F;ksjh ,aM izSfDVl vkWQ lkbdksykftdy VsfLaVx] ubZ fnYyh%
vkDlQksMZ ,aM vkbZ-ch-,p-2- ehM] th- ,p-(1956) vku lks'ky lkbdksykWth % fpdkxks ;wfuZojflVh-3- feJ] fxjh'oj ,oa tSu] mn; (1994) lekt euksfoKku ds ewy vk/kkj] f}rh; la'kksf/kr
ifjof¼Zr laLdj.k] e/;izns'k fganh xzaFk vdkneh] Hkksiky-4- jkWd] vkbZ (1975) ,u bUVªksMD'ku Vw ijlsI'ku] U;w;kdZ] eSdfeyu-5- flax] v:.k dqekj (2000) mPprj lkekU; euksfoKku] f}rh; la'kksf/kr ,oa ifjof¼Zr
laLdj.k] fnYyh-6- JhokLro] Mh-,u- (1984) vk/kqfud lekt euksfOkKku] "k"Ve laLdj.k] gjizlkn HkkxZo
vkxjk&4-7- flUgk] Mh (1982) lksf'k;ks&dYpjy QSDVj ,aM n MsOyiesaV vkWQ ijlsIpqvy ,.M
dkWxuhfVo fLdYl (okY;we 6) fpdkxks% n ;wfuZojflVh vkQ fpdkxks izslA
RNI No. MP BIL 01034/12/1/2005-TC ISSN 0973-3914
iz ks- cz txks iky 'kq Dy 41@42] j?kq oa 'k lnu] fcfN;k] jhok (e-iz-)& 486001
Phone - (07662) 255177, 9425186437E-mail - [email protected]@rediffmail.com
ls UVj QkW j fjlpZ LVMht] jhok }kjk fjlpZ tjuy vkWQ lks 'ky ,.M ykbQ lkbals l
ds fo'ks "kka d ds :i es a fuEufyf[kr nks la nHkZ iq Lrdks a dk iz dk'ku ekpZ] 2013
es a fd;k tk jgk gSA
mDr la nHkZ iq Lrdks a es a iz dk'ku gs rq vki viuk rF; ijd ,oa rdZ ;q Dr 'kks/k i= Hks tdj bl vdknfed dk;Z es a lg;ksx dj ldrs gS a A fgUnh Hkk"kk es a 'kks/k i= ,e-,l- oMZ es a QkUV d frns o 010] djs DVj lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k_
va xz s th Hkk"kk es a VkbEl U;w jks eu QkUV lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k es a Hks tsa A
(vkbZ-,l-ch-,u- 978&81&87364&56&6)
(ISBN 978-81-87364-55-9)
Social Change & Development in India
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e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh folaxfr;k¡ e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh folaxfr;k¡ e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh folaxfr;k¡ e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh folaxfr;k¡ e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh folaxfr;k¡
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& le`¼ bfrgkl ,oa viuh izkphure lH;rk o la Ld`fr ls lEiw .kZ fo'o dks izsj.kk o f'k{kk nsus okyk gekjk ;g e/kqe; ns'k Hkkjr ,d egk'kfDr ds :i esa izxV gksus ds jkLrs ij vxzlj gks jgk gS A ,d ;qx ls nwljs ;qx es a inkiZ.k dk ;g laØe.k dky viuh izkFkfedrk,¡ lqfuf'pr dj lrZdrk ls fu.kZ; ysus dk gS A bl laØe.k dky us vusd leL;kvksa vkS j
pqukS r;ks a dks Hkh tUe fn;k gS] blh rjg dh leL;k ,oa pqukS rh e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds ys[ku ;k i<+us&i<+kus es a vkrh gSA loky ;g gS ge yk[k dgsa fd fgUnw izkphu Hkkjr lsiz sj.kk ikrk gS vkS j eqlyeku vjc ls ij lp ;gh gS fd viuh fojklr fuf'pr :i lse/;dkyhu gS ] izkphu Hkkjr ;k vjch Qkjlh ugha ,sls esa fuf'pr :i ls e/;dky dk izHkko orZeku ij iM+k gS ftldk ,d izR;{k mnkgj.k Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ds foHkktu ds :i es a lkeusvk;k vkS j vkt izR;{kr% d'ehj leL;k ds :i esa lkeus gSA ,sls esa e/;dky dks mldh leL;kvks a] pqukS fr;ks a vkS j xzfUFk;ks a ds ifjizs{; esa le>kuk t:jh gks tkrk gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dks dkSu lh pht ifjHkkf"kr djrh gS vkSj D;k bls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS\ D;k e/;dky ds oy dky foHkktu gS ;k fQj fnekx dh ,d
voLFkk ;k fQj ;g eu dh ,d vofLFkfr gS\ D;k ;g ,d rjhdk ;k O;ogkj ;k lks p gS\ ;k fQj ;g ,d izfØ;k lUnHkZ fcUnq ;k fQj ;g lc dqN vkSj gh gS tgk¡ brus lkjs loky gksrs gS ogk¡ v/;;u esa vius vki leL;k,¡ vk gh tkrh gS vkSj fQj e/;dky iz se iz la xks] 'kkS ;Z vkSj jks ekal dk ;qx jgk gS mlds vUnj gh bruh xqfRFk;k¡ gS fd ftUgs a lqy>kuk u ds oy e/;dky dh HkykbZ ds fy, csgn t:jh gS oju~ lkFk gh ,d csgrj orZeku ds fy, Hkh mruk gh vko';d gSA blfy, e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh leL;kvksa vkS j pqukSfr;ks a dks le>kus dk iz;kl izLrq r 'kks/k i= esa fd;k gSa A Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk dky foHkktu fuf'pr :i ls ;wjksih;
rjhds ij gq vk vkSj mldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd bfrgkl flQZ frfFk;ksa dh dgkuh cudj jg x;k] bl izdkj dh fola xfr;k¡ 'kk;n e/;dkyhu Hkkjr ds lkFk dq N T;knk gh gS ftldh ifj.kfr ;g gqbZ fd oa'kkuqxr <ax ls jktuSfrd bfrgkl dks jktk&jkfu;ksa
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rFkk muds lkeUrksa ds O;fDrxr thou dh ?kVukvksa ds rkus ckus esa cqudj ,d vks j rks
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks uke funsZ f'kdk cuk fn;k x;k tcfd nwljh vksj lkekftd vkfFkZ d ,oa lkaLd`frd xfrfo/k;ks a dks tkuus dh vis{kk bfrgkl ;q¼ks dk o.kZ u vkSj frfFk;ks a rd gh lhfer jg x;k gS rFkk ,d ikBd ;k ,d fo|kFkhZ bfrgkldkjksa ds fojks/kh fopkjksa dks le>us esa gh Åc tkrk gSA ;g gekjs ns'k ds fy, vR;ar nq%[kn ,oa nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gS fd e/;dkyhu Hkkjr ds bfrgkldkjksa us dsoy fnYyh ij tksj fn;k vkS j {ks=h; bfrgkl dks iz k;% misf{kr gh NksM+ fn;k ;gk¡ rd fd ftuds 'kklu ds ckjs esa dgkor rd izpfyr gks xbZ Fkh fd ^'kkgs vkye fnYyh rk ikye* muds bfrgkl ij Hkh dbZ iUus [kpZ fd;s x;s ij ftu {ks=h; jkT;ksa us yEcs le; rd fLFkjrk j[kh vkS j gj {ks = esa mYys[kuh; miyfC/k;k¡ gkfly dh mUgs a xz aFkks a ds vUr ds dqN i`"Bks a esa ;k dqN ,d iafDr;ksa esa lesV fn;k x;k gS fQj pkgs oks fot;uxj tS lk egku lekzT; gks ;k fQj cgeuh vkSj esokM+A
LFkkuh; c?ksy[k.M tS ls jkT;ks a dks rks ftØ gh ugh fd;k x;k tcfd c?ksy [k.M dh jkT; lhek,a vfUre rqxyd 'kkldks ;k lS¸;n 'kkldks ls dgha T;knk Fkh gkykafd ckcj bldk ftØ djrk gS] xqycnu csxe bldk ftØ djrh gS rtfdjkrq y okD;kr esa bldk ftØ gS ij Lokuke/kU; orZ eku bfrgkldkj bldk ftØ ugha djrs] D;ksa\ leL;k ;g gS fd D;k e/;dkyhu Hkkjr ds oy eqfLye Hkkjr gS vkSj oks Hkh fnYyh dk eqfLye Hkkjr tSlk fd i<+k, tkus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA
oLrqr% lcls cM+h leL;k ;g gS fd e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl fons'kh vkSj Lons'kh fo}kuksa }kjk bl izdkj fy[kk x;k fd igyh >yd es a gh ;g la ?k"kZ dk ;q x izrhr gksrk gSA iwjk e/;dky ;q¼ks dk dky cudj jg x;k ftldk Qk;nk vkxs py dj vaxzs tks a us mBk;k ysfdu lp rks ;g gS ik¡ p lkS o"kZ ds yEcs dky es a eqlyekuksa ls viuh
lH;rk vkS j la Ld` fr dh j{kk djus ds fy, fgUnqvksa dks la?k"kZ djuk iM+k FkkA ysfdu bl dky esa Hkh nksuks dk leUo; gq vkA leUo; ds vHkko eas Hkkjr eas iz'kklfud O;oLFkk lQy ugha gks ldrh FkhA ftldk o.kZu ges bfrgkl dk vk/kqfud dky esa fy[kh iqLrdksa esa ;=&r= fc[kjk gqvk feyrk gSA ,d lkekU; ikBd dks iz R;s d rhu
eqlyekuksa es a ls ,d dks ^egku** ekuus ds fy, foo'k fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd mlus 'kkfUr O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk ds fy, iz'kklfud lq/kkjks ij /;ku fn;k FkkA m|ksx&/kU/ks ] eqnz k iz .kkyh] ;krk;kr ds lk/ku ,oa thou ;kiu ds rjhdks bR;kfn dk fodkl gq vk Fkk Hkys gh og lhfer ek=k ea s gh D;ks a u jgk gks] ysfdu mlds vk/kkj ij vkt Hkkjroklh if'pe ds lEeq[k xoZ ls ;g dg ldrk gS fd la?k"kZ ds dky ea s Hkh Hkkjroklh vius thou dks lq[kh ,oa vkuUne; cukus dh vksj ltx FkkA ml le; Hkh bl ns'k esa f'k{kk ds izlkj ij /;ku fn;k tkrk Fkk tks O;fDrxr la?k"kZ eas tudY;k.kdkjh
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jkT; dk vko';d drZO; ekuk x;k FkkA ml rFkkdfFkr fiNMs+ gq, ;qx es Hkh ;q ¼ ls
QqlZr ikrs gh Hkkjr ds fgUnq vkS j eqlyeku 'kkld dyk ,oa lkfgR; ds fodkl dks iz ksRlkgu iznku djrs FksA tc rd bfrgkl ds fo|kFkhZ dks bu lkekU; ckrksa dks Kku ugha gksxk og e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks tj&tehu tu dh dgkuh ek= le>dj mis{kk dh n`f"V ls ns [krk jgs xk ;gh e/;;qxhu Hkkjr dh leL;k gS vkS j bl 'kks/k i= eas bu leL;kvksa ds lUnHkZ ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ij ppkZ dh tk;sxh ftlus e/;;q x ds 'kkldks dks vf/kdka'k le; rd my>k;s j[kk FkkA tks leL;k,¡ e/;;qx cgq r lh leL;kvksa us Lora= Hkkjr dk vc Hkh ihNk ugh Nks M+k gS] fojklr ds :Ik esa tks leL;k,a bl ns 'k dh HkkSxksfyd ,oa jktuSfrd fLFkfr ds lkFk tq M+h mUgs i`Fkd ugha fd;k tk ldrk] vr% muds dkj.k rFkk fuokj.k ds iz ;Ru tkudj gh bfrgkl dk v/;;u djus okyk vkt dk fo|kFkhZ ,oa cs grj Hkkjr dk fuekZ.k djsxkA ;gh bl 'kks/ki= dk mn~ ns'; gSA
bfrgkl ds rF;ksa dks >q Bykdj ,oa lq [kn orZeku ;k Hkfo"; dh dYiuk ugh dh tk ldrh blfy, bl 'kks/k i= ds ek/;e ls dksf'k'k gksxh fd e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dh leL;kvksa vkSj pq ukSfr;ksa dks lgt vkSj ljy :Ik esa le>k tk; rkfd lEiw .kZ Hkkjr ds e/;dkyhu bfrgkl ls fuekZ.k fd;k tk lds tks gekjs lq[kn Hkfo"; ekxZ iz 'kLr djsxkA e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds v/;;u v/;kiu esa leL;kvks a vkSj pqukSfr;ks a dk lkeuk ges'kk djuk iM+ rk gS ;w¡ dg ys fd e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl RkFkk leL;kvks a o pq ukSfr;ksa dk lkFk pksyh nkeu ds lkFk tSls jgk gSA e/;dkyhu bfrgkl ds v/;;u es a lcls cM+h leL;k ;k pq ukSrh vo/kkj.kkvksa dh gS oLrqr% ;s vo/kkj.kk,¡ dSls fodflr
gqbZ rFkk fdl izdkj ifjorZ u'khy vFkok xfr'khy ekuo&lekt ls tq M+ h bldk v/;;u fnypLi gh ugh vko';d o xEHkhj Hkh gSA tSls e/;dkyhu Hkkjr es a jkT; ds Lo:i ds fo"k; esa gh HkzkfUr o Hkze dh fLFkfr deksos 'k vkt rd cuh gqbZ gSA e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; jkT; ,d etgch jkT; Theocracy
FkkA psECklZ V~ okf.V;Fk lsUpwjh fMD'kujh ds i`"B 1005 esa etgch jkT; (Theocracy ) dh ifjHkk"kk nh xbZ gS fd ,sls jkT; ds lafo/kku essa ftlesa bZ 'oj dks gh ,d ek= lRRkk/kh'k (Sovereign ) ekuk tkrk gS] vkSj jkT; ds dkuw uksa dks ekuoh; v/;kns'kksa dh
vis{kk nS oh vkns 'k gh vf/kd le>k tkrk vkS j iqjksfgr oxZ vfuok;Z :i ls vn`'; 'kkld cu tkrk gSA** bl ckr dks izk;% lHkh Lohdkj djrs gS fd ,d bLykeh jkT; es a okLrfod 'kkld dsoy [kq nk gh gksrk gS vkSj ekuoh; 'kkld [kqnk ds iz frfuf/k le>s tkrs gS ftudk fd eq [; drZO; ;g gksrk gS fd os dqjku ds fl¼karks dk ikyu djk;sa vkSj mudk izlkj djsa A dqjku ds ;s fl¼ka r lHkh eqlyekuksa dh n`f"V esa nS oh; gSA bls Hkh lHkh tkurs gS fd gj eq lyekuh jkT; es a dsoy mysek gh U;k;kf/kdkjh gksrs gS D;ksafd ukxfjd dkuw u /kkfeZd fl¼karksa ls gh izHkkfor gksrs gSA vr% bUgsa le>us ds fy, U;k;kf/kdkjh dks dqjku vkSj gnhl dk v/;;u djuk pkfg, vkS j mls ekSyoh gksuk pkfg, ge lHkh tkurs
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gS fd ;g oxZ ^mysek* dgykrk FkkA eqfLye 'kklu ds vUrxZ r Hkkjr esa ;g mysek oxZ
cM+k gh izHkko'kkyh Fkk ;g dgk tk; rks vfr';ksfDr ugh gksuh pkfg, fd ;g mysek oxZ eqfLye lqYrku 'kfDr dk lk>snkj FkkA e/;;qxhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk gj fo|kFkhZ tkurk gS fd mysekvksa us viuk ;g vf/kdkj LFkkfir dj fy;k Fkk fd os dsoy ^'kjk* dh O;k[;k gh u djsa cfYd iz 'kkluh; ckrks a eas lqYrku dks ijke'kZ Hkh na sA eq fLYke U;k;'kkL=h bl ckr ij ,der gS fd 'kkld bLyke dk j{kd vkS j mldh izfr"Bk ,oa 'kku dks c<+kus okyk gks rk gS mls 'kjh;r dk u dsoy vius O;fDrxr thou esa vuqlj.k djuk pkfg, cfYd ns'k ds 'kklu esa Hkh
mldk vuqlj.k djuk pkfg, bCu glu fy[krs gS fd fd 'kfj;r dh j{kk djus ds nks igyw gS&^'kjk* ds Kku dk izpkj vkSj jkT; ds Hkhrj mldk dkuw u ds :i esa ikyu djokukA igys ds vUrxZ r 'kfj;r ds v/;;u djus mldks i<+kus okys vkSj mlds izpkj esa yxs gq, fo}kuksa ds oxZ dk ikyu iks"k.k djuk pkfg, lkFk gh nw ljs dsvUrxZr bu fo}kuks es a ls fdlh ,d dks tks fd Kku vkS j /kfeZ d vkpkj fopkj ds fy, iz fLk¼ gksa ] lq Yrku dks lHkh jkT; lECkU/kh dk;ksZ esa ijke'kZ nsus ds fy, fu;q Dr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ^'kjk* ds v/;;u esa jr jgus okys fo}kuks dks mys ek dgrs gS] vkS j mues a ls og ,d tks pqu fy;k tkrk gS og 'ks[k&my&bLyke dgykrk] 'kfj;r ds vuqlkj lqYrku dks u dsoy 'ks[k&my&bLyke ls 'kfj;r ds lHkh ekeyks ij ijke'kZ ysuk iM+rk
Fkk] cfYd blds ijke'kZ dks ekuuk Hkh iM+ rk FkkA mls 'ks[k&my&bLyke ds iz fr mfpr lEeku iz nf'kZ r djuk iM+ rk Fkk vkS j mldh iz fr"Bk cuk;s j[kuh iM+ rh FkhA 'ks [k&my&bLyke dk dk;Z f'k{kk dk ns[kjs[k djuk ml ij fu;U=.k j[kuk vkSj fofHkUu f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa eas i<+kbZ tkus okyh iqLrds vkSj yksxks ds fopkj ,oa uSfrd pfj= ij utj j[kuk FkkA bl
izdkj e/;;qxhu Hkkjr ds bLykeh jkT; esa (eqxy dky ds dqN o"kksZ dks NksM+dj) ,d etgch jkT; (Theocracy ) ds lHkh vko';d vax fo|eku FksA LokFkZ ijk;.krk ds mu ekeyksa dks NksM+dj tks tksf[keiw .kZ vkSj tks vR;kf/kd :i ls vuhfriw.kZ Fks] mi;qZDRk fu;eksa dks fnYYkh lYrur dky esa iw .kZRk%
ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA vc ;gk¡ ckr mu vk/kqfud bfrgkldkjksa vkSj fo'ks"kdj MkW- vkbZ- ,p- dqjs 'kh dh Hkh dj yssa tks bl etgch jkT; (Theocracy ) ds uke dk fojks/k djrs gS D;ksafd Li"Vr% gh bl uke eas iz frfØ;koknh cw gS vkSj /keZ& fujis{kokn ds vk/kq fud iz xfr'khy ;q x es a ;g cslq jk lk yxrk gSA blfy, MkW-
dqjs'kh us vius fojks f/k;ksa dks xyr lkfcr djus ds fy, vR;kf/kd ifjJe fd;k gS vkSj Li"Vr% os fy[krs gS fd ^^bldh iz/kkurk ls ewy es a iM+ dj dqN yksx ;g lkspus yxs gS
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fd lYrur ,d etgch jkT; Fkk ijUrq etgch jkT; dh eq [; fo'ks"krk] nhf{kr iqjksfgr
oxZ dk 'kklu eqfLye jkT; ds la xBu esa ekStwn ugha gSA /kekZf/kdkjh lkekU; euq "; gS tks xyrh uk djus dk dksbZ /keZuq eksfnr nkok ugha djrsA fxc us bLykeh jkT; la xBu dks /keZ dss fUnzr (Theocracy ) Bhd gh dgk gSA** ;g ckr dh [kky fudkyus tSlk gS vkSj bLykfed jkT; ds fl¼ka rks vkSj mlds vk'k; nksuks dks gh utj vUnkt djuk gSA okLro eas ges a ;g ekuuk iMs+xk fd mysekvksa dk 'kklu ij cM+k izHkko Fkk vkS j os gh bLykeh] etgch rFkk iz'kkldh; dkuwuks a dh O;k[;k djrs FksA okLro esa bldk v/;;u vR;a r jks pd gksus ds lkFk&lkFk pqukSrhiw.kZ Hkh gS fd dqjku 'kjhQ ds ekS fyd fl¼karks lerk] lekurk] cU/kq Ro ij vk/kkfjr yks drka f=d jkT; dS ls jktuhfrd oxZ (mejk) ,oa /kekZ f/kdkjh oxZ (mysek) ds la;qDr iz;kl ls jktra= es a ifjf.kr gks x;kA dS ls mejk o mys ek us jkT;] jkT; dh uhfr;ksa o ledkyhu jktuhfr dks fdl rjg izHkkfor fd;k bls gesa Li"V djuk
gh gksxkA bl rjg e/;dky esa bLykeh jkT; ds Lo:i ds lEca/k esa rhu vo/kkj.kk,¡ gekjs
lkeus vkrh gSA igyh ;g fd ;g jkT; bLyke dh vkLFkkvks a vkn'kksZ ,oa fl¼karks ij vk/kkfjr gksus ds dkj.k ^/kkfeZd* jkT; Fkk] nwljh ;g fd iS xEcj dks fn, x;s [kqnk dsvkns'k (dqjku 'kjhQ) eas og iSXkEcj ds vkpj.k (gnhl) esa dgh vlekurk dk Hkku ugha gksrk ysfdu ftl izdkj dk jkT; izkjfEHkd (pkj) [kyhQkvksa ds ckn LFkkfir gq vk og lekurk ij vk/kkfjr u gks dj jktrU=h; vlekurk ds fl¼kar ij vk/kkfjr Fkk vr% dqjku o gnhl dh ekU;rkvksa ,oa vkn'kksZ ds foijhr ftl jkT; dk iks"k.k
eqfLye txr esa gqvk mls ^/kkfeZd* ugh ekuk tk ldrk A r` rh; fopkj/kkjk ;g dgrh gS fd Hkys gh jkT; etgch u jgk gks fQj Hkh 'kfj;r vFkok 'kjk* (eqfLye fof/k) }kjk la pkfyr gksus ds dkj.k rFkk myek (/kekZ f/kdkjh oxZ ) ds izHkko ds pyrs ;g /keZ ds fUnzr jkT; rks vo'; gh FkkA bl 'kks/k i= ds ek/;e ls eSa ;g pkgw ¡xk fd bu rhuks fopkj/kkjkvks a ij xEHkhj eUFku gks vkS j ,d loZLohdk;Z er ;fn fudyuk
lEHko gks rks mldh LFkkiuk dh tk; rkfd fo|kfFkZ;ks dks Hkze o Hkz kfUr ls fudkydj eqfLye jkT; ds Lo:i dh ,d LiLV vo/kkj.kk i<+kbZ tk ldsA 'kks/k i= fgUnw &eqfLye /keZ ds izHkko mlds fodkl o mlds leUo; dh leL;kvksa ij Hkh vk/kkfjr gksxkA bLyke* ,d tUetkr yk'kjhd etgc gSA bldk tUe o fodkl ^ewfrZ iwtk* ds fojks/k esa gqvk Fkk vr,o bldk vU; /keks Z dh rjg fgUnw laLd`fr esa lekfo"V gks tkuk vlEHko Fkk D;ks afd bLykeh jkT; ds foos pu esa bLyke ds flok fdlh vU; /keZ ds vfLrRo dks Lohdkj djus dh vuq efr ugha gSA dsoy eqlyeku gh ,sls jkT; ds ukxfjd gks ldrs gSA dqjku ds fu;e xS j&eqfLyeks a dks nks oxksZ
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esa foHkkftr djrs gS ,d rks os ftuds ikl muds vuqlkj fdlh izdkj dh ^^vgys
fdrkc** (nSoh; izsfjr /keZ xz aFk) gks rh gS vkSj nw ljs os ftuds ikl dks bZ ,slk /keZ xzaFk ugh gksrk vkSj tks ew frZiwtd (dkfQj vkSj e'kfjQ) gks rs gSA igys oxZ es a dsoy ;gw nh vkSj bZlkbZ vkrs gSA budks dqjku ds vk/kkj ij ,d eq fLye jkT; esa vka f'kd /kkfeZd lgu'khyrk dk miHkksx tft;k uked dj nsus ij dj ys us fn;k tkrk gS] ysfdu ewfrZ iw tdksa ds nwljs oxZ dks fdlh Hkh rjg dh lgu'khyrk ds mi;qDr ugha le>k tkrkA dkykUrj es a xS j&eqfLyeks a ds ,d rhljs oxZ dks Hkh Lohdkj dj fy;k x;kA bles os yksx j[ks x;s tks ^vgys fdrkc* okys oxZ ls feyrs tq yrs Fks ikjfl;ks dks blh oxZ esa j[kk x;k FkkA bZ lkbZ;ksa vkS j ;gw fn;ksa dh rjg mUgs Hkh ,d eqfLye ns'k es tft;k nsus ij jgus fn;k tkrk FkkA 'kjk@'kj ds izkjfEHkd vkSj izkekf.kd Hkk";dkj pkj ekus tkrs gSA ;s pkjkasHkk";dkj eqfLye /keZ'kkL= ds lqizfl¼ pkj
erksa ds LkaLFkkid gSA buesa ls rhu efyd bCu vUl (715&795 bZ0)] v'k 'kQh (767&820bZ0) vkSj vgen fcu guey (780&855 bZ0) cgqr gh Li"V :i ls ;g er O;Dr djrs gS fd ewfrZiwTkdksa dks eqfLye ns'k esa jgus dks dksbZ vf/kdkj gh ugha gSA ,d eqfLye ns 'k og gS ftlesa eqlyekuh 'kklu gks ;k ftles a eq lyeku jgrs gks a A muds vuq lkj ew frZ iw tdks a dks eq fLye jkT; esa ;k rks bLyke Lohdkj dj ysuk
pkfg, vkSj ugha rks ekS r vaxhdkj djuh pkfg, ysfdu pkSFks Hkk";dkj vcw guhQk (699&766 bZ0) dk er gS fd ewfRkZiwTkdksa dks bLyke vkS j ekSr esa ls ,d pquko djus ds lkFk gh muds lkeus ,d vU; ;g 'krZHkh j[kh tk ldrh gS fd os tft;k ns dj ftfEEk;ksa dh rjg jguk Lohdkj dj ys a vkSj lkekftd jktuhfrd vkS j dkuwuu :i ls fuEu fLFkfr dks Hkqxrs aA bl izdkj ftEeh jkT; ls ,d le>kSrk lk djds thfor jgsaA flU/k ds fotsrk eqgEen fcu dkfle us ;g vuqeku fd;k Fkk fd dqjku ds fl¼karks dk
dBksjrk ls ikyu djuk vkSj fgUnq vks a dks cykr~ bLyke Lohdkj djkuk ;k mUgs ekSr ds ?kkV mrkj nsuk vlEHko gS] D;ks afd fgUnqvkas dh la[;k vf/kd Fkh vkSj os iw .kZ :is.k l'kL= Fks] blfy, mlus cqf¼erkiwoZd vcw guhQk dh gh igydneh dh vkS j flU/k rFkk eqYrku ds fgUnqvksa dks vka f'kd /kkfeZd Lora=rk iz nku dj nhA bruh Lora=rk ;gwfn;ks a vkS j bZlkbZ;ks a dks igys ls gh feyh gq bZ FkhA bl izdkj ;g Li"V gS fd bLykeh jkT; dk ekSfyd vk/kkj /kkfeZd ,drk dk vkn'kZ gS aA bLykeh jkT; esa bLyke&fojksf/k;ks a vkSj dkfQjks a dk vUr djuk jktk dk drZO; gks tkrk gSA dqjku es a dgk x;k gS ^ dkfQjks ls dgks fd vxj os dqÝ NksM+ ns xs a rks tks dqN gqvk gS ekQ dj fn;k tk;sxkA ysfdu vxj
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os dq Ý ij bZ eku j[ks a rc muls vUr rd yM+ks vkS j lcdks eqlyeku cuk yksA**
bfrgkldkj tnqukFk ljdkj dgrs gS fd ,d eqfLye 'kkld dk loZizeq[k drZ O; ^^dkfQjks ds ns'kks (^^nk:y&gcZ ) ij rc rd ftgkn djuk gS tc rd fd os bLykeh jkT; (nk:y&bLyke) u cu tk;s vkS j muds yksx bLyke Lohdkj u dj ys aA ijUrq eqgEen fcu dkfle us flU/k esa fgUnq vks a dks ftEeh (jf{kr yksx) cukus dk tks fu.kZ; fy;k Fkk] og cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ ; izekf.kr gqvk D;ksa fd Hkkjr ds ckn ds eqlyeku 'kkldks us blh dks viuk;k] fQj Hkh fgUnqvksa dks eq fLye cukus ds iz;RUk fd;s tkrs jgs ysfdu 'krkfCn;ksa ds iz;Ruksa ds i'pkr~ Hkh Hkkjr ds eqfLye 'kkld vkSj vehj bl ns'k dks izkphu ijEijkvksa dks u"V ugha dj lds cfYd fujUrj lEidZ ds dkj.k dV~Vj eqlyekuksa ij Hkh izR;{k
,oa vizR;{k :i ls fgUnq vks a dh fopkj/kkjk dk izHkko iM+k vkSj mUgksus a vutkus es a gh lgh fgUnqvksa ds iz fr le>kSrs dk n` f"Vdks .k viuk;kA 'kkldks ds bl n`f"Vdks.k ls iz ksRlkfgr gksdj fgUnw vkSj eqfLye lUrks a us HksnHkko dh xgjh [kkbZ dks feVkus dk dk;Z fd;kA bl vkUnksyu dh i` "BHkwfe ls ykHk mBkdj mnkjoknh 'kkldksa us leUo; dh iz fØ;k iz kjEHk dh A loZfofnr gS fd leUo; dk iz kjEHk eqxy lezkV vdcj egku ds 'kkludky ls gqvk Fkk ftldk izR;{k izHkko geas eqxydkyhu
Hkkjr dh jktuSfrd ,oa lkekftd xfrfof/k;ks a esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ;fn bl jpukREkd n` f"Vdks.k dks ys dj e/;;qx ds bfrgkl dk v/;;u fd;k tk; rks /kkfeZd dV~jrk Lor% gh lkfgfR;d lfg".kq rk esa ifjofrZr gks tk;sxh vkS j lgt vkS j ljy :i eas ns'k esa HkkokREkd ,drk LFkkfir gks tk;sxhA tks ,sfrgkfld rF; gS mUgsa >qBykus ek= ls bfrgkl dk mn~ns'; fl¼ ugha gksrkA bfrgkl rks Hkw r dks Hkfo"; ds lkFk orZeku ds ek/;e ls tksM+rk gSA vkt ds fo|kFkhZ dks orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; dks lq [kh cukus ds Hkw rdky dk v/;;u fHkUu ifjizs{; esa lR; :i esa djuk gksxk vkSj mlls lh[k ysuh gksxhA
oLrqr% e/;dkyhu bfrgkl ds iz'kklfud] lkekftd o lkaLd`frd igyw dsv/;;u ij vkf/kdkf/kd tksj fn;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj ;g v/;;u flQZ fnYyh rd
lhfer u gks oju~ mldk dsUnz lew pk Hkkjr gksA ;g igyw okLro esa mruk gh egRoiw .kZ gS ftruk dh jktuhfrd igywA ;s nksuks ,d lkFk ns[ks] le>s vkS j i<+k;s tk;sa rHkh e/;dkyhu bfrgkl dh lgh iz d`fr ikBdksa o fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh le> esa vk ldrh gS vU;Fkk ,d i{kh; v/;;u ls flDds ds ,d igyw dk gh vkHkkl gksxkA jktuhfrd bfrgkl dsv/;;u dh HkzkfUr;k¡ lR; ds vk/kkj ij lqy>kbZ tkuh pkfg,A ;Fkk 'kklu dh izd` fr D;k Fkh\ D;k 'kkldks dh uhfr;ks ds ewy esa fgUnqvksa ds iz fr /kkfeZ d HksnHkko dh dksbZHkkouk Fkh\ D;k fofHkUu lS U; vfHk;kuks a ds ihNs dksbZ /keks ZRrj y{; Hkh Fks vkSj D;k 'kkld dh uhfr myek ds bldk izHkko esa fu/kkZfjr gksrh Fkh\ vkSj D;k bldk izHkko
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rRdkyhu lkekftd o lka Ld`frd mUufr ij dfri; iz frdwy iM+k\ bu lHkh HkzkfUr;ksa dk
fujkdj.k ges a ,d pq ukSrh ekudj djuk gks xk vkSj esjh le> ls bu LkHkh HkzkfUr;ksa dk fujkdj.k lgt esa gh gks tkrk gS] ;fn ge e/;dkyhu iz 'kklfud laLFkkvksa] lekt o laLd`fr dk eeZoyksdu djs a rks ges Kkr gksrk gS fd lYrur dky] u eqxy dky nks uks gh fgUnw eq lyekuksa dh fefJr laLd` fr fodkl ds xokg jgsa vUrj dsoy ek=k dk gks ldrk gS] Yk{; ;gh jgk fd 'kkld viuh lexz iztk ds fgr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, U;k;ks fpr 'kklu djsaA bl y{; dh
iw frZ dgk¡ rd gks lHkh ;g fookn dk fo"k; gks ldrk gS fdUrq ;g fufoZokn gS fd fgUnw&eqfLye lekt esa fopkjksa ok ijEijkvksa dk vknku&iznku gq vk] Qkjlh ds lkFk&lkFk fgUnh lkfgR; fp=dyk o lwQhokn ds LkkFk&lkFk HkfDr vkUnksyu dk Hkh fodkl gqvkA [kku&iku] jgu&lgu o vkpkj&fopkj ds {ks = esa gh mUgksa ussa u dsoy ,d nw ljs dks izHkkfor fd;k cfYd bZ'oj ,d gS pkgs mls jke dgsa ;k [kqnk dgs a bl ekSfyd lR; dk Hkh vkHkkl gqvkA e/;dky ds blh i{k ij tksj nsdj bls
lkaLd`frd lfEeyu dk ;qx cukuk gks u fd dsoy ;q¼ks dk o.kZ u dj la?k"kZ dk dkyA gesa ;g le>uk gksxk fd dgh u dgha geus bLyke dh O;k[;k e/;dkyhu bfrgkldkjksa ds izHkko es a vkdj xyr O;k[;k dh gS] bLyke ng'kr xnhZ dks c<+kok ugh nsrk vkSj uk gh dqjku ftgkn dk leFkZu djrh gSA dqjku esa dgk x;k gS fd vxj iSxEcj ds f[kykQ dks bZ dqN dgrk gS rks dksbZ iz frfØ;k uk ns ;k fQj c;ku dk tckc c;ku ls gh nsA dqjku ds 42 osa lw j vkSj 40osa vk;r esa dgk x;k gS fd fdlh xyr gjdr dk tckc oSlh nh xyr gjdr ugha gSA vxj vki bLyke ds egt nks izekf.kd L=ks rks dq jku vkSj gnhl dk v/;;u djsa xs rks ik;saxs fd dqjku dh dks bZ ,s lh vk;r ugh gS ftlesa ;g O;oLFkk nh xbZ gks fd ^eu 'krek ufc;dqe Drq yqgq** vFkkZ r ml 'k[l dks ekj Mkyks tks eqlyeku ugh Fkk ;k iSxEcj dh cqjkbZ djrk gSA ,sls lcw r Hkh gS a fd fdl rjg bLyke ds vuq ;kf;;ksa
dk O;ogkj gks felky ds rkSj ij ,d ckj iSxEcj tc eDdk esa Fks] rks ,d cq r ijLr muds lkeus vk;k vkSj cksyk ^eqtEEku vcSuk** (vks eqgEen rq e fuafnr O;fDr gks ) iSxEcj bl ij eqLdkjk;s a] mudh eqLdkjgV ,d uSfrd izfrfØ;k FkhA ge lHkh dks blls lh[kuk pkfg, vkSj bLyke ds blh mnkj i{k dks c<+kok nsuk pkfg, u fd dV~Vj bLykeh ftgknh Lo:i dks] rHkh ge e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh leL;kvkas vkS j pq ukSfr;ksa dk lkFkZd gy ryk'k ldsxsaA
vkt ;g vR;ar mi;qDr le; gS fd ge e/;dkyhu leL;kvksa vkSj pqukS fr;ksa dk gy <w<s ftlls vaxz st iz 'kkld tw>rs jgs vkSj orZeku esa Hkh bu leL;kvksa us viuk :i
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fdlh u fdlh :i es aaaa a cuk;s jD[kk gSA vkt Hkkjr ,d ,sls nksjkgs ij [kM+k gS tgk¡ ;fn
lko/kkuh ls mlus dne c<+ k;s rks mls fo'o dh egk'kfDr cuus ls dksbZ jksa d ugh ldrk ysfdu blds fy, gesa vius gj ?kjsyw eks ps Z ij le:irk ykuh gksxh rkfd gj ,sjk XkSjk gesa lh[k u ns ldsA bfrgkl ds nks ekin.M ugh pysxs a vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr dksvkj{k.k blh uke is fey jgk gS fd Lko.kZ fgUnqvks us mu ij 2000 lky rd vR;kpkj fd;k vkSj ge vc viuh xyrh lq /kkj dj lkekftd lejlrk lekurk ds fy, vkj{k.k ns jgs gS] ysfdu ;gh ckr e/; dky ds fy, D;ksa ugha ykxw gksrhA nqHkkZ X;o'k tkusvutkus es a e/;dky esa gels tks xyfr;k¡ gqbZ mls Hkh lq/kkjus dk iz;kl D;ks ugha djrs] bu iz;Ruksa dks xMs+ eqns Z m[kkM+us dh dksf'k'k dg fn;k tkrk gS rks fQj vkj{k.k D;ksa \ oksHkh rks xM+ s eqjns gh m[kkM+ uk gS\ lp ls Hkkx dj ge lek/kku dh ryk'k ugha dj ldrs lp ges'kk gesa ygqyq gku djrk gS] djrk jgsxkA ;gk¡ esjk edln vkj{k.k dks xyr
Bgjkuk ;k fojks/k djuk ugha gS eSa flQZ ;g dguk pkgrk gw ¡ fd vrhr dh xyfr;ksa dks lq /kkjus dks iSekuk ,d gh gksA blfy, [kq ys eu ls gesa lp dk lkeuk djrs gq, e/;dky dh xyfr;ksa dks lq /kkjuk gks xk vkSj blesa jk"Vª dh HkykbZ ds fy, lHkh dks lfg".kqrk ls dke ysuk gksxkA lkFk gh gesa vius {ks=h; jkT;ksa ds v/;;u dk nk;jk c<+kuk gksxk D;ksafd e/;dky dsoy fnYyh ugha gS] oju~ egkjk.kk dqEHkk] jk.kk lakxk] jktk jkepUnz tSls 'kkldks dk Hkh bfrgkl gS vkSj Hkkjr Hkj esa fc[kjh djksM+ ksa turk dk bfrgkl gS vr% bfrgkl dk lexzrk ls v/;;u ds fy, {ks=h; jkT;ksa dk v/;;u vfuok;Z gS vkSj ;gh bldh izkalfxdrk gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- vknkcqygcZ o'k 'kqtk;r& Q[kzs eqnfCcj 2- vkfnrqdZ dkyhu Hkkjr & vrgj vCckl fjtoh 3- ckcjukek & ckcj laikfnr ,-,l-csofjt 4- n soyjkuh f[kzt [kk a & vehj [k qljk s5- fnYyh lYrur & gchc futkeh 6- fnYyh lYrur & MkW vk'khokZnh yky 7- nhokus [kqljks & vehj [kqljks8- QkmUMs'ku vkQ eqfLye :y bu bfUM;k & MkW ,-ch-,e-gchcqYyk 9- Qrok, tgk ankjh & ft;kmn~nhu cjuh 10- [ktk;umyQqrwg & vehj [kqljks11- fdrkcqyfgUn & vcw jSgku vyc:uh
12- e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; laLdfr & MkW vk'khokZnh yky 13- e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl & izks-ts-,y-esgrk 14- feQrkgqy Qqrqg & vehj [kqljks15- Uk qg fligj & vehj [kqljks16- jsgyk & bCus crwrk 17- Lkuk; eqgEenh & ft;kmn~nhu cjuh 18- Rkcdkrs ukfljh & feugktqn~nhu fljkt 19- Rkktqy ekflj & glu futkeh 20- Rkkjh[k&,&fQjkst'kkgh & ft;kmn~nhu cjuh 21- rqxyd dkyhu Hkkjr & vrgj vCckl fjtoh
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oS'ohdj.k izHkkfor ys[ku % Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa laLdfr oS'ohdj.k izHkkfor ys[ku % Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa laLdfr oS'ohdj.k izHkkfor ys[ku % Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa laLdfr oS'ohdj.k izHkkfor ys[ku % Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa laLdfr oS'ohdj.k izHkkfor ys[ku % Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa laLdfr ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa
¹ iou 'ks[kj ¹ iou 'ks[kj ¹ iou 'ks[kj ¹ iou 'ks[kj ¹ iou 'ks[kj
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¹ usV] ts-vkj-,Q- fo'ofo|ky;] bfrgkl foHkkx] frydek¡ >h Hkkxyiq j fo'ofo|ky;] Hkkxyiqj
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& v;a fut% ijksosfr x.kuk y?kqpsRlke~A mnkjpfjrkuka rq] olq/kS o dqVqEcde~AA Hkkjr dh ^vkReor~ loZHkwrs"kq* rFkk olq/kS o dqVqEcde~ dh le`¼ ijEijk ls ;qDr la Ld`fr esa lnk fo'odY;k.kkFkZ fpUru jgk gSA vkt ftl Hkwe.Myhdj.k ,oa oS 'ohdj.k dks fo'o&cU/kqRo dk
vk/kkj ekuk tk jgk gS ] mldh ladYiuk Hkkjrh; ½f"k&efuf"k;ksa ,oa fpa rdksa us gtkjks a o"kZ iwoZ gh izfrikfnr dj fn;k FkkA lEiw.kZ fo'o dks ,d ifjokj ekuus okys Hkkjrh;ks a us vius xzUFkksa rFkk lkfgR;ks a es a lnk lalkj dks ;= fo'o Hkors ,da fuMe~* ds :i es a vfHkO;Dr fd;kA oSfnd lkfgR; es a of.kZr xkFkk & ukjk'kalh ls ysdj dYg.k dh ^jktrjafx.kh* rd es a bfrgkl ys[ku dh izo`f/k ds :i es a leLr lalkj dks ,d bdkbZ eku dj foospuk dh xbZ gSA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
vkt ds ;U= laofyr] vFkZ&izo.k HkkSfrd ;qx es a /kkfeZZZd vfg".kqrk] tkrh; fo}s"k] oxZ&la ?k"kZ dh Hkkouk dk izk/kkU; yf{kr gksrk gSA u dsoy Hkkjr] oju~ fo'o vius vrhr dh vksj >k¡dus dks mRlq d gq vk gSA lekt ,oa laLd`fr ds fodkl&Øe dks <w ¡<us dh ps"Vk dh tk jgh gS] jkT; vFkok jk"Vª dh vfLerk ds izfr"Bkiu dk Lo:i fu/kkZj.k dk ;Ru
fd;k tk jgk gSA1 lkfgfR;d fo"k;ksa ds v/;s rkvksa dh Hkh bfrgkl ds izfr mRlqdrk c<+h gSA bUgha fLFkfr;ksa ds chp oS'ohdj.k ds uke ij Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa rn~uq:i Hkkjrh; tuekul dks ehBs tgj dk [kq jkd fiykus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA ,d le; Fkk tc lkezkT;oknh bfrgkl ys[kdks a }kjk lkez kT;okn ds foLrkj ,oa lkezkT;oknh fgr lk/ku ds iz la x es a ,s frgkfld fo'ys"k.k dk nq"iz;kl fd;k x;kA ts El fey (History of British
India, 1817 ) rFkk fols .V fLeFk tS ls bfrgkldkjks a ds :i rc ;wjkslsfUVªd bfrgkl ys[ku }kjk Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij izgkj fd;k x;kA Hkkjrh; tuekul esa ghu&xzfUFk;ks a ds vkjksi.k gsrq ^Hkkjrh; lekt tM+ ,oa vizxfr'khy gS] fu;froknh ,oa /kekZ U/k gS** tSls euks n'kk dh fufeZ fr dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA bu ifjfLFkfr;ks a esa dk'khizlkn t;loky (Hindu Polity,
1924 ) tSls jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr bfrgkldkjksa }kjk dqpØ dk iz frjks/k dj jk"Vªh;
fgrks a dh j{kk dh xbZ FkhA2 orZeku esa iqu% oS'ohdj.k ds uke ij ,d u;s Lo:i ^ves fjdkslsfUVªd bfrgkl ys[ku* ds :i es a Hkkjrh; bfrgkl vkSj lkfgR; ij vk?kkrtU; ys[ku dk nq"iz;kl izkjEHk gks pqdk g SA Hkkjrh;ksa dks ekufld :i ls xq yke cukdj Hkkjrh;ksa ds fny ij 'kklu djus dk vesfjdh "kM+;U= dk ,d u;k nkSj py jgk gSAves fjdk Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij iz gkj dj mldh laLd`fr dks tM+ ls [kks[kyk dj nsuk pkgrk gSA mldk y{; Hkkjr ds egku laLd`fr dks u"V dj mlds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjr
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dks Lor% iru dh vksj vxzlfjr djk nsuk gS vkSj blds fy, oS 'ohdj.k vkSj
Hkw e.Myhdj.k dks eq [; gfFk;kj cuk;k tk jgk gSA Ýka fll Qqdks;kek tSls ys [kd ^n b.M vkWQ fgLVªh* (1989) tS ls xzUFkks a }kjk ;g
lans'k ns jgs a gS fd bfrgkl mRFkku dk ,d ek/;e gS] pwa fd ves fjdk iw.kZ fodklRo dks iz kIr dj pq dk gS vr% bfrgkl dh vc dks bZ vko';drk ugha jg xbZ gSA3 oLrq r% og ;g crkuk pkgrs gS a fd vc bfrgkl dk vFkZ dsoy vesfjdk dk orZeku bfrgkl gS] vr%Hkkjrh;ks a dks vius izkphu bfrgkl dks frykatfy ns nsuh pkfg,A blh Øe esa ,MoMZ lbZn tSls vesfjduksa }kjk fyVjs jh fØfVflTe* (1992&93) dh jpuk dh tk jgh gS] tgka ;g dgdj Hkkjrh;ksa dks eqxkyrs es a j[kus rFkk ^eq ¡g esa jke cxy esa Nq jh* dh vo/kkj.kk dks pfjrkFkZ fd;k tk jgk gS fd ^^Hkkjr dks Hkkjrh;ksa dh n`f"V ls ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A** ijUrq blds fy, mlh fey vkS j fLeFk ds }kjk iz frikfnr fopkjks a ds
ek/;e ls Hkkjrh;ks a dks le>k tk jgk gS] tks ;g dgrs gS fd ^okLro esa fgUnw uiqald Fks tks xqykeh dh izo`fÙk;ksa ls ifjiw.kZ xq ykeh ds fy, gh cus FksA** muds fy, Hkkjrh; la nHkZ ogh eS Dlewyj gS a] ftUgksaus ½d~lafgrk dks xMsfj;ksa dh jpuk dgk FkkA oLrq r% os ehBh ckrs a dgdj Hkkjrh;ksa dks ^xqM+* esa fyiVh fo"kifV~Vdk* f[kyk jgs gSA ,d dne vkSj vkxs c<+dj ,tkt vgen tS ls yksx ^bufFk;jh* (1992&1993) ds }kjk ;g crkus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gS fd ^^tkfrokn Hkkjr dk fof'k"V y{k.k gS**] mudk rhj ml fu'kkus ij tkrk gS tgk¡ jksukYM bUMs u] ^besftfuax bf.M;k** (1993) esa fy[k jgs gksrs gSa & ^Hkkjrh; vlH; gksrs gSa] tknw&Vksus&VksVds es a fo'okl djrs gSa vkSj rHkh lH; gksrs gS rc xks jh peM+h okyksa ds lEidZ esa vkrs gSA** vUrr% vesfjdk lSeq vy gfVaxVu (Cla ss of Civiliza tion, 1996) tSls ys[kdksa ds ek/;e ls Hkkjr dks ;g lans'k nsuk pkgrk gS fd vc lH;rk ds
Vdjko dk ;qx gS vkS j Hkkjr dks bl fLFkfr es a vius rFkkdfFkr iRuksUeq[k vrhr dks R;kxdj vesfjdk ds vkxs leiZ .k dj ns uk pkfg, vkSj blds fy, oS'ohdj.k ls izkIr ykHk dks ykWyhikWi ds :i esa fn[kk;k tk jgk gSA fuf'pr :i ls ;g Hkkjr ds vfLrRo dks gh lekIr dj nsus dk iz;Ru gS rkfd Hkkjr dks vesfjdh fgr&lk/ku gs rq iz;qDr fd;k tk lds vkSj Hkkjr dk euksokafNr nksgu dj vesfjdh opZLo esa o`f¼ dh tk,A
vrSo Hkkjrh; bfrgkldkjks a ,oa lkfgR;dkjksa ds Åij bl Hk;kog dq pØ ls Hkkjr dh j{kk djus dh orZeku esa lcls cM+h pqukSrh gSA blds fy, Hkkjrh; ys[kdks a dks izks- gchc dh ml O;k[;k dh vksj eqM+us dh vko';drk gS ftles a mUgksaus dgk gS fd ^Hkkjrh; laLd` fr dk v/;;u dsoy HkkSfrdoknh ifjizs{; esa djuk ukbalkQh gksxk] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk ewy rÙo ;gk¡ ds ½f"k;ksa &euhf"k;ks a ds fpUru esa fNik gSA** ,slh O;k[;k vkt
dh egrh vko';drk gSA vkt vesfjdk lfgr lEiw.kZ fo'o dks lekt'kkL=h nq [khZ e ds ml oDrO; ds vkyks d esa tgk¡ mUgksa us dgk gS fd& ^mRd`"V laLd`fr ds cht /keZ es a fufgr gksrs gS**] ds ifjis{; esa ;g lans 'k nsus dh t:jr gS fd os Hkkjr ds deZokn dks fu;frokn le>us dh Hkwy (ukVd\) u djsaA blds fy, orZeku esa ,slh fLFkfr dks mRiUu djuk ijeko';d gS fd vxj fdlh lkekU; Hkkjrh; ckyd ls Hkh iwNk tk, fd crkvks xq:Rokd"kZ.k ds fo"k; esa D;k tkurs gks\ rks iz R;sd ckyd U;wVu~ l ykW vkQ xz foVs'ku ds LFkku ij ;g crk,a fd vkt ls yxHkx 1500 o"kZ iwoZ gekjs ns 'k esa ojkgfefgj gq, Fks ftUgks aus crk;k Fkk fd ^^czãk.M esa i`Foh vkSj vU; xzg blfy, O;ofLFkr jgrs gS a D;ksa fd
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os ,d&nw ljs dks ,d cy }kjk vkdf"kZr djrs gSA**4 ckn esa U;wVu us blh dh vius 'kCnksa
esa O;k[;k dh rHkh izR;sd Hkkjroklh es a vkRexkS jo vkSj LokfHkeku dk lapkj gks xkA lkjr% ge dg ldrs gS fd orZeku esa ftl oS'ohdj.k ds uke ij lkfgR; ,oa
bfrgkl dks fod`r dj LokFkZ flf¼ dk midj.k cuk;k tk jgk gS] Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa dksHkh mUgha ek/;eks a dks viukdj viuh ys[kuh }kjk bldk mi;ksx Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLd` fr dh ml xgjkbZ dk Hkku djkus gsrq djuk pkfg, fd fo'o&cU/kq Ro dk iq V Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ls gh izLQqfVr gq vk ftldk lw =&cht ^olq/kSo dq VqEcde* tSls mnkgj.kksa ds :i esa Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa fufgr gSA blh iz fØ;k }kjk Hkkjr dh vfLerk ,oa vfLrRo ij fd, tk jgs izgkj ls Hkkjr ,oa Hkkjrh;ksa dks vizHkkfor j[k dj] lakLdfrd vkSifuos'kokn ls j{kk dh tk ldrh gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- nqcs] lhrkjke] lelkef;d bfrgkl ys[ku % izfof/k ,oa izofÙk;k¡] ubZ fnYyh] 2005] nsf[k,
iwoZ&ihfBdkA2- nsf[k,] tk;loky] ds- ih- fgUnw ikWfyVh] dydÙkk] 1924] ,slh gh Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr xzUFk
vYrsdj }kjk 1949 bZ- esa LVsV ,.M xouZesUV bl ,sa';s.V bf.M;k ds uke ls iz.kf;r dh xbZA
3- Ýkafll Qqdks;kek ds gh fopkjks a dks dqN vyx Lo:i esa "The End of History and Last
Man" uked xzUFk }kjk iqu% QSykus dk 1992 esa iz;kl fd;k x;kA4- lsu] ,l- ,u- ,o- ds- ,u- 'kqDyk] fgLVªh vkWQ ,LVªksukWeh bu bafM;k] i- 13-
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izkphu Hkkjr esa fo".kq iwtk dh ijEijk izkphu Hkkjr esa fo".kq iwtk dh ijEijk izkphu Hkkjr esa fo".kq iwtk dh ijEijk izkphu Hkkjr esa fo".kq iwtk dh ijEijk izkphu Hkkjr esa fo".kq iwtk dh ijEijk ^^Nrjiqj ftys ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa** ^^Nrjiqj ftys ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa ** ^^Nrjiqj ftys ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa** ^^Nrjiqj ftys ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa ** ^^Nrjiqj ftys ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa**
¹ pUnzekSfy 'kqDy ¹ pUnzekSfy 'kqDy ¹ pUnzekSfy 'kqDy ¹ pUnzekSfy 'kqDy ¹ pUnzekSfy 'kqDy
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¹ izk/;kid ,oa foHkkxk/;{k] bfrgkl foHkkx] 'kkldh; egkjktk egkfo|ky;] Nrjiqj (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& Nrjiqj ftyk {ks= dh /kkfeZ d fLFkfr tkuus es a iqjkrkfRod lk/kuksa ls lokZf/kd enn feyrh gS A buesa efUnj nsoh&nsorkvks a dh ewfrZ;ka] vfHkys[k rFkk flDds izeq[k gSa A fofo/k nsoh nsorkvksa dks lefiZ r foosP; dkyhu ea fUnj mues a LFkkfir rFkk ;=&r= fc[kjh iM+ h ewfrZ;ka yksxksa dh /kkfeZd vkLFkk dk izrhd gS A vfHkys[kksa ls vU; tkudkjh ds lkFk lkFk /kkfeZd fLFkfr ij Hkh izdk'k iM+rk gS A flDdks a es a vafdr ewfrZ;ksa 'kkldks a dh mikf/k;ksa vkfn ls jktkvksa dh /kkfeZd vkLFkkvks a dk irk pyrk gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
Hkkjr izkjafHkd dky ls gh /keZ iz/kku ns'k jgk gSA flU/kq lH;rk ds fofo/k {ks=ks a ds mR[kuu ls tks iqjkrkfRod lkexzh izdk'k esa vk;h gS mlds vk/kkj ij ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ml le; Hkkjrh;ksa dk thou vkfLrd fopkjksa rFkk /kkfeZd psruk ls izHkkfor FkkA oSfnd ;qx es a /kkfeZ d psruk dk vkSj fodkl gqvkA oSfnd ;q x ds ijorhZ dky es a /keZ dk fo'kn fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k rFkk blds vkpkjksa rFkk fu;eks a dh vfHkO;atuk dh xbZA1
;g izfØ;k fujUrj pyrh jghA Hkkjrh; vk/;kfRed ijaijk esa ija lR; dh vuqHkwfr ds
vusd ekxZ cryk;s x;sA oS fnd dky ls budk lrr fodkl gks jgk Fkk ifj.kker% vusd /kkfeZ d lEiznk;ks a dk mn; gq vkA buesa oS".ko] 'kSo] 'kkDrlkSj] tS u rFkk ckS¼ /kkfeZ d lEiznk; iz eq[k FksA Nrjiqj ftyk {ks = es a Hkh bu /kkfeZd lEiznk;ksa dks yksdfiz;rk izkIr gqbZA lkfgfR;d rFkk iq jkrkfRod lk/kuksa ls bl {ks= ds foos P; dkyhu lekt dh /kkfeZd fLFkfr tkuus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA osn] czkEg.k] vkj.;d] mifu"kn] iq jk.k Le`fr;ka ckS¼ rFkk tSu /kkfeZd xzaFk /kkfeZ d fLFkfr ij izdk'k Mkyrs gSaA vusd ykS fdd xzaFkksa ls Hkh /keZ laca /kh tkudkjh feyrh gSA Nrjiq j ftyk {ks= dh /kkfeZd fLFkfr tkuus es a iq jkrkfRod lk/kuksa ls lokZ f/kd enn feyrh gSA buesa efUnj ns oh&ns orkvksa dh ew frZ;ka ] vfHkys [k rFkk flDds izeq[k gSaA fofo/k nsoh nsorkvksa dks lefiZ r foosP; dkyhu ea fUnj muesa LFkkfir rFkk ;=&r= fc[kjh iM+h ewfrZ;ka yksxksa dh /kkfeZd vkLFkk dk izrhd gSA vfHkys[kksa lsvU; tkudkjh ds lkFk lkFk /kkfeZd fLFkfr ij Hkh izdk'k iM+rk gSA flDdks a esa vafdr ewfrZ ;ksa 'kkldksa dh mikf/k;ksa vkfn ls jktkvksa dh /kkfeZd vkLFkkvksa dk irk pyrk gSA Nrjiqj ftys ds izkphu LFkyksa ds losZ{k.k ls eq>s vusd ea fnjksa rFkk ewfrZ ;ksa dk irk pyk blls ftys ds /kkfeZd foospu esa eq>s lgk;rk feyhA Nrjiqj ftyk {ks= ds foosP; dkyhu lekt esa OkS".ko] 'kSo] 'kkDr] lkSj rFkk tSu /kkfeZ d lEiznk; izHkko'kkyh FksA bl {ks= esa foos P; dky esa fo".kqiwtk vf/kd yks dfiz; FkhA
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012 151
Hkxoku fo".kqdks viuk iz/kku b"V ns o rFkk ijekRek ds :i esa ekuus okys yksx oS".ko
dgs x;s rFkk rRlaca/kh /keZ oS ".ko /keZA2 nsork ds :i esa fo".kq dk vfLrRo oSfnd ;q xhu gSA fdUrq ½Xos n esa bUgsa mruk egRo ugha fn;k x;k ftruk bUnz rFkk o:.k dksA mRrj oSfnd dky esa fo".kq dk egRo c<+kA fo".kq ds fofo/k vorkjksa dk o.kZu mRrj oS fnd dky ls feyus yxrk gSA oS".ko /keZ dk izkjafHkd :i Hkkxor /keZ ds va rxZ r nsodh iq = Hkxoku Ï".k ds iwtu ds :i esa nf'kZ r gksrk gSA3 oklqnso Ï".k dk izkjafHkd uke FkkA ;g uke ikf.kfu ;qx esa i z pfyr Fkk vkSj ml ;q x esa oklqnso dh mikluk djus okys oklqnsod dgs tkrs FksA4 iratfy us oklqnso dks fo".kq dk :i ekuk gSA fo".kq ds oklq nso :i dh mikluk bruh vf/kd yksdfiz ; gksus yxh Fkh fd fons'kh Hkh bl vksj vkdf"kZr gksus yxs FksA r{kf'kyk ds ;wukuh jktnwr gsfy;ksMksjl us yxHkx bZ-iw- f}rh; 'krkCnh esa cs luxj (fofn'kk) esa x:M+/ot LFkkfir djok;k vkS j vius dks Hkkxor ?kksf"kr fd;k
FkkA5 xqIrdky esa oS".ko lEiznk; dks vkSj vf/kd yksdfiz;rk izkIr gqbZA xqIr 'kkldksa us tgka ije Hkkxor dh mikf/k /kkj.k dhA ogha mUgksaus flDdksa esa y{eh rFkk x:M+ dh ewfrZ dks vafdr djok;kA esgjkSyh ds ykSg LrEHk vfHkys[k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd pUnz xqIr f}rh; us fo".kq &/ot dk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA xqIrdky esa fo".kq rFkk muds vorkjksa ds vusd eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA bl ;q x esa fo".kq ds n'kkorkjks a esa ojkg vorkj dh iwtk dks fo'ks"k egRo fn;k x;kA6
Nrjiq j ftys dh lhekvksa es a fLFkr >aklh rFkk lkxj ftyks esa xqIrdky esa oS".ko lEiznk; fodflr gksus ds mnkgj.k feyrs gSaA lkxj ftys ds ,sj.k esa xqIr lezkV cq/kxqIr ds 'kkludky ds LrEHk ys [k esa ekr`fo".kq rFkk mlds NksVs HkkbZ /kkU; fo".kq }kjk Hkxoku fo".kq ds /ot LrEHk LFkkiuk dk mYys[k gSa A7 ,sj.k esa xqIrdky esa fufeZr ojkg rFkk fo".kq
ds efUnj gSa A ;gka ojkg] fo".kq rFkk x:M+ dh xqIrdkyhu izfrek;sa fo|eku gS aA >ka lh ftys ds nsox<+ esa xqIrdkyhu n'kkorkj rFkk ojkg eafnj gSaA n'kkorkj eafnj es a fo".kq dh vusd izfrek;sa LFkkfir gaSA buesa eafnj dh ckg~; nhoky ij yxh 'ks "k'kk;h fo".kq dh iz frek vR;Ur lqUnj gSA lkxj rFkk >aklh ftyks a esa xqIrdkyhu oS".ko lEiznk; laca/kh mnkgj.kksa ls izrhr gksrk gS fd Nrjiq j ftys esa oS".ko lEiz nk; yks dfiz; jgk gks xkA
g"kZo/kZu ds 'kkludky esa bl {ks= esa oS'.ko lEiz nk; dh fLFkfr Li"V ugha gSA ok.kHkV~V us g"kZ pfjr esa Hkkxor lEiz nk; dk mYys [k fd;k gSA8 g~ osulkax us Hkkjr dk Hkz e.k djrs gq;s tq>kSfr dh Hkh ;k=k dh Fkh muds vuq lkj tq >kSfr dh jkt/kkuh esa 10 eafnjksa esa yxHkx 1000 czkEg.k iwtk djrs FksA izfrgkj 'kkludky es a bl {ks= esa oS".ko lEiznk; ds fodflr gksus ds vusd mnkgj.k feyrs gSa A ftys ds vpV xzke esa nks efUnj
fLFkr gSa A fuekZ .k 'kSyh dh n`f"V ls buesa ,d izfrgkj dkyhu rFkk ,d pUns ydkyhu izrhr gksrk gSA izfrgkjdkyhu efUnj dh iknihB ds e/; dYio`{k dk f'kYikadu gSA dYio`{k ds nkfguh vksj czEgk ljLorh ds lkFk rFkk cka ;h vksj f'ko dks mek ds lkFk iznf'kZ r fd;k x;k gS] blls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ;g efUnj fo".kq dks lefiZ r FkkA O;kl cnkSjk ds if'peh eafnj lew g esa fufeZr fo".kq ea fnj Hkh fuekZ.k dh n`f"V ls izfrgkj dkyhu izrhr gksrk gSA bl eafnj ds xHkZx g es a fo".kq izfrek dk ?kqVuksa rd dk Hkkx iM+ k gSA
pUns y 'kkludky esa bl {ks= esa oS".ko lEiznk; vf/kd yksdfiz; gqvkA pans y 'kkldksa ds laj{k.k esa vusd fo".kq eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA pUns y 'kkld ;'kksoeZu us
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[ktq jkgks esa Hkxoku cSdqaB (fo".kq) dk eafnj cuok;k FkkA bldh tkudkjh [ktqjkgks ds
y{e.k eafnj vfHkys[k ls feyrh gSA9 fo".kq vkSj muds vorkjksa dks lefiZr vusd ea fnj ftys esa fLFkr gS aA bues a [ktqjkgks ds ojkg] okeu] prq HkZq t tokjh efUnj] trdjk dk prqHkqZt eafnj rFkk vpV dk fo".kq eafnj izeq[k gSA pansydkyhu eafnjksa es a fo".kq rFkk muds vorkjksa dh ewfrZ;ka cM+h la[;k esa fufeZr dh xbZ FkhaA vpV ds pansydkyhu fo".kqeafnj esa fLFkr LFkkud fo".kq dh nks ew frZ;ka] okeu fo".kq dh nks ewfrZ;ka ] x:M+ dh ewfrZ] vpV es a Jh izeksn frokjh ds ?kj esa fLFkr okeu fo".kq dh ewfrZ] Nijk ds rkykc dh ca/kku ij j[kh 'ks'k"kk;h fo".kq izfrek] /kkSjh esa fLFkr LFkkud fo".kq dh nks ew frZ ;ka] u;kxkao dh 'ks "k'kk;h fo".kq rFkk x:M+ dh izfrek;sa] xBsojk ds 'ks"k'kk;h fo".kq ewfrZ] dnkSgka dh x:M+ klhu fo".kq rFkk okeu fo".kq dh ewfrZ;ka ] ikyh esa fLFkr fo".kq ewfrZ ifjdj [k.M ekrxaok dh fo".kqewfrZ] cNkSu esa fLFkr fo".kq ew frZ dk v/kksHkkx] Nrjiqj es a
iz kIr rFkk orZeku esa /kqosyk laxzgky; esa lajf{kr 'ks"k'kk;h fo".kq dh ewfrZ] trdjk ea fnj dh fo".kq ew frZ] rFkk [ktqjkgks ds vusd eafnjks a esa fLFkr fo".kq vkSj muds vorkjksa dh ewfrZ ;ka bl ftys esa pansy dky esa oS".ko lEiznk; ds yksdfiz; gksus ds LIk"V izek.k gSaA [ktq jkgks y{e.k eafnj vfHkys[k esa fo".kq dks loksZ Pp LFkku fn;k x;k gSA blesa dgk x;k gS ^czEgk ds v/kZ iznku djus ls izHkq ds inkjfoUn ls fudys ifo= ty lewg dks f=yksdh ds firk Hkxoku 'ka dj flj ij /kkj.k djrs gS aA10 [ktqjkgks ds y{e.k eafnj vfHkys[k dk vkjaHk rFkk vUr ^^vks e~ ueks Hkxorks oklqnsok;^^ 'kCnks a ls gksrk gSA
Nrjiq j ftys ds pansy dkyhu fo".kq ewfrZ;ksa ds ifjdjkas esa n'korkjksa dk f'kYika du lq:fpiw.kZ <ax ls fd;k x;k gSA n'kkorkjksa ojkg es a okeu vorkj vf/kd yksdfiz; FksA ojkg rFkk okeu ds vyx ls eafnj rFkk ew frZ ;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA okeu fo".kq dh
ewfrZ ;ka bl ftys esa vf/kd feyh gSaA [ktqjkgks ds y{e.k ea fnj esa Ï".k yhyk ls lEcfU/kr ewfrZ ;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA bl eafnj ds vkarfjd iz nf{k.kk iFk ds pkjksa vksj xHkZx`g dh fHkfRr;ksa esa iw ruk o/k] r`.kkorZ~ o/k] ;eyktqZ u m¼kj] dkfy; enZu rFkk pk.kwj ;q¼ bR;kfn dh ewfrZ;ka fufeZr dh xbZ gSaA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- MkW- t;'kadj feJ ^^ izkphu Hkkjr dk lkekftd bfrgkl^^ i"B 6682- lqohjk tk;loky ^^ vksfjtu ,.M MsoyiesaV vc oS'.kfoTe^^3- MkW- t;'kadj feJ ^^ izkphu Hkkjr dk lkekftd bfrgkl^^ i"B 7184- ogh
5- MkW- gsepUnz jk; pkS/kjh ^ izkphu Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd bfrgkl^^ i"B 3486- MkW- oklqnso mik/;k; ^^ xqIr lezkT; dk bfrgkl^^ i'B 2187- MkW- jktdqekj 'kekZ ^^e/;izns'k ds iqjkrRo dk lanHkZxzaFk ^ i`'.k 1738- ck.kHkV~V ^ g"kZpfjre~^ lxZ 8 i"B 2369- ,-ba- [k.M 1 i`"B 123&3510- ,-bz- [k.M 1 i"B 123 'yksd 2
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vdcj dkyhu fp=dyk esa Jhjke dk vadu vdcj dkyhu fp=dyk esa Jhjke dk vadu vdcj dkyhu fp=dyk esa Jhjke dk vadu vdcj dkyhu fp=dyk esa Jhjke dk vadu vdcj dkyhu fp=dyk esa Jhjke dk vadu
¹ vuqjk/kk frokjh ¹ vuqjk/kk frokjh ¹ vuqjk/kk frokjh ¹ vuqjk/kk frokjh ¹ vuqjk/kk frokjh
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¹ fp=dyk foHkkx] Hkksiky (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& Hkkjr dh e/;dkyhu fp=dyk dk fp=dyk ds bfrgkl esa viuk ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gS ] ftles a dh jktLFkkuh eqxy ,oa igkM+ h ds fp= vkrs gS aA bles a fp=dyk dk l`tu NksVs vkdkj ds dkxt ij gqvk ftldks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ys tkus ds vklkuh gksrh FkhA bu 'kS fy;ks a ij rRdkyhu lkfgR; dk lEiw.kZ izHkko jgkA eqxy 'kSyh dksbZ uohu 'kS yh ugh
Fkh cfYd ogha jktLFkkuh 'kS yh Fkh ftldk ifjektZu iszeh FksA lcls igys gqek;wW vius lkFk dqN bZjkuh fp=dkjks a dks ;gk¡ ysdj vk;k] ftudh bZjkuh 'kS yh ls eqxy brus izHkkfor gq, fd mUgksus jktLFkkuh ifj"d`r 'kS yh dk fuekZ.k fd;k] ftls eqxy 'kS yh dgk x;kA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
eq xy dk vkjEHk Hkkjr esa ckcj ls gqvkA eq xyksa us yxHkx rhu lkS o"kksZ rd Hkkjr esa jkT; fd;kA LoHkkfod :i ls bl ;qx ds dyk rFkk laLd` fr dk fodkl gqvkA bl la ca /k esa okpLifr xS jks yk dk dFku gS ^^eqxyksa dk mn~ns'; dyk dh bl Fkkrh dks fo/oa'k djuk ugha Fkk] vfirq Hkkjr esa vfLrRo dh tM+s tekuk Fkk] dyk isze rks mudh jxks a esa dwV&dwV dj Hkjk gqvk FkkA ;gkW rd fd bLyke ds dVq fu"ks/k vkSj vusd izdkj izfrca/k Hkh eqxyksa ds dyk&isze dks de u dj ldsA ;gkW rd fd vdcj us rks fp= lk/kuk dks
bZ'oj izkfIr rFkk Kku of¼ dk ek/;e Lohdkj fd;k gSA blh dkj.k og ,s ls yksxksa ls ?k` .kk djrk Fkk tks fp=dyk ds izfr vkLFkk ,oa vuqjkx ugha j[krs FksA1 ckcj (1526&1530 bZ0iw0)Hkkjr esa eqxy 'kklu dk la LFkkid FkkA 1526 dh mudh ikuhir fot; us mls fgUnqLrku dk ckn'kkg cuk fn;kA ^^ckcj rS ewj oa'k ls la caf/kr FkkA rSewj oa'k okys fp=dyk ds vR;Ur iszeh FksA ckcj vius lSfud vkØe.kksa ds chp es a bZjku x;k FkkA ;gkW ij og fgjkr uxj Hkh x;k tgkW bZjkuh fp= dyk ls mldk lEidZ gqvkA tc ckcj Hkkjr vk;k rks bZjkuh fp=dyk Hkh mlds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr vk;hA ckcj us viuh vkRedFkk esa nks dykdkjks a 1- fcgtkn] 2- 'kkgeq TtQj dk uke fn;k gSA gqek;w W (1530&1556) ckcj dk lcls cM+k iq = FkkA mlds 3 HkkbZ Fks&rkjejke] vLdjh] fgUnky gqek;wW dk tUe 1508 esa dkcqy esa gqvk FkkA mldh i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ dk mfpr iz ca/k fd;k x;k vkSj bfrgkl /keZ]
lkfgR; ,oa dkO; esa mlus vPNh ;ksX;rk gkfly dhA blds lkFk gh og ,d dq'ky ?kqM+ lokj vkSj egku~ ;ks¼k FkkA ^^ckcj o gqek;wW ds le; fp=ksa ij if'kZ ;u izHkko jgk gSA euksgj dky ds vuq lkj& ^vdcj dk dky fp=dyk ds fy, ifjorZ u dk dky FkkAvdcj us dqjku ds fu;eksa dh vogsyuk dh ftlls dV~Vj lqUuh eqlyekuksa us vdcj dk fojks/k fd;kA muds bl fojks/k dks lekIr djus ds fy, vdcj us fp=dyk dks /keZ ds lkFk tksM+ fn;kA**2 ^^vdcj dk le; (1556&1605) rd Fkk] vdcj dk tUe (1542)
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esa vej dksV (ikfdLrku) esa gqvk FkkA gqek;Ww dh e` R;q ds le; vdcj 13 o"kZ dk fd'kksj
FkkA vdcj ,d cgqr lw >cw > okyk mnkj 'kkld FkkA vU; eqfLye ckn'kkgksa dh rjg og dV~ Vj ugha FkkA mlesa xq .k xzkfgrk cgqr FkhA gj /keZ dh vPNh ckr lh[kus o vey djus esa mls vkuan vkrk Fkk] blfy, mlus ^nhu&,&bykgh* uke dk ,d Lora = /keZ pyk;k] ftldk mn~ns'; Fkk ^lqyg&dqy* ;kuh lcds lkFk ?kqy&feydj pyukA bl egkurk rFkk mnkjrk ds dkj.k FkksM+ s gh fnu esa og cgq r yksdfiz; 'kkld cu x;kA jktk eku flag dh cgu tks/kkckbZ ls mlus fookg fd;k rFkk mlds lkFk oS".ko /keZ dk va'kr% ikyu fd;kA og jktiwrksa dh rjg pUnu yxkrk Fkk rFkk lw ;Z dks lq cg ty p<+krk FkkA bl izdkj mlds vanj leUo; dh Hkkouk dwV&dw V dj Hkjh Fkh] tks/kkckbZ dk yM+dk lyhe gh tgkW xhj ds uke ls vdcj dk mRrjkf/kdkjh cukA blh leUo;kRed cqf¼ lsvdcj us jktLFkkuh ;k fgUnw 'kS yh dks bZjkuh ds lkFk ftl [kwch ds lkFk feykdj ,d
uohu 'kSyh dks tUe fn;kA ogha mPpre vdcj dkyhu eqxy 'kSyh FkhA**3 ^^vkbus vdcjh esa Hkh ;gh fy[kk gS fd fp=dkjksa dks vdcj us cgqr lEeku
fn;kA bl le; fp=dkjh bruh ÅWps Lrj dh gqbZ fd izR;sd fp= esa thou dk n'kZ u gksrk gSSA jax ;ks tuk esa Hkh fo'ks"k lq/kkj gqvkA vdcj ds njckj esa fgUnw vkS j eqlyeku nksuks a gh izdkj ds fp=dkj Fks] ftlesa fgUnq vks a dh la[;k vf/kd FkhA vcqy Qty ds vuqlkj tks HkkokRed fp= fgUnq fp=dkj cukrs Fks mrus vPNs eqlyeku fp=dkj ugha cuk ikrsFksA**4 ^^tgkWxhj us (1605&1627) rd 'kklu fd;kA tgkWxhj fgUnw ekW dk ,d I;kjk iq = FkkA mlds cpiu dk uke lyhe FkkA mldk tUe ,d egku eq lyeku lUr 'ks [k lyhe fp'rh ds vk'khZ okn ls gqvk FkkA tgkWxhj us ,d tc :i lqUnjh uw jtgkW dks ns [kk rc ls mldks viuh g`n; fiz;k cuk fy;k FkkA tgkWxhj dyk iszeh vkSj izd`fr lkSUn;Z dk cM+k
gh iz seh Fkk vkS j mlds lkFk gh vdcj dkyhu ijEijkvks a dk lEeku fd;k rFkk mUgsa vius 'kkludky es a tkjh j[kkA tgkWxhj ,d cgqr mPp dksfV dk dyk ikj[kh Fkk] og fp=ksa dks ns[kdj ;g crk nsrk Fkk fd veqd fp= fdl dykdkj dk cuk gqvk gSA ;fn ,d gh fp= dks dbZ fp=dkj cukrs Fks] rks muesa tgkW xhj ;g crk fn;k djrk Fkk fd bl fp= esa veqd oLrq dk vkW [kas fdl fp=dkj us cukbZ gS eq ag fdlus fpf=r fd;k gSA ;g vkHkw"k.k o oL= fdl&fdl fp=dkj us cuk;s gSA** tgkWxhj ds dky esa fp=dkj (fgUnw&eqfLye) brus ?kq y&fey x;s Fks fd ;fn fgUnw gkf'k;k cukrk Fkk] js[kk [khaprk] rks eqfLye jax Hkjrk FkkA og tgkW xhj dk gh mnkj O;fDrRo Fkk fd turk us feydj dk;Z fd;k vkS j blh dkj.k tgkWxhj dk le; ^Lo.kZ ;qx** ekuk tkrk gSA vdcj us vf/kdrj /kkfeZ d fp= rFkk n`"VkUr (mnkgj.k okys fp=) cuok;s ijUrq tgkWxhj us blds foijhr
LQq V fp=] izd`fr rFkk i'kq if{k;ksa o f'kdkj ds fp= gh cuok;sAbu fp=ksa esa vdcj dkyhu fp=ksa ls vf/kd ckjhdh o lkSUn;Z feyrk gSA**5 ^^vdcj dkyhu eqxy fp=dkj vf/kdrj fpf=r xzUFkks a ds :i esa gekjs lkeus vkrh gSA blesa fdLlk vehj gEtk] ^rokjh[ks [kkunkus&rSew fj;k] jTe ukek&egkHkkjr*] ckdvkr ckcjh vdcj ukek* vuokj lqgSyh] v;kj nkfu'k] rkjh[k j'khn] ^jkek;.k*] gjoa'k] uy ne;Urh] dFkk lfjRlkxj] ^'kdqUryk*] dkfy;k neu] paxst ukek] n'kkorkj*] d".k pfj= vkfn cgqr lh jpuk;sa bl le; gqbZA vdcj dh e`R;q ds ckn tgkWxhj us cM+h ;ksX;rk ds lkFk jkT; lEHkkykAvdcj us tks ,d HkO; eqxy 'kSyh dh uhao Mkyh Fkh tgkWxhj us ,lesa pkj pkWn yxk
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fn;kA ekuokd`fr;ksa dk ftruk lqUnj fp=.k tgkWxhj ds dky es a gq vk mruk igys dHkh
ugha gqvk FkkA vdcj us vf/kdrj /kkfeZ d fp= rFkk n`"VkUr (mnkgj.k okys fp=) cuok;s ijUrq tgkWxhj us blds foijhr LQqV fp= gh cuok;sA bu fp=ks a esa vdcj dkyhu fp=ksa ls vf/kd ckjhdh o lkSUn;Z feyrk gSA**6 tgkWxhj dh e`R;q ds ckn lu~ 1626 ls 1666 bZ0 rd 'kkgtgkW jktxn~nh ij cSBk ijUrq tgkWxhj dh rjg mls fp=dyk dk is ze ugha Fkh ijUrq og cgq r 'kkSdhu Fkk] ijUrq mldk 'kkS d Hkou&fuekZ .k dyk esa vf/kd gqvkA vdcj o tgkWxhj ds dky esa tks lthork fp=ks a esa vk;h og 'kkgtgkW ds dky es a lekIr gks x;hA ml dky esa dykdkjksa us fp= rks cuk, ysfdu o lc jkt oSHko ,oa ukjh lkSUn;Z vkfn rd gh lhfer jg x,A mlus viuh fiz ; csxe eqerkt egy dh Le`fr es a bl dykfuf/k dk fuekZ.k djk;k vkSj bl isze Lekjd es a mlus pkj yk[k ikSaM LVjfyM dk O;; fd;kA iz fl¼ Hkouksa esa eksrh efLtn] tkek efLtn] yky fdys] nhokus[kkl vkfn 'kkgtgkW }kjk
fufeZr Hkou gSA Nkjk f'kdksg dk le; lu~ 1615&1659 bZ0 rd Fkk og 'kkgtgkW dk cM+k iq = Fkk og vk/;kfRed :fp okyk ,d fp=dyk dk is zeh FkkA nkjk dk pkyhl fp=ksa dk eqjDdk ;k fp=/kkjk (vyce) tks vc ba fM;k vkWfQl ykbczs jh] ya nu esa lq jf{kr gSAvkSjaxtsc dk le; lu~ 1658&1707 bZ0 rd Fkk og laxhr rFkk fp=dyk dk dV~ Vj fojks/kh FkkA laj{k.k ds vHkko esa cgqr ls dykdkj nDdu ls gSnjkckn rFkk igkM+ks a esa tkdj 'kj.k yh vkS j u;s laj{kdksa dh ryk'k esa iyk;u dj x;sA eq xy dky esa fp= jpuk rks gq , ij dqN /kkfeZd fp=ksa dk vadu dsoy vdcj vkSj 'kkgtgkW ds dky esa gh gq , gSa A eqxy dky esa tks fp= cus gS os lc t;iq j E;w ft;e esa lq jf{kr gS rFkk ml le; ds fp=ksa es a /kkfeZd fp=ksa dk vadu vf/kdrj 16oha rFkk 17oha 'krkCnh esas gq, gSa dqN fp=ksa dk o.kZu bl izdkj ls gSA**6
1- 16oha 'krkCnh ds iwoZ eqxy dky ds bl fp= esa Hkjr dk iapoVh esa vkxeu ds n`'; dks fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA bl fp= esa Jhjke vkSj lhrkth iapoVh esa cSBs gq, fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA Jhjke th ds ,d gkFk esa /kuq"k rFk nwljs gkFk es a yM~Mw fy, fn[kkbZ ns jgs gS a rFkk lhrk th ds gkFk esa ,d ik= esa idoku ys j[kk gS rFkk muds ihNs ds n`'; es a ,d isM+ esa y{e.k th isM+ es a p<+rs gq , fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa rFkk uhps nks riLoh Hkh /;ku eqnz k es a fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA fp= cgqr gh lqUnj rFkk ltho izrhr gks rk gSA2- 17oha 'krkCnh ds iw oZ eqxy dky ds bl fp= esa 'kqd vkS j 'kj.k nks nwrksa dks jko.k vius egy esa cSBdj vkns 'k nsrk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS rFkk uhps dh rjQ Jhjke vkSj y{e.k ds lkeus cUnjks a dh lsuk ds lkFk jko.k ds nwr Hkh gkFk tksM+s fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaaA bl iwjs fp= esa s nks uksa s nwr rFkk lSfudks a ds psgjs cUnj rFkk dqN tkuojksa ds psgjs ds leku fn[kkbZ ns
jgs gSa rFkk 'kjhj euq"; dk gSA Jhjke vkS j y{e.k dks /kuq"k ck.k fy, fpf=r fd;k x;k gS] fp= dks nks [k.Mksa es a foHkkfor fd;k gSA igys fp= es a jko.k vius egy esa gSA rFkk nwljs fp= es a jke vkSj y{e.k taxy esa fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSaA fp= cgqr gh lqUnj gSA3- ;g fp= 16oha ds iwoZ eqxy dky dk gS bl fp= esa esa jko.k dks nl flj rFkk chl Hkqtkvksa ds lkFk flagklu ij cSBs fn[kk;k x;k gSA ckyh dk iq= va xn vius gkFk esa xnk idMs gq , muds njckj esa [kM+ k fn[kkbZ nsrk gS mlds pkjksa vksj flag ;q Dr jk{klksa dk va du vR;f/kd yxu ls fd;k x;k gS ftuesa ls dqN cUnjksa] rksrs] cdfj;ksa ] vkSj vU; tkuojksa ds flj ekuo 'kjhj ds Åij yEch iwWN ds lkFk cuk;s x;s gSa] muds flj ij cuh
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lhxs a fofHkUu izdkj dh gSA vaxn ogka mifLFkr jk{klksa dh Vq dM+h dh ijokg fd;s cxSj
fuHkhZdrk ls py dj ogkW mifLFkr gksrk gSA4- 17oha 'krkCnh ds izkjaHk dh eq xy 'kSyh dk ,d fp= ftlesa jko.k vius njckj esa flagklu ds Åij fn[kk;k x;k gS] tcfd uhps ds Hkkx esa ;q¼ ds n`';ksa dks vafdr fd;k x;k gS ftlesa jke edjk{k jk{kl ds lkFk ;q¼ yM+rs fn[kk,W x;s gSa jke vkS j y{e.k nksuks a vU; jk{klksa ls yM+ rs fn[kk, x;s gSaA fp= cgqr ltho gS rFkk fp=.k esa iw .kZ :i ls ;q¼ ds n`'; dks fn[kkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gs] fp= cgqr gh lqUnj gSA5- bl fp= es a Hkxoku Jhjke ,oa y{e.k dks muds xq: fo'okfe= ds lkFk fn[kk;k x;k gS bl fp= esa Jhjke ,oa y{e.k dks fofHkUu izdkj ds i'kq&if{k;ksa rFkk tgjhys liksZ rFkk taxyh tkuojks a ls Hkjs taxy esa fo'okfe= ds lkFk fn[kk;k x;k gSA ik'oZ esa ,d egy fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS tks fefFkyk izrhr gksrk gSA ;g fp=@ml le; dk gS tc jk{klksa
dk vR;kpkj c<+ rk tk jgk Fkk rc ml le; fo'okfe= th us v;ks/;k tkdj nks uksa jktdqekjksa Jh jke vkSj y{e.k dks vius lkFk jk{klksa ls ;q¼ djus ds fy, ys x;s FksA ;q¼ ds ckn esa fo'okfe= ds lkFk fefFkyk x;s tgkW lhrkth dk Lo;aoj gks us okyk Fkk ;g fp= eqxy dky dk gS ftlds nks ifV~V;ks a esa mnZw ls fy[kh gq bZ gSA
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lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- vyadkj Hkkx&32 Hkkjrh; fp=dyk (peu fdj.k) ist ua- 86] jktgal ifCyflaxA2- Hkkjr dh fp=dyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl(yksds'k pUnz 'kekZ)ist ua- 92] xks;y ifCyflaxA3- Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ,oa ewfrZdyk dk bfrgkl (MkW0jhrk izrki) ist ua- 731 jktLFkku fgUnh
xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqjA4- v'kksd dqekj nkl% eqxy isfUVax M~;wfVax tgkWxhj VkbEl dydRrk 1978] ist ua-44]485- vkuan dqekj Lokeh% eqxy isfUVaXl dsVykWx vkWQ nh bafM;u dysD'kUl i`"B 4 vkSj 56- Hkkjr dh fp=dyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl yksds'k pUnz 'kekZ xks;y ifCyf'kax ist ua- 102
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eqxy dkyhu Ïf"k ,oa i'kqikyu eqxy dkyhu Ïf"k ,oa i'kqikyu eqxy dkyhu Ïf"k ,oa i'kqikyu eqxy dkyhu Ïf"k ,oa i'kqikyu eqxy dkyhu Ïf"k ,oa i'kqikyu
¹ thrsUnz dqekj ik.Ms; ¹ thrsUnz dqekj ik.Ms; ¹ thrsUnz dqekj ik.Ms; ¹ thrsUnz dqekj ik.Ms; ¹ thrsUnz dqekj ik.Ms;
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¹ 'kks/kkFkhZ] 'kkldh; Bkdqj j.ker flag egkfo|ky;] jhok (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& vFkZ ds lalkj esa vkfFkZd bfrgkl dk viuk egRo gS A bl vFkZ dh ltZuk djrk gS lektA vr% lekt ls ijs vFkZ dk vfLro ugha gS A blfy, Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa vkfFkZd bfrgkl ds egRo dks udkjk ugha tk ldrkA dqN o"kksZa iw oZ e/; dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dsvkfFkZ d igyqvksa ij 'kks/k dk;Z gq, vkSj 'kks/k ys[ku rFkk dqN iqLrds a izdk'k es a vk;ha A ij bu
fo"k;ks a ij mruk 'kks/k dk;Z ugha gqvk ftruk gksuk pkfg,A vr% bfrgkl ds bl ;FkkZ Fk dksizdk'k es a ykus ds fy, bl fo"k; ij v/;;u o 'kks/k v/;kiu vfr vko';d gS ftlls ge eqxy ;qxhu vkfFkZ d <k¡ ps dks le> ldsa vkS j Hkfo"; ds ltZu esa leqfpr lg;ksx ns lds aA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
16oha ls 17oha 'krkCnh esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ewyr% d`f"k iz/kku FkhA nwljs 'kCnks a esa d`f"k ds vykok nwljs vkfFkZ d {ks=ksa tSls&O;kikj&okf.kT;] m|ksx] ,oa O;olk; vkfn esa vR;f/kd c<+ks Ùkjh ds ckctwn bl le; dh vkfFkZ d xfrfof/k;ksa dk ,d cM+k Hkkx [ksrh ij fuHkZ j Fkk vkSj lekt dk vf/kdrj oxZ viuh vk; ds fy, mlh ij vkfJr FkkAHkkjr ,d fo'kky ,oa foLr`r ns'k gS vkS j mlesa bruh fofo/krk,¡ gS fd ;g dguk Bhd ugha gksxk fd gj txg vkfFkZd <k¡pk ,d gh tSlk FkkA eqxy 'kklu ds vUrZ xr pw¡ fd lHkh
uhfr;k¡ ds Unz ls gh ykxw gksrh Fkh vr% lkjh fofo/krkvksa ds ckotw n Hkh ml le; dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa ,d ewyHkwr lekurk FkhA eqxydky esa izpfyr d`f"k i¼fr dh foospuk ls iwoZ Hkwfe la ca /kh vf/kdkj ds ckjs esa tkuuk vko';d gSA [ksrh ds ckjs esa gekjh vf/kdka'k tkudkjh dk vk/kkj Hkw&jktLo ds fu/kkZj.k vkS j mldh olwyh ls laca f/kr ledkyhu vfHkys[k gSA Hkw&LokfeRo ,d fookn dk fo"k; jgk gSA jkT; ds lkr vaxks a esa Hkwfe izeq[k gSA ij Hkw&LokfeRo dk iz 'u 'kklu vkSj 'kkflr es a my>k jgkA vdcj ds 'kklu ds vfUre fnuksa esa Hkkjr es a Hkwfe laca/kh vf/kdkj esa ijaijkxr iz.kkyh ls dqN vUrj vo'; vk;k] ysfdu dksbZ Økafrdkjh ifjorZu ugha gqvk vkSj iqjkus fopkjks a dk izHkko cuk jgk A HkV~Lokeh us dgk gS fd jkT; dk 'kkld gh Hkwfe o ty dk Lokeh gSA1
eqxy dky rd vkrs&vkrs ges a pkj iz dkj dh Hkwfe;k¡ enn&,&ek'k Hkwfe] dsUnzh; [kkylk
Hkwfe] lkoZtfud Hkwfe] O;fDrxr Hkwfe] Hkw&jktLo O;oLFkk ds vUrZxr vkrh FkhA ^^enn&,&ekl** dh Hkwfe& lYrur dky dh rjg eq xy 'kkld us /kkfeZd yksxks a] fuLlgk; yksxksa] mYekvksa ] fo}kuksa ,oa /kkfeZd o ykSfdd la LFkkvksa dks Hkwfe vuqnku esa fn;k djrs FksA bl izdkj ds Hkw fe /kkjdksa ls dksbZ Hkw&jktLo ugha fy;k tkrk FkkA bl dky esa ,slh Hkwfe de FkhA [kkylk Hkwfe& [kkylk Hkwfe ij 'kkld dk ,d ek= vf/kdkj Fkk ftls og vius o
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vius jkT; ds fgr esa iz;ksx esa ykrk FkkA [kkylk Hkwfe dk {ks = vfuf'pr gksrk FkkA
[kkylk Hkwfe ls jktLo olwyus ds fy, vyx ls vkfey fu;qDr gksrk FkkA vkcqyQty ds vuqlkj iw oZ esa [kkylk Hkwfe dk ns[kHkky] 'kguk] vehj ;k efyd djrs Fks] fdUrq eqxy dky esa ;g nkf;Ro eulc nkjksa dks iz kIr FkkA
eq xy lkezkT; dh leLr Hkw fe dks [kkylk Hkwfe vkS j fufnZ"V Hkwfe tSls nks vk/kkj Hkw r Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k FkkA bles [kkylk Hkw fe dk Hkw&jktLo iz'kklu ,oa laxz g.k lh/ks ljdkjh foHkkxksa ds v/khu Fkk vkSj fufnZ"V Hkw fe tks ^^rq;wy** ^tkxhj** ;k ^^bDrk** ds uke ls Hkh tkuh tkrh Fkh dk jktLo iz 'kklu ,oa laxz g.k ckn'kkg ds fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj iztk ds }kjk Hkh gksrk FkkA eksjyS.M dk dFku gS fd bl iz .kkyh dh eq[; fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh fd vkorhZ jktLo dh dqN ensa vkorhZ O;; dh fo'ks"k enksa dh iwfrZ djus ds fy, fufnZ"V dj nh tkrh FkhA bu fo'ks"k enksa es a gj ekeys rks ugha
fdUrq lkekU;r% lkez kT; dh lsok ij gksus O;; o osru dh ensa 'kkfey Fkha A blesa fufnZ"V nks izdkj ds dk;Z FksA (1) ls ok dk;Z (2) ijksidkjhA ls ok dk;Z ^^nke** ds fy, fd, tkrs Fks vkS j ijksidkj ds dk;ks Za ds fy, Hkwfe vuqnku esa nh tkrh FkhA lsok dk;Z ds fy, fofHkUu {ks=ks a dh jktLo laxzg dk O;ksjk j[kk tkrk FkkA tc ;g O;kSjk c<k&p<k dj fn[kk;k tkus yxk rc ,d leL;k iSnk gks xbZA bjdku gchc 17 oha 'krkCnh ds nLrkostksa ds vk/kkj ij fy[kk gS fd bl dfBukbZ dk lkeuk djus ds fy, 'kkgtgk¡ ds dky esa ekfld vuqikr dh if¼fr fudkyh xbZ vkSj tkxhj dh okLrfod o ukeek= dh mitksa ds e/; vuq ikr ds vk/kkj ij mUgsa Jsf.k;ks a esa foHkDr fd;k x;kA2 eqxy dkyhu Hkkjr esa dkLr vkS j cxSj dkLr dh Hkw fe dkQh Fkh fQj Hkh cM+h la[;k es a yks x Hkwfe ghu FksA bldk ewy dkj.k lEHkor% ;g Fkk fd lekt dk lEiUu oxZ fupys rcds dks
Hkww &LokfeRo dk vf/kdkj ugha nsuk pkgrk FkkA mijh rcds ds lEiUu yks x Hkw&Lokeh rks cus jgrs Fks vkSj Hkwfe ij dke djuk viuh izfr"Bk ds foijhr ekursFksA blfy, fuEu tkfr ds Hkwfe ds Hkw fe ghu] Hkwfe ij djrs gq , Hkh HkwLokfeRo ls ijs FksA3
d`"kdksa dk oxhZdj.k& Hkkjrh; d`"kdkas ds v/ ;;u dh vks j fo¼kuksa dk /;ku eq[;r% chloha 'krkCnh ds nwljs n'kd ds var esa vkd`"V gqvkA loZ izFke bfrgkldkj eksjyS .M us d` "kd ds egRo dks mtkxj fd;kA bjQku gchc us igyh ckj ^ d`"kd** dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, Li"V fd;k fd ^^d "kd** ls mudk vfHkizk; ml tulk/kkj.k ls gS tks [ksr es a vius gh d`f"k ;a=ks a dk iz ;ksx djds rFkk dsoy vius gh ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds Je dk mi;ksx djds Lo;a gh d`f"k dk;Z djrk gSA4 bl la UnHkZ esa oh0vkj0 xzksoj us fy[kk gS fd eqxy ;qx esa xzke leqnk; dh vo/kkj.kk Hkwfe ds iV~Vs vkSj xkao es a jgus okys d`f"k la ca /kh vkSj xS j] d`f"k laca/kh yksxksa ds chp la ca /kksa ij fuHkZj djrh FkhA ;gk¡ ij
eq xydkyhu df"k vkStkj ,oa cka/k fuekZ .k
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ch0vkj0xzks oj us d`"kdksa dks rhu oxks Za esa foHkDr fd;k gS& (1) [kqndkLr (2) ikgh dkLr
(3) eqtkfj;k dkLrA ij lrh'k pUnz us bl dky esa d` "kdksa dks ek= nks oxks Za (1) [kqn dkLr (2) ikgh dkLr es a oxhZd` r fd;k gSA mUgksa us eqtkfj;k dks ikgh dkLr ds ,d oxZ ds :i esa gh jD[kk gSA ;gk¡ ij ns [kk tk; rks lrh'k pUnz dk mn~ns'; bl dky ds xzkeh.k lekt ds [ksfrgj oxksZ a dks muds fofHkUu oxksZa dh fLFkfr ,oa vf/kdkjksa ds lkFk gh d`f"k mRiknu esa mudh Hkwfedk dk Hkh ijh{k.k djuk FkkA5
(1) [kqn dkLr& [oktk ;klhu ds Hkw jktLo 'kCndks 'k esa [kq n dkLr dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd og tks cSy vkfn ds fy, /ku dk Hkq xrku Lo;a djrs ds i'pkr fj;k;k ls [ks rh djokrk gS vkS j og tks og [ksrh djrk gks vFkkZ r~ ftldk tehankjh Hkwfe esa ?kj gks vkSj ogk¡ [ksrh djrk gks mls [kqn dkLr
dgrs gSa A6 [kqn dkLr 'kCn dk vFkZ gS fdlkuksa }kjk ml Hkwfe ij ftldk fd og ekfyd gS vius ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dh lgk;rk ls Lo;a [ksrh djrk gks mls [kqn dkLr dgk tkrk FkkA lrh'k pUnz us [kqn dkLr dks bl izdkj Li"V fd;k gS& ^^,d ,s lk fdlku tks ml Hkw fe dk ekfyd gS] ftl ij ;g [ksrh djrk gS] tks xk¡ o esa cgqr le; ls jg jgk gS] ftldk ogk¡ viuk edku] ftlsviuh Hkw fe dks cs pus] gLrkUrfjr djus dk vf/kdkj gks rks tc rd og jktLo vnk djrk gS] ml ij dks bZ vkifRr ugha mBkbZ tk ldsA7 bl iz dkj [kq n dkLr fdlku ds fy, ;g vko';d Fkk fd fdlh Hkh tehankjh {ks = es a mldh Lo;a dh [ksrh ;ksX; tehu gks] [ks rh ds lk/ku cSy] gy vkfn lkexzh gks vkS j ftldk edku ml {ks= esa gSA gesa bu rF;ks a dk ladsr ckn'kkg vkSjxa tsc ds }kjk eks gEen gkfle dks fn, x;s Qjeku esa Hkh feyrk gSA8 mYys[kuh; gS fd e/; dky ds lekIr gks rs&gksrs Hkh gesa ;gh fLFkfr ns[kus dks feyrh gSA [oktk ;klhu us fy[kk gS fd ;fn [kqndkLr fdlku viuh tehu ij [ksrh djkus ds fy, cSy rFkk vU; lk/ku nsdj vU; ls [ks rh djkrk Fkk rks [ksrh djus okys dks mRiknu dk lkrok¡ fgLlk izkIr gksrk FkkA9
;gk¡ ij lrh'k pUnz dk dFku gS fd ml le; tc d`f"k ;ks X; vfrfjDr Hkw fe miyC/k Fkh vkSj jkT; deZpkjh tkx:d FksA rc rd [kqn dkLr dkjksa ds fy, ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ u cu ldh fd og iw ¡thifr dkLr dkj ds :i esa dk;Z dj ikrk vkSj fdjk;s ds dkLrdkjksa }kjk viuh Hkwfe ij [ksrh djok ikrkA ;fn dksbZ [kq ndkLdkj vius cdk;k Hkq xrku esa vleFkZ gks rk rks bl nkf;Ro dk Hkkj nwljs [kqndkLrdkj dks ysuk iM+rk FkkA ;fn og Hkq xrku u djus ds fLFkfr esa xk¡o NksM+ nsrk gS rks mldh tehu vf/kd ls vf/kd rhu o"kksZa ds fy, nwljs dks ns nh tkrh FkhA10 viuh cdk;k jkf'k dk Hkqxrku dj og iwoZvf/kdkj dks izkIr djrk FkkA
d`f"k esa cks okbZ ,oa [ksr tksrkbZ laca/kh vkStkj
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(2) ikgh dkLr %& ml dky ds xk¡o esa fdlkuksa dk
,d nwljk oxZ ikgh dkLr dk FkkA [oktk ;klhu dsvuqlkj ikgh dk vFkZ ml O;fDr ls Fkk] tks ,d xk¡o esa dkLrdkj gks rFkk ,d gh teha nkjh ds vk/khuLFk nwljs tehankj dh tehnkjh es a [ks rh djrk gSA11 fQjfexj esa ikgh dkLrdkj ds fo"k; esa fy[kk gS fd ;s yks x ml xk¡o dh tehu dks tksrrs cksus esa tgk¡ ij mudk fuokl ugha gks rk FkkA budks a LosPNkpkjh Vsus UV le>k tkrk FkkA12 eq xydkyhu Hkkjr es a ikgh dkLrdkjksa ds fofHkUu :i feyrs gSa lkekU;r;% mUgsa rhu oxksZa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS& igys oxZ es a [kqndkLr vkrs gS tks vius xk¡ o
esa jgrs Fks vkSj iM+kslh xk¡o esa Hkh dkLr djrs FksA ;g ,d fo'ks "k oxZ FkkA nwljs oxZ esa os ikgh dkLrdkj gS tks iVs yks a dh [kq ndkLr dks ;k teha nkjks a dh enn&,&ek'k /kkjdksa dh buke Hkw fe dks tks rrs FksA bl oxZ ds ikfg;ksa ds ikl vius gy] cSy vkfn dkLr ds leku ugha gksrs FksA os dsoy Je djrs FksA muds Je dk ewY;kadu c¡VkbZ ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk FkkA rhljk oxZ mu ikgh dkLrdkjksa dk Fkk] ftuds ikl gy] cSy vkfn dkLr ds leku gksrs FksA iM+ks lh xk¡o esa mudk Lokxr gksrk FkkA vij nj ls dj yxk;k tkrk FkkA os
xSj d`f"k {ks= dks d` f"k {ks= esa ykus dh egRoiw .kZHkwfedk fuHkkrs Fks] bl oxZ ds ikgh dkLrdkjksa ds ikl Hkw fe vko';d d`f"k lk/ku gksrs FksA vr% mUgsa xk¡o es a lEeku iwoZd edku cukus dh vuqefr nh tkrh FkhA (3) eqtkfj;ku& bl dky ds xk¡o es a d` "kdks a dk vU; oxZ eqtfj;ku dk FkkA bl oxZ dk Hkwfe ij dksbZvf/kdkj u FkkA ij os Hkwfe ds lkFk d`f"k nkl ds :i esa ck¡/ks Hkh FksA os ckgj ls vkdj xk¡o esa cl tkrs FksvkS j d`f"k dk;Z ls viuh thfodk pykrs FksA dqN jktLFkkuh nLrkostksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd eqtfj;ku yksxksa dks cLrks esa muds vius dq,¡ gks rs FksA ij ml ij mudk dksbZ LokfeRo ugha gksrk FkkA iV~Vs dh 'krksZa ds vuqlkj eqtfj;ku nks iz dkj ds gks rs FksA vYidkyhu Bs dsnkj ds :i esa] tks ew yr% vizoklh gksrs FksA nwljs nh?kZ dkyhu ,oa Bs dsnkj ds :i esa ftudksa n[ky dk vf/kdkj Fkk vkSj ftudh ogk¡ LFkk;h jgk;l cu tkrh FkhA ;s yks x lkekU;r% fuEu tkfr ds gksrss FksA bUgs a xk¡o ls fudkyk u tk ldrk Fkk] dkLr NksM+us ds ckn osviuh tksr dks iqu% d`f"k ds fy, ugha ys ldrs FksA eqtfj;ku xk¡o ds vax gksdj Hkh xzke leqnk; ds vax u FksA mudk xzke leqnk; ds dk;ksZa es a dksbZ gkFk ugha gksrk FkkA13 lekt us bu yks xksa dks ekfyd cuus dk gd ugha fn;k Fkk] tcfd ikgh dkLrdkj Hkwfe gksus ij utjkuk ns[kdj [kqn dkLr cu ldrk FkkA
eqxydkyhu d` f"k esa flpkbZ ds lk/ku
eq xydkyhu df"k ;a=
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Hkw&jktLo O;oLFkk& eqxy&lkezkT; ds fo'kky <k¡ps dk eq[; vk/kkj Fkk] Hkw&jktLoA
vdcj ds 'kklu ds nkSjku dkQh cM+ s {ks= esa Hkw&jktLo dh iz .kkyh dk ekudhdj.k dj fn;k x;k FkkA vkbu&,&vdcjh ds iz ek.kksa ls ;g la dsr feyrk gS fd izR;sd Qly dsvUrZxr nks frgkbZ Hkw fe flfpar FkhA ^Hkw&jktLo* d`f"k vf/k'ks "k dk ,d cM+k Hkkx gksrk FkkA iz'kklu dk eq[; mn~ns'; gksrk Fkk fd og fdlku ds vf/k'ks"k esa ls vf/kdk'ka Hkkx iz kIr dj ysaA (1) eqxy Hkw&jktLo dh i¼fr;k¡& jktLo vkdyu dh nks iw oZ i¼fr;k¡ (1) xYykc['kh (Qly es a fgLlk) (2) eq DrkbZ (la ;kstu) FkhA eqxydky esa ;s i¼fr;k¡ Hkh ;=&r= izfpfyr jghA xYyk c['kh i¼fr esa cqvkbZ ds ckn [ksrks a dks ck¡V fn;k tkrk FkkA tks [ksr cVkbZ dgykrk FkkA xgkus ds ckn vukt ds <sj yxkjd mUgsa ck¡V fn;k tkrk FkkA ;g yk¡x c¡VkbZ dgk tkrk FkkA eqDrkbZ i¼fr blls fHkUu FkhA eksjyS .M ds vuqlkj ;g ,d ,slh i¼fr Fkh ftlds vUrxZr ^^ ,d fdlku dh jktk ds izfr ;g ftEesnkjh gksrh Fkh fd mls iV~ Vs ij tks tehu nh xbZ FkhA14 ftl ij og pkgs tks Qly mxk ldrk FkkA mlds cnys esa og ,d fu/kkZfjr jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djsa A gLrkscUn vkdyu dk mYys[k vkcqyQty us vkbu&,&vdcjh esa fd;k gSA eq xydky es a tkIrk O;oLFkk Hkw &jktLo fu/kkZj.k dh ,d vU; i¼fr FkhA ;g lokZf/kd izfpfyr i¼fr Fkh tks lkFkZdrk dh n`f"V ls Hkh oSKkfud FkhA bl i¼fr esa d f"k ;ks X; mRre] e/;e vkSj fuEu Js.kh dh Hkwfe;ks a dks uki dj vkSj rhuksa Jsf.k;ksa dh Hkwfe FkhA izfr ch?kk ekud mit dks tksM ysuk A rnUrj rhu ls Hkkx dj mldk vkSlr fudky ysukA jkT; dh ek¡x dks ;|fi vukt ds :i es a fn[kk;k tkrk Fkk rFkkfi dher lwph ds vuqlkj mldk fglkc uxnh esa yxk fy;k tkrk FkkA vkbu&,&vdcjh es a vdcj ds 'kklu dky ds NBsa o"kZ ls pkSchlos a o"kZ rd dh tIrh ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu Qlyksa ds okf"kZ d nLrwj dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSAHkw &jktLo dh njksa vkS j okLrfod Hkw &vkadM+ksa ds fØ;kfUor u gksus ls vdcj ds 'kklu dky ds X;kjgos a o"kZ vFkkZr 5167 esa VksMjey rFkk eqtQj [kk¡ ds usr`Ro es a Hkw&jktLo O;oLFkk esa iqu% lq/kkj gq vkA xqtjkr fot; (1573) ds ckn ckn'kkg us jktk VksMjey dks xqtjkr dk jktLo loksZ{k.k o u;s tek ew Y;kadu dk dk;Z lkSa ikA mlus loZizFke O;ofLFkr <ax ls iSekb'k 'kq: djkbZ] tks Hkw&cUnkscLr dk ewy vk/kkj FkkA mu mlus Hkwfe dh fdLe dk /;ku j[krs gq , ekax dk fu/kkZj.k fd;kA ;gh dk;Z ckn es a mRrj Hkkjr ds fy, ^^cUnkscLr** dk ewy vk/kkj cukA rnUrj vdcj us vius 'kklu 24os a o"kZ ^^tek&,&nglkyk** i¼fr 'kq: djokbZA vcqy Qty ds fooj.k ds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk
tk ldrk gS fd uxnh Qlyks a (uhy] xBuk) ds fy, LFkkuh; Qly njks a ds vk/kkj ij LFkk;h njs a rS ;kj djus dk dksbZ fo'ks"k iz;Ru ugha fd;k x;kA bl fo"k; esa bjQku gchc dk fopkj gS fd ftu vfUre Qly njksa dk mYys[k vkbu&,&vdcjh es a fd;k x;k gSA os 24osa o"kZ esa rS;kj dh xbZ njsa ugha Hkh vfirq ] 40osa o"kZ dh njsa FkhA15 vdcj ds 13osa o"kZ ds 'kklu esa vcqy Qty us uD'k i¼fr dk mYys [k fd;k gSA jktLo fu/kkZj.k i¼fr esa ,d gLrkvks&cwan i¼fr Hkh FkhA bl i¼fr esa jktLo fu/kkZj.kdrkZ xk¡o dk fujh{k.k djrk FkkA xk¡o dh mRre o fuEu] Hkwfe ds ;ks x ls mRiknu dk ;ksx fudyrk FkkA bldsvk/kkj ij jkT; dk jktLo fu/kkZfjr gks rk FkkA ;g fu/kkZj.k dHkh&dHkh gyks a dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk FkkA bl i¼fr dk lq/kjk gq vk :i dudw r (nkukcUnh) i¼fr
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esa feyrk gSA blesa Hkw&jktLo dks loZizFke oLrq ds :i es a fy;k tkrk FkkA rnUrj pkgus
ij jkT; dk fgLlk] cktkj nj ij] uxnh esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k tkrk FkkA ;g O;oLFkk Qly ds okLrfod mRiknu ds vk/kkj ij cVkbZ i¼fr ls cgqr dqN feyrh tqyrh FkhA (2) Hkw&ekiu %& Hkw &jktLo ds fu/kkZj.k Hkw&ekiu dh izfØ;k cMh egRoiw.kZ FkhAvkbu&,&vdcjh ds vuqlkj vdcj ds 'kklu ds 31osa o"kZ rd Hkw&ekiu ^^fldUnzh x=** ls gks rk FkkA tks ,d ekud bZdkbZ FkkA vdcj us 41 va dks a ds ek/;ext (bykghxt) dk izpyu 'kq: djk;kA vc rd ekid ;a= ^^rckc** dk bLrseky gks rk Fkk] tks ewa t dh jLlh dk cuk gksrk FkkA fnykbZ o rckc ls Hkw&{ks = dk eki ?kV&c<+ Hkh ldrk FkkA blfy, Hkw&{ks= ekius ds fy, ^^tjhc** dk izpyu 'kq: djk;k] tks ck¡ l ds Vw dM+ +ksa ls curk Fkk vkSj yksgs dh pwfM;ksa ls tqMk jgrk FkkA bl dky es ^^ch?kk** eki dks 20 ^^fcLok** esa mi foHkkftr fd;k tkrk Fkk vkS j izR;s d foLok dks iq u % 20
foLokUlks a es a ck¡Vk tkrk FkkA eqxy dky es 9 foLokUlksa rd dksbZ Hkw &jktLo ugh fy;k tkrk FkkA 10 foLokUlksa dh x.kuk ,d foLok eku] Hkw&jktLo fuf'pr fd;k tkrk FkkA blh izdkj vkxs ds Hkw&eki ij Hkw&jktLo yxk;k tkrk FkkA (3) Hkw&jktLo ladyu izfØ;k& Hkw&jktLo ladyu ds fy, vdcj ds dky esa O;ofLFkr iz;Ru 'kq : fd, x;s FksA tgk¡ cVkbZ O;oLFkk izfpfyr FkhA ogk¡ ls Hkw&jktLo iz k;% d` f"k {ks = ;k [kfygku ls lh/ks izkIr dj fy;k tkrk FkkA vU; i¼fr;ksa esHkw&jktLo uxnh es fu/kkZ fjr dj nh tkrh FkhA bl lUnHkZ esa vkcq y Qty us fy[kk gS fd Hkw &jktLo ladyudrkZ (veyxqtkj) dks pkfg, fd og joh Qly ds fy, gksyh vkS j [kjhQ Qly ds fy, n'kgjk ls jktLo ladyu dk dk;Z 'kq: dj nsA ladyu djrk Hkw &jktLo cdk;k u Nks Ms ;fn m/kkjh gks rks lcls igys fiNyk cdk;k jktLo olwy djsA rnqijkUr orZeku jktLo dh ekax djsA eqxydky es a [kjhQ dh vis{kk jch Qly dk Hkw&jktLo dqN tYnh olw y dj fy;k tkrk FkkA eqxy vey xqtkj izk;% mRlqd jgrsFks fd Qly dkVus ls iw oZ gh Hkw &jktLo olwy dj fy;k tk;A mudh bl mRlqdrk ds dkj.k eqxy dky esa /khjs&/khjs ;g izFkk 'kq: gks xbZ fd tc rd fdlku Hkw&jktLo ugha nsrk rc rd mls Qly u dkVus nh tk;A vkSjaxtsc ds 'kklu dky ds nLrkostks a es a bl izFkk ds la dsr feyrs gSaA fdlku ds iz fr ,sls O;ogkj dk o.kZu ihVj eq.Mh us vius 1631 ds rd lUnHkZ esa fd;k gSA16 vdcj ds dky esa iz'kklu dk ;g iz ;Ru jgrk Fkk fd fdlku lh/ks vFkok vius izfrfuf/k }kjk Hkw&jktLo eq xy [ktkus esa tek djk nsA ;g jktLo eqdn~ne vFkok vkfey ;k veyxqtkj olwy djrs FksA laHkor% Hkw&jktLo ladyu esa fo'ks "k dBksjrk vdcj ds ckn 'kq: gqbZ ftlus 17oha 'krkCnh es o`gn :i /kkj.k dj fy;kA vkSjaxtsc ds dky esa ;g mYys[k feyrk gS fd [kkfylk Hkwfe ds fdlkuksa ls jktLo vf/kdkjh cMh dBksjrk ds lkUr Hkw &jktLo olwyrs FksA foo'k gksdj fdlku Hkkoh [ksrh ;k Hkwfe fxjoh j[kdj egktu ls /ku&eqnzk ds :i es a izkIr dj vf/ kdkfj;ks dks Hkw &jktLo ns rs FksA blls gesa eqxy dky dh ekSfnzd vFkZ O;oLFkk dk Kku gksrk gSA vdcj ds 'kklu dky es Hkw &jktLo Hkw&mRikn dk 1@3 Fkk tks vkSjaxtsc ds dky esas c<+ dj 1@2 gks x;kA eksjyS .M us vkSjaxtsc ds 'kklu dky es a foÙkh; ladV dh fLFkfr dh vks j la dsr fd;k gS tks laHkor% vkSjaxtsc }kjk eulc O;oLFkk es dj la'kks/ku djus ds iz;klksa es a ifjyf{kr gks rk gSA
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i'kqikyu m|ksx& e/;dkyhu xk¡oksa dk ,d m|ksx i'kqikyu ,oa blls tqMs+ gq, m|ksx
FksA i'kqikyu ,d vksj tgka d`f"k O;olk; ls tqM+ k gq vk FkkA ogh nwljh vksj blls nw /k vkS j ?kh O;olk; tqM+k FkkA cS yks a ls [ksrksa dh tqrkbZ gks rh FkhA xk; vkSj HkSlksa ls nw/k fudkyk tkrk FkkA nw/k ls eD[ku o ?kh Hkh curk FkkA xk¡o dh vkiwfrZ ds lkFk gh nw/k vkS j ?kh dLcks a o 'kgjksa dks Hkh tkrk FkkA
i'kqvksa dk O;kikj& bl dky esa fofo/k izdkj ds i'kqvksa dk O;kikj cMs+ iSekus ij gksrk FkkA izeq[k dsUnzks a esa i'kqvksa ds okf"kZd esys yxrs FksA i'kqvksa ds O;kikjh ogk¡ ij vius fofo/k izdkj ds i'kqvksa&cSy] Å¡V] ?kks M+k] xk;] HkSal& dks ysdj vkrs FksA ;s i'kq blh es ys esa cktkj esa csps o [kjhns tkrs FksA ge ns[krs gS a fd ckyiu ds dky esa f'kokfyd {ks=] lquke] lekuk] HkfV.Mk rFkk HkVusj ls mÙke Js.kh ds fgUnqLrkuh ?kksMs+ O;kikfj;ksa }kjk fnYyh yk;s tkrs Fks] tgk¡ mudh [kjhn Qjks [r gksrh FkhA blh iz dkj vklke o caxky ls dHkh&dHkh foU/; ds taxyks a ls gkFkh foØ; ds fy, fnYyh yk;s tkrsFks] tgka budh i;kZ Ir [kir FkhA vr% budh foØh izk;% ogh gks tkrh FkhA eqxy dkyhu lEiw.kZ vkfFkZd <ka ps ds fo'ys"k.k ls fl¼ gksrk gS fd vFkZ O;oLFkk ewyr% d`f"k ij voyfEcr FkhA ;|fi bl dky esa O;kikj okf.kT; dk fodkl gks pqdk Fkk vkSj y?kq o o`g~r m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk gks pq dh Fkh] tks ljdkj }kjk fu;fU=r o funsZf'kr FksA rFkkfi ns'k dh vf/kdka'k turk dk mnj&ikyu d` f"k ls gh gksrk FkkA eqxyksa us ;|fi bl O;oLFkk esa dksbZ vkdfLed ifjoZru ugha fd, rFkkfi nh?kZdkyhu vkSj nwjn`f"V iw.kZ utfj, ls vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks lq/kkjus dk iz;kl fd;k vkSj mls dsUnzh;dj.k dj fn;kAvdcj us ftl i{kikr ghu vkfFkZd iz.kkyh LFkkfir dh Fkh mlls ns 'k le`f¼ dh vksj c<+k Fkk] ljdkj dh vk; c<+ xbZ Fkh vkSj vke tu lq fo/kkiw.kZ thou O;rhr djus yxsFksA fdUrq ckn ds dky esa jktuSfrd vfLFkjrk us lEiw .kZ vFkZO;oLFkk dk Lo:i cny fn;kA ftl vkfFkZd O;oLFkk us izkjaHk esa eqxy lkezkT; ds fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;k] mlh O;oLFkk us mlds iru esa Hkh lg;ksx fn;kA iru dh iz fØ;k vkSjaxtsc ds 'kklu dky eas Li"V :i ls ifjyf{kr gksrh gS] rFkkfi bldk izkjaHk 'kkgtgk¡ ds 'kklu dky ls gh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- Mk0 jk/ks'kj.k&e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd bfrgkl&i`- 2882- bjQku gchc&eqxy ,xz sfj;u flLVe i- 2353- Mk0 jk/ks'kj.k&e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd bfrgkl& i`-2754- gfj'pUnz oekZ&e/; dkyhu Hkkjr] Hkkx&2] i- 3995- lrh'k pUnz&e/;dkyhu Hkkjr] i- 143&1666- [oktk ;klhu& 18oha esa izdkf'kr Hkw&jktLo 'kCndks'k 7- lrh'k pUnz& e/;dkyhu Hkkjr] i- 143&1668- Mk0 jk/k s'kj.k&ogh iwoZ lUnHkZ i- 2719- [oktk ;klhu dk Hk w&jktLo 'kCndks'k 10- Mk0 jk/ks'kj.k&ogh iwoZ lUnHkZ i- 27211- [oktk ;klhu dk Hkw&jktLo 'kCndks'k 12- fQj fexj&flysoV dVsVh vkWQ nh gkÅl vkQ dkeUl iape fjiksZVA
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13- bjQku gchc] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr Hkkx&2
14- eksjyS.M&,xzsfj;u flLVe vkWQ eqxy bf.M;k] i`- 8815- bjQku gchc&i`- 21016- th-Mh- 'kekZ] ihVj eq.Mh dk lUnHkZ&i-205
ISSN 0975-4083
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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ftyk Hkyk dS ls ihNs jg ldrk FkkA blus Hkh neksg ftys us s a vaxzstks a ds nkar [kV~Vs dj fn;s FksA 1857 dh Økafr ds iwoZ lu 1842 es lkxj ueZnk izns'k ds csn[ky Hkwfe Lokfe;ks a rFkk lkekftd o vkfFkZd vO;oLFkkvks a ds QyLo:i cqnsa yk fonzksg gqvkA cqansyk fonzksg dh 'kq:vkr lkxj ds nks Bkdqjks a us dhA ;g fonzksg lkxj] ujflagiqj] ghjkiqj] tcyiqj] neksg bR;kfn rd QS ykA bl fonzksg dk lcls vf/kd izHkko neksg ftys ij gqvkA cq ansyk fonzksg dks vxz satks us cM+ h fueZerk ls dqpy fn;kA ftlds dkj.k ;gk¡ ds yksxks a es muds izfr vlarks"k c<+rk x;k] tks1857 es foLQksV ds :i es izLQqfVr gqvkA neksg ftys es a 1857 dh Økafr dh ?kVuk,a vka/kh ds :Ik es a vkjaHk gqbZ vkS j lewps ftys esa QS y x;hA 8 twu 1857 dks >kalh (m-iz-) ds fMIVh dfe'uj dsi xksMZu dks ØkfUrdkfj;ks a us ekj Mkyk ,oa >kalh dh jkuh us >kalh ,oa mldsvklikl ds {ks=ks a ds lHkh va xz st lS fud vf/kdkfj;ksa dks lkQ dj fn;k] ftldk xgjk izHkko
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ebZ 1857 ds 'kq:vkr esa lewps ns'k ds lkFk&lkFk neksg esa vQokg QSy xbZ Fkh fd vaxzsth 'kklu ds vkns'k ls ?kh] vkVk vkSj 'kDdj esa lq vj vkS j xk; dk [kwu vkSj gM~ Mh dk pwjk feyk fn;k x;k gS lkFk gh ubZ buQhYM jkbQy ds iz;ks x us ftlesa iz;ks x dh tkus okyh dkjrwlks dks ftls jkbQy es Hkjus ls igys bles yxh xzhl dks nkar ls [khpdj [kksyuk iM+rk Fkk vkS j ;g xzhl xk; vkSj lq vj dh pchZ ls curh FkhA gykafd ;g ckr vkt rd fl¼ ugh gks ldh gSA ebZ es esjB &fnYyh es ?kfVr ?kVukvks dh lkjh
[kcj neksg fujarj igqqW prh jgh] ijUrq ekg ds vkf[kj rd ;gkW dqN ugh gqvkA mlds ckn 8 twu dks >kWlh es gq bZ foIyo ?kVukvks dh [kcj neks g igWph vkSj mlds lkFk gh ;g lw puk feyh fd ckuiq j jktk us vius vusd O;fDr;ks ds lkFk yfyriqj LVs'ku dks ?ksj fy;k gS vkS j pUns jh ds fMIVh dfe'uj dks cUnh cuk fy;k vkSj 'kkgx<+ ds jktk us vaxzstks ds f[kykQ fonzksg dj fn;k FkkA blh ds lkFk lkxj] neksg] tcyiqj] e.Myk o ujflgiqj es fonzksg dh rS;kfj;kW 'kq: dj nh xbZA Bhd blh le; 'kkgx<+ ds jktk c[rkoyh us
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ftldh tkxhj lkxj vkS j neksg ftyks esa fLFkr Fkh]fonzksg es Hkkx ysus ds bjkns ls vius
lSfud ,d= djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA neksg dh 42oh bUQsUV~~ªh (iSny lsuk) us fonzks g dk >.Mk mBk fy;k FkkA blh nkSjku 2 tq ykbZ 1857 dks neksg ds fMIVh dfe'uj us Ms<+ yk[k :i;s ds ljdkjh [ktkus dks tsy ds fdys esa j[kus dk fu.kZ; fd;kA tSls ;g [kcj lkxj igqWph] ogka dh fonzksgh VqdfM+;k¡ bl [ktkus ds fy, neksg dh vksj dw p fd;kA 4 tqykbZ dh lqcg fonzksgh lkxj ls neksg ts y igqWpsA ogka os lw csnkj vkSj goynkj jathrflag dks mUgs [ktkuk nsus ,ao muds lkFk fonz ksg es 'kkfey gksus dks dgk] ys fdu mUgks us euk dj fn;kA dgk tkrk gS fd] lwcsnkj estj dk ifjokj lkxj es fczxsfM;j ds dCts es Fkk lHkor% vius ifjokj dh lqj{kk dh n` f"V ds dkj.k mUgksus vaxzstks ds iz fr viuh oQknkjh fn[kkbZA blh nkSjku ckuiqj vkSj 'kkgx<+ ds fonzksgh jktkvks us ftys ds lHkh ljnkjks dks bl fonzksg es mudk lkFk nsus dk vkxzg fd;k] ftls gVjh ds NksVs jktk dks Nks M+dj lHkh
yks/kh HkwfeLokeh lkFk nsus dks jkth gks x;sA 10 tqykbZ dks fgUMksfj;k ds Bkdqj fd'kksj fla g us vius lHkh Hkkb;ksa vkS j vuq ;kf;;ks lfgr neksg ij vkØe.k fd;kA Fkkus es dCtk dj rglhy rFkk eqaflQ ds dk;kZy; ds vfHkys[kks dks u"V dj fn;kA
neks g fonzksg dks dqpyus ds fy, dSIVu fiadh 31oh iSny ls uk dh nks dEifu;ksa rFkk nks rksiks dks ysdj lkxj ls neks g igq¡ pkA mlus 42oh ns'kh iS ny lsuk dh lgk;rk ls fd'kksjflag dks ihNs [knsM+ rs gq, neks g ls 12 ehy nwj fgaMksfj;k dh vksj pyk x;kA fd'kksjflag us fQj vius 4000 vuq;kf;;ks vkSj 'kkgx<+ ds jktk dh lsuk vkSj 2 Hkkjh rksikas ds cy ij neks g ds dbZ xzkeks dks yw Vk vkSj lk<+s pkj ekg rd dqekjh Fkkuk dksvius dCts es j[kkA blh dkj.k fd'kksjflag dks thfor o e`r idM+us ij 1000 :i;s dk iqjLdkj fczfV'k ljdkj }kjk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA neks g [kkl es va xzstks dk iqu%
vf/kdkj gks x;k 28 tq ykbZ 1857 dks ekuflag] lks uhflag rFkk jkoLo:i flag ]ckydksV ls vius
yxHkx 200 vuq;kf;;ks dks ysdj 'kkgx<+ ds jktk dks lkFk feykrs gq, neksg ij vkØe.k dj fn;kA ogkW rSukr 31 oh o 42oh iS ny ls uk us budh la;qDr lsuk dks ijkLr dj ihNs [knsM+ fn;kA bUgksus fQj 5 vxLr dks vkØe.k fd;k] fdUrq mUgs fQj gjk fn;k x;kA ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i mUgksus neks g ftys ds vusd xzkeksa dks yw VkA blh dkj.k vkxs pydj jkoLo:iflag] ekuflag ,oa lksuhflag dks idM+us ds fy, Øe'k% 500:] 250: o 25: iqjLdkj dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZA tqykbZ ds vUr rd fonz ksg iwjs neksg ftys es QSy pq dk Fkk] ftldk usr`Ro fgUMksfj;k dk ljnkj fd'kksj flag dj jgk FkkA
vxLr] 1857 ds e/; rd neksg ds Hkhrjh Hkkxks es fonzksg QSy x;kA bl fonzksg
ds iz/kku us rk Hkkux<+ ds jktk xaxk/kj] flaxjkeiqj ds jktk nsohfla g] vHkkuk ds jktk rs tflag] dkjh tksx ds ia peflag jkBkS j] fd'kuxat ds lwcsnkj j?kq ukFk jko] eMau xq:] lwcs nkj xksfoUn jko vkfn FksA neksg fonzksg nckus ds fy, tcyiqj dh 52oh ns'kh iSny lsuk dh 2 dEifu;ks ds lkFk 24 vxLr dks ukxiqj dh lSfud VqdM+h Hkh neksg vk igq¡phA fonzksgh usrk bUgksus 'kh?kzzz gh ckykdks V dks fonzksfg;ks ls eqDr dj fy;kA vaxzst lSfudks }kjk Bkdq j fd'kksjflag ds fgUMksfj;k fLFkr fdyk ca n edku ij vkØe.k dj lSdM+ks fonzksfg;ksa ds lkFk ekS r ds ?kkV mrkj fn, x,A
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13 flrEcj dks fonz ksfg;ks us ,d ckj fQj neksg ij vkØe.k fd;k] ftldh j{kk
ysQVhusUV fMdsUl 31 oh caxky ns'kh iSny lsuk ds 200 lSfudks a ds lkFk dj jgs FksA blh nkS jku tcyiqj fMohtu ds dfe'uj estj vlZdkbu ds vf/kd ls uk ds lkFk vkdj neksg dks fonz ksfg;ks ls cpk fy;kA
18 flrEcj dks neksg es [kcj igq ¡ph fd 50oha ns 'kh iSny lsuk us ukxkSn es fonzksg dj fn;k gS SA vlZdkbu dks Mj Fkk fd tcyiqj es rSukr 52oha ns'kh iSny lsuk fonzksg dj ldrh gSA blfy, mlus 52oha iSny lsuk dh 2 dEifu;ksa dks ujfla gx<+ ls rRdky cqyk fy;kA 19 flrEcj dh 'kke ujflagx<+ dh VqdM+h okil neks g ykSV vkbZA mlh jkr vlZdkbu dks tcyiqj es 52oha ns'kh iS ny ls uk ds fonzksg dh [kcj feyhaaa aaaaa aaA bl [kcj ds QSyus ds igys gh 52oha ns'kh iS ny lsuk dh 2 dEifu;ksa dks lkxj ekxZ ij neks g ls 3 ehy nw j ys tk;k x;k vkSj cUnwd dh uks d ij muls gfFk;kj j[kok fy;s x;sA flrEcj
ds mRrjk/kZ es neks g es dsoy 200 lSfud Fks muds ikl fonzkfg;ks ls neks g dh j{kk ds fy, rksisa ugh FkhA bl nkS jku estj vlZ dkbu us ;g fu'p; fd;k fd neksg dks Nks M+ fn;k tk, vkS j ;gk¡ ds flfoy vf/kdkjh o [ktkuk enzkl lS fud VqdM+h tks tcyiq j dh j{kk ds fy, ykS Vus okyh Fkh] muds lkFk Hks t fn;k tk;sA pwW fd neks g ds vfHkys[kksa dks gVkuk la Hko ugh Fkk] vr% ds oy dks "kkxkj ys[ks gh lkFk ys tk;s tk,A 31 oha ca xky iSny lsuk ds 200 lSfud neksg ls okil lkxj ykS V x;sA iUuk P.C jktk ds vf/kdkjh 'kkeys tw ls , tks vaxzs tks ds fy, gVk ij i;kZ Ir lS fudks ds lkFk dCtk tek;s gq;s Fkk] neksg ftys dk Hkh izHkkj ysus dks dgk x;kA 21 flrEcj dks vaxzst 1 yk[k 30 gtkj :i;s ds lkFk neksg [kkyh dj tcyiqj ds jkLrs 11 ehy nwj Fkkuk dh vksj pys x;s vkS j mlh fnu 'kkeys tw us 2 rksiksa vkSj dbZ lSfudks ds lkFk neksg es izos 'k fd;kA blh nkSjku tc vaxzst
tcyiqj dh vksj c<+ jgs Fks rHkh neks g ls 42 ehy ij dVaxh ds ikl mudh fHkM+Ur fonzksfg;ks ls gqbZ vkSj gkj dj Hkh fonzksgh neksg dh vksj c<+rs x;sA ;g ny flaxjkeiqj ds ekyxqtkj ns ohflag ds us r Ro es 24 vDVwcj] 1857 dks neks g ij geyk dj fd;kA ftldk 'kkeys tw dh ls uk us dqN izfrjks/k fd;kA
25 vDVw cj dks jkoLo:Ik flag ckykdksV ds vius 200 vuq;kf;;ks ds lkFk nsohflag vkS j 52 oh iS ny lsuk ds fonz ksfg;ks ls vk feyk vkSj mUgksus 'kkeys tw dks ijkftr dj fn;kA vrr% 'kkeys tw dks neksg uxj ds ckgj [kns M+ fn;k x;kA mlds ckn fonzksfg;ks us neksg uxj dks ywVk ]vfHkys[kks vkSj ljdkjh bekjrks es vkx yxk nh] dpgjh dks mM+k fn;k x;k vkSj fMIVh dfe'uj ds ?kj dks rgl ugl dj fn;kA neksg ftys ds mijkUr] fo'ks"kr% fgUMksfj;k vkSj gVk ds vkl&ikl dk {ks= fonzksfg;ks ds
vf/kdkj es gh cuk jgkA fonzks gh brus 'kfDr lEiUu Fks fd tujy fg~ oVykWd Hkh muls la?k"kZ djus ls cprk jgkA 17 ekpZ 1858 dks tujy fg~oVykWd dks 'kklu ls gVk gks rs gq, ukxkSn vkSj iUuk dh vksj dwp djus dk vkns'k izkIr gq vkA iUuk tgkW yxHkx 500 fonzksgh 2 rksiks ds lkFk ekStw n FksA es tj vlZ dkbu us muls ml ij vkØe.k djus dks dgk fdUrq fg~ oVykWd Vky x;k vkSj neksg fMohtu ds ckgj pyk x;kA 20 ekpZ dks tcyiqj ds fMIVh dfe'uj us neksg vkSj tcyiqj ds chp dqN VqdfM+;ksa ds xqtjus dk ykHk mBkrs gq , tcsjk vkSj flaxjkeiqj es vius Fkkus fQj ls LFkkfir dj fn,] fdUrq nsohflag vkS j es gjckuflag ds us r Ro es fonzks fg;ks dh etcw r VqdfM+ ;ks us mUgs 'kh?kz gh ogkWa
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ls [knsM+ fn;kA 10 vxLr] 1858 rd lkxj ueZnk {ks= ds dfe'uj estj vlZdkbu us
;g fjiks ZV Hks th fd eS fo'okl vkS j izlUurk ds lkFk ;g dg ldrk gw¡ fd vkB ftyks ds esjs fMohtu es 'kkfUr LFkkfir gks xbZ gSA ;|fi dqN us rk vHkh Hkh fxj¶rkj ugh fd, tk lds gS rFkkfi muds vuq ;k;h cgq r de jg x;ss gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- Hkk"kk lapkyuky;] Hkksiky &e/; izns'k ds Loar=rk laxzke lSfud] lkxj 2- frokjh] xksjsyky&cqUnsy[k.M dk laf{kIr bfrgkl] dk'kh] 19233- f=ikBh] dk'khizlkn &cqUnssy[k.M dk o`gr~ bfrgkl] Vhdex<+ (e-iz-)19914- f=ikBh] eksrhyky &cqUnsy[k.M n'kZu] 19985- Bkdqj] Hkwifr flag & Lora=rk laxzke vkSj gekjs lsukuh] tcyiqj]1981
6- tcyiqj fMohtu fjdkMZl 18187- vlZdkbu &usjsfVo vkWQ bZosUVl vVsZfMx fn vkmV czsd vkWQ fMLVjcsUlst ,.M fn jsLVksjs'ku vkWQ vFkkfjVh bu nh lkxj ,.M ueZnk VsfjVjht] 1857&58
8- neksg fMfLVªDV xtssfV;j 9- ,l-oh- pkS/kjh &flfoy fjcsfy;u bu bfUM;u E;wfVuht] 1857&5810- dÙkZO; (fgUnh lkIrkfgd)] neksg] 16 vxLr 195711- ikfyZ;kesVajh isilZ] 'fn E;wfVuh bu bfUM;k] 1957&5812- pkSjfl;k MkW lqjsU+nz] neksg vrhr vkSj 1857 eqfDrlaxzke] neksgA
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vktknh dh yM+kbZ esa v#.kk vklQ vyh dk ;ksxnku vktknh dh yM+kbZ esa v#.kk vklQ vyh dk ;ksxnku vktknh dh yM+kbZ esa v#.kk vklQ vyh dk ;ksxnku vktknh dh yM+kbZ esa v#.kk vklQ vyh dk ;ksxnku vktknh dh yM+kbZ esa v#.kk vklQ vyh dk ;ksxnku
¹ lat; 'kadj feJ ¹ lat; 'kadj feJ ¹ lat; 'kadj feJ ¹ lat; 'kadj feJ ¹ lat; 'kadj feJ ¹¹ iw ue feJk ¹¹ iwue feJk ¹¹ iw ue feJk ¹¹ iwue feJk ¹¹ iwue feJk
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¹ izk/;kid ,oa foHkkxk/;{k] okf.kT;] 'kkldh; Bkdqj j.ker flag egkfo|ky;] jhok (e-iz-)¹¹ izk/;kid ,oa foHkkxk/;{k] bfrgkl] 'kkldh; Bkdqj j.ker flag egkfo|ky;] jhok (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& v#.kk vklQ vyh cpiu ls gh egRokdka{kh o`fÙk dh FkhA muesa ydhj ls gV dj dqN dj fn[kkus dh bPNk cpiu ls gh FkhA fo|kFkhZ dky ls gh xka/kh th ds O;fDrRo ,oa fopkjksa ls vR;f/kd izHkkfor FkhA muds eu esa ns'k ds fy;s dqN dj xqtjus dk tcnZLr tTck Fkk vkS j
blh dkj.k ijra = Hkkjr dh nqnZ'kk vkS j va xz sth 'kklu ds vR;kpkj ns[kdj viuh 'kknh dsmijkUr os Lora=rk vkanksyu esa dwn iM+hA og lfØ;rk ls vkanksyu esa Hkkx ysus yxhA mUgks ausegkRek xka/kh vkS j ekS ykuk vcqy dyke vktkn dh lHkkvks a es a tkuk 'kq: dj fn;k vkSj fQj os yksduk;d t; izdk'k ukjk;.k] jke euksgj yksfg;k vkSj vP;qr iVo/kZu ds lkFk dkaxz sl lks'kfyLV ikVhZ ls Hkh lEc¼ gks xbZA 1942 esa loZfofnr ^Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu* ds izkjEHk gksus ij tc ns'k ds izeq[k usrkvks a dks fxj¶rkj dj fy;k x;k rc v#.kk th us ;g fu.kZ; fy;k& ^eS a bl ckj tsy ugha tkÅ¡ xh] vkS j Hkwfexr jg dj dk;Z d:¡ xh lHkh tsy pys tk;saxsrks dke dkSu djsxkA** mlh dh vxyh lqcg ogk¡ dh lkjh ljdkjh bekjrks a ij frja xk Qgjkusds dk;ZØe ls vkUnksyu dh 'kq#vkr djds v#.kk th Hkwfexr gks xbZ vkS j iwjs vkUnksyu dsle; Hkwfexr gh jghaA vusd Hkw fexr usrk le;≤ ij idM+ s x;s] ij v#.kk th ;gk¡
ogk¡ ekjh&ekjh fQjhaA dfBukbZ;ka >syrs gq;s Hkh os u rks xka/kh th ds dgus ij ckgj vkbZ vkSj var rd iqfyl ds gkFk gh vkbZA lgh ek;us es a xka/kh th dk ukjk ^djks ;k ejks* mUgks aus gh lkdkj dj fn[kk;kA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
Hkkjr ds Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa vxz .kh Hkw fedk vnk djus okyh ØkfUrdkjh tq>k: usrk Jherh v#.kk vklQ vyh dk uke dkSu ugha tkurkA Jherh v#.kk vklQ vyh ds lu~ 1942 bZ- ds vaxzstksa Hkkjr NksM+ ksa vkUnksyu esa fn;s x;s egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku dks dHkh LoIu esa Hkh foLr`r ugha fd;k tk ldrkA1 os 1942 ds ^Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu* dh ukf;dk FkhA mudk uke Lora=rk lsukuh efgykvksa esa vfxze iafDr es a fy;k tkrk gSA jktuhfr] lekt ls ok] i=dkfjrk vkfn {ks =ksa esa Hkh mUgksaus de uke ugha dek;kA mUgks aus
xEHkhj fopkj.kh; fo"k;ksa ij egRoiw.kZ iqLrdsa fy[khA ijUrq Lo;a mudh thouh mudsHkk"k.kks a] lLej.kksa] Lora=rk laxzke esa muds ;ksxnku ij mlls vf/kd iq Lrds a fy[kh xbZA jk"Vªh; vkSj vUrjkZ "Vª h; [;kfr dh bl fopkjd dks blhfy;s ej.kks ijkUr 1998 es a jk"Vª ds loks ZPp vyadj.k Hkkjr jRu* ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA2 v#.kk th dk tUe 16 tqykbZ1909 dks vfoHkkftr iatkc ds dkydk esa ,d lEekfur caxkyh xkaxq yh ifjokj eas gqvk FkkA mudk ifjokj f'kf{kr rFkk Lora= fopkjksa dk Fkk] mUgksaus ykgkSj vkSj uS uhrky ds
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ifCyd Ldwyksa ls f'k{kk iz kIr dhA og cpiu ls dq'kkxz cqf¼ dh FkhA i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ es a
mudk cgqr eu yxrk FkkA ckY;dky ls gh og viuh d{kk esa loksZPp va d izkIr djrh FkhA cpiu esa gh mUgks aus viuh cqf¼erk vkSj rst rjkZjh dh /kkd tek nh FkhA f'k{kk iz kIr djus ds i'pkr~ ;kSou ds ns gjh ij iSj j[kus ds lkFk gh mUgks aus vius iS jks a ij [kM+s gksus dk fu'p; fd;k vkS j dydÙkk dks xks[kys eseksfj;y xYlZ Ldwy esa v/;kiu dk;Z iz kjEHk dj fn;kA3 v/;kiu dk;Z mUgksaus dydÙkk esa fd;k vkSj 1928 esa fookg ds ckn fnYyh vk clhA izfl¼ Lora =rk lsukuh Jh ,e- vklQ vyh ls fookg djds os v#.kk xkaxqyh ls v#.kk vklQ vyh cu xbZA ftl rjg ykgkSj dydÙkk vkS j fnYyh esa fuokl djus ij Hkh iwjk ns'k mudk ?kj Fkk] rjg tkfrxr :f<+ ;ksa dks rksM+] /keZ cU/ku ls eqDr gks mUgksa us loZ /keZ leHkko dk ifjp; fn;k vkSj Hkkjr dh lukru fo'o cU/kq Ro dh Hkkouk dks Hkh cy igq¡ pk;kA /keZ tkfr esa vyx vkSj vk;q esa rsbZl o"kZ cM+s vklQ vyh
ls fookg djus ij v#.kk th dks tcnZLr fojks/k dk lkeuk djuk iM+ kA gkykafd ml le; vktknh dh yM+kbZ esa lHkh fey&tqy dj dk;Z dj jgs Fks vkSj jk"Vªh; ,drk dh n`f"V ls ,slh vus d 'kkfn;ka Hkh gqbZ FkhA Lora=rk laxzke esa ifr ds :i esa mUgs a ,d vPNk iFk izn'kZd fey x;kA mudk uke gqvk vkSj mudk dke vklku gks x;kA euilan lkFkh vkS j iFk izn'kZd ikdj vius la dYi cy ls og vkxs vkSj vkxs c<+rh pyh xbZA4 v#.kk vklQ vyh cpiu ls gh egRokdka{kh o`fÙk dh FkhA muesa ydhj ls gV dj dqN dj fn[kkus dh bPNk cpiu ls gh FkhA fo|kFkhZ dky ls gh xka/kh th ds O;fDrRo ,oa fopkjksa ls vR;f/kd izHkkfor FkhA muds eu esa ns 'k ds fy;s dqN dj xq tjus dk tcnZLr tTck Fkk vkSj blh dkj.k ijra= Hkkjr dh nq nZ'kk vkSj vaxzsth 'kklu ds vR;kpkj ns [kdj viuh 'kknh ds mijkUr os Lora=rk vkanksyu esa dwn iM+ hA og lfØ;rk ls vkanksyu es a Hkkx ys us
yxhA mUgksaus egkRek xka/kh vkSj ekSykuk vcqy dyke vktkn dh lHkkvksa esa tkuk 'kq : dj fn;k vkSj fQj os yksduk;d t; izdk'k ukjk;.k] jke euksgj yks fg;k vkSj vP;qr iVo/kZu ds lkFk dkaxz sl lks'kfyLV ikVhZ ls Hkh lEc¼ gks xbZA
lu~ 1930 es a tc ued lR;kxzg izkjEHk gqvk mlesa v#.kk vklQ vyh jk"Vª h; eqfDr laxzke dh ,d vxz.kh us=h ds :i esa iz dV gq bZA tqyw lksa vkSj lHkkvksa ds usr`Ro rFkk lEcks/ku }kjk viuh dk;Z 'kS yh dh n`<+rk rFkk fuHkhZdrk dk ifjp; nsdj vius usr`Ro dh lkFkZdrk dks fl¼ dj fn;kA muds fØ;kdykiksa dks ns[krs gq;s fnYyh ds phQ dfe'uj us ps rkouh nsrs gq ;s muls vPNs O;ogkj vFkkZ r~ vkUnksyu vkfn es a Hkkx u ysus dk fyf[kr vk'oklu rFkk ck¡M Hkjus ds fy;s dgk] ftls mUgksa us vLohdkj dj fn;kA bUdkj dj ns us ds dkj.k mUgas ,d o"kZ ds dkjkokl dk n.M fn;k x;kA5 tsy es a Hkh os vius Lora =rk
iz se ds dkj.k tYnh gh viuh vU; dS nh efgykvks a ds chp yksdfiz; gks xbZA xka/kh bjfou le>kSrs ds le; lHkh jktuSfrd cfUn;ks a dks eqDr fd;k x;k] ijUrq v#.kk th dks ugha fd;s tkus ds dkj.k muds lkFk jgus okyh canh efgykvks a us [kqn gh tsy ls fjgkbZ ys us ls ba dkj dj fn;kA muds bl izdkj ds joS;s ,oa xka/kh th ds gLr{ksi ds dkj.k ljdkj dks vUrr% ml le; v#.kk th dks fjgk djuk gh iM+kA ijUrq mlds ckn 'kh?kz gh 1932 esa v#.kk th }kjk fQj ls lR;kxzg djus ij 200 #i;s dk tqekZuk rFkk 6 eghus dh ltk lqukdj iqu% tsy Hkst fn;k x;kA dgrs gSa tq ekZuk u Hkjus ds dkj.k iqfyl mudh dherh lkfM+;ka mBk dj ys xbZ FkhA ;gk¡ ij bl tsy es a Hkh v#.kk th fujUrj vktknh ds fy;s
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la?k"kZ djrs gh utj vkbZA vius LoHkko ls etcwj v#.kk th us tc ns[kk fd dS fn;ksa ds
lkFk nqO;Zogkj gks jgk gS rks os [kqn Hkw[k gM+rky ij pyh xbZ vkS j mudh Hkw[k gM+rky ds dkj.k vf/kdkfj;ksa dks mudh eka xs ekuuh iM+h ij blh dkj.k mudks ogka ls ys tkdj voyk ds tsy esa ,d ,dkdh dksBjh esa j[kkA tgka ts y esa ,d o"kZ jgus ds dkj.k mudk LokLF; dkQh fxj x;k Fkk] ftl dkj.k tsy ls Nw Vus ds ckn mUgksaus lfØ; jktuhfr lsvius vkidks vyx j[kk vkSj ;g ,d o"kZ dk iw jk le; mUgksaus Hkkjr dh vktknh dh iz kfIr ds mik;ksa ij xgu fpUru euu esa O;rhr fd;kA 1941 esa os O;fDrxr lR;kxz g dj fQj tsy pyh xbZA
1942 esa loZfofnr ^Hkkjr NksM+ ks vkUnksyu* ds iz kjEHk gksus ij tc ns'k ds izeq[k usrkvksa dks fxj¶rkj dj fy;k x;k rc v#.kk th us ;g fu.kZ; fy;k& ^eSa bl ckj ts y ugha tkÅ¡xh] vkSj Hkw fexr jg dj dk;Z d:¡xh lHkh tsy pys tk;saxs rks dke dkS u
djs xkA** mu ifjfLFkfr;ks a esa mudk ;g fu.kZ; oLrq r% nwjnf'kZrkiw.kZ Fkk vkSj vkxs pydj lHkh us mudh bl ;kstuk dh ljkguk dhA6 8 vxLr dh cEcbZ dka xzsl esa tc ^Hkkjr NksM+ks* dk izLrko ikl fd;k x;k vkSj vkUnks yu Ns M+us dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;k Fkk] rc v#.kk th lHkk LFky ij mifLFkr FkhA mlh jkr xka/kh th] usg: th] ljnkj iVs y] ljkstuh uk;Mw lesr lHkh usrk tsy esa Mky fn;s x;s FksA mlh dh vxyh lqcg ogk¡ dh lkjh ljdkjh bekjrksa ij frjaxk Qgjkus ds dk;ZØe ls vkUnks yu dh 'kq#vkr djdsv#.kk th Hkwfexr gks xbZ vkSj iwjs vkUnks yu ds le; Hkwfexr gh jghaA vus d Hkwfexr usrk le;≤ ij idM+s x;s] ij v#.kk th ;gk¡ ogk¡ ekjh&ekjh fQjha A dfBukbZ;ka >s yrs gq ;sHkh os u rks xka /kh th ds dgus ij ckgj vkbZ vkSj var rd iqfyl ds gkFk gh vkbZA lgh ek;us esa xka/kh th dk ukjk ^djks ;k ejks* mUgksaus gh lkdkj dj fn[kk;kA muds Hkw fexr
usr`Ro dh iwjh dgkuh cgqr ekfeZd vkSj jksekapdkjh gSA rHkh rks mUgsa 1942 ds ^Hkkjr Nks M+ksvkUnks yu dh ukf;dk* dg dj mudk eku&lEeku fd;k tkrk gS vkS j Lora=rk la xzke ds bfrgkl esa mudk uke vkSj LFkku vfxze iafDr esa lqjf{kr j[k fn;k x;k gSA7
v#.kk th ls vkRe leiZ.k djokus ds fy;s fczfV'k ljdkj us D;k ugha fd;k\ ;gk¡ rd fd mudk edku dkj vkfn lc uhyke dj fn;k x;k] ysfdu v#.kk th vius iFk ls fopfyr ugha gqbZ vkSj Hkwfexr jg dj gh vkUnksyu dks fn'kk nsrh jghA ,sls gh ,d ckj v#.kk th Å¡ ph ,M+h dh lSa fMy igus ,oa ;wjksfi;u ys Mh dh iks 'kkd es a xka/kh th ls feyus xbZ fd dgha igpkuh u tk;s vkS j xka/kh th us muds lkgl dh nkn nsus dh ctk; mUgsa lykg nh fd bl rjg d"V >syus dh ctk; og vkRe leiZ.k dj fxj¶rkj gks tk;svkS j mUgs a idM+okus okys ds fy;s ?kksf"kr bZeku Lo;a ys dj LojkT; Q.M esa ns nsa A dSls
mUgksaus xka/kh th lEeku djrs gq ;s Hkh mudh lykg ekuus ls badkj dj fn;k Fkk og ckgj rHkh vkbZ] tc 1946 esa muds fo#¼ fxj¶rkjh okj.V okil ys fy;k x;k FkkA v#.kk th us 1942 ds vkUnksyu esa Hkw fexr jg dj vkUnksyu dk la pkyu fd;k vkS j yksxksa dks usr`Ro iznku fd;kA ;g dke vius vki es a vR;Ur dfBu Fkk ijUrq dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa es a ljdkj }kjk fujUrj mUgs a ;su&dsu ijs'kku djus ij Hkh os fopfyr ugha gqbZ vkSj Hkw fexr jgdj gh vkUnksyu dks fn'kk nsrh jghA ipsZ Nirs jgs caVrs jgs] blh le; mUgksa us ^budyko* uke dk Hkwfexr i= Hkh pyk;k Fkk vkSj bl i= ds ek/;e ls og yxkrkj yksxksa esa jk"Vª h; psruk dk lapkj djrh jghA mUgks aus ekpZ 1944 esa fy[kk ^vktknh dh
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yM+kbZ ds fy;s fgalk&vfga lk dh cgl esa ugha iM+uk pkfg;sA* ØkfUr dk ;g le; cgl
esa [kksus dk ugha gSA eSa pkgrh gw¡ fd bl le; ns'k dk gj ukxfjd vius <ax ls ØkfUr dk flikgh cusA v#.kk th ds ys[kks a vkSj muesa dh xbZ vihyksa ls izHkkfor gksdj vusd ljdkjh deZpkfj;ks a us vkUnksyu esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy;s ukSdfj;ka NksM+ nhA vke yksxksa ij v#.kk th dk izHkko ns[krs gq ;s ljdkj us mudk lqjkx nsus okys dks ik¡ p gtkj #i;s buke dh ?kks"k.kk dh] fdUrq ;g izyksHku Hkh v#.kk th ds lkFk fdlh O;fDr dks fo'okl?kkr djus ds fy;s rS;kj ugha dj ldkA ;g muds izHkko'kkyh O;fDrRo dk Bksl iz ek.k gSA d"V lgrs gq;s mudk LokLF; Hkh fxj¶rkj x;k ij mUgksa us ijokg ugha Fkh mudk dguk Fkk & ^^ns'k lcls Åij gS vkSj lcls cM+ kA**8 vkS j ns'k dks lcls cM+k dgus okyh v#.kk vklQ vyh dks ns 'k us Hkh dHkh NksVk ugha le>kA9 v#.kk th }kjk lkgl iw oZd Hkw fexr jgrs gq;s ftl ltdrk ds lkFk dk;Z fd;k tk jgk FkkA mlls u dsoy ns'k ds
yksx cfYd fons'kks a esa Hkh lHkh grizHk FksA tc v#.kk vklQ vyh Hkwfexr jgrs gq ;s ?kks"k.kk;sa djrh Fkh & ^vc fczfV'k 'kkldks a ds f[kykQ tax lHkk lEesyuksa esa ugha] eSnku esa rc rd yM+h tk;s xh tc rd os ;g ns 'k NksM+ dj ugha pys tkrs** rks ba XyS .M esa cSBs gq, gqDejkuksa dks ilhuk vk tkrk FkkA ckj&ckj lkeus vkus ds fy;s mUgs a mdlkus o psrkouh nsus okyh fcz fV'k ljdkj muls bruk [kkSQ [kkrh Fkh fd 1944 es a vU; usrkvks a dh fjgkbZ ds lkFk mUgsa NksM+us dh ?kks"k.kk ugha gqbZA10 v#.kk th rks ckgj rHkh vkbZ tc 26 tuojh 1946 esa muds fo#¼ fxj¶rkjh okj.V okil fy;k x;kA v#.kk th ds bl lkgfld vkSj lQy Hkw fexr vkUnksyu dh lQyrk ds fy;s ^nS fud fVª C;w uy* us mUgs a 1942 dh jkuh >k¡lh* ds :i esa lEcksf/kr fd;kA lu~ 1946 ds Qjojh eghus esa v#.kk th us usrk th lqHkk"k pUnz cksl ds leku gh Hkkjr esa ^vktkn fgUn lsuk* ds xBu dk
lq>ko fn;k Fkk] ijUrq ckn esa bldh vko';drk ugha iM+hA11
v#.kk th dk liuk Fkk Hkkjr dh vktknh vkSj tc ;s liuk iw jk gks x;k rks ekuks mUgsa lc fey x;k gks blfy;s mUgksaus Lora= Hkkjr esa lkoZ tfud rFkk jktuSfrd iz'kklu esa dksbZ Hkh in ugha fy;k ys fdu vktknh ds ckn 1947 es a mUgs a fnYyh dkaxzsl des Vh dk v/;{k cuk;k x;k rFkk 1958 esa ns'k dh igyh efgyk es;jA blds ckn rks mudh miyfC/k;ksa vkSj lEekuksa& iqjLdkjksa dk tSls rkark yx x;k] ftlesa izeq [k gS & ys fuu 'kkafr iq jLdkj (1956)] bafnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; ,drk iqjLdkj (1957)] in~e foHkw"k.k vyadj.k (1992)] iUnz g yk[k dk vUrjkZ "Vª h; ln~ Hkkouk iq jLdkj vkS j ej.kksijkUr loksZ Pp vya dj.k ^Hkkjr jRu*A ,d i=dkj ds ukrs vius iq jLdkjksa dh jkf'k;ka og vius i=ks a ^fyad* vkSj ^iSfVª ;kV* dks thoUr j[kus ds fy;s lefiZr djrh jghA bu i=ksa esa le;≤ ij
iz dkf'kr egRoiw .kZ la ikndh; ys[kks a] bues a o vU;= fy[ks muds fopkjiw.kZ ys[kksa rFkk Hkk"k.kksa ds dbZ laxz g izdkf'kr gSA muds ;k=k laLej.k] jktusrkvksa o vU; egku ;k egRoiw.kZ O;fDr;ksa ls lEcfU/kr muds laLej.k vkt Hkh iqLrdkdkj izdkf'kr gS] ftuls mudh ys[ku {kerk dk Hkh irk pyrk gS muds Hkkjrh; vkS j vUrjkZ"Vªh; fo"k;ksa ij ys[k laxz g ds dqN fo"k; gSA eseks jht vkWQ 1942] fcgkbaM n fya d gkÅl] n U;w pS ysat] ,Vhu b;lZ vkVj xka/kh] foftysaV yhMjf'ki Qkj foftysaV ihiqy] FkVhZ b;j vkVj ÝhMe] esfdax vkWQ dka LVhV~;w'ku ehfuaxQq y] foy n dka xz sl ljokboj vkfn ;s lHkh iqLrdsa bfrgkl ds fo|kFkhZ ds fy;s rks mi;ksxh gS gh lkFk gh muds fopkjks a dh Li"V Nki Hkh buesa
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ns[kh tk ldrh gSA12 okeiaFkh fopkj/kkjk dh leFkZ d v#.kk th vktknh ds ckn fcuk
fdlh in izyksHku ds jk"Vªh; rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; vusd jktuSfrd laLFkkvksa ls tqM+h jghA bues a us'kuy QsMjs'ku vkWQ bf.M;u ohesu] Hkkjr lksfo;r eS =h la?k] ,Qks ,f'k;u ,drk lfefr] rFkk vky ba fM;k yhx Qkj ihl ,.M ÝhMe vkfn laLFkkvksa }kjk vki Lora=rk ls ukfu;ksa] lkekftd dk;ZdrkZvksa rFkk efgykvksa ds mRFkku ds fy;s fujUrj la ?k"kZ djrh jghA lu~ 1925 esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk o"kZ dh jk"Vªh; lfefr esa mUgksaus dk;ZØe la ;ksftdk ds mÙkjnkf;Ro iwoZ in ij mYys[kuh; dk;Z fd;kA efgyk n'kd ls lEcfU/kr ;kstukvksa rFkk vUrjkZ"Vª h; lEesyuksa esa mUgks aus Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/kRo fd;kA Lora =rk iz kfIr ds i'pkr~ lu~ 1961 esa xksok eqfDr ds fy;s jk"Vªh; la?k"kZ lfefr dk xBu gq vk rks v#.kk th dh nwjnf'kZ rk usr`Ro {kerk rFkk dk;Z 'kSyh vkSj n`<+rk dks ns[krs gq;s bUgsa v/;{k pquk x;k vkSj v#.kk th Hkh ns'k esa ,d ijra = Hkkx dh vktknh ds la?k"kZ ds fy;s rRij gks
xbZA os efgykvksa ds fy;s vkj{k.k dh i{k/kj ugha FkhA os efgykvksa ds fiNM+siu]vf'k{kk vkfn leL;kvksa dk lek/kku vkj{k.k esa ugha ekurh FkhA muds fopkj esa blls ghu Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gS vkS j izfrHkk dk âkl os mUgsa volj mRlkg vkSj lg;ks x ns us dh vko';drk ij cy nsrh FkhA dkuwuh ckrks a ij ugha A13
efgykvkas dh lkekftd ,oa jktuS frd fLFkfr es a os tcnZLr ifjorZu pkgrh Fkh& tc Hkh mUgs a Hkk"k.kksa dk ;k vius fopkjksa dks O;Dr djus dk volj feyrk os vktknh dh yM+ kbZ ds laLej.k rks la{ksi esa crkrh ij orZ eku lkekftd leL;kvksa ij ,oa muds lek/kku ij T;knk cksyrh FkhA i=dkfjrk ds lkFk muds lkekftd dk;ksZa dk {ks = Hkh cM+k foLr`r FkkA blhfy;s lekt dk;Z dh vkt dh t:jr muds Hkk"k.kksa dk iz k;% eq [; fo"k; jgrk FkkA vafre le; esa os viuh chekjh ,oa o` ¼koLFkk ds ckn Hkh lekt dk;Z
ds fy;s dkQh lfØ; ns [kh xbZA ;k=k;sa ] lHkk;s a] Hkk"k.k] ys [ku vkfn lHkh muds lekt dk;Z ls gh tqM+s fo"k; gh FksA14 ;|fi jktuhfr esa og ,d fo'ks "k fopkj/kkjk dh i{k/kj jgh] ij dq y feykdj muds Hkhrj dk ekuoh; i{k gh T;knk izcy FkkA igys vktknh ds fy;s] fQj ns'k fuekZ.k ds fy;s] lkekftd fiNM+ s iu ls eqfDr ds fy;s vius <ax ls fujUrj yM+us okyh ;g tq>k: efgyk vUr esa chekjh vkS j ekSr ls gh gkjh vkSj 29 tqykbZ1996 dks bl vlkj lalkj dks NksM+ dj pyh xbZA vius ihNs uhfr dh ,d yEch ydhj NksM+dj tks mUgsa bfrgkl ls tksM+ dj vej dj jgh gSa& vkus okyh dbZ ihf<+;ksa ds fy;s iz sj.kk lz ksr ds :i es aA15
fu%lUns g v#.kk th dk O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo Hkkjr dh gj ukjh ds fy;s izsj.kk L=ks r ds :i es a fn[kkbZ ns rk gSA v#.kk th }kjk vktknh ds la?k"kz esa fn;s x;s ;ksxnku
dks tks bl 'kks/k i= esa la{ksi esa fn;k x;k gS og muds lEiw.kZ thou esa fd;s x;s dk;ksZa ds le{k dqN Hkh ugha gSA mUgks aus viuk lEiw.kZ thou ns'k dh lsok es a yxk fn;k Fkk vkSj L=h tkfr ds dY;k.k ds y;s mUgksaus tks fd;k og Hkh de ugha FkkA mUgks aus thou esa ftlds fy;s dqN ugha fd;k rks os og Lo;a FkhA D;ka sfd vxj os vius Lo;a ds fy;s dqN djrh rks ns 'k ,oa ns'k dk ,d cgq r cM+k oxZ muds vew Y; lg;ks x ls oa fpr jg tkrk vkSj ;s mudks dnkfi ea twj ugha Fkk mudk rks liuk Fkk Lora = Hkkjr vkSj Lora= Hkkjr esa gj rjg lq [k] 'kkafr vkS j le` f¼ ijUrq okLro esa D;k ;s lc gks ik;k rks bldk tokc gS dqN&dqN iw jk ugha D;ksa fd Hkkjr rks vktkn gks x;k ijUrq vktkn Hkkjr dk tks fp= v#.kk th us
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vius eu esa clk j[kk Fkk oks mUgsa iw .kZ r;k ugha fn[kk D;ks afd ,d ckj tc muls vktknh
dh yM+kbZ esa muds ;ksxnku ds ckjs esa iw Nk x;k rks mudk tokc FkkA og lc vc bfrgkl gSA ml le; tks tks'k Fkk tks mRlkg Fkk& dqN Hkh dj xq tjus dk] fdlh Hkh dher ij ns'k dks vktkn djk ysus dk& ml ekgkSy es a eSaus dq N vyx ugha fd;k] og ekgkS y dh ekax FkkA vc bls egku lkgl ;k R;kx dg dj eS a dksbZ Js ; ugha ysuk pkgrh fQj vkt tks uSfrd iru gS] pfj= dh fxjkoV gS] mldks ns [kdj rks yxrk gS fd geus dqN fd;k gh ugha] ;k tks dqN fd;k mlesa dq N deh jg xbZA deh muds djus esa ugha gSA deh gees gSa okLro es a vkt dh ukfj;ksa dks muds egku R;kx vkSj cfynku dks viuh vkRek es a clk ysuk pkfg;s vkS j gj iy Lora= Hkkjr es a lka l ysrs oDr ;g lkspuk pkfg;s fd Lora=rk tks gesa ml egku L=h ds egku dk;ks Za ls iz kIr gq bZ gS] ftUgksa us viuk gj {k.k gj iy ns'k dks lefiZ r dj fn;k Fkk] ;fn vkt ge muds vkn'kksZ a ij py dj ns'k dks ,d LoLF;
lekt ns axs] ,d LoLF; thou ft;saxs] nwljksa ds fy;s dq N djsaxs] izs e] J¼k vkS j R;kx dksvius thou esa LFkku nsaxs rks blesa uq dlku gh D;k gS\ 'kk;n blls mu egku Lora=rk lsukfu;ks a dh vkRek dks 'kkfUr fey lds ftUgksaus Hkkjr ek¡ dks gh viuh ek¡ ekuk vkSj viuk lc dqN ns'k ij U;kSNkoj dj fn;kA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- Hkkjr dh xfjeke;h ukfj;ka] MkW- yky cgknqj flag pkSgku] (2001) vkRek jke ,.M lal]
fnYyh] y[kuÅ] i`-1-2- Lora=rk lsukuh ysf[kdk;sa] vk'kk jkuh Cgksjk (2004) lkfgR; izdk'ku fnYyh] 2004] i-48-3- ØkfUrdkjh efgyk;sa & MkW- eqjkjh yky xks;y] lw;Z Hkkjrh; izdk'ku] fnYyh] 2000] i`-20-
4- vk'kkjkuh Ogksjk] i`"B&119-5- ØkfUrdkjh efgyk;s a] i"B&21-6- ogh] i`"B&22-7- Lora=rk lsukuh ysf[kdk;s a] i"B&120-8- ogh] i"B&121-9- ogh] i"B&121-10- ogh] i`"B&121-11- ØkfUrdkjh efgyk;sa] i"B&24-12- Lora=rk lsukuh ysf[kdk;s a] i"B&122-13- ØkfUrdkjh efgyk;sa] i"B&26-14- Lora=rk lsukuh ysf[kdk;s a] i"B&123-
15- ogh i`"B&122-
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Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr fodkl Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr fodkl Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr fodkl Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr fodkl Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr fodkl
¹ f'ko dqekj flag dq'kokg ¹ f'ko dqekj flag dq'kokg ¹ f'ko dqekj flag dq'kokg ¹ f'ko dqekj flag dq'kokg ¹ f'ko dqekj flag dq 'kokg
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¹ iksLV MkWDVksjy Qsyks] jktuhfr foKku v/;;u'kkyk] foØe fo'ofo|ky;] mTtSu (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& 20 oha 'krkCnha ds f}rh; n'kd es a igyh ckj egkRek xk¡ /kh vkSj MkW - vEcsMdj usvyx&vyx fn'kkvks a es a nfyrks a dh leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy;s ;FkkZFkoknh ,oa oS Kkfud n`f"Vdks.k ls u dsoy v/;;u fd;k cfYd nksuks a us bu tkfr;ksa ds mRFkku ds fy;s vkUnksyu Hkh pyk,s aA Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ bu tkfr;ksa ds mRFkku dh fn'kk es a lkspk x;k ,oa lafo/kku
fuekZrkvksa us bl gsrq Hkkjrh; lafo/kku es a vusd çko/kku fd;sA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
Hkkjr ,d ,slk ns'k gS] tgka tkfr çFkk esa HksnHkko ds dkj.k tula[;k dk ,d cgwr cM+ k Hkkx lfn;ksa ls fiNM+ k] mRihfM+r vkSj frjLd`r jgk gSA bl Hkkx dks fuEu tkfr ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;s fuEu tkfr;k¡ lkekftd Lrj ij mPp tkfr;ks a }kjk NqvkNwr ds dkj.k frjLd`r] vkfFkZ d Lrj ij HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa ls nwj vkS j jktuhfrd Lrj ij ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr jgh gSA bu tkfr;ksa dks gfjtu] nfyr vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr vkfn ukeks a ls tkuk tkrk gS rFkk ;g rhuksa gh 'kCn vk/kqfud dky dh nsu gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dk vFkZ ,slh tkfr;ksa] çtkfr;ksa vFkok tutkfr;ksa vFkok tutkfr;ka vFkok tkfr;ksa çtkfr;ksa vFkok tutkfr;ksa ds vUrZxr gh Hkkxksa vFkok lewgksa ls gS] ftUgs a
lafo/kku ds ç;kstuksa ds fy;s vuqPNsn 341 ds vUrZxr vuqlw fpr tkfr;k¡ ekuk x;k gSA1
oSls rks ;g çko/kku vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks a ds lewg dh fo'ks"krkvks a ds lUnHkZ esa dksbZ Li"V ifjHkk"kk çnku ugha djrk gS2 rFkkfi Hkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e 1935 esa ;g ç;kl fd;k x;k FkkA3 vuq lw ph esa fdlh fuf'pr tkfr dks lfEefyr djus dk ekud] v'i` ';rk ds O;ogkj ls lEcf/kr ijEijkxr çFkkvksa ls mRiUu muds lkekftd] 'kSf{kd ,oa vkfFkZ d fiNM+ siu ij vk/kkfjr FkkA Hkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e 1935 us] fo'ks"k :i ls lkekftd vkS j vkfFkZd oa puk ds bu Lo:iks a dks fuEufyf[kr vk/kkjksa ij fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&¹ fgUnw lkekftd lajpuk esa mudh fLFkfr fuEu gksrh gSA¹ ljdkjh lsokvks a esa mudk çfrfuf/kRo vi;kZIr gSA¹ O;kikj] okf.kT;] ,oa m|ksxks a ds {ks =ksa esa mudk çfrfuf/kRo vi;kZIr gSA
¹ 'ks"k leq nk;ksa ls os lkekftd ,oa HkkSfrd vyxko Hkksxrs gS] rFkk ¹ bl leqnk; ds vf/kdka 'k Hkkx esa 'kSf{kd fodkl dh ,d lkekU; deh gSA
20 oha 'krkCnha ds f}rh; n'kd es a igyh ckj egkRek xk¡/kh vkSj MkW - vEcsMdj usvyx&vyx fn'kkvks a esa nfyrksa dh leL;kvks a ds lek/kku ds fy;s ;FkkZFkoknh ,oa oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ls u dsoy v/;;u fd;k cfYd nksuks a us bu tkfr;ksa ds mRFkku ds fy;s vkUnksyu Hkh pyk,sa A Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ bu tkfr;ks a ds mRFkku dh fn'kk esa lkspk
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x;k ,oa lafo/kku fuekZ rkvks a us bl gsrq Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa vusd çko/kku fd;sA
vuqlwfpr tkfr fodkl laca/kh laoS/kkfud izko/kku& Hkkjr ds lafo/kku dh çLrkouk esa dgk x;k gS & ^^ge Hkkjr ds yksx Hkkjr dks ,d lEiw.kZ çHkqRo lEiUu] lektoknh] ia Fk fujis{k] yks drkaf=d x.kjkT; cukus ds fy;s rFkk mlds leLr ukxfjdks a dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkS j jktuhfrd U;k;] fopkj vfHkO;fDr] fo'okl] /keZ vkSj mikluk dh Lora =rk] çfr"Bk vkSj volj dh lerk çkIr djus ds fy;s rFkk mu lc es a O;fDr dh xfjek vkS j jk"Vª dh ,drk rFkk v[k.Mrk lq fuf'pr djus okyh ca/kqrk c<+kus ds fy;s n` <+ ladYi gksdj viuh bl lafo/kku lHkk esa vkt rkjh[k 26 uoacj 1949 (fefr ekxZ 'kh"kZ 'kqDyk lIreh] la or~ 2006 foØeh) dks ,rn~ }kjk bl la fo/kku dks vaxhd`r]vf/kfu;fer vkSj vkRekfiZr djrs gS aA^^4 bl iz dkj Hkkjr ds lafo/kku dh iz Lrkouk esa lkekftd U;k; dks egRoiw .kZ LFkku fn;k x;k gSA oSls rks lafo/kku dh lkjh iz Lrkouk ls
gh lkekftd U;k; mn~?kksf"kr gksrk gS] fdUrq blesa Hkkjr ds leLr ukxfjdksa dks lkekftd]vkfFkZ d vkSj jktuhfrd U;k; dh fo'ks"k iz frc¼rk n'kkZ;h xbZ gSA iz Lrkouk ds vUrxZ r bu 'kCnks a ds vk/kkj ij lafo/kku ds jkT;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA lkekftd U;k; dh n`f"V ls ;s rhu 'kCn lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd&lkekftd U;k; ds vk/kkj gSA
lkekftd U;k; dk rkRi;Z ;g gS] fd lekt es a çR;sd dks O;fDr ds ukrs egRo fn;k tkuk pfkg;s rFkk tkfr] /keZ] o.kZ] yx] uLy] lEifr ;k vU; fdlh vk/kkj ij HksnHkko ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA bl in dk Hkkjr ds ukxfjdksa dks iz xfr dh vksj ys tkus dh n`f"V ls egRoi.kZ LFkku gSA Hkkjr esa 'krkfCn;ksa ls nfyrksa ,oa fiNM+s oxksZ o efgykvks a ds lkFk mRihM+u o Hks nHkko fd;k tkrk jgk gSA bl 'kks"k.k vkSj mRihM+u dk vUr djus dh n`f"V ls ;g in fo'ks "k egRo dk gSA vkfFkZd U;k; dk rkRi;Z ;g gS] fd ,slh O;oLFkk dk vUr dj fn;k tkuk pkfg;s] ftlesa dqN lk/ku lEiUu O;fDr;ks a }kjk cgqla[;d lk/kughu O;fDr;ks a dk 'kks "k.k fd;k tkrk gSA ;g y{; rHkh iz kIr gks ldrk gS] tc mRiknu vkSj forj.k ds leLr lalk/kuks a ij iwjs lekt dk vf/kdkj gks vkS j mudk iz ;ksx lkjs lekt ds fgr dh n` f"V ls fd;k tk,A jktuhfrd U;k; dk rkRi;Z ;g gS] fd lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks jktuhfrd {ks= esa Lora= rFkk leku :i ls Hkkx ysus dk volj izkIr gksuk pkfg;sA /keZ] tkfr] o.kZ] yx ds vk/kkj ij jktuhfrd {ks = es a fdlh Hkh izdkj dsHks nHkko dk fu"ks/k ,oa o;Ld erkf/kdkj jktuhfrd U;k; izkfIr ds lk/ku gSA
Hkkjr ds lafo/kku }kjk iztkrkaf=d O;oLFkk vkSj o;Ld erkf/kdkj dks viukdj jktuhfrd U;k; dks rks rRdky gh izkIr fd;k x;k gSA lkekftd U;k; dks iz kIr djus ds fy;s ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls lekurk ds vf/kdkj esa O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA ia Fk fujis{krk Hkh blh fn'kk esa ,d egRoiw.kZ dne gSA gekjs ns'k ds la fo/kku ds fuekZrkvksa us vkfFkZd U;k; ds iz ko/kkuksa ds uhfr funs'kd rRoksa esa LFkku fn;k x;k gSAvuqlwfpr tkfr;ks a ds fy;s fofo/k j{kksik;ksa dks] Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk dkj.k cukdj rFkk Lo;a la fo/kku ds laj{k.k }kjk lq fuf'pr fd;k x;k gSA vLi`';rk fuokj.k rFkk laj{kkRed HksnHkko dh fofo/k ;qfDr;ksa ds ihNs ljdkj dk iz kFkfed rdZ fu;ks ZX;rkvksa dh iz-fr Fkh tks fd vLi`';rk ds lkFk fof'k"V :i ls lacaf/kr jgh gSA lafo/kku esa j{kksik;ksa dks blfy;s j[kk x;k gS ftlls fd (vuq PNsn 46 esa vUrfoZ"V funsZ 'kd rRoksa dk lq fo/kkiw.kZd fØ;kUou gks lds] ftlesa ;g of.kZr gS & ßjkT;] detks j oxZ ds O;fDr;ksa]
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fo'ks"k :i ls vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa vuq lwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds 'kSf{kd ,oa vkfFkZd fgrks a
dks fo'ks "k lko/kkuh ds lkFk c<+kok nsxk rFkk mUgsa lHkh lkekftd vU;k; ,oa 'kks"k.k ds lHkh Lo:iksa ls lq jf{kr j[ksxkÞA5
;|fi jkT; ds uhfr funsZ'kd rRo dks fdlh vnkyr }kjk ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] rFkkfi os ns'k ds 'kklu ds fy;s ew yHkwr gS tks dkuwuks a ds dk;kZUo;u ,oa la 'kks/ku ds le; bu fl¼ka rksa dks ykxw djus gs rq jkT; ds drZO;ks a ,oa nkf;Roks a dk o.kZ u djrs gSA6 MkW- ch-vkj- vEcsMdj ds vuqlkj funsZ'kd rRo jkT; ds lUeq [k lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd iztkra= ds vkn'kks Z dks j[krs gS D;ks afd lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd vUrZoLrq ls oafpr jktuhfrd Lora=rk vFkZghu gSAÞ7 lafo/kku ds III, IV, VI, XIV, XVI, XIX Hkkxksa esa vUrfoZ "V vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks a ls lEcfU/kr fofo/k izko/kku blh fof'k"V mís'; ds fy;s gSA ;s iz ko/kku] Hkkjr ds ukxfjdksa ds ewyHkwr vf/kdkjks a] jkT; ds uhfr funsZ'kd rRoksa ,oa
vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds dY;k.k gsrq eaf=;ksa dh fu;qfDr dk o.kZ u djrs gSA lafo/kku vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa vU; lhekUr r lewgksa ds e/; dqN fuf'pr oxksZ ls lEcfU/kr fo'ks"k izko/kkuksa ds vUrxZ r ,d Li"V fHkUurk LFkkfir dj ewyHkwr vlekurkvksa dks ekU;rk iznku djrk gSA dsUnz vkS j jkT; nksuks a Lrjksa ij yksdlHkk@fo/kku e.My ds nksuks a lnuksa es a vuq lw fpr tkfr;ksa ds fy, vkj{k.k ds izko/kku blesa vUrZfo"V gS] rFkk ;g ls okvksa vkS j inksa ds fy;s vuq lw fpr tkfr;ksa ds nkoksa ds izko/kkuksa dh :ijs[kk Hkh izLrqr djrk gSA lkFk gh vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, ,d LFkk;h jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh vko';drk dk Hkh vkg~oku djrk gSA8 Hkkjr dk la fo/kku dkuw u ds le{k lekurk dh xkjaVh djrk gS9 rFkk fdlh Hkh lkekftd ,oa 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+ s oxZ vFkok vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh mUufr gsrq fo'ks "k izko/kkuks a ds fuekZ.k ds fy, jkT;ksa dks
U;kns'k ns rk gSA10 ;g ukxfjdks a ds fdlh Hkh fiNM+ s oxZ ds i{k esa fu;qfDr;ks a vFkok inksa esa vkj{k.k gs rq iz ko/kkuksa ds fuekZ .k ds fy;s jkT; dks l'kfDrÏr Hkh djrk gSA11 Hkkjr dk la fo/kku lqfuf'pr :i ls ;g crkrk gS fd vLi`';rk lekIr gks pqdh gS rFkk fdlh Hkh Lo:i esa bldk O;ogkj fuf"k¼ gSA12 blds vfrfjDr] ;g lekt ds detksj oxks ± ds fo'ks"k :i ls vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds 'kSf{kd ,oa vkfFkZd fgrksa dh fos'ks"k lrdZrk ds lkFk mUufr djus dk U;k;kns'k Hkh nsrk gS rFkk lkekftd vU;k;ksa ,oa 'kks"k.k ds lHkh Lo:iks a ls mudh lqj{kk dk opu ns rk gSA13 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa fufgr iztkrkaf=d laLFkkvksa ,oa lsokvksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds vkj{k.k ldkjkRed Hks nHko dh ,d ;qfDr gSA14 ;g jkT; dks lkekftd ,oa 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+ s oxks ± dh n'kk [kks tus gsrq ,d vk;ksx dh fu;qfDRk dk vf/kdkj Hkh iz nku djrk gSA rFkk mu tkfr;ksa dks Hkh Li"V djus dk
vf/kdkj iz nku djrk gS ftUgsa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ka ekuk tk;sA15 bu laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa dsvuq:Ik HksnHkko ,oa ofg"dj.k ds fo:¼ lqj{kk iznku djus ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dsvkfFkZ d ,oa jktuSfrd l'kfDrdj.k gs rq ljdkj }kjk vusd mik; izkjEHk fd;s x;sA
le; ds lkFk fodflr gqbZ ljdkjh j.kuhfr dk gLr{ksi ds {ks =ksa ,oa dk;kZ Uo;u i¼fr;ksa] nks uksa gh {ks=ksa esa foLrkj gqvkA bl j.kuhfr dh vkÏfr dk fuekZ.k vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa vU; lhekUrÏr lkekftd lew gksa dh oapukvksa dh izÏfr dh fof'k"V le> }kjk gqvk gS rFkk ;g bl ekU;rk ij vk/kkfjr gS fd fu/kZ urk ,oa vU; lkekftd oapuk, ijEijkxr izfrca /kks] lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd vf/kdkjksa dh vLohÏfr ,oa HksnHkko rFkk
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cfg"dj.k dh fujUrjrk dk ifj.kke gSA vuw lw fpr tkfr;ksa ds ,s frgkfld fiNM+s iu dks
nwj djus rFkk mUgs a lekt dh eq[;/kkjk ds led{k dks nwj djus ds fy;s ;g vko';d le>k x;k fd mudks izkFkfedrk iznku dj rFkk vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fodkl vkSj lkFk gh ns'k dh jktuhfrd iz fØ;kvksa esa mudh izHkkodkjh lgHkkfxrk dh xkja Vh dj mUgsa l'kDr fd;k tk;sA
HksnHkko fojks/kh mik;ks a esa vLi`';rk vijk/k vf/kfu;e] 1955 lfEefyr gS] ftlds vUrxZr lkoZtfud LFkkuks a ij vLi`';rk ,oa Hks nHkko ds O;ogkj dks ,d vijk/k ekuk x;k gSA bl vf/kfu;e dks vf/kd dBksj ,oa izHkkodkjh cukus ds fy;s 1976 es a bldk iqujkoyksdu fd;k x;k rFkk ukxfjd vf/kdkj laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ds :i esa tkuk x;kA bl rF; dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fd Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk ,oa ukxfjd vf/kdkj laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ds lkekU; izko/kku] fofo/k vijk/kksa ds fo:¼ vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa
vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dks j{kks ik; iz nku djus ds fy;s vi;kZ Ir gS] ,d vfrfjDr vf/kfu;e& vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlw fpr tutkfr vR;kpkj fuokj.k vf/kfu;e 1989 esa ykxw fd;k x;kA bl vf/kfu;e dks vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa vuq lw fpr tutkfr;ksa ds fo:¼ vR;kpkjksa dks jksdus ds fy;s fof'k"V :i ls ykxw fd;k x;k FkkAÞ16 ;svf/kfu;e] jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk izkjEHk fd;s x;s mik;ksa dks lfEefyr djus esa dsUnz ljdkj dh Hkwfedk dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gS rFkk laln ds nksuksa lnuksa esa ,d okf"kZ d iz frosnu izLrqr djus dh ekax Hkh djrs gSA lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa blds QyLo:i fofo/k iz 'kkldh; lajpuk,a LFkkfir gqbZ gSA lkekU;r;k vusd jkT;ksa es a lekt dY;k.k foHkkx bu vf/kfu;eksa dks ykxw djus dk dsUnzd vfHkdj.k gSA iqfyl ,oa x g foHkkxksa dks Hkh bu vf/kfu;ksa dks ykxw djus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro lkSa ik x;k gSA bu vf/kfu;eksa ds izHkkoh
dk;kZUo;u ds fujh{k.k gs rq vusd jkT;ks a es a lrdZ rk ,oa izca /ku lfefr;ksa dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA
Lafo/kku ds vuq lkj vuq lw fpr tkfr;ksa] vuq lwfpr tu tkfr;ksa rFkk vU; fiNM+s oxks± ds 'kSf{kd rFkk vkfFkZ d fgrksa dks izksRlkgu ns us vkSj lHkh iz dkj ds 'kks"k.k vkSj lkekftd vU;k; ls mudk la j{k.k djus ds fy;s lafo/kku es a O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA17
lafo/kku ds vuqlkj ßlafo/kku lkekftd dY;k.k vkS j lq /kkj ds fy;s ;k lkoZtfud iz dkj dh fgUnq vks a dh /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa dks fgUnq vksa ds lHkh oxks± vkSj vuq Hkkxksa ds fy;s [kks yus dk mica/k djrk gSAÞ18 lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 15&2 ds vuqlkj nqdkuksa ] lkoZtfud Hkkstuky;ksa ] gks Vyksa] euksja tu LFkyksa rFkk dqvks] rkykcksa] Luku?kjksa] lM+dksa vkSj ljdkjh /ku ls iwjh rjg ;k vkaf'kd :i lajf{kr fdlh Hkh LFkku vFkok lkoZtfud LFky ds
mi;ksx lEcU/kh v;ksX;rk,¡] mÙkjnkf;Ro] :dkoVsa vkSj 'krs± lekIr dj nh xbZ gS vFkkZr bu LFkkuksa ij fdlh Hkh izdkj dk HksnHkko ugha fd;k tk;s xkA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 19&5 ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tu tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa ds fgrksa ds laj{k.k ds fy;s vke ukxfjd dsHkkjr es a fdlh Hkh LFkku ij vkus&tkus jgus rFkk clus vkSj lEifr [kjhnus cspus lEcU/kh lkekU; vf/kdkjks a ij mfpr izfrcU/k yxkus dh dkuwuh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA la fo/kku dsvuqPNsn 29&2 ds vuqlkj jkT; }kjk iksf"kr ;k jkT; fuf/k ls lgk;rk ikus okys fdlh f'k{kk laLFkk esa izos'k ls fdlh Hkh ukxfjd dks ds oy /keZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr Hkk"kk ;k bues a ls fdlh ,d ds vk/kkj ij oa fpr ugha fd;k tk;sxkA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 16 ,oa 335
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ds vuqlkj ljdkjh ukS dfj;ksa es a vkj{k.k ds lanHkZ es a crk;k x;k gS] fd jkT; dks ljdkjh
ukSdfj;ksa esa vuq lw fpr tkfr;ksa rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds yksxksa dks i;kZIr izfrfuf/kRo nsus rFkk bl lEcU/k es a muds nkoksa ij fopkj djus dk vf/kdkj gS fd og jktdh; lsokvksa ds fy;s vko';d ;ksX;rk,¡ fu/kkZfjr dj nsaA laln dkuwu }kjk la?k esa lfEefyr jkT;ksa dks vf/kdkj ns ldrh gS] fd os ml in ds mEehnokj ds fy;s jkT; dk fuoklh vko';d Bgjk nsaA blh izdkj lsok esa fiNM+s gq, oxks ± ds fy;s Hkh LFkku vkjf{kr fd;s tk ldrs gSA vuqPNsn 335 ds vuqlkj ^la?k ;k fdlh jkT; ds dk;Z dyki ls la caf/kr lsokvksa vkSj inksa ds fy;s fu;qfDR;k¡ djus esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks a vkS j vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds lnL;ksa ds nkoksa dk] iz'kklu dh n{krk cuk;s j[kus dh laxfr ds vuqlkj /;ku j[kk tk;sxkA
lafo/kku esa yks dlHkk vkS j jkT;ksa dh fo/kkulHkkvks a es a vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa
tutkfr;ksa ds fy;s 25 tuojh 2000 rd fo'ks"k izfrfuf/kRo dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA yksdlHkk esa vuq lw fpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy;s LFkkuksa dk vkj{k.k fdlh jkT; ;k la?k jkT; {ks= esa vuqlw fpr tkfr;ksa ;k vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a ds fy, vkjf{kr LFkkuksa dh la[;k dk vuq ikr yks dlHkk esa ml jkT; ;k la ?k jkT; {ks = es a vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vFkok vuq lw fpr tutkfr;ksa dh] tula [;k ds vuqikr esa fd;k x;k gSA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 164] 338 o ikapoh vuqlwph esa tutkrh; lykgdkj ifj"knksa] foHkkxks a o fo'ks"k vf/kdkjh dh fu;q fDr dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA vuqPNsn 164 dsvuqlkj fcgkj] e/;izns'k] mM+hlk jkT;ksa es a tutkfr;ksa ds dY;k.k dk Hkkj lk/kd ,d eU=h gksxk tks lkFk gh vuq lw fpr tkfr;ksa vkSj fiNM+s oxksZ ds dY;k.k dk ;k fdlh vU; dk;Z dk Hkh Hkkj lk/kd gks ldsxkA vuq PNs n 244 ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr {ks =ksa vkSj
tutkfr {ks=ks a dk iz 'kklu ika poh vuqlwph ds mica/k vle] es?kky;] f=iqjk vkS j fetks je jkT;ksa ls fHkUu fdlh jkT; ds vuqlwfpr {ks=ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tu tkfr;ksa ds iz'kklu vkS j fu;a=.k ds fy;s ykxw gks axsA
vuqPNs n 338 ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks a vkS j vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy;s ,d vk;ks x gksxk tks jk"Vªh; vuq lw fpr tkfr vkSj vuq lw fpr tutkfr vk;ksx ds uke ls Kkr gksxkA laln }kjk bl fufer cukbZ xbZ fdlh fof/k ds micU/kksa ds v/khu jgrs gq,]vk;ksx ,d v/;{k] ,d mik/;{k vkSj ik¡p vU; lnL;ks a ls feydj tkusxk vkSj bl iz dkj fu;qDr fd;s x;s v/;{k] mik/;{k vkS j vU; lnL;ks a dh ls ok dh 'krs± vkSj inkof/k ,slh gksxh tks jk"Vª ifr fu;e }kjk vo/kkfjr djsaA vk;ks x vuq lw fpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a ds fy;s bl lafo/kku ;k rRle; iz o`Ùk fdlh vU; fof/k ;k ljdkj
ds fdlh vkns'k ds v/khu micfU/kr j{kks i;ksa ls lEcfU/kr fo"k;ksa dk vUos "k.k djs vkS j mu ij fuxjkuh j[ks rFkk ,ls j{kks ik;ksa ds dk;Zdj.k dk ew Y;kadu djsaA vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuq lwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds lkekftd vkfFkZd fodkl dh ;kstuk izfØ;k esa Hkkx ys mu ij lykg ns rFkk la ?k vkSj fdlh jkT; ds v/khu muds fodkl dh izxfr dk ewY;kadu djs aA lkoZtfud {ks= ds jkstxkj esa vuq lwfpr tkfr;ks a dh lekuqikfrd lgHkkfxrk lq fuf'pr djus rFkk lkoZ tfud 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa ds lkFk gh fofo/k jktuhfrd iz tkrkfU=d fudk;ksa ,oa laLFkkvksa esa mudks iz os'k ;ks X; cukus ds fy, lkoZtfud {ks=ksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds vkj{k.k dks ,d laoS/kkfud izko/kku ds :i esa lfEefyr fd;k
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x;k gSA ldkjkRed fØ;k] oa fpr&lew gksa ds fy, lkekftd U;k; lqfuf'pr djus ds fy;s
ljdkj dk lokZf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh midj.k gSA ;g lkekftd vkS j ySafxd U;k; rFkk vko';d dkuw uh mik;ksa ds lkFk lkeftd leUo; ds fl¼karksa ij vk/kkfjr lkekftd U;k; ds jk"Vªh; ?kks"k.kk&i= ds izorZ u gsrq ljdkj dh uohure izfrc¼rk dks ijkofrZ r djrk gSA ;gk¡ (vuqPNsn 16(4)) ds {ks= dks le>uk Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g vuqPNsn vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks a ,oa vuqlw fpr tu tkfr;ksa ds fy;s] p;u vkSj inksUufr ds Lrj ij vkj{k.k izorZu gs rq ljdkj dks dksbZ laoS/kkfud drZO; iznku ugha djrk gSA ;g fiNM+ s oxZ ds ukxfjdks a] ftUgsa ljdkj ds erkuqlkj jkT; dh ls okvksa esa ;Fks"V iz frfuf/kRo iz kIr ugha gSa ] ds i{k esa fu;qfDr;ks a dk vkj{k.k djus dh ek= foosdkf/kdj 'kfDr ljdkj dks iz nku djrk gSA
fu"d"kZ r% dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjr tc ,d Lora= jk"Vª cuk rc blus vusd
vU; leL;kvksa ds chp vius yksxks a ds dq N Hkkxksa es a lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fiNM+ siu dk lkeuk fd;kA vuq lw fpr tkfr;k¡ mu lew gksa esa ,d Fkh]tks lokZf/kd fiNM+s FksA vLi`';rk ,oa v'kq¼ O;oLkk; vuq lw fpr tkfr çfLFkfr ds ewy fu/kkZjd FksA budh vU; fu/kkZjd Fkh] mudh fuEu vkfFkZd]jktuhfrd ,oa 'kS f{kd fLFkfr;kaA Lora=rk çkfIr ds lkFk gh fofo/k laoS/kkfud ,oa ljdkjh mik;ksa tSls vkj{k.k]vLi`';rk fojks/kh ,oa vHks nHkko us lkekftd xfr'khyrk ds {ks =ks a dks f'k{kk]jks txkj]m|ks x]/ku la p;]Hkw fe vf/kxz g.k]jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dh ek=k] vkfn {ks=ksa esa foLr`r fd;k gSA fiNys 60 ls vf/kd o"kksZ a ds nkS jku vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa esa lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd ifjorZu gqvk gS] ysfdu og visf{kr Lrj rd ugha igq¡p ik;k gSA gekjs la fo/kku fuekZrkvksa us tks vis{kk,¡ j[kh Fkh og jktuhfrd bPNk'kfDr dh deh ds pyrs bu çko/kkuks a ds m¼s';ksa dks çkIr djus es iw.kZ
:i ls lQy ugha gks ikbZ gSA laoS/kkfud çko/kku tS ls vkj{k.k vkfn nyxr jktuhfr ,oa tkfrokn esa my>dj jg x;sa gSA ;fn vuqlwfpr tkfr dk okLrfod fodkl lafo/kku dh ea'kkuq :i djuk gS rks mls jktuhfr ls mij mBdj vkxs c<+kuk gksxk rHkh ge lkekftd U;k; dh çkfIr ds gekjs y{; dks çkIr dj ldsaxsA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- lDlSuk] ,p-,l-] (1981) LVªxy QkWj f'kM~;wYM dkLV ,.M Vªkbc] mIiy ifCyds'ku] i"B
522&392- ikoZFkEek] lh]( 1984 ) f'kM~;wYM dkLV ,.M Vªkbc%, lksflvks&bdkWukfed losZ] ubZ fnYyh]
vk'kh"k ifCyf'kax gkml] i`"B 4&7
3- pVthZ] ,l-ds-(1996)]fn f'kM~;wYM dkLV bu bafM;k] ubZ fnYyh] Kku ifCyf'kax gkml]] i"B 963
4- Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] m¼sf'kdkA5- vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksx dh fjiksZV] vçsy (1980&ekpZ 1981)]rhljh
fjiksVZA6- Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] Hkkx 4] vuqPNsn] 37] jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rRoA7- ?kks"k ,l-ds] (1961)] fjtosZ'ku bu lfoZlst% , esU;wvy QkWj xoesZ aV ,.M ifCyd lsDVj]
ubZ fnYyh] v{kj çdk'kuA8- vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds laj{k.k ,oa fodkl gsrq fo'ks"k laoS/kkfud çko/kkuA
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9- Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] Hkkx 3] vuqPNsn 14] ewy vf/kdkjA
10- Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] Hkkx 3] vuqPNsn 15(4)] ewy vf/kdkjA11- Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] Hkkx 3] vuqPNsn 16(4)] ewy vf/kdkjA12- Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] Hkkx 3] vuqPNsn 17] ewy vf/kdkjA13- Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] Hkkx 4] vuqPNsn 46 jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rRoA14- Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] Hkkx 16] vuqPNsn 330 ,oa 335] fof'k"V oxksZ ls lEcf/kr çko/kkuA15- Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] Hkkx 16] vuqPNsn 340 ,oa 341(2)] fof'k"V oxksZ ls lEcf/kr çko/kkuA16- vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa (vR;kpkj fuokj.k) vf/kfu;e] (1989)A17- Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] Hkkx 4] vuqPNsn] 46] MkbjsfDVo fçalhiyl vkWQ LVsV ikWfylh] çeks'ku
vkWQ ,tqds'kuy ,.M bdkWukfed baVªsLV vkWQ f'kM~;wYM dkLV] f'kM~;wYM Vªkbc ,.M vnj ohdj lsD'kuA
18- Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] Hkkx 3] vuqPNsn] 25] Q.MkesaVy jkbVl]çksfgfc'ku vkWQ VªSfQd bu
g;weu chbax ,.M QksZlM yscjA
RNI No. MP BIL 01034/12/1/2005-TC ISSN 0973-3914
iz ks- cz txks iky 'kq Dy 41@42] j?kq oa 'k lnu] fcfN;k] jhok (e-iz-)& 486001
Phone - (07662) 255177, 9425186437E-mail - [email protected]@rediffmail.com
ls UVj QkW j fjlpZ LVMht] jhok }kjk fjlpZ tjuy vkWQ lks 'ky ,.M ykbQ lkbals l
ds fo'ks "kka d ds :i es a fuEufyf[kr nks la nHkZ iq Lrdks a dk iz dk'ku ekpZ] 2013 esa fd;k tk jgk gSA
mDr la nHkZ iq Lrdksa es a iz dk'ku gs rq vki viuk rF; ijd ,oa rdZ ;q Dr 'kks/k i= Hks tdj bl vdknfed dk;Z es a lg;ks x dj ldrs gS a A fgUnh Hkk"kk es a 'kks/k i= ,e-,l- oMZ es a QkUV d` frns o 010] djs DVj lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k_
va xz s th Hkk"kk es a VkbEl U;w jks eu QkUV lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k es a Hks ts a A
(vkbZ-,l-ch-,u- 978&81&87364&56&6)
(ISBN 978-81-87364-55-9)
Social Change & Development in India
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mRrj izns'k esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@tutkfr;ksa dk mRrj izns'k esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@tutkfr;ksa dk mRrj izns'k esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@tutkfr;ksa dk mRrj izns'k esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@tutkfr;ksa dk mRrj izns'k esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@tutkfr;ksa dk
vkfFkZd fodkl&,d leh{kkRed v?;;u vkfFkZd fodkl&,d leh{kkRed v?;;u vkfFkZd fodkl&,d leh{kkRed v?;;u vkfFkZd fodkl&,d leh{kkRed v?;;u vkfFkZd fodkl&,d leh{kkRed v?;;u ¹ ehuk{kh tkVo ¹ ehuk{kh tkVo ¹ ehuk{kh tkVo ¹ ehuk{kh tkVo ¹ ehuk{kh tkVo
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& izLrqr 'kks?ki= esa mÙkj izns'k jkT; es a fuokl djus okys vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dsyksxks ds fy;s fiNys n'kdksa es a gq;s vkfFkZd fodkl dk v?;;u fd;k x;k gS A ljdkj }kjk
fofHkUu ;kstukvka s ,oa dkuwuksa }kjk bl oxZ ds fodkl ds fy;s lkFkZd iz;kl fd;s x;s gS A bu fodkl ;kstukvks a dk fdruk izHkko nfyr mRFkku ij gqvk gS ,oa fdrus yksx xjhch js[kk lsÅij vkus es a lQy gq;s gSa ,oa bl oxZ ds fodkl es a dkS u&2 lh leL;k,a ,oa pqukSfr;ks a dk lkeuk ljdkj dks djuk iM+ jgk gS bldk fo'ks"k v?;;u bl 'kks?k i= es a djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
O;kolkf;d iSVuZ dks ns [kus ls irk pyrk gS fd vuq lwfpr tkfr ds yxHkx 42-63 ø yksx vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds 69-56ø yksx dk'rdkjkas ds #i esa dke djrs gSa vkS j vuqlwfpr tkfr ds 38-77ø yksx rFkk vuq lw fpr tutkfr ds 13-00ø yks x d`f"k Jfedks a ds #i esa dk;Z djrs ga SA miyC/k vka dM+kas ds vuqlkj 95ø ls vf/kd vuq lw fpr
tkfr ds dk'rdkj rFkk yxHkx 71ø vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds dk'rdkj NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlku gSA yxHkx vuq lw fpr tkfr dh 59-2ø tula [;k xjhch js[kk ls uhps clj dj jgh gSA fodkl vkSj dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØe& mÙkj iz ns'k ljdkj dk lekt dY;k.k foHkkx ftlesa lekt dY;k.k funs'kky;] tutkrh; fodkl funs'kky;] mÙkj izns'k vuqlwfpr tkfr foÙk vkS j fodkl fuxe rFkk m0iz0 lekt dY;k.k fuekZ.k fuxe 'kkfey gS] vuq lw fpr tkfr;ksa rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;kas ds fodkl vkSj dY;k.k ds fy;s cM+ s dk;Z Øe dk;kZfUor djrk gSA fofHkUu ;kstukvks esa fuEufyf[kr mnns ';ksa ij /;ku dsfUnzr djrs gq, ;g 'kks/k dk;Z fd;k x;k gSA1- vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh 'kSf{kd] lkekftd vkS j vkfFkZZd
fLFkfr es a lq/kkj djukA2- lkekftd HksnHkko nw j djuk vkSj lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd xfr'khyrk ds fy;s dk;Z Øe fØ;kfUor djukA3- xjhch js [kk ls uhps clj dj jgs yksxksa ds fy;s Lo&jkstxkj mRiUu djus okys dk;Z Øe dk;kZfUor djuk vkSj xjhch nwj djukA
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4- gkFk ls >kMwd'kh lekIr djuk vkSj >kMw d'kksa dh eq fDr ds fy;s dk;ZØe
dk;kZfUor djukA ;ks tuk rS;kj djus] ekuhVj djus vkSsj ewY;kdau djus ds fy;s i;kZIr lgk;rk
iz nku djus ds okLrs jkT; esa ÞdY;k.k fu;kstu izdks"BÞ ,d vyx d{k LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA foÙk fuxe& xjhch js[kk ls uhps clj dj jgh vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dks mÙkj izns'k vuqlwfpr tkfr fodkl fuxe ds ek?;e ls foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku dh tkrh gSA ;g fuxe cgqr lh Lo&jkstxkj Ldheas dk;kZfUor dj jgk gS ftuds vUrxZr ifj;ks tuk ykxr dh 50 iz fr'kr jkf'k vkfFkZd benkn ds #i es a nh tkrh gSA 1997&98 ds nkSjku bl fuxe us bl Ldhe ds rgr vuqlwfpr tkfr ds 87318 yksxks a dks foÙkh; lgk;rk nh gSA fuxe 'kgjh {ks=ks esa nqdkuksa ds fuekZ .k ds fy;s 5000 #i;s rd fuekZ.k ykxr Hkh ns rk gSA 1997&98
ds nkS jku 12-84 yk[k #i;s iawth fuos 'k djds dqy 242 nqdkuksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA ;g >kM+ d';kas dh eqfDr vkS sj iquokZl ds fy;s ,d jk"Vªh; Ldhe pykrk gSA ftldsv/khu 1314 O;fDr;ks a dks 1997&98 ds nkSjku yxHkx 2-5 djksM+ #i;s dh foÙkh; lgk;rk nh xbZA bl le;] fuxe vusd leL;kvks a dk lkeuk dj jgk gSA jkT; ljdkj fuxe ds LFkkiuk lac/kh vkSj vU; iz 'kklfud O;; iw jk djus ds fy;s /kujkf'k ugh ns jgh gSA lhekar jkf'k ds ½.kksa dh olwyh Bhd ls u gks ikuk Hkh ,d ijs'kkuh gSA fuxe ds fy;svuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuq lwfpr tutkfr foÙk vkSj fodkl fuxe (,u ,l ,Q Mh lh) dks cdk;k ½.k okfil djuk eq f'dy gks x;k gSA ftlds ifj.kke Lo#i ,u ,l ,Q Mh lh cdk;k dtksZ ij fuxe ls nkf.Md C;kt olwy dj jgk gSA fuxe ds ikl vyx ls dksbZ olwyh dh iz .kkyh ugha gSA fuxe ½.k eatwj djus esa cSfda x laLFkkuks ds vlg;ksx
ls lacaf/kr leL;kvksa ls tksj nsdj crkrk jgk gSA fuxe dh ijs'kkfu;ksa dh jkT; ljdkj rFkk ,u ,l ,Q Mh lh dks mfpr /;ku ns uk pkfg;s rkfd ;g vf/kd izHkkoh <a x ls dk;Z dj ldsaA cM+s {ks=ksa ds v/khu dk;Z fu"iknu& cM+s fodkl {ks=ksa ds varxZ r jkT; ds dk;Z fu"iknu ij ppkZ dh xbZ gSAHkwfe& vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh vf/kdka'k tula [;k viuh vkthfodk ds fy;s tehu ij fuHkZj djrh gSA iajrq buesa vf/kdka'k yksx Hkwfeghu d` f"k Jfedksa ds #i esa dk;Z djrs gSA d`f"k ds fy;s lcls igyh cq fu;knh vko';drk gks us ds dkj.k Hkwfe vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuq lwfpr tutkfr;ks a ds fy;s vR;f/kd egRo j[krh gSA ijarq d f"k Hkwfe de gksrh tk jgh gS D;kas fd bldh vU; {ks=ksa ds fy;s vko';drk gSA jkT; jktLo cksMZ
ds ikl miyC/k vkadM+ kas ds vuqlkj jkT; esa dq y pkyw tksrksa dk ds oy 16-38 izfr'kr Hkkx vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks a dh tks rs a gSA gkyka fd vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa }kjk 10-48 izfr'kr {ks= ij dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA blh izdkj vuqlw fpr tkfr;ks ds ikl 0-16 izfr'kr pkyw tks rs a gS tcfd muds }kjk 0-32 izfr'kr {ks= ij dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA jkT; ljdkj us dbZ Hkwfe lq/kkj uhfr laca/kh mik; fd;s gS] tSlkfd va r% e/;orhZ dk'rdkjh lekIr djuk] dk'rdkjh lq/kkj d`f"k tksrksa ds LokfeRo dh vf/kdre lhek fu/kkZj.k vf/kdre lhek okyh vf/k'ks "k Hkwfe vkSj vU; izdkj dh tehuksa dk Hkwfeghu yksxksa dk forj.kA jkT; ljdkj us 5]70]309 ,dM+ Hkwfe vf/k'ks "k Hkw fe ds #i es a ?kksf"kr dh gS vkSj vuqlwfpr
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tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds 2]41]206 yksxksa esa ls izR;sd dks 1-13 ,dM+ Hkwfe forfjr
dh xbZ gSA blh izdkj xz ke lHkk dh tehu Hkh vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa esa forfjr dh xbZ gSA vuqwlwqfpr tkfr @vuq lw wfpr tutkfr ds yxHkx 18 yk[k yksxkas dks xzke lHkk dh 5]98]905 ,dM+ tehu vkoa fVr dh xbZA Hkwfe lery cukkus] moZ jd] cht [kjhnus vkfn tSls dk;ksZ ds fy;s vf/kdre lhek okyh Hkwfe dsvkoafVfr;ksa dks izfr ,dM+ 1000 #i;s dh foÙkh; lgk;rk nh tkrh gSA blds vykok jkT; ljdkj }kjk Hkwfeghu deZdkjks a dks ?kj cukkus ds fy;s 150 oxZ xt tehu Hkh iznku dh tkrh gSA 1997&98 ds nkSjku 21]50]930 vuqlwfpr tkfr vuq lwfpr tkfr ds ifjokjks dks Hkw[k.M fn;s x;sA bfUnjk vkokl ;kstuk ds rgr Hkh ?kj cukkus ds fy;s vuq qlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds 99431 yksxksa dks Hkw&[kaM fn;s x;s ftudk U;wure d`f"k {ks= 20 oxZ ehVj FkkA
Msjh fodkl& mÙkj izns'k ns'k esa nw/k dk lcls vf/kd mRiknu djus okys jkT;ks es a ls ,d gSA Ms jh fodkl foHkkx Msjh&lgdkjh lfefr;ks a ds tfj;s dbZ Ldhesa pykrk vk;k gS tSls fd ubZ lgdkjh lfefr;ka xfBr djuk] d`fre xHkkZ/kku dh O;oLFkk] i'kqLokLF; lqfo/kk;as] eosf'k;ksa dk pkjk vkfnA vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;ks tuk ds nkSjku 57 ftys doj fd;s x;s vkSj 51 nqX/k la ?k rFkk 12]386 dk;kZRed lfefr;ka xfBr dh xbZ gSA bl vof/k ds nkS jku yxHkx 1-1 yk[k vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dks ykHkkfUor fd;s tkus dk vuqeku gS A foHkkx ds ikl uoha ia po"khZ ; ;kstuk es a bl dk;ZØe dk foLrkj djus dh ;kstuk,a gSA vuqlwqfpr tkfr ds ykHkxzkfg;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk y[kheiqj] [ks M+h] xksaMk rFkk cgjkbp ftyka s esa jgus okys vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dks Hkh ykHkkfUor fd;k x;kA Msjh pykuk xz keh.k {ks=ksa esa xkS.k O;olk;ksa esa ls ,d dkjxkj lk/ku gS vkSsj ;g foHkkx vius
dk;Z Øeksa dks lQyrkiwoZ d dk;kZfUor djus dh vksj mfpr /;ku ns rk jgk gSA tks ,d ljkguh; ckr gSA foHkkx dks bl dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks a rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dks i;kZIr lgk;rk iznku djus dh dks f'k'k djuh pkfg;sA xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe& lekt ds xjhc oxks Za dk thou Lrj Åij mBkus ds fy;s jkT; esa dbZ dk;ZØe dk;kZ fUor fd;s tk jgs gSA ;s dk;ZØe nks Jsf.k;kas ds varxZr vkrs gSA ,d dk;Z Øe dk mn~ ns '; dtZ vkS j vkfFkZ d benkn ds tfj;s mRiknd ifjlEifÙk;ka nsdj xzkeh.k fu/kZuh es a Lo&jkstxkj dks c<+kok nsuk gS vkS j bu dk;ZØeksa dk y{; jkstxkj ds volj iSnk djuk vkSj lkeqnkf;d ifjlEifÙk;ka cukuk gSA xzkeh.k dk;ZØeks a ds iSdst esa ,dhd` r xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe (vkbZvkjMhih) dk vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks a rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy;s fo'ks"k egRo gS D;ksfd ftrus dqy ifjokjksa dks lgk;rk dh tk;sxh
mues a ls de de 50 izfr'kr ifjokj bu leqnk;ksa ds gks xsA bl dk;ZØe ds rgr ifjlEifÙk;ka l`ftr djus rFkk yks xksa dks xjhch js[kk ls Åij mBkus esa leFkZ cukus ds fy;s xzkeh.k {ks=kas ds irk yxk;s x;s xjhc ls xjhc ifjokjks a dks dtZ rFkk vkfFkZd lgk;rk nh tkrh gSA lu~ 2006 es a xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq ykxw dh xbZ egkRek xkW /kh jk"Vªh; jkstxkj xkjaVh ,DV (eujsxk) es a Hkh xkWoksa esa jgus okya s csjkstxkjks dks ,d o"kZ esa de ls de 100 fnu dk jks txkj nsus dh xkj.Vh dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA bl ;kstuk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr ,oa efgykvksa dks jkstxkj miyC/k djokus ds fy;s vkj{k.k dh o;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA ;g ;kstuk Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk miyC/k djokbZ x;h /kujkf'k ls lapkfyr dh
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tk jgh gS ,oa bldk vuqdwy izHkko vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr ds vkfFkZd fodkl ij
gks jgk gSA mÙkj izns'k lekt dY;k.k foHkkx }kjk lapkfyr fofHkUu izeq[k dk;ZØe&¹ vk;kstukxr O;; esa vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr lc Iyku ds :Ik esa vuqlwfpr
tkfr@tutkfr ds dY;k.k gsrq 21-21 izfr'kr ds ifjO;; dk izkfo/kkuA¹ mÙkj izns 'k vuq lwfpr tkfr foÙk ,oa fodkl fuxe ds ek/;e ls vuqlwfpr tkfr
ds O;fDr;ksa dks o"kZ 1985 ls 1997 ds e/; ½.k vnk djus esa vlQy 7]58]361 ½f.k;ks a dks ykHk iz nku djrs gq, jkT; ljdkj }kjk 120-2796 djksM :Ik;s dh /kujkf'k dk ekftZu euh ½.k ekQ fd;k x;kA
¹ lHkh oxks Z ds iw oZ n'ke~ rFkk n'keks Ùkj Nk=@Nk=kvks a dh Nk=o` fÙk dk dEI;w Vjhdj.kA d{kk 9 ls Åij ds Nk=@Nk=kvksa dks 'kr~&iz fr'kr Nk=o` fÙk dh /kujkf'k dk
forj.kA ykHkkfUor Nk=@Nk=kvks a dh la [;k 1-50 djksM ls ÅijA¹ o`}koLFkk is a'ku dh jkf'k izfrekg 150 :Ik;s ls Ck<+kdj 300 :Ik;s dh x;hA
;ks tuk dk igyh ckj 'kr~&izfr'kr dEI;wVªkbts 'kuA ykHkkFkhZ ds [kkrs esa /kujkf'k lh/ks Hksts tkus dh O;oLFkkA
¹ cqUnsy[k.M {ks= esa vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr ds yks xksa dks iqf=;ksa dh 'kknh gs rq vuqnku dh /kujkf'k 10]000 :Ik;s ls c<+kdj 20]000 :Ik;s dh x;hA
¹ vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr ds fy;s lapkfyr chekjh ;kstuk ds vUrxZr chekjh ds bykt gsrq vkfFkZd lgk;rk /kujkf'k 2]000 :Ik;s ls Ck<+kdj 5]000 :Ik;s izfr ykHkkFkhZ dh xbZA
¹ izns 'k esa lapkfyr 54 vkJe i}fr fo|ky;ksa dks d{kk 5 ls mPphd`r dj
baVjehfM,V Lrj rd djrs gq , izR;sd fo|ky; esa Nk=ksa dh {kerk 480 djds yxHkx 25]000 Nk=ks a gsrq mPp Lrjh; v/;;u dh O;oLFkkA
¹ vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr ds 10 u;s jktdh; vkJe i}fr fo|ky;ksa rFkk 21 Nk=koklksa ds fuekZ.k dh Lohd` frA
¹ o"kZ 2009&10 esa 2000 Mk- vEcsMdj xkWaoksa dh nfyr cfLr;ksa esa (iz R;sd jktLo xzke esa ,d ls vuf/kd) yxHkx 16-00 yk[k izfr dsUnz dh ykxr ls Mk-vEcsMdj lkeq nkf;d dsUnksa ds fuekZ.k dh Lohd`frA bu lkeqnkf;d dsUnzks a dk ykHk loZ&lekt ds yksxksa dks miyC/k gksxkA
¹ Mk- vEcsMdj xzke lHkkvks a esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds NksVs etjks a esa ,d lksfM;e ykbV rFkk cM+s etjksa esa nks lksfM;e ykbV yxkus gsrq o"kZ 2009&10 esa 10]000
vuqlwfpr tkfr ds etjksa esa ykbfVa x dh O;oLFkk dk dk;Z iz xfr ijA fu"d"kZ #i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd vuq lw fpr tkfr@tutkfr ds vkfFkZ d fodkl
gsrq Hkkjr ljdkj ,oa mÙkj izns'k ljdkj fofHkUu ;ks tukvksa ,oa dk;ZØeks a ds ek/;e ls fujUrj iz;kljr gSA bl fn'kk esa ^^eujsxkk ;kstukÞ ds ØkfUrdkjh ifj.kke lkeus vk;s gSA bldh iz'kalk Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ ds ofj"B usrk ,oa iwoZ mi&iz/kku ea=h ykyd` ".k vMok.kh }kjk 2012 esa Þla;qDr jk"Vª la?kÞ es a fn;s x;s vius Hkk"k.k es a dh x;h gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&
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1- m0iz0 'kklu lekt dY;k.k foHkkx dk dk;ZiwfrZ fn0 n'kZd vk; O;; fjiksVZ o"kZ 2009&10
2- nSfud tkxj.k eqjknkcknA3- vej mtkyk eqjknkcknA4- www.up.gov.nic.in
5- m0iz0 esa clik ljdkj dh tu& vkLFkk vkfo'okl ds rhu o"kksZ dh egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k;kas dk nLrkost&2012 ( i`"B la0 30 ,oa 31)
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jktLFkku ds ijEijkxr oL= dsUnz jktLFkku ds ijEijkxr oL= dsUnz jktLFkku ds ijEijkxr oL= dsUnz jktLFkku ds ijEijkxr oL= dsUnz jktLFkku ds ijEijkxr oL= dsUnz¹ cchrk pkS/kjh ¹ cchrk pkS/kjh ¹ cchrk pkS/kjh ¹ cchrk pkS/kjh ¹ cchrk pkS/kjh
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¹ izoDrk] jktdh; efgyk iksfyVsfDud egkfo|ky;] t;iqj] jktLFkku
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& jktLFkku es a tks/kiqj] t;iqj] tS lyesj] ckM+esj] HkhyokM+k o cx: esa NikbZ dk dk;Z gksrk gS ] ijUrq NikbZ dyk dk loksZRd`"V dk;Z lka xkusj esa ns[kus dks feyrk gS A jktLFkku es a izk;% lHkh dsUnzksa ij NikbZ dh i¼fr ,d tS lh gS A lHkh dsUnzks a ij BIis }kjk gh NikbZ dk dk;Z gksrk gSA blds vfrfjä nkcw i¼fr dk Hkh ;gk¡ izpyu gS A nkcw i¼fr ds vuqlkj dqN fo'ks"k izdkj ds diM+ks a dh NikbZ dh tkrh gS A bl i¼fr esa js'ks dh NikbZ vkSj MVkbZ ds ckn Nis gq, LFkkuks a dks nkcw ls <d fn;k tkrk gS A ;g ,d izdkj dk xk<+k ?kksy gksrk gS tks pwuk] feêh] xksn rFkk xsgw¡ ds ?kqu dks ,d lkFk vPNh rjg feykdj rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA bl ?kksy dks BIiksa lsNkidj Hkkarks a (fMtkbu) dks <d fn;k tkrk gS A bl i¼fr dks ^jkrkMVkbZ* Hkh dgrs gS aA rRi'pkr~ diM+ks a ij tehu dk jax p<+k fn;k tkrk gS A jaxus ds ckn diM+ks a dks lkQ ikuh ls/kksdj lq[kk fn;k tkrk gS ftls nkcw i¼fr dgrs gS aA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
jktLFkku esa lks us&pkanh ds cjd dh NikbZ ,oa uhy dh jaxkbZ Hkh gksrh gSA bldsvfrfjä yky] gjs] uhys] ihys ,oa dkys jax ls Hkh NikbZ dh tkrh gSA ekSle vkSj R;kS gkj ds volj ij mu jaxksa dk vyx&vyx egRo gksrk gSA tS ls gksyh ij Qkxf.k;k] rht ,oa x.kxkSj ij ipja xk ygfj;ka ] lnhZ esa xgjk yky ,oa gjk ja x] dehZ esa dslfj;k ,oa Jko.k
esa pedhyk gjk jax iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA iq :"kksa ds fy;s ;gk¡ vaxj[kk] ixM+h] dqrkZvkfn dh NikbZ Hkh dh tkrh gSA blds vfrfjä ;gk¡ ds insZ] es tiks'k] iyaxiks'k] fcNk;r vkfn dh Hkh NikbZ gksrh gSA izkphu dky esa jaxksa dh mRifÙk] ouLifr vkSj [kfut inkFkksZa }kjk dh tkrh Fkh] ijUrq vk/kqfud dky esa jklk;fud jaxksa dk gh iz ;ksx T;knkrj gksrk gSA1 if'peh jktLFkku dk lhekorhZ {ks= tS lyesj viuh iqjkuh Hkkarksa (fMtkbZu) dh mRd` "V NikbZ ds fy;s viuh fof'k"Vrk cuk;s gq , gSA tSlyesj ds iksFkh[kkuk ,oa tSu Hka Mkj ds xza Fkksa ij iq jkus NikbZ ds uewus diM+ksa ds vkoj.k ds :i esa ns [ks tk ldrs gSaA bu diM+ksa dks cLrksa ds :i es a xzaFkksa ds pkjksa vksj yisV dj j[kk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ diM+ks a ij xgjs yky ,oa dRFkbZ jax dh lrg ij eksVh Hkkar (fMtkbZ u) dh NikbZ gksrh gSA ;gk¡ ij dqrsZ] yqaxh] ins Z ,oa pknj ds :i es a Nih gqbZ Hkkar ds oL=ks a ds izfr yksxks a dk vkd"kZ .k c<+ jgk gSA2 if'peh jktLFkku ds chdkusj esa eq[; :i ls [kM+ h NikbZ dk dk;Z gksrk gSA ;gk¡ ds dkjhxj lkfM+;ks a ij jksxu dh lgk;rk ls Hkh NikbZ dk dk;Z djrs gSaA jktLFkku ds mn;iqj 'kgj ,oa ukFk}kjk esa NikbZ dk dk;Z panu dh ydM+h ls fd;k tkrk gSA BIis ls Nis gq, oL=kas dks tc /kks rs gSa rks bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk iM+ rk gS fd mu oL=ks a dks/kksrs le; egd lekIr u gks tk;sA ;gk¡ dh NikbZ lQsn ,oa gYds cknkeh jax dh gks rh gSA ml ij xgjs yky jax dh nks ja xrksa ds :i esa Qwyksa dk lekos'k jgrk gSA mn;iqj esa
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eq[; :i ls ixM+h] nqiês vkS j dejcan dh NikbZ gks rh gS tcfd ukFk}kjk esa lkM+h] yEch
iêh ;k :eky vkfn dh NikbZ dk dk;Z gksrk gSA JhukFk th dh fiNokM+h esa pa nu dh ydM+ h ds cus gq, BIiks a ds dkj.k dq N le; rd mldh egd cuh jgrh gSA3
fpÙkkSM+x<+ ftys ds vUrxZr diklu esa eq[; :i ls ?kk?kjk ;k ygaxk dh NikbZ dk dk;Z gksrk gSA ml NikbZ dks ^tku.kk* dgrs gSa A ;gk¡ uhys jax ds diM+ksa es a cw Vs ds chp ds Hkkx dks nkcw }kjk <d dj BIis ls NikbZ dh tkrh gSA os cwVs izk;% yky] gjs ,oa ihys jax ds cuk;s tkrs gSaA fL=;ksa ds ?kk?kjs ds fupys fgLls esa Hkh NikbZ dks ?kqek&fQjk dj vR;Ur vkd"kZd :i ls rS;kj djrh gSA tkte dh lrg ij fepZ dh Hkka r dh Hkh NikbZ dh tkrh gSA4 HkhyokM+k esa eq [; :i ls tkte] iyaxiks'k] pquM+ h] jtkbZ;k¡ ,oa rfd;ksa dh [kks yh dh NikbZ dk dke BIis }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ uhys jax ds oL=ksa ij dbZ iz dkj ds jaxks a }kjk NikbZ gksrh gSA vtesj esa pknj] rkS fy;k] estiks'k] insZ vkfn dh NikbZ
dh tkrh gS] tcfd ogk¡ ds xzkeh.k vapyksa es a ixM+h] lkQk vkfn dh NikbZ dk dke gksrk gSA fdlh le; ;gk¡ ixM+h dh yEckbZ 13 xt rd gksrh Fkh rFkk mlds fdukjs ij lksus ds rkjksa }kjk tjh dk dk;Z Hkh gksrk Fkk ftls ds oy le`¼ yksx gh /kkj.k djrs FksA ;gk¡ ij Nis oL=ksa esa ek[kfu;k ;k I;kth jax dh lrg ij Qwy& ifÙk;ksa dk tky cuk;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu muds fdukjs fcYdqy lQsn Nks M+ fn;s tkrs FksA vyadj.k esa eq[; :i ls yky jax dh vyx&vyx Hkkrs a Nkih tkrh Fkha] ftuds pkjksa vksj csy cuh jgrh FkhA mldh vkd`fr esa [ktwj ds iÙks ds cus gq , Qwy gYds ,oa xgjs jax ls yxk;s tkrs FksA ;gk¡ lkM+h ,oa nqiês esa fdukjs ds fgLlks a esa esgjkc dk vyadj.k Hkh gksrk gSA lksus ,oa pka nh ds cjd dh NikbZ Hkh vtesj esa vf/kd yksdfiz; jgh gSA5
ekjokM+ esa tks/kiqj 'kgj ds vfrfjä mlds laHkkx ds dbZ {ks=ksa esa BIik dh NikbZ
dh tkrh FkhA diM+ksa dh lrg dk jax xgjk yky vFkok lksluh gks rk Fkk] ftu ij fofHkUu jax tS ls vejfl;k] ukjft;k] ckneh] dslfj;k] filrk[kh] dlwacy] lQsn ygj esa L;kgh cw Vh] lQsn cwVh esa yky iku] HkLe esa Ni;ks M+k oL=] yky yhdnkj] rqlh] yk[kh o gGkjh jaxks a dk iz;ks x fd;k tkrk FkkA ekjokM+ esa ?kk?kjs ds fy;s jstk ;k [kknh ds oL=ksa esa cwVknkj] NksVh o cM+h] cwVh dh yk,¡ eks M+nkj o ygjnkj NikbZ dh tkrh FkhA6
tks/kiqj ds Nhiks a ds ckjs es a dgk tkrk gS fd tks/kiq j jkT; dh LFkkiuk ds iw oZ ;s eaMksj esa cls gq , FksA mUgsa jkT; dh vksj ls la j{k.k iz kIr Fkk rFkk os jktk ,oa x.kekU; O;fä;ksa ds fy;s diM+k Nkius ds dk;Z djrs FksA jkT; ds fy;s tks Nhisa diM+k jaxus dk dk;Z djrs Fks] mUgsa ,d eq 'r /kujkf'k ekfld osru ds :i esa nh tkrh FkhA mUgsa ^efgusnkj* Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA dq N Nhais vius thou fuokZg ds fy;s vke yksxksa ds diM+s ja xrs FksA
tks/kiqj jkT; dh LFkkiuk ds i'pkr~ os e.Mksj ls vkdj ;gk¡ cl x;s rFkk vc ;s yksx ^cEck eksgYyk* ,oa ukxkSjh xsV ds ikl jgus yxsA buds eksgYyks a ds uke ^Nhiksa dk eks gYyk* iM+ x;kA orZeku le; esa 30&35 ifjokjksa esa ls dsoy 10&12 ifjokj dh NikbZ dk dk;Z djrs gSaA vU; ifjokj ukSdjh ,oa vU; /ka /ks esa yxs gSaA ;s lHkh lqUuh eqlyeku gSaA7 ekjokM+ es a dqN Hkka rs iz fl¼ jgh gSa tks vR;Ur yksdfiz; ekuh tkrh gSaA8
tSls&1- vaxw j Hkkar & vaxwj ds Qyksa ls cuk gqvk xq PNkA2- xksy Hkka r & vks<+uh ds fdukjs xks y yìw dh rjg cuk;k tkrk FkkA
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3- bd cw Vk Hkkar & ,d Qwy dk cwVk cuk;k tkrk FkkA
4- dSjh Hkkar & vke ds Qy dh Hkkafr cuk;k tkrk FkkA5- dVkj Hkkar & dVkj ('kL=) dh rjg cuk;k tkrk FkkA blesa Qwy&iÙkh dk
la;ks tu jgrk FkkA6- daxw jk Hkkar & daxwjk dh rjg] pknj] iyaxiks 'k ds pkjksa vksj cukbZ tkrh FkhA7- fdukj Hkka r & iyaxiks 'k] vks<+uh ds fdukjs ij cuk;h tkus okyh js[kkA8- xqycnu Hkka r & xqycnu oL= dh udy dh xbZ gSA9- xksy cwVk Hkk ar & bles a ,d cM+k cwVk cuk jgrk gS ftlls Qwy&iÙkh dk feJ.k
jgrk gSA10- xqykc ty Hkkar & xq ykc ds Qwyksa dh cukoV gksrh gSA11- xwans dh Hkk ar & xqykc ds Qwy dh rjg dk vkdkj dk vkfnA
diM+ ksa ds dks Bkj dh cfg;ksa esa eSa egkjktk vthrflag th dh cgh dks vk/kkjHkwr ekudj muds 'kkludky esa izpfyr oL= m|ksx ,oa oL=ks a dh tkudkjh feyrh gSAvkyksP; cgh esa ftrus izdkj ds oL=ks a dk mYys[k gqvk gS] ;gk¡ muds uke nsuk lehphu iz rhr gks rk gSA cgh esa fofHkUu iz dkj dh ik?kksa dk mYys[k gq vk gSA tSls& ik?k iêh] ik?k lQs n] ik?k yky] ik?k eq yeq y] ik?k dlq ey] ik?k Nha V dh] ik?k yës dh] ik?k cknykbZ ,oa ik?k tjh dhA ;s ik?ksa jkt?kjkus ds jhfr&fjoktksa ds vuqlkj fofHkUu voljksa ij jkt?kjkus ls lEcfU/kr yksxksa o vU;ksa dks ca/kkbZ tkrh FkhaA fookg&lxkbZ] o"kZxkaB o vusd voljksa ij ik?ks a Hks aV dh tkrh FkhaA ;gk¡ rd fd egkjktk dks Hkh dqN fof'k"V O;fä ut+jkus ds :i es a tjh dh ik?k HksaV djrs FksA cgh esa mYys f[kr iks fr;ksa (lkQks) ds uke bl izdkj g S a] ;Fkk&iksfr;k yPNsnkj] iksfr;k dlqey] iksfr;k tjhcs y] iks fr;k js'keh
yky csynkj] iks fr;k ckykcUnh vkfn&vkfnA9 ml le; dhe[kkc uked oL= dk Hkh iz pyu FkkA ;g dherh oL= gksrk FkkA eq[; :i ls jktlh yksx gh bls iguus ds mi;ksx esa ys rs FksA ckxk uked oL= dk Hkh izpyu FkkA ;g ljcrh eyey ls cuk iq#"k dh flj&ikao rd dh iks'kkd ds :i esa izpfyr FkkA bu oL=ks a ds vfrfjäcgh esa fL=;ksa dh iks'kkd dk Hkh mYys[k gSA jktlh fL=;k¡ vLlh dyh dk yagxk] dka pyh ,oa dqjrh iguk djrh Fkha A ml le; lkfM+;ksa dk Hkh izpyu Fkk] tS lk fd cgh esa cknykbZ o yisnkj lkfM+ ;ksa dk mYys[k gSA10 vkyksP; cgh es a eyey dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gS] tks nks izdkj dh izpfyr FkhA eyey ljcrh ,oa eyey lQsnA cgh esa fofHkUu izdkj dh NhaVksa dk mYys[k gSA tSls& dslfj;k NhaV] yky NhaV] lQsn NhaV] fcnkeh NhaV] xqykch NhaV] ek[kh] Hkkar Nha V vkfn&vkfnA eyey ds vfrfjä cgh esa eq [key dk Hkh mYys[k gSA
eq[; :i ls bldk mi;ksx jktlh yksxks a dh iks'kkds a cuokus es a fd;k tkrk FkkA11 ml le; ekjokM+ esa nks izdkj ds diM+s cqus tkrs Fks] oks lwrh vkSj ÅuhA ;s ekjokM+ ds fofHkUu ijxuksa ,oa xkaoks a ds gFkdj?ks ds dqVhj m|ksxksa esa cq us tkrs FksA ,d&Åuh ;k lwrh&dEcy cq uus okys dkjhxj dks pkj vkus etnwjh feyrh FkhA
cgh es a oL=ksa dh cukoV ds ckjs esa Hkh tkudkjh feyrh gSA dqN eksVs diM+ks a dk mYys[k vk;k gSA eksVs diM+ksa esa yëks a o eyey o Nks Vs diM+ ksa es a js 'ke o e[key vkfn fxuk;s tk ldrs gSa A cgh esa mfYyf[kr ik?k] iksr;k] pwM+hnkj ik;tkek] ckxk] dqjrk o nqiêk iqq #"kksa dh iks 'kkd Fkh] tcfd ygaxk] dqjrh] dk¡pyh] vks<+ .kk o lkM+ h fL=;ksa dh
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iks'kkd FkhaA e[key o js'ke ds oL= jktlh yksx igurs FksA mu ij t+jh dk lqUnj dke
gksrk FkkA lk/kkj.k oxZ ds yks x eyey o yës ds oL= igurs FksA /kksrh] dqjrk o iksfr;k gh lk/kkj.k yks xksa dh iks 'kkd FkhA tjhnkj ygaxs] dqjrh] dkapyh o vks<+.kh jktlh fL=;k¡ igurh FkhaA lk/kkj.k oxZ dh fL=;k¡ oL= rks bl izdkj ds igurh Fkha] exj muds oL= eyey o yës ds gksrs FksA12 ekjokM+ esa oL=ksa dh jaxkbZ] NikbZ] ca/kkbZ o t+jh dk dke iz eq[k :i ls gksrk FkkA oL=ks a dks fofHkUu jaxks a ls jaxk tkrk FkkA tSls & dslfj;k] yky] ihyk] xqykch] cknkeh] cknykbZ vkfn&vkfnA bu jaxksa ls iksfr;s] ik?ksa o vks<+.ks ja xs tkrsFksA ml le; NikbZ dk dke Hkh gksrk FkkA tS lk fd bl cgh esa fofHkUu jaxksa ls Nih NhaVksa dk mYys [k gqvk gSA ca /kst dk dke iksfr;ksa o vks<+ .kksa ij gksrk FkkA cgh esa ckykcanh pw anM+h dk mYys[k gSA bl pwa nM+h ij fof'k"V izdkj dk ca/ks t dk dke gksrk FkkA13 jktlh oL=ksa ij t+jh dk dke gksrk FkkA ;g ik?kks a] iks fr;ksa ] ckxksa] ygaxksa ] dqjfr;ksa] dka pfy;ks a
o vks<+f.k;ksa ij fd;k tkrk FkkA dksj&xksVs dk dke lk/kkj.k oL=ksa rd gh lhfer FkkA cgh ds vuqlkj tks oL= ekjokM+ esa ftu LFkkuksa ij rS;kj gksrs Fks] mu LFkkuksa dk mYys [k bl izdkj gSA14
ik?k cknykbZ tks/kiq j esa rS;kj gksrh FkhA tSlk fd uke ls gh Li"V gS bls cknfy;k jax ls jaxk tkrk FkkA ;g eyey ds diM+s dh curh FkhA ,d ik?k cknykbZ yisnkj dgykrh FkhA ;g Hkh tks/kiqj esa rS;kj gksrh FkhA bl ij dks j&xksVs dk dke gksrk FkkA blfy, bldk uke yiknkj ik?k FkkA ;g ik?k rRdkyhu gkdeks a (U;k;k/kh'kksa)] fdys nkjks a] eulcnkjks a ,oa lghokyks a (?kksM+s lEgkyus okys) dks R;kSgkjksa ij HksaV dh tkrh FkhA ml le; ,d ukxks j.k ik?k izfl¼ Fkh] tks ukxkSj es a rS;kj gksrh FkhA ;g eyey dh curh FkhA bl ij NikbZ dk dke gksrk FkkA15 cgh esa ,d nq iês dk mYys[k gSA ;g esM+ rk esa
rS ;kj gksrk FkkA oL=ksa ds ewY;ksa dk mYys [k bl izdkj gS] ;Fkk & cknykbZ ik?kksa ds fofHkUu Lrj FksA muds Lrj ds vuqlkj gh mudh dhersa FkhaA izFke Js.kh dh cknykbZ ik?k lok nl #i;s dh] e/;e Js .kh dh lok ukS #i;s ,oa fuEu Js.kh dh lk<+ s lkr #i;s esa iM+ rh FkhA yPNsnkj iks fr;k ikap xt dk gksrk FkkA ;g ikap #i;s es a vkrk FkkA js'keh yky cs ynkj iksfr;k lk<+ s rhu #i;s esa vkrk FkkA lk<+s iUnz g xt dlqey eyey lok N% #i;s esa vkrh FkhA ,d xt dslfj;k NhaV dk ewY; iUnzg vkus nks iSls FkkA16
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lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- lq[k flag HkkVh (2008) jktLFkku ds oL= ifj/kku] egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k] 'kks/k
dsUnz] tks/kiqjA
2- ogh] i`- 293- ogh] i`- 294- ogh] i`- 30&315- dksBkj dh cgh] i- 25&28] egkjktk ekuflag izdk'k 'kks/k dsUnz] tks/kiqj 6- cgh] i`- 297- lq[k flag HkkVh] iwok sZä] i`- 328- vkyksP; cgh] i- 35] egkjktk ekuflag izdk'k 'kks/k xzaFk 9- ogh] i`- 3610- ogh] i`- 37
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11- líhd eksgEen dk ys[k] 18oha lnh ds iwokZ¼Z esa ekjokM+ dk oL= m|ksx ukjk;.k flag HkkVh
}kjk lEikfnr ^lkslZt vkWQ lksfl;ks & bdkWuksfed fgLVªh vkWQ jktLFkku ,aM ekyok] tks/ kiqj] 1989] i`- 16812- ogh] i`- 169&17013- diM+ksa dk dksBkj & rkyds tek&[kjp jks [kkrks] ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k] tks/kiqj 14- líhd eksgEen dk ys[k] iwokZsä] i- 168&16915- ogh] i`- 168&169
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[kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dh laHkkouk,¡% jhok laHkkx ds lanHkZ esa [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dh laHkkouk,¡% jhok laHkkx ds lanHkZ esa [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dh laHkkouk,¡% jhok laHkkx ds lanHkZ esa [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dh laHkkouk,¡% jhok laHkkx ds lanHkZ esa [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dh laHkkouk,¡% jhok laHkkx ds lanHkZ esa
¹ 'kqfprk frokjh ¹ 'kqfprk frokjh ¹ 'kqfprk frokjh ¹ 'kqfprk frokjh ¹ 'kqfprk frokjh ¹¹ jktfuf/k fla g ¹¹ jktfuf/k flag ¹¹ jktfuf/k fla g ¹¹ jktfuf/k flag ¹¹ jktfuf/k flag
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¹ izk/;kid] xgfoKku 'kkldh; dU;k egkfo|ky;] lruk (e-iz-)¹¹ lgk;d izk/;kid] xgfoKku] 'kkldh; dU;k egkfo|ky;] lruk (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk vk/kkj df"k gS A jkstxkj dPps eky] moZjd ,oa miHkksDrk oLrqvks a dk izeq[k L=ksr ns'k dh df"k O;oLFkk gS A ;|fi d`f"k dks izHkkfor djus okys izkd`frd dkjdks a ij fu;a=.k ikuk ,d dfBu dk;Z gS ] fdUrq d`f"k dh vk/kqfud uohu rduhdks a] d`f"k
mRiknks a ds mfpr foi.ku] HkaMkj.k ,a o ewY; laoa/kZ u }kjk bls ,d ykHkdkjh m|ksx esa ifjofrZ r fd;k tk ldrk gSA [kk| izlaLdj.k ewy :i ls d`f"k mRiknksa ds ewY; loa/kZu ls lacf/kr gSA orZeku es a dsUnz 'kklu ,oa jkT; 'kklu }kjk [kk| izlaLdj.k ls tqMs+ m|ksxks a dks vR;f/kd izkFkfedrk iznku dh tk jgh gS ftlls Hkfo"; es a bl {ks= es jkstxkj dh laHkkoukvks a dksO;kid foLrkj fey ldsA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
Hkkjr ,d d`f"k iz/kku ns'k gSA bl rF; dh ppkZ izkFkfed 'kkykvksa ls ysdj laln rd esa dh tkus okyh cglksa esa izeq[krk ls gksrh gSA ,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj gekjs ns'k ds dqy dk;Z cy dk 52 izfr'kr lh/ks [ks rh ls tqM+k gqvk gSA blds vfrfjDr m|ksxksa ds fy, dPpk eky miyC/k djkus ds lkFk&lkFk moZjdksa] dhVuk'kdksa ,oa d`f"k midj.kksa rFkk
miHkksDrk oLrqvksa dk cM+k cktkj d` f"k ij gh Qyrk Qwyrk gS] ijUrq ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa bldk yxkrkj ?kVrk gqvk ;ksxnku vR;f/kd fpa rk dk fo"k; dgk tk ldrk gS aAvka dM+ ksa ij utj Mkyus ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd o"kZ 1982&83 esa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa d`f"k dk ;ksxnku 36-4 izfr'kr Fkk tks o"kZ 2006&07 eas ?kVdj 18-5 izfr'kr jg x;k gSA ns 'k esa fofHkUu losZ{k.kks] izfrosnuksa rFkk fo'ks"kKksa }kjk d`f"k dks yxkrkj ?kkVs dk lkSnk n'kZkuk bldh fujarj cngky gksrh gqbZ fLFkfr dh vksj bafxr djrk gSA ;|fi d f"k tksrksa dk ?kVuk] d`f"k vknkuksa dk egWxk gksuk] Hkwfe dh moZjk 'kfDr dk ?kVuk] izfrdwy ekSle vkfn ,sls dbZ dkj.k d`f"k esa ?kkVs ds fy, mRRkjnk;h gSA bu dkj.kks a es ls vf/kdka'k ij fu;a =.k ikuk dfBu gS] ijUrq dqN ,sls dkj.k gS ftudks dkQh gn rd fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA d` f"k vknkuks a dh mfpr foi.ku ,oa HkaMkj.k O;oLFkk rFkk izkFkfed Lrj
ij ewY; la o/kZu fd;k tkuk ,sls izeq[k igyw gSA ftu ij xa HkhjrkiwoZ d /;ku nsdj df"k dks vis{kkd`r vf/kd ykHk dk O;olk; cuk;k tk ldrk gSaA jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk bl fn'kk esa fd, tk jgs fofHkUu iz;kl mnkgj.kkFkZ e/;izns'k es a ,xzh ,DliVZ tksu dh LFkkiuk] [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dks fo'ks "k lqfo/kk,W ] HkaMkj.k dh Lrjh; O;oLFkk gsr ;kstuk,W rFkk [kk| izlaLdj.k ea=ky;ksa ,oa lapkyuky;ks dh LFkkiuk bl fn'kk es fd,
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tk jgs mYys[kuh; dne gSA [kk| izlaLdj.k dk O;kid vFkZ gS fdlh Hkh iz dkj ds df"k
mRikn] fo'ks"k :i ls 'kh?kz u"V gksus okys mRiknksa ;Fkk Qy] lfCt;kW] nw/k] i'kq vk/kkfjr mRikn] ouka s ls izkIr gksus okys mRikn] elkys rFkk vkS"k/kh; ,oa lqxa/kh; ikS/kksa es fdlh iz dkj dk ew Y; loa/kZuA oLrqr% d`f"k mRiknks a es ew Y; lao/kZu dk dk;Z mudh rq M+kbZ] NaVkbZ] xgkbZ] gkosZfLVax ds mijkUr izkjaHk gks tkrk gS] ftlesa NWVkbZ] xszsfMax o oSfDlax rFkk iS fdax vkfn izfØ;k,W lfEefyr gksrh gSA mijksDRk lHkh izfØ;kvks a esa fofHkUu oLrqvksa dk U;wure izfØ;kdj.k] iz kFkfed izfØ;kdj.k e/;e ,oa mPPk xq.koRrk iw.kZ izfØ;kdj.k tSls leLr igyw lfEefyr gksrs gSA ns [kk tk; rks lHkh d`f"k mRiknks a dk mRiknu izkFkfed Lrj ij xzkeh.k Lrj ij gh gks rk gSA vr% iz kFkfed Lrj ij budk ewY; lao/kZu Hkh mRiknu {ks=ksa ij fd;k tkuk vf/kd ykHkdkjh gks ldrk gS lkFk gh jkT; ljdkj }kjk lacaf/kr {ks=ksa ds fodkl ds fy, fd, tk jgs iz;klks ls lh/ks tqM+ s O;fDr;ksa dks ykHkkfUor djus
dh furkar vko'drk gSA fulansg :i ls ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ks x dk {ks= pqukS fr;ksa ls Hkjk gS fdUrq bl {ks= es a laHkkoukvksa dk Hkh var ugha gSA 'kklu }kjk ftl izdkj bl {ks= dsk izkFkfedrk iznku dh tk jgh gS mlh izdkj ;fn lHkh lacf/kr foHkkx rFkk m|eh bl {ks = ds izfr xaHkhj n` f"Vdks .k j[ksa rks fudV Hkfo"; es fuf'pr gh ;g {ks = jkstxkj iznku djus dh fn'kk eas ,d u;h felky dk;e dj ldrk gSA lkFk gh bldk ns 'k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn rFkk fu;kZr ds {ks= es a Hkh vxz.kh LFkku izkIr djuk Hkh lqfuf'pr gSA jhok laHkkx esa [kk| izlaLdj.k ds fy, fd, tkus okys vko';d iz ;kl&¹ e/; iz ns'k esa miyC/k lalk/kuksa ,oa ekax ij vk/kkfjr [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dh
laHkkoukvksa dks Kkr djuk jhok laHkkx ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa A¹ e/; izns'k es a orZeku es dk;Zjr [kk| iz laLdj.k bdkbZ ;ksa dh foLr`r tkudkjh iz kIr djuk jhok laHkkx ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa A¹ [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa ij vk/kkfjr miyC/k mUUkr izkS|ksfxdh ,oa e/;izns'k gsrq mi;qDr izkS|ksfxdh dk p;u ,oa fu/kkZj.k jhok laHkkx ds fo'ks "k lna HkZ esaa A¹ ds Unz ,oa e/; izns 'k 'kklu dh 'kkldh; uhfr;ksa esa [kk| iz la aLdj.k m|ksxksa ds fodkl dh ;sktukvksa rFkk bl {ks = esa m|fe;ksa ds fy, lgk;d foHkkxksa rFkk laLFkkvksa dh tkudkjh ,oa ewY;ka duA [kk| izlaLdj.k ds {ks= es uohu 'kks/k& foxr dqN n'kdks a ls [kk| iz laLdj.k ds izfr yksxksa es a tkx:drk ds Lrj ds lkFk ijaijkxr rjhdksa ds LFkku ij
yksxksa dk :>ku uohu rduhdks ds izfr Hkh c<+ k gSA vusd m|eh [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dj ns'k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dks c<kus esa viuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ns jgs gSA¹ Brian C. Hampson & Steven R. Flori, California (1997) }kjk fd;s 'kks/k v/;;u ds vuq lkj [kk| iz laLdj.k es a [kk| lqj{kk ds fy, Dyksjhu ds LFkku ij vks tksu dk mi;ksx cgqrk;r ls fd;k tkus yxk gS D;ksfd ;g Dyks jhu ls 52 izfr'kr vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh gS vkSj vkstks u ds iz ;ksx ds ckn [kk| inkFkskZ es dks bZ Hkh jklk;fud vo'ks"k
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ugha ik;s x;sA
¹ Christo Pher Thane & Sheela Reddy (1997) ds }kjk fd;s 'kks/k v/;;u dsvuqlkj & Qyks ,oa lfCt;ksa ds izlaLdj.k ds varxZr ds fuax] Mªka bx rFkk jl fuekZ.k] Cykfpax futZyhdj.k ] Ýhfta x ds fuax esa gksus okys dSjksVhu ds uk'k dk rki izdk'k vkW Dlhtu] dks fu;af=r djds de fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk izlaLdfjr Qyksa o lfCt;ks a esa dsjksVhu dh ek=k c<k;h tk ldrh gSA¹ Ome Ohiokpehai (2003) ds }kjk fd;s 'kks/k v/;;u ds vuqlkj & vf/kdka'k ns'kksa esa cdjh dk iz;ks x ds oy ek¡l ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tcfd izla Ldj.k ds mijkar cdjh dk nw/k xk; ds nw/k dh rq yuk esa vf/kd xq.koRRkk;q Dr gks rk gSA vr% ?kjsyw ,oa O;kolkf;d Lrj ij cdjh ds nw/k ds mi;ks x dk c<+kok fn;k tkuk pkfg,A¹ Janet Speck (2009) ds }kjk fd;s 'kks/k v/;;u ds vuqlkj& [kk|kUu deh ls
tw> jgs ns 'kks dks [kk| lgk;rk iz nku djus es US dk lcls vf/kd ;ksxnku jgrk gS vkSj ;g d`f"k fodkl o [kk| lq j{kk gs rq fofHkUu ns 'kks rFkk va rjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa ds lkFk feydj dk;Z dj jgk gSA nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa [kk| vlqj{kk ds lkFk&lkFk d` f"k laHkkfor {ks =ksa dh vf/kdrk gS vr% oS f'od [kk| lq j{kk ds fy, nksuksa dks ijLij lg;ksx djuk pkfg,A¹ Jha Alok (2009) ds uohure 'kks/k ds vuqlkj& fo'o es a Hkkjr 102 fefy;u Vu iz fr o"kZ nqX/k mRiknu dj izFke LFkku ij gS ,oa mldh o`f¼ nj 04 iz fr'kr gS bl mRiknu dk ds oy 32 izfr'kr gh fdlh iz dkj dh izlaLdj.k fof/k ls izlaLdfjr gksrk gSA oSf'od iz frLi/kkZ ds {ks= es a vkus ds Hkkjrh; nqX/k mRiknu dk vkus okys nl lkyksa es a de ls de 30 izfr'kr izlaLdfjr fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA Hkkjrh; nqX/k mRiknks a ds fuekZ.k es a ijaijkxr fof/k;ksa ds LFkku ij ;kaf=d fof/k;ksa dk lekos'k fd;k tkuk pkfg,] LoPN ,oa
lqjf{kr nqX/k mRiknu dks c<kok fn;k tkuk pkfg, nqX/k mRiknksa dh xq.koRrk dks a la jf{kr ,oa foLr`r fd;k tkuk pkfg,A nqX/k mRiknks a ds iS fdax fodYiksa dks fodflr fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk buds fu;kZ r dks c<+ kus ds fy, /;ku ds fUnzr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A¹ Hubb L. Lelieveld (2009) }kjk fd;s x;s 'kks/k es a uohu izlaLdj.k fof/k;ks a ds izHkkoks a ds v/;;u }kjk Kkr fd;k x;k fd vf/kdka'k ns'kks a esa fdlh u, mRikn o uohu iz la Ldj.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx mRikn lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls ?kkrd gks ldrs gSA fdlh fof/k ,oa mRikn lq j{kk gsrq fofHkUu ijh{k.k] vko';d midj.kksa dk iz;ksx o fofHkUu ns'kksa ds [kk| vf/kfu;eks a dk vuqlj.k izeq[k gSA vU; ns'kks a ds fy, Hkh ;s ijh{k.k iqu% fd, tkusvko';d gSA vr% [kk| lqj{kk ds fy, oSf'od xkâ; izksVksdky dk iz;ksx] dkuwuks a es a ,d:irk LFkkfir djds] ,d ns'k ds ifj.kkeks a dks nwljs ns 'kksa }kjk ekU;rk fn;k tkuk
vko';d gSA bl rjg /ku vkSj le; ds O;; esa deh rFkk ijh{k.kksa esa iz ;qDr iz kf.k;ksa dh la[;k esa deh yk;h tk ldrh gSA [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa ds lao/kZu ds {ks= esa jk"Vªh;] jkT; Lrjh; laLFkk,W ,oa ;kstuk,W& [kk| izla Ldj.k m|ksx ea=ky;& 1988 esa LFkkfir Hkkjr ljdkj ds bl ea=ky; }kjk [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dsk c<+kok nsus ds fy, jk"Vª h; iz kFkfedrkvksa rFkk mn~ns';ks dks /;ku es a j[krs gq, foRrh; ,oa rduhdh lgk;rk iz nku ds fy, fufeZ r dh x;h ;kstukvksa ds iz eq[k mn~ ns'; bl izdkj gSa &¹ d` f"k mRiknksa ds Js"Brj mi;s kx ,oa ewY; lao/kZu ds iz;klks }kjk fdlkuksa dh vk;
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es a o`f¼ djukA
¹ d` f"k mRiknksa da s la xzg] ifjogu ,oa izfØ;kdj.k ds fy, vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kk,W iz nku djds [kk| izlaLdj.k es gksus okys O;; es a deh djukA
¹ [kk| izlaLdj.k ds fy, ns 'kh; vkS j va rjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij mUUkr rduhdks dks izksRlkfgr djukA
¹ [kk| iz la Ldj.k ds varxZr mRikn fodkl rFkk iSdsftax ds {ks = es a 'kks/k dks c<+ kok nsukA
¹ d` f"k mRiknksa ls fufeZr ewY; laof/kZr mRiknksa ds fu;kZ r dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, uhfrxr lgk;rk]
¹ lajpukRed lqfo/kk,sa rFkk vU; lq fo/kk,W iznku djukA¹ e/; izns'k 'kklu dh m|ksx lao/kZu uhfr 2004& e/; izns 'k dh
bl uhfr ds varxZr [kk| izla Ldj.k m|ksxksa ds fodkl gsrq fdlkuksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr lq/kkjus] xzkeh.k {ks= es vf/kdkf/kd jkstxkj ds voljks a dk l`tu ,oa fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus ds dk;ksZ dks izkFkfedrk iznku dh x;h gSA [kk| izlaLdj.k ds {ks= es m|fe;ksa ,oa uo m|fe;ks a dks izksRlkgu iz nku djus ds fy, uhfrxr fcUnq bl iz dkj gS &¹ es xk izks tsDV gsrq Hkwfe vkoaVu es a lqfo/kk,W A¹ es xk izkstsDV rFkk fo'ks"k egRo okyh bdkb;ksa dks fo'ks"k vkfFkZd iSdstA¹ LVkEi M~;w Vh rFkk iath;u 'kqYd esa 50 ls 100 izfr'kr rd dh NwVA¹ uohu bdkb;ksa dks 5 o"kZ rd izos 'k dj es 'kr izfr'kr NwV A¹ LFkkbZ iWwth fuos'k ij 5 ls 7 o"kZ rd 3 ls 5 izfr'kr rd C;kt vuqnku dh ik=rk
es 5 o"kZ rd oSY;w ,MsM VSDl (osV) rFkk lsUVªy ls Yl VS Dl ds 50 izfr'kr ds
cjkcj 'kq Yd Nw VA¹ LFkkfir bdkb;ks es {kerk fodkl] rduhdh mUu;u ds i'pkr~ budks uohu
bdkbZ ;ksa ds :i esa ekU;rk fn;k tkukA¹ izns'k ds ckgj ls yk, tkus okys dPPks eky ij eaMh dj dh NwVA¹ [kk| iz la Ldj.k ds {ks= eas uo m|fe;ksa dks 'kkldh; 'kks/k laLFkkvksa ls rduhds
izkIr djus ds fy, fu/kkZfjr 'kqYd eas 50 izfr'kr rd dh NwV A¹ vkbZ ,l vks 9000 ;k ,s lk gh dksbZ xq.koRrk ekud izkIr djus dh iz fØ;k ij gkss us
okys dqy O;; ij 50 izfr'kr dh lgk;rkA¹ futh {ks=ks esa [kk| iz la Ldj.k ikdZ LFkkfir djus okys m|eh dks dq y ykxr dk
10 izfr'kr vf/kdre :i;s ,d djksM+ rd fo'ks"k vuq nku iz kIr djus dk izko/
kku gS ftles a de ls de 100 bdkb;kW rFkk 2500 yks xksa dks jks txkj iz nku djus dk izLrko gksA
¹ dS fIVo ikoj IYkkUVl~ LFkkfir djus ij fo|qr M~;wVh ls 5 izfr'kr rd NwV A d` f"k ,oa iz la Ld` r [kk| mRikn fu;kZ r fodkl iz kf/kdj.k (Agriculture
& Processed food Products Export Promoation Authority [APEDA] 1985)-
okf.kT; ea =ky; ls lacf/kr bl izkf/kdj.k dk ewy mn~ns '; Hkkjrh; [kk| izlaLdfjr mRiknksa dks varjkZ "Vªh; cktkjksa esa LFkkfir djuk gSA bl iz kf/kdj.k ds varxZr fuEu fcUnqvksa ij cy fn;k tkrk gS %&
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¹ varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij df"k ,oa izlaLdfjr [kk| mRiknks a dh foi.ku O;oLFkk es a
lq/kkjA¹ fu;kZ rksUeq[kh mRiknks a ds mRiknu rFkk fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djukA¹ d` f"k ,oa iz laLdfjr [kk| mRiknksa dh iS dsftax esa lq/kkj ykukA¹ fofHkUu mRiknksa ds fu;kZr gs rq ekudksa rFkk fof'k"Vrkvksa dk fu/kkZj.k djukA¹ d` f"k ,oa izlaLdfjr [kk| mRiknksa ds mRiknu izfØ;kdj.k] iSdsftax ,oa foi.ku es a
layXu fofHkUu bdkb;ks a rFkk iz fr"Bkuksa ls tkudkfj;kW vkW dM+ ksa] rF;ks a dk ladyu djuk vkSj tufgr esa izdkf'kr djukA
¹ d` f"k ,oa izlaLdfjr [kk| mRiknks a ls tqM+s fofHkUu igyq vka s ij izf'k{k.k iznku djukA
¹ ekal ,oa ek¡l ds mRiknksa dh xq.koRrk cuk, j[kus ds mn~ns'; gsrq fofHkUu
cwpM+[kkuksa iz fØ;kdj.k bdkb;ks a] laxzg.k dsUnzks a vkfn dk fujh{k.k djukA¹ d` f"k ,oa izlaLdfjr [kk| mRiknksa ds fu;kZr ds fy, foRrh; lgk;rk ,oa vuq nku
izkIr djus ,oa vU; lqfo/kk,W izkIr djus ds fy, gj la Hko iz;kl djukA¹ jk"Vªh; ,oa varjkZ "Vª h; Lrj ij O;kikfjd esyksa eas Hkkxhnkjh djukA¹ ikjLifjd fgr ds fy, Øsrkvk sa ,oa foØsrkvks a dh cSBdksa ,oa lEes yuks a dk
vk;kstu djukA [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa ] mRiknksa ij 'kks/k ,oa izlkj gsrq lgk;d izeq[k laLFkk,W&¹ lsUVªy QwM VSDuksykWth fjlpZ bULVhV;w V (lh ,Q Vh vkj vkbZ) eSlw jA¹ cgq izkS |ksfxdh LFkkukUrj.k dsUnz HkksikyA
¹ lsUVªy bULVhV~;wV vkWQ ,xzhdYpjy ba thfu;fjax (lhñvkbZñ,ñbZñ) HkksikyA¹ tokgj yky us g: d f"k fo'ofo|ky; tcyiqjA¹ egkRek xkW/kh fp=dwV xzkeksn; fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV ftyk lrukA
[kk| izlaLdj.k ij vk/kkfjr m|ferk fodkl izf'k{k.k iznku djus okyh izeq[k laLFkk,W&¹ us 'kuy bULV~hV~ ;wV vkW Q ekbØks] Leky ,a M ehfM;e bUVjiz kbts+ l (fuEles ) gS njkcknA¹ Hkkjrh; m|ferk fodkl laLFkku (bMh vkbZ vkbZ ) vgenkckn xqtjkrA¹ m|ferk fodkl dsUnz e/;izns 'k HkksikyA
e/; izns'k esa d`f"k mRiknksa] ouks Riknksa ,oa i'kq /ku vk/kkfjr mRiknksa dh i;kZIr miyC/krk ds dkj.k [kk| iz la Ldj.k m|ksxks a dh izcy laHkkouk,¡ fo|eku gSA jhok laHkkx
ds la nHkZ esa Hkh ;gh fLFkfr ifjyf{kr gksrh gS] LFkkuh; ek¡x ,oa lalk/kuksa ij vk/kkfjr [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dh mUur iz kS|ksfxdh esa laHkkoukvks a ,oa voljksa dk xgu 'kks/kijd v/;;u m|fe;ksa ] lacaf/kr foHkkxksa] foRrh; laLFkkvksa] 'kks/k la LFkkuksa] ;ks tuk fuekZ.k ,oa uhfr fu/kkZ j.k gsrq ekxZn'khZ gks ldrk gSA lkFk gh [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa es a iz fØ;kdj.k ds mijkUr izkIr gksus okys vof'k"V inkFkks Z ds izcU/ku }kjk iznw"k.k jfgr i;kZoj.k dk fuekZ .k ,oa ewY; lao/kZu dh la Hkkoukvksa dks Hkh vuns[kk ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa ds fodkl ds QyLo:i ,d vksj tgk¡ d`"kdks a dksvius mRikn dk mfpr ewY; izkIr gks xk ogha nwljh vksj cM+s iSekus ij jkstxkj ds l` tu
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vkS j vFkZO;oLFkk ds lqn`<+ hdj.k es a lgk;d fl¼ gksxkA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- vkgwtk jke] lkekftd vuqla/kku] jkor ifCyds'kUl] t;iqj ,oa ubZ fnYyhA2. Allampalli D.G& Patel J.B., (1994) Data Collection for Business Opportunity
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9- ns'kikaMs lqes/kk] cjxys izoh.k pUnz] dqyd.khZ lhrkjke n- (2008) & dqiks"k.k fuokj.k gsrq lks;k[kk| lks;kchu izlaLdj.k ,oa mi;ksx dsUnz] dsUnzh; d`f"k vfHk;kaf=dh laLFkku] Hkksiky (e-iz-)
10. Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, (1995) Ahmedabad, Business
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17- dkp: jktsUnz izdk'k] d".k eksgu lgk;] Hkkj}kt dSyk'kpUnz] vks>k f=os.kh izlkn (1989)/kku& pkoy lalk/ku] [kk| izlaLdj.k ea=ky;] Hkkjr lajdkjA
18- dqyd.khZ lh-n- (2008)& lks;k [kk| vk/kkfjr m|ferk fodkl] dsUnzh; d`f"k vfHk;kaf=dh laLFkku] Hkksiky (e-iz-)
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21- usxh tuknZu th] (1987)& xzkeh.k izkS|ksfxdh e/; izns'k ds fy,] e/; izns'k foKku ,oa
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25- iVsfj;k vkj ,u (2006)& df"k m|ksx ,oa mi;qDr izkS|ksfxdh& egkRek xka/kh xzkeksn; fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV lruk (e-iz-)
26- izkS|ksfxdh foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ea=ky;] ubZ fnYYkh] izkS|ksfxdh fodkl cksMZ] okf"kZd izfrosnu (2005&06)
27. Raghunadan D., (1997) - Technology Models for Rural Applications Department
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35- frokjh ftrsUnz] (2010)& [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksx ekxZnf'kZdk] m|ferk fodkl dsUnz] e-iz- (lsMeSi) Hkksiky (e-iz-)
36- frokjh ftrsUnz (2007) & m|e ekxZnf'kZdk] m|ferk fodkl dsUnz] e/;izns'k (lsMeSi)]HkksikyA
37- Vsd pankuh lh-ds- ,oa eDDM vkj-ds-] (2006)& d`f"k mRikn izlaLdj.k vk/kkfjr y?kq m|ksx] ifjdVu izlaLdj.k ,oa [kk| vfHk;kaf=dh foHkkx] d`f"k vfHk;kaf=dh egkfo|ky;] tokgjyky usg: d`f"k fo'ofo|ky;] tcyiqj (e-iz-)
38- fojnh ,e],l] ,oa dkSy ds-ds-] (1995)& izkS|ksfxdh laxzg& izkS|ksfxdh mi;ksx izHkkx]
oSKkfud rFkk vkS|ksfxd vuqla/kku ifj"kn ubZ fnYYkhA
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izfr;ksxh cktkj esa ekdsZfVax dh vo/kkj.kk vkSj izLrqfr izfr;ksxh cktkj esa ekdsZfVax dh vo/kkj.kk vkSj izLrqfr izfr;ksxh cktkj esa ekdsZfVax dh vo/kkj.kk vkSj izLrqfr izfr;ksxh cktkj esa ekdsZfVax dh vo/kkj.kk vkSj izLrqfr izfr;ksxh cktkj esa ekdsZfVax dh vo/kkj.kk vkSj izLrqfr
¹ laxhrk dqaHkkjs¹ laxhrk dqaHkkjs¹ laxhrk dqaHkkjs¹ laxhrk dqaHkkjs¹ laxhrk dqaHkkjs
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¹ lgk;d izk/;kid] okf.kT;] 'kkldh; Lo'kklh dU;k LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] lkxj (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& O;oklkf;d izfr;ksfxrk us O;kolkf;d laLFkkuksa ds le{k viuk vfLrRo cpkus dh pqukS rh ns Mkyh gS A bl O;kolkf;d izfr;ksfxrk ds nkSj es a izfr;ksfx;ksa ds lkFk nkS M+us esa rFkk viuk vfLrRo rFkk fodkl xfr dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s orZeku cktkj esa izpfyr foi.ku dh vo/kkj.kk ij fparu djuk vko';d gks x;k gSA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
izfr;ksxh cktkj] orZeku lkekftd@vkfFkZ d ifjos'k ,oa oS'ohdj.k ds bl nkSj esa foi.ku dh vo/kkj.kk iwjh rjg ls cny jgh gSA fdlh Hkh O;kolkf;d laLFkk dh lQyrk dh dqath mlds xzkgd ds gkFk igqWp xbZ gSA miHkks Drk ds gkFkksa esa vkt og pkcqd gS fd fdlh Hkh O;kolkf;d laLFkku dks miHkks Drk dsfUnz r j[kus ds fy;s ck/; j[krk gSA iw jh [kjhn iz fØ;k izxfr'khy@iz fr;ksfxrkRed ,oa dfBu gks xbZ gSA miHkksDrk pdkpkSa /k ls izHkkfor gks jgk gSA la;qDr cktkjksa dh LFkkiuk us NksVs mRikndksa vkSj O;olkf;;ksa dks xzkgdksUeq[kh gksus ds fy;s foo'k dj fn;k gSA fons'kh O;kikjra= foKkiuoknh yacs vlsZ ls gSA Hkkjrh; cktkj Hkh blls iwjh rjg ls izHkkfor gks rk tk jgk gSA vkt miHkks Drk vkd"kZ d iS fda x@oLrq vks a dk lq Unj vkS j ltkoViw .kZ iz n'kZ u@foØ; iz frfuf/k }kjk iz Lrq rhdj.k
dh eueksgd rduhd rFkk cM+ s&cM+s 'kkfia x eky@,osU;w tgkW ,d gh ifjlj esa lHkh izdkj ds iz ksMDV dh ekds ZfVax csgn vkd"kZd <ax ls dh tk jgh gS dh vks j eqM+ rk tk jgk gSA mRikndks a ds eksgd foKkiu] ubZ lwpuk rduhd rFkk fodYiksa dks pquus es a ;qok ih<h ds iz R;{k ,oa izHkko'kkyh gLr{ks i us tgkW miHkksDrkvksa ds fy;s pquko izfØ;k dks tfVy dj fn;k gS ogkW nwljh vks j mRikndks a ,oa lsok iznku djus okyksa ds le{k viuh ekdsZfVax iz fof/k;ksa dks miHkksDrk dsfUnzr djrs gqq, fujarj ifjorZu djrs jgus dh pqukSrh Hkh lkeus iz Lrqr dj nh gSA mRikndksa ,oa lsok iz nku djus okyksa ds le{k nw ljh pqukSrh gS& oS f'od Lrj ij iz fr;ksxh cktkj dk lkeuk djuk tgkW izfrfnu mRiknuksa ,oa lsok iznku fd;s tkus ds Lrj dks miHkksDrk dsfUnzr j[krs gq, izfrfnu mRiknd u;s&u;s vk;keksa ds lkFk cktkj esa vk jgs gSA miHkksDrk tgkW rd lksp Hkh ugha ik jgk gS mlls cgq r vkxs dh lks p ysdj
mRiknd vius mRiknuks a vkS j ls ok iznku fd;s tkus okys Lrj es a fujarj cnyko djrs gq, fo'o cktkj dks fu;af=r djus dk iz;kl dj jgs gSA vkt izR;sd O;kolkf;d laLFkku dks bl ckr ij xaHkhjrk ls fopkj djuk gksxk fd tulkekU; [kjhnus ds fy;s blfy;s iz sfjr gksrk gS fd mls fo'okl gksrk gS fd vko';drk dh iw frZ ds lkFk gh mls vkRe larqf"V izkIr gks xhA [kjhnus ds iwoZ O;fDr laHkkfor xzkgd gksrk gS rFkk [kjhnus ds i'pkr~ gh og xzkgd dh vis{kk;sa gksrh gS fd mls cktkj esa vko';drk ds vuq:i mRikn feys lkFk gh lkFk mu O;fDr;ks a@laLFkkvksa dh tkudkjh Hkh gks ftuls Hkfo"; esa Hkh loksZRre
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mRikn dh izkfIr gks ldsA lkekU;r% xzkgd dks bl ckr dh tkudkjh ugha gksrh fd fdl
mRikn ls mldh vko';drk dh vf/kd iwfrZ gksxh fd dkSu lk O;fDr@lsok iznkrk vFkok O;kolkf;d laLFkku vf/kd fo'oluh; gSA
Ckktkj esa ml mRikn ds leku vU; fdrus mRikn miyC/k gS\ ml mRikn ds fuekZ .k es a D;k D;k phts a bLrseky dh xbZ gS\vr% laHkkfor xzkgd dks bl ckr dh ryk'k gksrh gS tks mls bu leLr tkudkfj;ks a
dks iwjs fo'ys"k.k ds lkFk miyC/k djk lds rFkk viuh eueks gd izLrq rhdj.k fuiq.krk ls ml xzkgd dks viuk LFkk;h miHkksDrk cukus es a Hkh dke;kc gks ldsA dksbZ Hkh tuksi;ksxh oLrq gks cktkj esa vusdksa fodYi miyC/k gSA fofHkUu O;kolkf;d la LFkkvks a }kjk viuh ekdsZfVax QkslZ dh izLrqrhdj.k fuiq.krk (Presentation Skill ) esa n{k cukus ds fy;s le;c¼ xgu izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe pyk;s tk jgs gS aA ;g iz f'k{k.k dk;ZØe mu
laLFkkvksa dh ekds ZfVax xfrfof/k;ksa dk vge fgLlk gksrk gSA iz f'k{k.k ikB~;Øe dks fu;fer :i ls vk/kqfud vfxze rduhd ls viMs V fd;k tkrk gSA Vhoh@ ds fcy@ baVjusV@ iz sl@ jsfM;ks izlkj.k eYVhehfM;k esa foKkiuksa dk eueksgd izLrqrhdj.k izR;sd ifjokj esa fnekxh gypy iSnk dj nsrk gS fo'ks"k :i ls ;qokih<h bu foKkiuksa ls T;knk izHkkfor gksrh gSA bl fnekxh gypy ,oa izHkko dks ekds ZfVax ifj.kke rd ykus es a fuja rj Qkyksvi ,oa foØ; iz frfuf/k ds O;fDrxr lEidZ dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgrh gSA ekdsZfVax es a lQyrk ds fy;s l'kDr rFkk izHkkoiw.kZ izLrqrhdj.k dh egrh Hkwfedk gS]vkbZ;s mu fcUnq vks a ij fopkj djsa tks fd izLrq fr fuiq.krk ds fy;s vko';d gSaA iz Lrqfr dkS 'ky dks le>us ls igys gesa laizs"k.k&dkS'ky dks le>uk gksxk D;ksfd izLrqfr] laisz "k.k dh gh ,d 'kk[kk gSA ekuo foKku laca/kh fo'ks"kKksa dh 'kks/k ls ;g irk pyk gS fd
fpa ikUth vkSj ekuo ds Mh-,u-,- es a 2 iz fr'kr dk varj gSA vkfn;qx ls ysdj vkt rd dh ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl ij ;fn utj Mkysa rks ge ikrs gS fd izd fr us ges a tks laizs"k.k {kerk dk migkj fn;k gS mlds dkj.k gh ge fodkl dh pje voLFkk rd igq Wp ik jgs gS laHkor% ;g gh 2 iz fr'kr dk varj gksA lalkj dh dksbZ Hkh la LFkk ekuo }kjk] ekuoks a ds fy;s] vkS j ekuo 'kfDr ds cy ij gh xfreku jgrh gSA ;g la iz s"k.k {kerk gh ekuo 'kfDr mRiknu ds fy;s ikoj gkml gSA O;fDr ;k la LFkk dk mRd` "V iz n'kZu bl {kerk ij gh fuHkZj djrk gSA fo'o ds egkure usrk ftUgsa vkt ds ifjn` "; esa lQy ekuk tkrk gS os dsoy viuh laizs "k.k {kerk ds cy ls gh fo'o ds ekufp= ij LFkkfir gks lds gSaA okLro es a izfrfnu ge dksbZ vU; dk;Z djsa ;k u djsa fdUrq izfr{k.k dqN u dq N laiszf"kr djrs gh jgrs gSaA ;g gekjh fujarj pyus okyh xfrfof/k gSA ge ekS f[kd vFkok
v&ekSf[kd] vius vki ls ;k ckgj] thfor ;k futhZo oLrqvksa ls tks gekjs pkjksa vksj fo|eku gS la is z"k.k djrs gh jgrs gSA O;fDr;ksa dks mRis zfjr (Motivation ) djus ds fy;s izHkkodkjh laisz"k.k gh lcls cMk vL= gSA eq[; :i ls laiz s"k.k dh rhu 'kk[kk;sa gS (1) ekS f[kd (2) fyf[kr (3) vekSf[kdA la iz s"k.k dh igyh 'kk[kk ekSf[kd gS ftldk lkekU; vFkZ gS& 'kCnksa ds }kjk cksydj viuh ckr dgukA fyf[kr laisz"k.k es a og lHkh lfEefyr gS ftlesa fyf[kr :Ik es a laizs "k.k fd;k x;k gks blesa lkekU;&i= O;ogkj]ifji=]v[kckj] lkfgR;] f'kykys[k vU; fyf[kr lkexzh 'kkfey gSA ;g la iz s"k.k nLrkost ds :Ik esa miyC/k jgrk gS rFkk vko';drk iMus ij vus dks ckj lanfHkZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
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n`';&JkR;&ek/;e (Audio-visiual ) ;Fkk VhOgh jsfM;ks eksckby bUVjus V vkfn ls gksus
okyk laisz"k.k fyf[kr ,oa ekSf[kd nks uksa gh 'kk[kkvksa esa lfEefyr gSA lkjs lalkj es a ftruk Hkh laisz"k.k gks jgk gS ml la isz"k.k dk 55 iz fr'kr Hkkx vekSf[kd laizs"k.k gsrk gS] 7 izfr'kr
'kCnksa ds cksyus ds }kjk rFkk mlesa Hkh 33 iz fr'kr laizs "k.k ok.kh ds mrkj p<+ ko ds }kjk rFkk 'ks"k 5 iz fr'kr fyf[kr laizs "k.k gksrk gSA vekSf[kd laisz"k.k dh vusd mi 'kk[kk;s a gSa tSls&ekSu laizs"k.k&fcuk cksys gh@xsLpj&Hkko Hkafxek ls@ isLpj&eqnzk;s a cSBus@ [kM+s gksus@ pyus dh (Gesture&Postsure ) vk¡[kksa ds }kjk lEidZ (Eye Contact ) @xsV&is jks a dks fgykuk@ bdV~ Bk djuk (Touching ) Vfpa x&Li'kZ ;k Nwuk ekSu&'kka r jguk psgjs dh vfHkO;fDr vU; gj izdkj dh 'kkjhfjd ps "Vk;sa (Action ) vkfnA laisz"k.k esa igyk LFkku vk¡ [kks a dk gSA euq"; ds efLr"d }kjk dqy xzg.k fd;k tkus okyk Kku 80 izfr'kr vk¡[kksaa
}kjk gh gksrk gSA laizs "k.k ds O;kid Lo:i esa ls dqN eq [; fcUnq vks a ij ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
iz Lrqfrdj.k laizs"k.k dh gh mi'kk[kk gS] izLrq fr fuiq.krk ds fy;s laizs "k.k ds Lo:i dks tku ysuk vko';d gSA izLrqfr n{krk iz kIr djus ds fy;s la iz s"k.k dh rhuksa 'kk[kkvksa dks ,d lkFk lfEefyr djuk gks rk gSA vk/kqfud fo'o esa izLrqfrdj.k ds fy;s ubZ fodflr rduhd vR;ar izHkkodkjh <a x ls mi;ksx fd;k tkus yxk gSA izLrqfr&fuiq.krk ds fy;svko';d gS fujarj vH;kl ,oa iwoZ rS;kjhA
iwoZ rS;kjh&1- lq fu'pr djs fd izLrq fr dk mn~ns'; D;k gS\2- la cksf/kr ,d O;fDr dks fd;k tkuk gS vFkok lewg dksA3- lw pukvksa dk vknku iznku fd;k tkuk gS vFkok ,d&,d ls okrkZyki fd;k tkuk
gSA
4- ftl fo"k; ij izLrqfr fn;k tkuk gS mlls lacaf/kr laiw.kZ tkudkjh ds lkFk laHkkfor 'kadk;s rFkk muds lek/kku ls lacaf/kr rS;kjh Hkh dj ys uk pkfg;sA
5- mn~ns '; dks ikzIr djus ds fy;s iz Lrkfor :ijs[kk@,oa dk;Z ;kstuk dks Hkh izLrq fr es a lfEefyr djuk pkfg;sA izHkkodkjh iz Lrqfr vk/kkj ds rhu eq [; fcUnq gS ftls va xzsth ds 'kCn LAW dks
;kn djds le> ldrs gS L-Looks A-Action W-words vFkkZr~ iz Lrqfr nsus okyk O;fDr dSlk fn[k jgk gS vko';d gS mldk O;fDrRo gWleq[k] 'kkyhu vkS j vkd"kZd gks rFkk mldk igukok Hkh lknk vkSj okrkoj.k ds vuq:Ik gksA ml O;fDr dh 'kkjhfjd ps"Vk;s]Hkko Hkafxek] [kM+ s gksus dh] cSBus dh] pyus dh eqnzk lkekU;] 'kkyhurk ls ifjiw.kZ gks uk
pkfg;sA vuko';d 'kkjhfjd ps "Bk;s] psgjs ij ruko iw.kZ HkkoHkafxek izHkkoiw.kZ izLrqfr ds ekxZ dh ck/kk;sa gSA izLrqfr dkS 'ky dk lcls egRoiw.kZ vax gS&vkidh vk¡[kksaa ds }kjk lEidZ (Eye Contact ) vkW[k feykdj ckr djus es a vkidh izLrqfr u dsoy izHkkoiw.kZ gks tkrh gS vfirq lkeus okyk vkidh ckrksa esa fdruh :fp ys jgk gS bldh Hkh tkudkjh gksrh jgrh gS rFkk ;g gekjk vkRe fo'okl dks Hkh iznf'kZ r djrh gSA fuja rj iz;kl lsvk¡ [kks aa ls vkW[kksa dh Hkk"kk i<+us dh dyk esa Hkh ge fuiq.krk gkfly dj ldrs gSA 'kCnks a
dk p;u gekjh izLrqfr dks 'kfDr iznku djrs gS a 'kCn ogh gksrs gS ysfdu iz Lrqfr esa gekjh ckrphr dh Vksu rFkk 'kCnksa dk p;u vR;ar egRoiw .kZ gksrs gSA ogh 'kCn dHkh ok.kh] dHkh oh.kk vkSj dHkh ck.k dk dk;Z dj tkrs gSA vr% 'kCnksa dk p;u djus es a gesa ges 'kk
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lko/kkuh j[kuh pkfg;sA ges'kk izLrqfr ftuds le{k nh tk jgh gks mudh Hkk"kk esa gh ckr
djuk okWfNr ifj.kke izkIr djk ldrk gSA ok.kh dh Li"Vrk] Hkk"kk dh ljyrk rFkk fo"k; ls ifjiw.kZ izLrqfr ftles a lkeus okys dh vis{kkvks a dk Hkh lekos'k gks vR;ar izHkkoiw.kZ gks rh gSA gekjs 'kCnks a rFkk gekjh 'kkjhfjd ps"Bkvks a esa iwjh rjg ls rkyes y gksuk pkfg;s] ,s lk u gks ge dg dqN jgs gks a vkSj gekjk 'kkjhfjd gkoHkko dqN foijhr lans 'k ns jgk gksA gekjh 'kkjhfjd gkoHko 'kCnksa ls Hkh vf/kd rsth ls cks yrk gSA mfpr 'kCnksa dk p;u Øka frdkjh] jpukRed ,oa cq f}eRrkiw.kZ fopkjksa dh tuuh gSA 'kkjhfjd gko&Hkko ds lkFk es y [kkrs gq, gekjs 'kCn gekjh iz Lrqfr dks 100 izfr'kr ifj.kke dsfUnzr cukus esa lQy gksrs gSA 'kCnksa ds mPpkj.k vyx&vyx {ks= esa vyx&vyx gksrs gSA xksyh iq fyl dh Hkh] MkDVj dh HkhA izka r ds vuqlkj vFkZ cny tkrs gS] tS ls nknk&fcgkj esa xqaMk] caxky esa cM+k HkkbZ] ckbZ mRrj esa viekutud egkjk"V~ z esa lEeku tudA HkkbZ
lkekU;] fof'k"V ekfQ;k izeq[k vkfn&vkfnA 'kCnksa dk p;u djrs le; bu vusd vFkZ okys 'kCnksa dk lekos'k lko/kkuh ls djuk pkfg;sA fu"d"kZ& fuEu NksVh NksVh ckrksa dk /;ku nsus ls ge viuh iz Lrqfr dks jkspd]ifj.kke dsfUnzr vkS j izHkko iw .kZ cuk ldrs gS&1- O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk uezrk iw.kZ rFkk fe=or O;ogkj djsaA2- viuh ckr tgkW rd gks lds fouk s niw.kZ rFkk jkspd 'kS yh es sa dgsaA3- vius Hk; dks fu;af=r j[krs g q , ogh dgs tks vki dguk pkgrs gS fo"k; ls gVs
ughaA lks pdj cksysa 4- yxkrkj cksyus ls fojke ys dj lquus dh Hkh vknr Mkysa A5- yach pkSM+h Hkwfedk cukus ls cprs gq, eq[; lans'k ij 'kh?kz vk;sA
6- lq uus okyksa dh ftKklk tkuus ds fy;s muls iz'u djsa A7- izLrqfr esa vius O;fDxr mnkgj.kks a] vf/kd`r vkWdM+ksa rFkk dqN vuqHkoh fopkjdksa
ds m¼j.kksa dks Hkh lekosf'kr djuk ykHknk;d gksrk gSA8- var es a iz Lrqfr dk lekiu eq [; fcUnqvksa dks nksgjk dj djuk pkfg;sA
lq>ko& viuh iz Lrqfr dks 'kCnksa dh rkfydk ls ,d lqUnjre thfor rLohj cukdj turk ds le{k izLrqr dj lds ;gh vH;kl gekjk gksuk pkfg;sA fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr e/kqj 'kCnksa ] la ;r Loj] fo"k;oLrq ij dsfUnzr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ekS fyd vkSj lkef;d gksuh pkfg;sA izLrq fr dkSs'ky esa fuiq.krk fujarj vH;kl ls gkfly dh tk ldrh gSA blds fy;s iw oZ rS ;kjh mifyf[kr fcUnqvksa ij dsfUnzr gksuk pkfg;sA n` < bPNk 'kfDr vkSj lh[kus dh ftKklk ls vki bl {ks = esa n{krk gkfly dj ldrs gSA izfr;ks xh cktkj esa O;kIr foi.ku dh vo/kkj.kk tks fd fu;fer varjky esa ifjofrZr gks jgh gS izR;s d O;kolkf;d laLFkkuksa dks viuk vfLrRo cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s xfroku vkSj izLrqfr dkS'ky es a n{k O;fDr;ksa dh vko';drk gS] ;g ekWx lnSo cuh jgsxhA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- ;ksxa{kse [k.M 56 11 uoacj 2012 2- ;ksxa{kse [k.M 56 ekpZ 20123- ;ksxa{kse [k.M 56 flracj 2012 4- ;ksxa{kse [k.M 56 Qjojh 20125- thouf'k[kk tqykbZ 2012
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vkradokn dk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij nq"izHkko vkradokn dk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij nq"izHkko vkradokn dk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij nq"izHkko vkradokn dk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij nq"izHkko vkradokn dk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij nq"izHkko
¹ fuys'k jkmr ¹ fuys'k jkmr ¹ fuys'k jkmr ¹ fuys'k jkmr ¹ fuys'k jkmr ¹¹ vjfoUn dqekj pkSjfl;k] ¹¹¹ ekuflag c?ksy ¹¹ vjfoUn dqekj pkSjfl;k] ¹¹¹ ekuflag c?ksy ¹¹ vjfoUn dqekj pkSjfl;k] ¹¹¹ ekuflag c?ksy ¹¹ vjfoUn dqekj pkSjfl;k] ¹¹¹ ekuflag c?ksy ¹¹ vjfoUn dqekj pkSjfl;k] ¹¹¹ ekuflag c?ksy
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, vkradokn ds dbZ O;kid vkfFkZ d nq"izHkkoks a dk vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA vkradokn Hkkjrh; vFkZ O;oLFkk ds vk/kkjHkwr <+kps ds fy, ,d eq[; pqukS rh gS A 'kks/k&i= 1970 ds n'kd ls 2011 ds e/;] Hkkjr es a gq, vkra dh geyksa ds
nq"izHkkoksa dk v/;;u ,oa fo'ys"k.k djrk gS vkS j ;g Li"V djus dk iz;kl djrk gS fd vkradokn Hkkjrh; vFkZ O;oLFkk ,oa vk/kkjHkwr <kaps ds fy, pqukS rh gS A 'kks/k es a ;g ik;k fd vkradokn ds dkj.k vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;k¡ izHkkfor gqbZ gS A 2008 rd Hkkjr ds i;ZVu m|ksx dk ldy ?kjsyq mRikn nj ( GDP ) esa 1 ds vklikl ;ksxnku gS vkradh xfrfof/k dk lclsxgjk vlj i;ZVu m|ksx ij iM+k gS A 1970 ls 2004 ds chp Hkkjr esa 4108 vkra dh geysgks pqds gS A t;iqj lhfj;y CykLV] tEew d'ehj es a yxkrkj vkradh ?kVuk,sa Hkkjrh; laln ij geyk (2001) eqEcbZ ij geyk (26@11) vkfn ds dkj.k fons'kh i;ZVdks a dh la [;k es a deh vkbZ gS vkS j bl m|ksx dh vk; igys dh rqyuk es a de gqbZ gSA lkFk gh izkIr gksus okyh 'kqYd fons'kh eqnzk dk Hkh ?kkVk gqvk gS A vkt Hkkjr ds 608 ftys esa 232 ftys vkra dokn ls ihfM+r gSA fiNys dqN le; esa vkradokn us xaHkhj :i ls Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA
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Hkwfedk&vkt fo'o dk izR;sd ns'k izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls vkradokn dk na'k Hkksx jgk gSA vkfFkZ d lkekftd ;k lkaiznkf;d v'kkafr ds :i es a vkra dokn ds ifj.kkeks a ls izHkkfor gSA Hkkjr 1970 ds n'kd ls yxkrkj vkra doknh xfrfof/k;ksa dk f'kdkj jgk gSAHkkjr ds dk'ehj] ukxkyS.M] iatkc] vle] fcgkj] jktLFkku] egkjk"Vª] fnYyh vkfn
jkT;ksa ij vkradokn dh dkyh Nk;k iM+h gSA vkra dokn gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk dks gkfu igqa pk jgk gSaA vkra dh geyksa ,oa /kedh ls ns'k esa Hk; vkSj vfo'okl dk ekgkSy mRiUu gqvk gSA fons'kh iw¡th fuos'kdksaa dk fo'okl de gq vk gSA mudh lksp es a udkjkRedrk mRiUu gqbZ gSA 26@11 ds eqEcbZ geys esa 400 djksM+ :i;s dk uq dlku gq vk] ,d lIrkg
ds vanj isaVkyw u eqEcbZ ds foØ; es a 4-2ø ,oa eYnhiys Dl es a 20ø rd dh fxjkoV ntZ dh xbZA ogha fons'kh i;ZVdksa dh la[;k esa mlls 40ø rd dh deh vkbZ gSA 'kks/k i= esa vkradokn dk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk nq"izHkko dk v/;;u ,oa fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSAvkra dokn dk Hkkjrh; vFkZ O;oLFkk ij vYidkfyd izHkko& vkra dokn
dk Hkkjrh; vFkZ O;oLFkk ij vYidkfyd rFkk nh?kZdkfyd izHkko iM+k gSA blus dbZ
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vkfFkZ d pqukSrh iSnk dh gSA eq [; fuEu izdkj ls gS&
iwath fuos'kdksa esa fo'okl dh deh& vkradh ?kVukvksa ds dkj.k iwath fuos'kdksa vkSj ljdkjh la LFkkvksa ij yxkrkj vkradh geyksa us Hkkjr es a iwath fuos'kdksa dks grks Rlkfgr fd;k gSA laln ij geyk 2001 ,oa eqEcbZ geyk 26@11 ds dkj.k va rZ jk"Vª h; Lrj ij mRiUu vuq j{kk dk ekgkSy Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl dh n`f"V ls ck/kd lkfcr gks jgk gSA iwa th fuos 'k dh ek=k es a deh vkadh xbZ gSA i;ZVu ,oa fof'k"V m|ksxksa ij izHkko& vkradh geyks a dk lokZf/kd vlj i;Z Vu m|ksx ij iM+ k gSA vkra dh ?kVuk ds i'pkr dkQh le; rd fons'kh i;ZVd Hkkjr vkus ds fy, ?kcjkrs gSA 26@11 geys ds i'pkr 60ø rd i;Z Vdksa us viuh cqfdax jnn
djk yhA ogha if'pe Hkkjr dh gks Vy cqfda x 25ø rd uhps ntZ dh xbZ A i;ZVu ,oa fof'k"B m|ksx ,;jykbu] ,;jLisl] ;k=k] vkokl] jsLVkjsUV] euksjatu bR;kfn ij bldk
izHkko iM+k FkkA tu&/ku dh gkfu& vkradokfn;ksa us ekuo lalk/ku dks vR;f/kd {kfr igaq pkbZ gSA1970 ls 2004 ds chp Hkkjr esa 4108 vkradh geys gks pqds gS ftlesa 12539 yksx ekjs
tk pqds gSA gky gh es a 2008 esa eqEcbZ geyk 26@11 esa 257 ls 300 yksx ekjs x;s vkSj 700 yks xksa dks xaHkhj pksVs a vkbZA vkradh geyks a es a vc rd Hkkjr ds dbZ fof'k"B O;fDr
ekjs x;s gSA Jherh bafnjk xka /kh] Jh jktho xka/kh] Jh csvar flag] Jh gs ear djdjs] estj lanhi mUuhd` ".ku~ muesa izeq [k gS aA bu 'kghn O;fDr;ksa dh ekSr ls ns 'k dks viw .khZ; {kfr gqbZA foRrh; uqdlku& iz R;sd vkradoknh geyk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij foRrh; geyk Hkh djrk gSA bldk [kkfe;ktk foRrh; uqdlku ds :i esa Hkqxruk iM+ rk gSA eq EcbZ geys
26@11 esa 400 djks M+ :i;ksa dk uqdlku gqvkA gksVy rkt ,oa Vªhts.M 3&4 eghuksa rd ca n jgs ftlls ?kkVk gqvkA ikfdLrku fØdsV Vhe dk Hkkjr nkS jk jn~n djk fn;k x;k] ftl dkj.k ch-lh-lh-vkbZ dks 120 djksM+ :i;ksa dk uqdlku gqvkA iz R;sd geys ls 'kkldh; lEifRr ,oa futh lEifRr;ks a dk uqdlku gksrk gSA Hkou ,oa bekjrsa detksj gks tkrh gSA ejEer ,oa vU; dk;Z ij jkf'k [kpZ gksrh gSA deZpkfj;ksa dh NaVuh& vkradoknh geys ds i'pkr dbZ m|ksxksa us vius uqdlku dh HkjikbZ djus ds fy, deZ pkfj;ksa dh NaVuh dh gS ftlds dkj.k yksxksa dks ukSdjh ls gkFk /kksuk iM+k gSA fo'ks"k :i ls ,;jykbu] ,;jLisl] ;k=k] i;ZVu] chek] gks Vy ,oa jsLVkjsa V {ks = esa deZ pkfj;ksa dh Na Vuh dh xbZA ftl dkj.k ls ruko dk ekgkS y O;kIr gksrk gSAvkradokn ds nh/kZdkfyd izHkko& vkradokn Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy,
gkfudkjd gSA Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds lalk/ku vkradokn dh Hksa V p<+ tkrs gSA Hkkjr ds fiNM+ siu ,oa csjkstxkjh ds fy, vkradokn Hkh ftEesnkj gSA vkradokn us Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij fuEufyf[kr nh?kdkfyd izHkko Mkys gS&
jktuSfrd vfLFkjrk& vkradokn us Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa vfLFkjrk dk okrkoj.k dk;e fd;k gSA Hkkjr ds iwoZ iz/kkuea=h ba fnjk xk¡ /kh ,oa jktho xk¡ /kh dh gR;k us jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk vkSj usr`Ro dk ladV mRiUu fd;k gSA iatkc ds iwoZ eq[;e=h csva r fla g dh gR;k us Hkh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa dks izHkkfor f;k gSA 26@11 ds eqEcbZ geyks a
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ds dkj.k rRdkyhu dsUnzh; x` gea=h f'kojkt ikfVy eq [;ea=h foykljko ns'keq [k] jkT;
ds x` gea=h vkj-vkj-ikfVy dks vius in ls LrhQk nsuk iM+kA bl izdkj vkradokn jktuS frd vfLFkjrk dk okrkoj.k dk;e djrk gSAvkfFkZd vfLFkjrk& vkrad dh dkyh Nk;k vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ks a ij Hkh iM+h gS Lo-
bafnjk xk¡ /kh dh gR;k ds ckn HkM+ ds na xksa us d`f"k ,oa ;krk;kr m|ks x ij vPNk [kklk vlj Mkyk gSA 2001 la ln ij geyk ,oa 26@11 eqEcbZ geys ds i'pkr~ vkfFkZd txr
esa Hk; ,oa vfo'okl dk ekgksS y mRiUu fd;k gSA izR;{k fons'kh fuos 'k esa vfLFkjrk ns[kh xbZ gSA vkra dh /kedh ,oa geyksa ls iwath fuos'kdksa esa la'k; dh fLFkfr dk;e dh gSA oSf'od izHkko& vkradokn us oSf'od ekgkSy esa tgj ?kksyus dk dke fd;k gSA dkjfxy ;q¼] la ln ij geyk 2001 eqEcbZ geyk 26@11 vof/k ds nkS jku Hkkjr ,oa ikfdLrku ds chp gksus okys O;kikj ij fojke yxkA nks uksa ns'k esa vkjksi&izR;kjksi dk nkSj
pyk vkSj O;kikfjd izfrca/k yxk fn;s x;sA vkradokn dk gks izHkko Fkk fd nksuks a ns'kksa ds chp O;kikj djus okys yk[kksa yksxksa us viuh dekbZ ,oa O;kikj [kks fn;kA nksuksa ns'kksa dh lhek&js[kk esa fLFkr jkT;ks a dh d`f"k dks rxM+ k >Vdk yxk gSA d` f"k fu;kZ rdksa dksvR;f/kd uqdlku dk lkeuk djuk iM+k gSA
nh?kZdkyhu foRrh; gkfu& vkradh geyksa ds dkj.k ns'k dh vk/kkjHkwr la jpuk dks {kfr igaqph gSA ns'k dks izR;{k vkfFkZd uqdlku mBkuk iM+ k gSA geys esa bekjr rFkk cq u;knh <k¡pk u"V gqvk gSA ifj.kke Lo:i mRiknu esa deh vkbZ gSA 26@11 eqEcbZ geyks a dh {kfriwfRkZ esa yxHkx 500 djksM+ :i;ks a dh jkf'k yx xbZA vkradh geyksa ds dkj.k chek m|ksx dks {kfriwfrZ ds :i es a cM+h jde dk Hkqxrku ihfM+rksa dks djuk iM+k ftlds dkj.k chek m|ksx dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr pjejk xbZA
j{kk O;; esa o`f¼& vkradokn ds dkj.k Hkkjr dks Hkkjh&Hkjde j{kk O;; ogu djuk iM+rk gSA Åaps j{kk ctV okys ns 'kksa esa Hkkjr dk 9oka LFkku gSA 2009&10 esa Hkkjr dk j{kk O;; 32]700]000]000vesfjdh Mkyj FkkA ;fn vkradokn dk
lk;k Hkkjr es a u iM+rk rks blh iS ls dk mi;ks x f'k{kk] fpfdRlk] jks M fuekZ .k dk;Z] fctyh bR;kfn es a fd;k tk ldrk FkkA fu"d"kZ& vkra dokn us Hkkjrh; vFkZ O;oLFkk ij viuh xgjh Nki NksM+h gSA4108 vkradh geyksa ds dkj.k fuos'kd Hkkjh euksoSKkfud ncko esa gSA laln ij geyk 2001 eqEcbZ geyk 26@11 ds ckn
fujk'kkoknh ekgkSy mRiUu gqvk ftldk lh/kk vlj iz R;{k fons'kh iwath fuos'k ij iM+ rk gSA vkrad us ns'k ds m|ksx&/ka /kksa dks Hkh viuh pisV esa fy;k gSA i;ZVu m|ksx] d`f"k] chek rFkk ;krk;kr m|ksx blds vPNs [kkls nq "ifj.kke >sy jgs gSA vkfFkZd mRikndh; xfrfof/k;ksa esa ;g ck/kd lkfcr gqvk gSA ljdkj dks lqj{kk mik; ij Hkkjh jkf'k [kpZ
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djuh iM+rh gSA ogha fxjrh iwath fuos 'k ij Hkkjrh; vFkZ O;oLFkk ds fy, xaHkhj gSA bl
ij ge ;g dg ldrs gsS fd vkradokn Hkkjrh; vFkZ O;oLFkk ,oa vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ds fodkl eas xEHkhj pqukSrh gS vkradokn dk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk nq"izHkko iM+ k gSA Hkkjr ds jk"Vª ifr MkW iz.ko eq[kthZ us dgk gS] rhljk fo'o ;q¼] 'khr ;q¼ ;k vkradokn ds f[kykQ yM+kbZ pkSFkk fo'o&;q¼ gS vkSj ;g fo'o&;q¼ blfy;s gS D;ksafd ;g viuk 'kSrkuh flj nqfu;k es a dgha Hkh mBk ldrk gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
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fnYyh] 20112- jk;] vt; ds-] dkjfxy ;q¼ esa Hkkjrh; fefM;k dh Hkwfedk] lqj{kk v/;;u tujy 2001
fjiksVZ&1- lqj{kk ij fnYyh f'k[kj okrkZ 14 Qjojh 2007
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osclkbZV&1. www.wikipedia.org
2. www.timesof india.com
3. www.rediff.com
4- www.indiabix.com
5- www.topies.nytimes.com
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vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ,oa e/; izns'k dk vkfFkZd fodkl vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ,oa e/; izns'k dk vkfFkZd fodkl vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ,oa e/; izns'k dk vkfFkZd fodkl vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ,oa e/; izns'k dk vkfFkZd fodkl vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ,oa e/; izns'k dk vkfFkZd fodkl
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¹ izk/;kid vFkZ'kkL=] 'kkldh; usg: LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky;] cq<+kj] ftyk&'kgMksy (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& foxr 10 o"kks Za esa vk/kkjHkwr <kW apk {ks=ks a es a futh fuos'k dks vkdf"kZr djus es a cgqr vf/kd izxfr gqbZ gSA igys nwjlapkj ds ek/;e ls] fQj lM+dksa ,oa ifjoguks a esa vyx&vyx ifj;kstukvks a ds ek/;e lsA iz/kkuea =h dh v/;{krk es a vk/kkjHkwr <k¡ pk laca/kh lfefr usfuos'k vko';drkvks a dk vuqeku bl izdkj yxk;k gS jk"Vªh; jktekxZ {ks= es a 2013 rd
1]72]000 djksM+ :i;s] gokbZ vM~Mks a ds fy, 40]000 djksM+ :i;s] ifjoguksa ds fy, 50]000 djksM+ :Ik;s bl fuos'k dk dkQh cM+k fgLlk futh {ks= ls vkus dh vk'kk gSA ;g vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd Hkkjr esa dsoy vk/kkjHkwr <akW pk {ks= es a gh vxys ikW ap o"kks Za esa 150fcfy;u Mkyj ds izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dks lek;ksftr djus dh lEHkkouk gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lrr vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, vk/kkj Hkwr <Wakps dh egRrk lqfofnr gSA vi;kZIr vkS j v{ke vk/kkjHkw r <Wa kps ls mRiUu gksus okyh mPp ys u&ns u ykxrksa ds dkj.k vFkZ O;oLFkk
dk fodkl iw jh {kerk ls ugha gks ldrk gSA Hkys gh nw ljs ekspksZa ij fdruh gh izxfr D;ksa u gqbZ gksA HkkSfrd vk/kkjHkwr <akWapk ftlesa ifjorZu fo|qr vkS j blds i~ "BHkq[kh vkS j vxzeq[kh la ;kstu lq fo/kkvksa dh o f¼ ds ek/;e ls la pkj] lkekftd vk/kkjHkwr <a kWapk
ftles a ty vkiwfrZ] f'k{kk vkS j LokLF; tks izkFkfed lsokvksa ds Lo:i esa 'kkfey gS dk thou Lrj ij lh/kk izHkko iM+rk gSA foxr 10 o"kksZa esa vk/kkjHkwr <kWapk {ks=ks a esa futh fuos'k dks vkdf"kZr djus esa cgqr vf/kd izxfr gq bZ gSA igys nwjla pkj ds ek/;e ls ] fQj lM+ dks a ,oa ifjoguks a es a vyx& vyx ifj;kstukvksa ds ek/;e lsA Hkkjr es a ljdkjh&futh Hkkxhnkjh ls vk/kkjHkw r <kW aps es a deh dks iwjk djus dh cgq r lEHkkouk gSA nloha iapo"khZ;
;kstuk ds nkSjku vk/kkjHkwr <+kWps esa okafNr 2008&09 ds ewY;ksa ij dqy fuos 'k tks vkjEHk esa 10]89]400 djksM+ :i;s vuqekfur Fkk] dks la'kksf/kr dj e/;kof/k ewY;ka du esa 11]08]800 djksM+ :i;s fd;k x;k gSA iz/kkuea=h dh v/;{krk esa vk/kkjHkwr <Wa kpk
laca /kh lfefr us fuos'k vko';drkvksa dk vuqeku bl izdkj yxk;k gS jk"Vª h; jktekxZ{ks= esa 2013 rd 1]72]000 djksM+ :i;s] gokbZ vM~ Mksa ds fy,] 40]000 djks M+ :i;s]
ifjoguksa ds fy, 50]000 djksM+ :Ik;s] bl fuos'k dk dkQh cM+k fgLlk futh {ks= lsvkus dh vk'kk gSA ;g vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd Hkkjr esa dsoy vk/kkjHkwr <akWpk {ks=
esa gh vxys ikWap o"kks Za esa 150 fcfy;u Mkyj ds izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dks lek;ksftr djus dh lEHkkouk gSA mijksDr rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ge e/; izns 'k jkT; esa vk/kkjHkw r lajpuk dh fLFkfr ,oa blds fodkl ij iz dk'k Mkys xsaA lEiw .kZ 'kks/k&i= esa fofHkUu fcUnq vksa ij Øeokj izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA
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1- e/; iz ns'k jkT; dh orZ eku fLFkfr
2- e/; izns 'k jkT; esa vk/kkjHkw r lajpuk dh fLFkfr 3- 'kks/k iz.kkyh 4- vk/kkjHkwr la jpuk jkT; ds fodkl es a dgkWa rd lgk;d
e/; izns'k jkT; dh orZeku fLFkr& 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vafre vkadM+ksa ds vuq lkj e/; izns 'k jkT; dh dqy tula[;k 6]03]48]023 gSA ;gkW a lk{kkjrk dh nj 63-7ø gSA fya xkuqikr 919 iz fr gtkj iq:"k gSA ns'k es a ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ izLrq r djus
okyk izFke jkT; e/; iz ns'k gsA tcfd ekuo fodkl lwpdkad vk/kkfjr Øe esa 1991 esa 13osa LFkku esa ,oa 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vk/kkj ij 12osa LFkku esa jgh vFkkZ r ge dg ldrs gS fd ge fodkl rks dj jgs a ij /kheh xfr lsA e/; izns'k jkT; esa vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk dh fLFkfr&
f'k{kk& jkT; esa jktho xkW a/kh f'k{kk fe'ku dh LFkkiuk 4 tuojh] 1994 dks dh xbZFkhA¹ ;g jkT; ns 'k dk izFke jkT; gSA ftlds ns oh vfgY;k fo'ofo|ky; bankSj us bLVuZ
fo'ofo|ky; ves fjdk (vFkkZ r fdlh fosns 'kh fo'ofo|ky;) ds lkFk v/;;u o vuqla /kku laca /kh ijLij lgefr (,e-vks-;w -) ij gLrk{kj dj dhfrZeku LFkkfir fd;kA¹ e/; izns'k esa lk{kjrk 63-7ø gSA ftlesa iq:"k lk{kjrk 76-8ø ,oa efgyk
lk{kjrk 50-3ø gh e/; izns'k dh iq:"k lk{kjrk jk"Vªh; lk{kjrk ls vf/kd gSA¹ e/; iz ns'k esa f'k{kk xka jVh ;kstuk 1 tuojh] 1997 ls ykxw gqbZ gSA¹ y{ehckbZ jk"Vª h; 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk laLFkku (Xokfy;j) ns'k ,oa ,f'k;k dk igyk vius rjg dk ,dek= laLFkku gS ftldh LFkkiuk vxLr 1957 esa gqbZA
¹ loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku ds rgr izns 'k esa izkjafHkd f'k{kk ds yksd O;kihdj.k gs rq loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku dk fØ;kUo;u izns'k ds leLr ftyks a es a fd;k tk jgk gS ftles a 6 ls14 o"kZ dh vk;q oxZ ds lHkh cPPkksa dks 'kkyk Hks tuk gSA mudh xq.kkRed f'k{kk dks
lqfuf'pr djukA 'kkyk R;kx djus dh nj dks de djuk gSA¹ 'kkyk;s a&iz ns'k esa oRkZeku esa 97]900 izkFkfed 'kkyk;s a gSA ftuesa 82]185 'kkldh; 1919 lsVsykbZV] 13]915 futh ,oa 881 lgk;rk iz kIr izkFkfed 'kkyk;sa gSA 39]227
ek/;fed 'kkyk;sa gSa buesa 26]928 'kkldh;] 11]999 futh ,oa 300 lgk;rk izkIr ek/;fed 'kkyk;s a gSA¹ Ldwy f'k{kk ,oa egkfo|ky;hu f'k{kk dks iz ksRlkfgr djus] Nk=kvksa esa f'k{kk dks
iz ksRlkfgr djus gs rq **xkWo dh csVh ;kstuk** ^^izfrHkk fdj.k ;ks tuk^^ ^^foØekfnR; ;kstuk^^ bR;kfn pykbZz tk jgh gSA flapkbZ& fla pkbZ {ks= esa o"kZ 2011&12 ds fy;s :i;s 3]605 djksM+ ds izko/kku gSA o"kZ Z2011&12 esa izkjEHk dh tk jgh gSA 10 o`gn ,oa 4 e/;e uohu flapkbZ ifj;kstukvksa ds
iw .kZ gks us ij 1]46]226 gsDVs;j {ks= esa vfrfjDr flapkbZ lqfo/kk iznku dh xbZ gSA LokLF;& LokLF;&Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn ls LokLF; ds {ks= esa dkQh izxfr gqbZ gSA2002 esa ns'k dh vke tula[;k ds chp vPNs LOkkLF; ds Lohdk;Z ekudks a dks izkIr fd;s
tkus ds cq fu;knh mn~ ~ns '; iz kIr fd;s gSaA ljdkj us 2004 esa lapkjh jksxks a dh fuxjkuh dks
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etcw r cukUks vkS j xSj la pkjh jksxksa ds fy;s tks f[ke dkjdksa ij fuxjkuh j[kus ds dk;ZØe
cuk;sA vk;kstu ifj;kstuk dk yxHkx 55ø eysfj;k] risfnd] dq"V jksx] ,M~l dS alj vkS j ekufld fod`fr;ksa ij O;; fd;k tk;sxkA e/; iz ns 'k esa orZeku es a fpfdRlk {ks=ksa
esa v/kkslajpuk dk;ksZ a ds fy;s :i;s 168 djks M+ dk izko/kku gSA ftlesa xkWa/kh esMhdy dkW yst] Hkksiky esa ok;jksykth ySc dh LFkkiuk] tcyiqj es a fpfdRlk fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk nhun;ky vaR;ks n; mipkj ;kstuk gsrq 35 djks M+ dk iz ko/kku gSA nwjlapkj& nwjla pkj {ks= esa nks ljdkjh {ks= ds miØe Hkkjr la pkj fuxe fyfeVs M (BSNL ) vkS j egkuxj Vs yhQks u fuxe fyfeVsM (MTNL ) dh fQDlM VsyhQksu ds cktkj fgLlksa esa deh vkus ds ckotwn eks ckby VsyhQks u lsok essa o`f¼ gqbZ gSAczkMcSaM xzkgdks dh la[;k esa egRoiw.kZ o`f¼ gq bZ gSA okf.kT; ,oa m|ksx dks lqpk: djus es a bldk izHkko jgk gSA nwjla pkj ls xkW o dh lwpuk vkt gesa rRdky izkIr gks tkrh gS] vFkkZ r e/;
iz ns'k esa gj xkWo dks izR;{k :i ls nwjlapkj lsok ls tks M+us dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k gSAv/kkslajpuk fodkl& o"kZ 2011&12 esa mtkZ ds varZxr :i;s 5]169 djks M+ dk
iz ko/kku j[kk x;k gSA tks fd o"kZ 2010&11 ls 65ø vf/kd gSA¹ QhMj foHkfDrdj.k ;ks tuk ds varZxr o"kZ 2011&12 es a vuqekfur dqy O;;
:i;s 2]490 djksM+A¹ d` "kdksa dks lLrh njksa ij flapkbZ gsrq fctyh miyC/k djkus gsrq vuq nku ds :i es a
o"kZ 2011&12 esa :i;sa 1]455 djksM+ dk izko/kkuA¹ lexz rduhdh ,oa okf.kfT;d gkfu dks de djus ds fy;s fo|qr T;ksfr iq:Ldkj
;kstuk iz Lrkfor ;kstuk varxZr uxj ikfydk dks :Ik;s 10 yk[k] uxj iapk;r dks :i;s5 yk[k :i;s] xzke iapk;r dks 1 yk[k ds eku ls iq :Ld`r fd;k tk;sxkA
fo|qr lsok& fo|qr mtkZ dk lcls lq xe lk/ku gS ;gh dkj.k gS fd mtkZ ds vU; lk/kuksa dh rqyuk esa bldh ekW x cgqr rsth ls c<+h gSA vkt thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa fo|q r dk mi;ksx ,d vfuok;Z va x cu x;k gSA e/; iz ns'k esa fo|q r mRiknu 1905 esa iz kjEHk gqvkA 1930 rd futh daifu;ksa o ns 'kh fj;klrksa ds fu;a =.kk/khu NksVs&NksVs 10 fo|qr x` g dk;Zjr Fksa 10 flrEcj] 1948 dks fo|qr iznk; vf/kfu;e ykxw fd;k x;k vkSj fo|qr iz nk; dk dk;Z e/; izns'k fo|qr eaMy dks lkSi fn;k x;kA izns'k esa fo|qqr mRiknu dsUnz gSA (1) rkih; fo|qr x`g (2) ty fo|qr x`gA rkih; fo|qr x`g& dks;ys ls mRiUu dh tkus okyh fctyh dks rki fo|qr dgrs gaSA e/; iz ns'k esa mRiUu vf/kdrj fctyh blh izdkj dh gSAvejda Vd rki x`g ftldh mRiknu {kerk 300 es xkokV gS] lriqM+k rki fo|qr dsUnz dh LFkkfir {kerk 1]142-5 esxkokV] foU/;kpy o`gn rki fo|q r ifj;kstuk dh LFkkfir {kerk 2260 esxkokV gSA pkWnuh rki fo|qr dsUnz] tcyiqj rki fo|qr dsUnz] lat;xkWa /kh rki fo|qr dsUnz] isa p rki fo|q r x`g] cka/ko o ekaMw rki fo|qr x` g vkfn gSA ty fo|qr x`g& ftu LFkkuksa ij mpkbZ ls fxjus okys ikuh ls fctyh dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS ogkW ty fo|qr dsUnz gksrk gSA¹ xkW/kh lkxj ty fo|qr dsUnz&ea nlkSj ftys ds Hkkuiqjk rglhy es a xWak/kh lkxj
cka/k&1960 esa cuk;k x;k gS blh cka/k ij 93 ehVj yack xka/kh lkxj fo|qr ds Unz gSa ftlesa 15&15 ehVj dh nwjh ij 2]30]000 fdyksokV 'kfDr ds 5 fo|qr mRiknu la;=
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yxk;s x;s gS] blesa 60ø Hkkjka 'k dh de ls de 60 gtkj fdyksehVj fctyh izkIr gksus
yxh gSA¹ jk.kk izrki lkxj ty fo|qr dsUnzø ;g dsUnz xkW a /kh lkxj cka/k ls 48 fdyks ehVj
nwj /kqfy;k izrki ds ikl jkorHkkVk es a cuk;k x;k gS blesa fo|qr x` g dh nks bdkbZ;kWa LFkkfir dj fo|qr mRiknu dk dk;Z 'kq : fd;k tk pqdk gaSA ;krk;kr& xz keh.k {ks= lkekU; {ks= ds ikWp lkS vkS j vkfnoklh {ks= ds 250 ls de vkcknh okys jktLo xzkeks a esa xzke lM+ d cukus ds fy;s o"kZ 2010&11 ls eq[;ea=h xzke
lM+ d ;ks tuk 'kq: dh xbZ gSA blds varxZr 2013 rd ,sls lHkh xzkeksa dks ckjgeklh lM+dks ls tksM+us dk y{; gSA tks xz ke iz/kkuea=h xzke lM+d ;kstuk ds nk;js esa ugha vkrs gs rhu pj.kksa esa 19 gtkj 386 fdyksehVj xzsoy lM+ dsa cukbZ tk;s xhA bl dk;Z ij 3294 djksM+ :i;s [kpZ gksxkA izFke pj.k esa 27820 lM+dksa rFkk 11954 iqy&iqfy;ksa dh
Lohd`fr nh xbZ gSA vHkh&rd 1135 lM+dks ds dk;Z izkjEHk gks pqds gSSaA ,slh ;kstuk ,sls NksVs xkWoksa es a ckjgeklh LkM+dsa cu jgh gS a tks iz/kkuea=h xzkeh.k lM+ d ;kstuk ds nk;js a esa ugha vkrhA bu LkM+dksa ds cuus ls bu xkWo dk tuthou lq /kj jgk gS vkSj ogkW fofHkUUUk iz dkj dh lkekftd vkfFkZ d fodkl xfrfof/k;ksa dks cy feyk gSA 'kks/k iz.kkyh& leLr 'kks/k&i= f¼rh;d laedks ij vk/kkfjr gS S D;ks afd vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ds varxZr vkus okys leLr ;kstukvks a ,oa xfrfof/k;ksa dk C;kSjk fofHkUu i=&if+=dkvksa ls fy;k x;k gS ijUrq bu vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ds varxZr vkus okyh ;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u ls e/; izns'k jkT; ds fodkl es a dgkWa rd lkFkZd jgh gSA dgh ;s leLr ;ks tuk;s a ,oa xfrfo/k;ks a dkxtks rd gh lhfer u gks dk irk yxkus ds fy;s dqN iz'uks a dk lgkjk ysdj izkFkfed tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij fu.kZ; rd igq Wapus dh
dks f'k'k dh xbZ gSAvk/kkjHkw r la jpuk dk jkT; ds vkfFkZ d fodkl ij izHkko& leh{kkRed v/;;u e/; izns 'k dh vkfFkZd izxfr blds vk/kkjHkw r lajpukRed fodkl ls tqM+h gSA
rFkk bu nksuksa ds chp etcwr ldkjkREkd la ca/k gSA ihus dk ikuh lQkbZ lfoZlst O;oLFkk] fctyh vkSj xSl dh vkiwfrZ] ifjogu ij [kpZ izkFkfed LokLF; lqfo/kk;s a fo'ks"kdj NksVs 'kgjksa ds ikl i;kZIr foRrh; lalk/ku u gksus ds dkj.k muds fy;svk/kkjHkw r ls okvksa dh c<+rh ekWax dks iwjk djuk eqf'dy gks jgk gS volajpukRed ?kkVk
e/; iz ns'k dk ihNk ugha NksM+ jgk gS vPNh xq.koŸkk okyh volajpuk e/;izns'k ds fy;s t:jh gSA ftlls blds nh?kZ dkyhu] m/oZxkeh fodkl dks c<+kok fey ldsA¹ e/; izns'k dh fo|qr laca/kh fLFkfr vHkh Hkh fparktud cuh gqbZ gS fo|q r dh
lqfuf'pr vkiw frZ u gksus ls vFkZO;oLFkk ds fofHkUUk {ks=ksa ds fodkl esa ck/kk iM+rh gSA¹ e/; izns'k es a f'k{kk ,oa LokLF; nksuksa esa lq /kkj gsrq 2005&06 ds nkSjku vkjEHk
fd;s x;s u;s dk;Z Øeksa dk y{; fo'ks"k :i ls bUgha mn~ ns';ks a dks izkIr djuk gSA vkus okys o"kksZa esa nh tk jgh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk rFkk cqfu;knh LokLF; lsokvks a dh xq .koRrk dks cs grj cukukA e/;kUg~ Hkkstu ;kstuk dbZ izdkj dh vkfFkZ d lq fo/kk;sa loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku dk pyk;k tkuk ij buls f'k{kk ds Lrj ij ftruk lq/kkj gksuk pkfg, utj ugha vk jgk gSA
LokLF; lqfo/kkvks a es a nhun;ky vaR;ksn; ;kstuk;s mipkj ;ks tuk] tuuh lqj{kk
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;kstuk dks ftrus izHkkoukRed rjhds ls dke djuk pkfg, os ugha dj jgha gSA ;s rks Fkh
vk/kkjHkw r lajpuk dh dfBukbZ;kWa ,oa dfe;kW aA bu dfe;ksa ds ckotwn e/; izns'k es a vk/kkjHkw r lajpuk ds dq N {ks=ks a esa lq/kkjkRed ,oa ldkjkRed dne mBk;s x;s gSA tks
ljkguh; gS tSlsA¹ Rks th ls fodflr gks jgs nwjlapkj {ks= rFk fofHkUUk lsok iznkrkvksa esa xgu izfrLi/kkZ
ds ifj.kkeLOk:i lsokvska dh xq.koRrk rFkk mudh oguh;rk esa lq/kkj gqvk gSA lsok iznkrk vc u;s rFkk yqHkkous iSds t is'k djus yxs gS ftlls os vius vfHknRr vk/kkj dk foLrkj
djds mls dk;e j[k ldsasA eks ckbZy Qksu dks vc ,d ,slk la ;a= ekuk tkus yxk gsA ftlls fMftVy va rj dks nwj djus esa lgk;rk feysxhA izfrLi/kkZ rFkk fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkk ls e/;kof/kd nkSj esa nwjlapkj {ks= dk fuLiknu cs grj cukus esa lgk;rk
feysaxhA gkWaykfd bl {ks= dks ba VjusV la jpuk }kjk is 'k dh xbZ pqukS fr;ksa ls fuiVuk
iM+s xkA¹ lM+d {ks = ds fy;s rS;kj fd;s x;k vkn'kZ fj;k;r djkj ls lM+d ifj;kstukvks a
dks le; ls iwjk djus esa lgk;rk feys xhA futhdj.k gksus ls bu {ks=ksa dh mRikndrk cs grj gksxhA bls etcw r djus ds fy;s tkjh iz;klksa ls e/;kof/k nkS j es a eky dh vkoktkgh esa lq/kkj gksxkA bu ifj;kstukvks a vkSj u;s a dk;ZØeks a ds ykHk dqN o"kks Za dh vof/k ds i'pkr gh fn[kkbZ nsa xs D;ksa fd lkekU;r% bu ifj;kstukvksa dh dk;kZUo;u
iz fØ;k esa yEck le; yx tkrk gSA¹ vkfFkZd v/kkslajpuk dk cgq r cM+k Hkkx flapkbZ ÅtkZ 'kfDr] jsYos] lapkj dks;yk
,oa rsy vkSj bLikr tks eq[;r% lkoZtfud {ks= ds v/hku ;k fQj blds }kjk ifjpkfyr Fksa os iz k;% vuqdw y {kerk ls ldy Lrj ij gh dk;Z djrs gS vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dh
vko';drkvksa dks iw.kZ ugha dj ikrs gSA 1979&80 esa vks|ksfxd mRiknu es a xfrjks/k dk eq[; dkj.k bldh vlQyrk Fkh ,s lk Hkh fopkj fd;k tkrk jgk gSA fd pwafd jkT; ds fy;s foRrh; lalk/ku c<+kuk vf/kd dfBukbZ gSA blfy;s a mfpr gh gSA buesa futh {ks= dks 'kkfey djuk ftlls] rsth ls vkfFkZd fodkl laHko gks ldsA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- vkfFk Zd leh{kk& izdk'kd Hkkjr ljdkj 2010&11] Page-187,201,202,209
2- Hkkjrh; vFk Z'kkL=&izfr;ksfxrkniZ.k&Extra Essue-2011; Page-27,28
3- ik.Ms; vkuan dqekj Jherh ik.Ms; vpZuk lkekU; v/;;u& izdk'ku e/;izns'k 4- fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] Page-365 ls 383
5- :nznÙk] jktnÙk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh izeq[k leL;k;sa&izxfr ifCyds'akl 2007A6- fincomindia.nic.in/
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miHkksDrk O;ogkj dk euksfoKku miHkksDrk O;ogkj dk euksfoKku miHkksDrk O;ogkj dk euksfoKku miHkksDrk O;ogkj dk euksfoKku miHkksDrk O;ogkj dk euksfoKku
¹ ujs'k dq ekj usek ¹ ujs'k dqekj usek ¹ ujs'k dq ekj usek ¹ ujs'k dqekj usek ¹ ujs'k dqekj usek
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¹ fo|kiqje] cVkfy;u jksM] edjksfu;k] lkxj (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
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lkjka'k& miHkksDrk euksfoKku] miHkksDrk }kjk fdlh oLrq ds Ø; djus dh izfØ;k dk v/;;u djrk gSA miHkksDrk euksfoKku es a os leLr euksoSKkfud izfØ;k;s a vkrh gS a] tks oLrqvksa ]lsokvks a rFkk fopkjks a dh izkfIr ,oa miHkksx ,oa vftZr djus esa fufgr gksrh gS aA v/;;u ds bl O;kogkfjd {ks= es a euksfoKku dh lHkh 'kk[kkvksa ds izR;;ks a ,oa fl¼karksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl {ks= dh loZizFke ikB~; iqLrd 1967 es a izdkf'kr gqbZ vkS j 1974 esa *n tuZy vkW Q dUT;wej fjlpZ^ izdkf'kr gqvkA miHkksDrk euksoS Kkfud nSfud thou dh leL;kvks a dk lek/kku izkIr djus dk iz;kl djrs gSa A bl {ks= esa oLrqr% vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa ] O;kikfjd dEifu;ks a rFkk lekt 'kkfL=;ksa }kjk fd;s x;s v/;;u gh mi;qDr ik;s x;s gSa A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
miHkksDrk euks foKku O;ogkj ,oa fo"k; {ks = dks Ø; O;ogkj ds lanHkZ esa csgrj <ax ls le>k tk ldrk gSA miHkks Drk O;ogkj ds mikxe esa ikWap izeq[k v/;;u {ks= vkrs gSa A buesa ls igyk gS miHkks Drk vkxr] blds varxZr fofHkUu mn~nhid vkrs gSa ] tks fd miHkksDrk O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs gS a tSls fd cktkjksUeq[k vkxr] Vs yhfotu] dEI;wVj] jsfM;ks] if=dkvksa es a izdkf'kr foKkiu vkfn] ftu ij O;kikfjd dEifu;kWa yk[kksa :i;s
[kpZ djrh gSA bles a 'kks/k dh izeq[k leL;k ;g gS fd miHkksDrk dk /;ku dS ls vkdf"kZ r fd;k tk;s] lans 'k dks dSls izHkko'kkyh cuk;k tk;s rFkk miHkksDrk dks vkdf"kZ r dSls djsa fd og gekjh oLrq dk p;u djsA O;kikj ds {ks = es a ,s ls vkxr fdlh mRiknu dks cktkj esa LFkkfir djus ds O;w g ds :i esa fodflr fd;s tkrs gS aA blds lkFk gh miHkksDrk O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djus okys ikfjfLFkfrd dkjd Hkh ns[ks x;s gSa] tSls fd lqij cktkj esa oLrq vks a dh O;oLFkk] izLrqrhdj.k vkfn miHkksDrk ds Ø; O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs gSa A ifjfLFkfrd dkjdksa ds va rxZ r nwljk dkjd lkekftd okrkoj.k ds izHkko esa ;g tkuus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gS fd vU; O;fDr;ksa dh mifLFkfr vkSj mudh izR;kf{kr vkdka{kk;s a miHkksx dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrh gSaA osDVs a'ku (1966) us ;g ik;k fd vU; yks xksa dh ekU;rk;sa oLrqvksa ds p;u dks ukVdh; <ax ls izHkkfor djrh gSaA
miHkksDrkvksa ds lk{kkRdkjks a ls ;g Li"V gks rk gS fd mRrjnkrkvks a us nwljksa dh ila n dks tkuus ds ckn oL=ksa ds izfr vius izR;{khdj.k dks cny fn;kA le; rhljk ikfjfLFkfrd dkjd gSA fiNys dqN o"kks Z ds nkSjku *QkLV QwM^ js LrjkWa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA bldh O;k[;k bl izdkj dh tk ldrh gS fd ikjEifjd Hkkstu ds fy, miyC/k le; dk vHkko gks rk tk jgk gSA nwljh vksj ;g Hkh tkuuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd yksx vius vodk'k ds
?k.Vs dSls fcrkrs gSa vkSj oLrqvksa dk pquko muds Ø; O;ogkj dks dS ls izHkkfor djrk
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gSA ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ pkSFkk ifjfLFkfrd dkjd *lad`R;^ gSA [kjhnh tkus okyh oLrq dk
iz dkj ,oa xq.koRrk vDlj [kjhnnkjh dk dkj.k rFkk y{; ij fuHkZj djrk gSA miHkksDrk vyx <ax ls O;ogkj djs xkA vxj [kjhnnkjh ,d migkj gS rks miHkksDrk vyx <ax ls
O;ogkj djs xkA vxj [kjhnnkjh vius fy, gS rks og nwljs <ax ls O;ogkj djsxkA miHkksDrk O;ogkj esa vkfFkZd dkjd ,d iz eq[k fo"k; jgk gSA eqnzkLQhfr ds nkS jku yksxksa us [kjhnnkjh esa cgqr lk iS lk yxk;kA ;g [kjhnnkjh muds fy, eqnzkLQhfr ls cpko ;k ck<+ dk dke djus okys fl¼ gqbZ] blesa miHkks Drkvks a us viuh vk; ds cgqr de Hkkx dh cpr dhA lu 1981] 82 dh ea nh ds nkS jku eqnzkLQhfr dh foijhr iz fØ;k gq bZ edkuks a ds Hkko fxjs] C;kt nj c<+h vkSj yks xksa us fQj ls cpr djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA vkfFkZd dkjd ,d ra= ijd dkjd gS] tks iwjs lekt dks leku :Ik ls izHkkfor djrk gSA blls u dsoy Ø; O;ogkj vfirq m|+ksxksa ds mRiknu vkS j m|ksxksa esa iwWath fuos'k ij Hkh izHkko
iM+rk gSA miHkks Drk O;ogkj mikxe dk nwljk vo;o lwpuk x`g.k gSA fdlh mRiknu ds ckjs es a lwpuk x`g.k djus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd yksxksa ds le{k lw puk izLrqr dh tk ldsA foKkiudrkZvksa ds lEeq[k izeq[k leL;k ;g gS fd fdlh lwpuk dh izLrqrhdj.k dk iwokZuqeku miHkksDrk dSls dj ldrs gSa vkSj ml foKkiu lwpuk ls vius vkidks dS ls cpk ldrs gSa A mnkgj.k ds fy, Vsyhfotu ds n'kZd foKkiu le; dk pquko izlk/ku d{k esa fcrkus es a O;rhr djus esa dj ldrs gSaA lw puk ds izLrqrhdj.k dh leL;kvksa ds leku gh lwpuk ds vo/kku dh Hkh leL;k lkeus vkrh gSA miHkksDrk lwpuk lalk/ku dh ekax dks lhfer djus ds fy, p;ukRed vo/kku dk lgkjk ysrs gSaA blesa izeq [k leL;k ;g gS fd lwpukvksa dk fuekZ .k fdl iz dkj fd;k tk;s fd miHkksDrk dk /;ku mlesa yxk;k tk ldsA nks izdkj ds vo/kku euksfoKku esa cryk;s x;s gSa izFke ,sfPNd ,oa
nwljk] vuSfPNdA ,sfPNd vo/kku ekufld iz;kl dks fdUgha fuf'pr y{;ks a ,oa ;kstukvksa esa gh layXu djrk gSA foKkiudrkZ ,s ls ,sfPNd vo/kku izfØ;kvksa dk Qk;nk ;g fuf'pr djus esa yxkrs gS a fd os y{; ,oa ;ks tuk;s a D;k gSa] ftuls mudk miHkks Drk cktkj curk gSA vuSfPNd vo/kku mn~nhid ds izfr og izfrfØ;k gS] tks miHkks Drkvks a ds y{;ks a ,oa ;kstukvks a dk vax ugha gSA miHkksDrk euksfoKku esa bl ckr ds izek.k feyrs gSa fd ,afPNd ,oa vuSfPNd vo/kku ds lfØ; lwpuk iz Øeksa ds u gksrs gq, Hkh miHkks Drk i;kZoj.k ds ckjs esa lw puk;sa xzg.k djrs gS aA bl izdkj ds vf/kxe dks fuEu la yXurk okyk vf/kxe dgk tk ldrk gSA ftles a fdlh mRiknu dk vf/kxe miHkksDrk }kjk psru /kjkry ij ugha fd;k tkrk gSA Øq xeSu (1965) ds vuqlkj Vs yhfotu foKkiuks a dk cgqr
lk izHkko fuEu layXurk dh izfØ;k ds varxZr gksrk gSA mUgks aus vkxs lq>k;k fd bl izdkj ds vf/kxe esa miHkks Drk ds lqj{kk dop mrus fØ;k'khy ugha gks rs gS a] ifj.kkeLo:i lwpuk;sa vis{kkd`r fcuk fdlh vkyks puk ds xzg.k dh tkrh gSa vkSj miHkksDrk vkxs pydj fdUgha oLrqvksa dks fcuk ;g tkus [kjhn ldrk gS fd mUgsa [kjhnus dk dkj.k D;k gSA miHkksDrk euks oSKkfud Le` fr izØe ds varxZ r ;g tkuus es a :fp j[krs gS a fd miHkksDrk fdlh mRiknu ds ckjs esa izkIr lw puk dks xzg.k djus ds i'pkr~ nh?kZdkfyd Le`fr esa dSls LFkkfir djrs gSaA ,d ifj.kke ;g ns [kk x;k gS fd ftu lwpukvksa dh vko`fRr ckj&ckj gksrh gS] nh?kZ dkfyd Hk.Mkj esa muds dwVla dsfrd gksus dh laHkkouk vf/kd gks rh gSA lk;j (1974) ds vuqlkj nh?kZdkfyd Le` fr ls yksxksa dh iz R;kOgku djus dh {kerk lanHkZ
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ifjorZu ls Hkh izHkkfor gks rh gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd foKkiu es a iz;qDr izfrekvksa dk mi;ks x
;fn nqdkuks a es a Hkh fd;k tkrk gS rks ;s izfrek;sa ml foKkiu ds izR;kOgku gksus dh rFkk foKkfir oLrq [kjhnh tk;s bldh laHkkouk;sa c<+k nsrh gSaA
miHkksDrk dh fu.kZ ; izfØ;k Hkh miHkksDrk O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrh gSA bl iz fØ;k ds va rxZr leL;k dh igpku] lw puk dh [kkst] oS dfYid ewY;kadu rFkk mRiknu dk p;u vkfn izfØ;k;sa Ja [kyk ds :i esa ?kfVr gksrh gSaA lkFk gh lkFk miHkksDrk ds oS;fDrd dkjd tSls&fo'okl] izsj.kk vfHko` fRr vkSj ewY;kWa du vkfn Hkh miHkksDrk O;ogkj dh leLr izfØ;kvksa dks izHkkfor djrs gS aA bl gsrq euksoS Kkfudksa }kjk miHkksDrk O;ogkj ds xgu v/;;u gsrq euksvkjs[k fodflr fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa fdlh mRiknu ds iz fr ilan] ukilan dks fofHkUu euks oSKkfud vk;keks a ls tksM+ k tkrk gS] tks miHkksDrk mRiknu dks ilan djrs gSa A ,s ls miHkksDrkvksa dh fo'ks "krkvksa dk mi;ks x mRiknu QeZ y{;
cktkj dk vkjs[k fodflr djus esa iz;q Dr djrh gSaA bl vkjs [k ds vk/kkj ij foKkiu u;k mRiknu] ew Y; fu/kkZ j.k vkS j forj.k dh ;ks tuk;s a cukbZ tkrh gS a A miHkks Drk euks oS Kkfud ,sls vus d dkjdksa ds izfr laosnu'khy gksrs gSa tks cktkj ra= dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA os ,slh lwpukvks a dk izcU/ku djus esa l{ke gksrs gS a ftudk lEcU/k fdlh mRiknu ds lQy gksus ds fy, vko';d fo'ks"krkvksa ls gksrk gSA bu lw pukvks a ds laxzg djus ds fy, fdlh mRiknu ds izfr miHkksDrk ilan vkSj miHkksDrk lew g ds ewY;ksa ,oa vfHko` fRr;ksa dh O;kid tkudkjh visf{kr gksrh gSA orZ eku le; esa rsth ls cnyrh gqbZ cktkj dh ifjfLFkfr;kWa iq jkus mRiknuksa dh iquZjpuk vkSj muds la'kks/ku ds fy, nckc Mky jgh gS a vr% miHkksDrk euksoSKkfudks a ij ;g nkf;Ro gS fd os ,s ls la'kks/ku ,oa iquZ jpuk ds mik; lq>k;sa ftudk iz R;{khdj.k miHkksDrk djs ,oa muds fy, Lohdk;Z gks aA ;g ns[kk tk jgk gS fd u;s
mRiknu ds cktkj esa o`f¼ ds lkFk&lkFk miHkksDrkvksa esa foHkktu Hkh rs th ls gksrk tk jgk gS bl foHkktu dk vk/kkj ;g gS fd lHkh miHkks Drk ,d tSls ugha gksrs gSa A tc fdlh mRiknu ds iz fr miHkks Drk dk iz R;{khdj.k vkSj mRiknu dks okLrfod :i ls tks lq fo/kk nsuk pkfg,] bu nksuksa ds chp es a tc Hksn gksrk gS rc miHkksDrk vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, fo/kkf;dk }kjk fu;a =.k vko';d gksrk gSA miHkks Drk euks oSKkfud ;gkW a ij dkuw ufonksa }kjk lq>k;s x;s oS/kkfud la 'kks/ku ds izfr turk dh izfrfØ;k dks fu/kkZfjr dj ldrk gSA orZeku esa Hkkjr tS ls iz tkrka f=d fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk okys jk"Vª esa futh ,oa ljdkjh nksuksa m|eksa ds ek/;e ls miHkksDrk dks vius vf/kdkjks a ds iz fr lpsr djuk vko';d yxus yxk gSA miHkksDrk dks lqfo/kk ds fy, oS/kkfud izko/kku gS ijUrq miHkksDrk dks mldh tkudkjh ugha gksrh gSA miHkksDrk dks 'kks"k.k ls cpkus ds fy, lu~ 1986 es a ^miHkks Drk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e* ikfjr fd;k x;k] ftlds varxZr miHkksDrk dh f'kdk;rsa lquus ,oa muds d"V nwj djus ds fy, jk"Vªh;] jkT; ,oa ftyk Lrj ij miHkksDrk Qks je dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSa A ;s Qks je miHkks Drk dks laj{k.k nsdj] gqbZ gkfu dk eqvkotk fnykus esa lgk;d gksrs gaSA miHkksDrk ;k miHkksDrkvksa dk lewg miHkksDrk dh Hkwfedk es a D;k djrs gS a\ ;g miHkksDrk vuqla/kku dh leL;k gSA lexz <ax ls ns[kk tk;s rks mRiknu dsafnzr egRoiw.kZ eqn~ nksa tSls& iks"k.k] LokLF; laj{k.k] ÅtkZ laj{k.k vkSj miHkksDrk ds O;kid dY;k.k ls lacaf/kr cgq r de vuq la /kku orZeku esa lkeus vk;s gSaA tc ge Ø; O;ogkj dh ckr djrs gS a rks gekjk ljksdkj ,sls dkjdksa ls gksrk gS] tks miHkksDrk O;ogkj
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ds [kjhnnkjh Lo:i dk fuekZ.k djrs gS aA bl lanHkZ esa tkbdks oLdh (1985) us Ø;
O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djus okyh **O;fDrxr layXurk ekiuh^^ dk fodkl fd;k ftlds }kjk fdlh mRiknu dh O;fDrxr izklkafxdrk dh ek=k dk ekiu fd;k tk ldrk gSA miHkksDrk euksoSKkfudksa us ,sls ekiu fodflr fd;s x;s gS a ftlds }kjk fdlh mRiknu ds lkFk miHkksDrk dk yxko o layXurk dks vU; vk;keksa ls tksM+ dj ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bu vk;keksa esa mRiknu dk izkR;Sf{kd egRo] [kjkc [kjhnnkjh ds ifj.kke ,oa laHkkouk] lq[koknh ewY; vkS j lkekftd igpku ;k izfr"Bk dk ewY; vkfn iz eq [k gS aA miHkksDrk lkekthdj.k ds varxZr dkyZlu ,oa xzkloVZ (1988) us ;g rF; lkeus j[kk fd lkekthdj.k ds izdkj tSls&fuja dq'krk] lEizHkqrk] mnkjoknh rFkk mnklhu] visf{krk vkfn miHkksDrk vkSj miHkksx dh tkus okyh oLrq ds chp e/;LFkrk dk dk;Z djrs gSs aA lkekthdj.k dk lh/kk laca/k miHkksx ds ckjs esa cPpksa vkSj ekrk&firk dk laokn] cPps
dh miHkks x Lora =rk vkfn ls gSA miHkksDrk euksoSKkfudksa }kjk lkekthdj.k ds varxZr dqN egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke izkIr fd;s x;s gS aA igyk] miHkks Drk lkekthdj.k dks ,d ih<+ h ls nwljh ih<+h esa yM+dh dh ilan ij mldh ekWa dh ilan ds :i esa ns[kk x;kA nwljk] thou Lrj esa ifjorZ u ds ifj.kkeLo:i] tS ls fd ?kj dh lajpuk esa ifjorZu ;k ukSdjh esa ifjorZu ls miHkksDrk vfHko`fRr;ks a esa ifjorZu rFkk mez c<+us ds lkFk Ø; rFkk miHkksDrk O;ogkj esa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu gksrs ns[ks x;s gSaA rhljk] miHkks Drk euks oSKkfudksa us bl ckr ij cy fn;k gS fd miHkksDrk O;ogkj dks dsoy varZOkS ;fDrd] laKkukRed vkS j fu.kZ; iz Øe ds }kjk gh ugha le>k tk ldrk oju~ Ø; vkSj miHkksDrk O;ogkj dh
txg lka Ld`frd vkSj lkekftd igpku ds dkjdksa esa Hkh fufgr gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- Anastasi, Anne (1979): Fields of applied Psychology, II edition, McGraw Hill.
2- Broadbent, D.E. (1958) Perception and Communication, New york, Pergamon
Press.
3- Broadbent, D.E. (1971) Decesion and stress, London, Academic press.
4- Carlson and Grossbart (1988) Why are Family Norms Changing So rapidly, The
International Perspective Newyork
5- David. J. McClellend (1956) Development of traits and motivs across the life
span proquest intornation and learning compony 3rd north zeab.
6- Gibson James J. (1979) Visual Perception: Environmental Psychology. P. 313-
318.
7- Krugman, H. E. (1965) The Impact of Television Advertising Learning. 349-356
8- Miller and busch (1979) Children and Advertising Library of congress catalogingin publicabion.
9- Redder (1981). Ethics children Advertisements Marketing, United kindom.
10- Rastogi, G.D.(1992) Modern Applied Psychology, Harprasad Bhargave; Kachari
Ghat Agra.
11- Saddalla and Burrough (1981) Applied Psychology: India Specific and cross:
cultural Perspective.
12- Gregory, W.L.and Burroughs (1989) Introduction to Applied Psychology. Scott
Foresman and Co-Publication.
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vfLrRo dks ryk'krh Hkkjrh; ukjh vfLrRo dks ryk'krh Hkkjrh; ukjh vfLrRo dks ryk'krh Hkkjrh; ukjh vfLrRo dks ryk'krh Hkkjrh; ukjh vfLrRo dks ryk'krh Hkkjrh; ukjh
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¹ O;k[;krk] fgUnh foHkkx] oSfnd dU;k LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] jktkikdZ] t;iqj
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& vf/kdka'k fL=;k¡ vius lqjf{kr ?ksjks a ls ckgj ugha fudyuk pkgrha A tks fL=;k¡ bl la?k"kZ esa 'kkfey gksrh gS a] muds ikl nwjxkeh Bksl dk;ZØe vkSj lgh fn'kk dh le> ugha gksrhA vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd ckS f¼d dk;Z okfg;ks a vkS j vkUnksyukRed xfrfof/k;ks a es a leUo; gks vkS j ,d lefiZ r fØ;kfUofr gksA tc rd L=h Lo;a viuh n`f"V esa vius vfLrRo
dks lkFkZdrk ugha iznku djrh vFkok iq:"kksa dks lqyHk vf/kdkj] egRo vkS j ewY;ks a dh pkg ugha djrh] tc rd og vius Hkfo"; ds }kj deZBrk ls [kksyus dk lkgl ugha djrh] rc rd og ijkfJr psruk ls eqDr ugha gks ldrhA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
^^eq>s :ykbZ jksuh gS] eq>s g¡lh g¡luh gS] eq >s thou ck¡puk gS]
eq>s Hkh rks M+uk gS f'ko dk /kuq"kA** okuh'k fxfj&usikyh ls vuqokn
lfn;ksa ls bl vlhe l` f"V ds chp iz 'UkfpUg lk [kM+k ekuo dk y?kq vkdkj viusvfLrRo dh igpku VVksyrk jgk gSA eSa dkSu gw ¡*] D;ksa gw¡* bl lpjkpj l`f"V esa esjh D;k
txg gS\ esjk mn~xe vkS j vUr D;k gS\ vius vfLrRo dh ;g ryk'k ge lcds fy, lcls igys lekt ls vius fj'rs dh ryk'k gS] D;ksafd lekt ls gekjs fj'rs dk tks lanHkZ curk gS] mlh dk Nks j Fkke dj ge vius ^Lo* dh ryk'k esa Hkhrj dks eqM+rs gSa A dguk u gksxk fd lekt ls mldk futh fj'rk cgqr cMs+ Lrj ij gj ekuo dh Lo* dh ryk'k dk LOk:i r; djrk gSA ^L=h dks iq:"k dh rjg lf"V dk lgt :i ls ^viuk* ekuus ds ctk; ^ckgjh* ds :i esa ns[kus dh bl jok;r dk gh Qy gS fd ^eSa dkSu gw¡* iw Nus ij ,d laos nu'khy L=h dks izkIr gksus okyh yxHkx lkjh ikjEifjd ifjHkk"kk,¡ mls vew rZ] ijLij fojks/kh vkSj ,dka xh izrhr gksrh gSaA dks bZ dgrk gS fd ^rqe dsoy J¼k gks*] rks nwljk mls lk{kkr iru dh xrZ* crkrk gS] dksbZ mls vk¡py esa nw/k vkS j vk¡[kksa esa ikuh*Hkjs vcyk ds :i esa ns[krk gS rks dks bZ mls ^egk'kfDr* dgdj lEcks f/kr djrk gS vkSj
mldk Lrou djrk gS] dksbZ mls moZ jk dks [k vkS j ekrHkwfe ds :i ea s fpf=r djrk gS rks dks bZ mls dkyjkf= vkSj ek;k dgdj lR; ds reke lk/kdksa dks l[r czãp;Z dk mins'k nsrk gSA**1 vk'kkjkuh Ogksjk ukjh vfLerk dks O;k[;kf;r djrs gqq , dgrh gSa& ^ijEijk ls fir` lÙkkRed lekt esa iq:"k dk izHkqRo jgk] rks mlds lkeus vkRelEiUurk] vkRe fo'okl vftZr djus] viuh igpku cukus ds vf/kdrj volj jgsA blfy, viuh vfLerk LFkkfir djus ds Hkh volj lgt gh izkIr gks x;sA O;fDrxr vfLerk gh rks fQj
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tkfrxr vfLerk curh gSA blfy, tkfrxr :i esa iq:"k dk LkoksZ re ckgjh vlqjf{kr
{ks= esa O;Dr gqvk] ukjh dk vf/kdre ?kj ds lq jf{kr {ks = esa A iq:"k deZB cuk] ukjh daqfBr gqbZA blfy, nksuks a dks ,d&nwljs dh leku t:jr jgrs gq, Hkh lew g :i esa ,d tkfr vius vga dh psruk ls eafMr gqbZ] nwljh vius vkarfjd o vkjksfir ghu Hkko ls [kf.Mr gksrh jghA**2 Lora=rk ds ckn ukjh us ijEijk vkS j vk/kqfudrk ds nksgjs ncko dks eglw j fd;k & futh :i esa Hkh vkS j lkekftd :i esa HkhA og ?kj vkSj ckgj nksuks a {ks=ks a dks yyddj ns[k jgh Fkh & iqjkus vkSj u, ds chp dk larqyu [kkst jgh FkhA ,d vksj iq jkus laLdkj] mudh tM+rk ds izfr fonzksg] Lo;a dks vkRefuHkZ j cukus dk gB vkSj lkekftd ekufldrk dks pqukS rh nsrh gq bZ ukjh dgha viuh igpku [kkst jgh FkhA lekt O;oLFkk esa vkjEHk ls gh fopkjdksa }kjk uhfr] e;kZnk] laLd`fr dh j{kk dk nkf;Ro L=h dks lkS aik tkrk jgk gS] vkpkj&lafgrkvksa ds lkjs ca/ku ml ij ykns tkrs jgs gSa vkSj mlds
ckotw n mldk ntkZ derj vk¡ dk tkrk jgk gSA t;Jh cjgkVs us mldh fLFkfr dks Li"V djrs gq, dgk gS ^;qxksa ;qxks a ls ukjh dk ijkfJr dÙkZ O; ijk;.k :i ns[kus dk vH;Lr :f<+xzLr lekt ukjh ds LokoyEch :i dks Hkh ;g ugha ldk] fdUrq fQj Hkh ukjh vkt n`<+ vkRefo'okl vkS j xgjs LokfHkeku ls viuk O;fDrRo fuekZ.k djus esa yxh gSA**3
xka/kh th us jk"Vª h; vkUnksyu ds nkS jku tu laxBu ds fy, L=h dh Hkw fedk dks igpkuk FkkA ns'k dh Bksl ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls tqM+ us ds dkj.k L=h us lkekftd ca /kuks a dks rksM+ fn;k Fkk vkSj viuh 'kfDr] lkeF;Z dk ifjp; fn;k FkkA lekt esa bldh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh us iq:"kksa dh ekufldrk dks Hkh cnykA Lora =rk ds i'pkr~ ifjfLFkfr;ks a esa
cnyko vk;k vkSj L=h ps ruk dk :i Hkh cnykA viuh 'kfDr dks igpkudj mudh vis{kkvksa dk nk;jk c<+k gSA ^ns'k es a lkekftd fodkl esa tgk¡ mlus Lo;a dks ,d bdkbZ
ds :i esa le>us dh dksf'k'k dh gS] ogk¡ og mPp oxZ] e/; oxZ vkSj fuEu oxZ] 'kgjh vkS j xzkeh.k oxZ ds vusd Lrjksa esa c¡V x;h gSA viuh LOkk;Ùkrk dh ckr djus okyh L=h
eq[; :i ls f'kf{kr uxjh; efgyk gS] ftlus gj vlEHko fn[kus okys {ks= esa ?kqliSB dh gS] fdUrq ;g oxZ eq[; :i ls e/;oxZ dk gS& mPp oxZ vkS j fuEu oxZ dh efgykvksa dh fLFkfr fHkUu gSA mPp oxZ ds fy, ewY;ks a] la ?k"kksZ vkfn dh fLFkfr;k¡ d"Vdkjd ugha gSa vkSj fuEu oxhZ; fL=;ksa rd L=h&psruk dh igq ¡p cgqr 'kwU; gSA e/;oxZ ea s Hkh ,d fof'k"V oxZ gh vf/kd lfØ; gSA**4 vf/kdka'k fL=;k¡ vius lqjf{kr ?ksjksa ls ckgj ugha fudyuk pkgrha A tks fL=;k¡ bl la ?k"kZ esa 'kkfey gksrh gSa ] muds ikl nwjxkeh Bks l dk;ZØe vkSj lgh fn'kk dh le> ugha gksrhA vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd ckS f¼d dk;Zokfg;ksa vkS j vkUnks yukRed xfrfof/k;ksa esa leUo; gks vkS j ,d lefiZr fØ;kfUofr gksA tc rd L=h
Lo;a viuh n`f"V esa vius vfLrRo dks lkFkZdrk ugha iz nku djrh vFkok iq :"kksa dks lq yHk vf/kdkj] egRo vkSj ew Y;ksa dh pkg ugha djrh] tc rd og vius Hkfo"; ds }kj deZ Brk
ls [kksyus dk lkgl ugha djrh] rc rd og ijkfJr psruk ls eqDr ugha gks ldrhA Ýkalhlh ysf[kdk ^fleksu n cq ok* dh iqLrd ^n lSd.M lsDl* dh fgUnh vuqokfndk ^izHkk [ksrku* L=h misf{krk* es a fy[krh gSa fd ^lPpkbZ rks ;g gS fd iq:"kksa ds ewY;ksa dh cjkcjh esa ;k muds f[kykQ vkSjr us dHkh L=h ds ewY;ks a dks LFkkfir djus dh ps "Vk ugha dhA ;g rks iq:"k gS tks lÙkk esa jgus ds dkj.k viuh lq fo/kkvksa dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, ewY;ksa dh fHkUurk vkSjrks a ij Fkksirk gSA iq :"k us vkSjr ds fy, ,d nqfu;k cukus dk
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vf/kdkj vius ikl j[kkA mlus vkSjr dh ,d ,slh vUroZrhZ nqfu;k cuk;h] ftlesa mldks
ges'kk ds fy, dSn dj fn;k] fdUrq dksbZ Hkh vfLrRo lhekc¼ ugha jg ldrkA lefiZrk gksus ds ckotw n vkSjr vkt pkgrh gS fd bl tSfod eknk Lrj ls Åij mBs] viuh lhekvksa dk vfrØe.k djsaA** vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd L=h Lo;a r; djs fd og lekt dh eq[; /kkjk esa fdl rjg Hkkxhnkjh fuHkk;s vU;Fkk mldh xqgkj dks ds oy cpdkuh gjdr le> fy;k tk;s xkA vr% vko';d gS fd la?k"kZ o fo:irkvksa ds e/; ftthfo"kk vkS j vkRefo'okl dk Lrj vf/kd iSuk vkSj /kkjnkj gksA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- e`.kky ik.Ms % L=h&nsg dh jktuhfr ls ns'k dh jktuhfr] i`"B 142- vk'kkjkuh Ogksjk % Hkkjrh; ukjh&vfLerk vkSj vf/kdkj] i`"B 1
3- t;Jh ojgkVs % fgUnh miU;kl % lkrok¡ n'kd] i"B 114+- MkW- lqns'k c=k % ukjh vfLerk % fgUnh miU;klks a es a] i"B 85- izHkk [ksrku % L=h misf{krk fleksu n oksmok % n lSd.M lsDl] i"B 31
RNI No. MP BIL 01034/12/1/2005-TC ISSN 0973-3914
iz ks- cz txks iky 'kq Dy 41@42] j?kq oa 'k lnu] fcfN;k] jhok (e-iz-)& 486001
Phone - (07662) 255177, 9425186437E-mail - [email protected]@rediffmail.com
ls UVj QkW j fjlpZ LVMht] jhok }kjk fjlpZ tjuy vkWQ lks 'ky ,.M ykbQ lkbals l
ds fo'ks "kka d ds :i es a fuEufyf[kr nks la nHkZ iq Lrdks a dk iz dk'ku ekpZ] 2013 es a fd;k tk jgk gSA
mDr la nHkZ iq Lrdksa es a iz dk'ku gs rq vki viuk rF; ijd ,oa rdZ ;q Dr 'kks/k i= Hks tdj bl vdknfed dk;Z es a lg;ks x dj ldrs gS a A fgUnh Hkk"kk es a 'kks/k i= ,e-,l- oMZ es a QkUV d` frns o 010] djs DVj lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k_
va xz s th Hkk"kk es a VkbEl U;w jks eu QkUV lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k es a Hks ts a A
(vkbZ-,l-ch-,u- 978&81&87364&56&6)
(ISBN 978-81-87364-55-9)
Social Change & Development in India
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j?kqohj lgk; dh dforkvksa esa L=h foe'kZ j?kqohj lgk; dh dforkvksa esa L=h foe'kZ j?kqohj lgk; dh dforkvksa esa L=h foe'kZ j?kqohj lgk; dh dforkvksa esa L=h foe'kZ j?kqohj lgk; dh dforkvksa esa L=h foe'kZ
¹ la/;k fVdsdj ¹ la/;k fVdsdj ¹ la/;k fVdsdj ¹ la/;k fVdsdj ¹ la/;k fVdsdj
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¹ izk/;kid ,oa foHkkxk/;{k] fgUnh foHkkx] 'kkldh; dU;k egkfo|ky;] chuk (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& vk/kqfud dky dh fgUnh dfork esa xqIr th ds ckn ukjh foe'kZ ij dfork,a fy[kusokyks a es a j?kqohj lgk; izeq[k gS A vius vfHkekFkZ es a rks mudh NksVh NksVh dfork,a oLrq fLrfFk dk o.kZu djrh izrhr gksrh gS a fdUrq mudk /oU;kFkZ vusd xaHkhj iz'uks a dks iw jh rkdr ds lkFk mifLFkr djrk gSA oLrqr% ;g /oU;kFkZ gh lgk; dh dforkvksa dks L=h foe'kZ ds nk;js es a ykrk
gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
vk/kqfud fgUnh dfork rd vkrs&vkrs] fgUnh dfo;ksa dk L=h fo"k;d n`f"Vdks.k bl ckr ij ,der fn[krk gS fd L=h&ek;k] ikfi.kh] HkksX;k] dk;k ugha oju~ lka l ys rh] lksprh&fopkjrh vuq Hkwfr;ksa vkSj fof'k"Vrkvks a ds lkFk thrh gqbZ ,d balku gSaA vk/kqfud dky esa L=h foe'kZ blh vo/kkj.kk dh vxyh dM+ h gSA L=h foe'kZ dk iz kja Hk oSls rks ^jkek;.k^ ls gh gks tkrk gS ij vk/kqfud fgUnh dfork es a bldh 'kq #vkr xq Ir th us dh gSA fo".kqfiz;k* ;'kks/kjk] dS d;h oLrq r% L=h foe'kZ ds dkO; gSaA jkt?kjkus ls tq M+h fL=;ksa ds vUreZu dks eq[kj gksus dk volj mUgs a xq Ir th us iwjh bZekunkjh ls fn;k gSA iar] iz lkn] fujkyk us Hkh ukjh ij de ugha fy[kk fdUrq dYiuk vkS j peRdkj ds cks > ls nch mudh
dfork,a (rksM+ rh iRFkj dks NksM+ dj) L=h foe'kZ dk vkg~oku ugha dj ikrh gSa A egknsoh th dh jpuk,a jgL; xqfRFk;ksa ls oyf;r gksus ds dkj.k dq N vyx rjg ls fparu dh eka x djrh gSaA iz;ks x/kehZ vKs; rd dh dfork Hkh vius jks eka fVd orqZy esa fleVh fn[krh gSA rkRi;Z ;g fd xqIr th ds ckn ukjh foe'kZ ij ,d cM+k varjky] ,d yack ekSu fgUnh dfork esa fn[krk gS ftls j?kqohj lgk; us rksM+ k gSA
vke ikBd j?kqohj lgk; dh dfork dks ,d i=dkj] ,d jktuhfrdehZ dh dfork ds :Ik esa tkurk&igpkurk gS vkSj ;g lp Hkh gS fd mUgksaus dfo] i=dkj vkSj jktuhfrdehZ ls cus vius f=vk;keh O;fDrRo ls viuh jpukvks a dk l` tu fd;k gSA ifj.kker% ikBd mudh dforkvks a esa yksdra =] lRrk la?k"kZ] vke vkneh dh nq %[k &rdyhQsa tSls fo"k;ksa dks ns[kus&i<+ us ds vknh jgs gSaA mudh Hkk"kk ls /ofur mudk
i=dkj :i rks ikBdks a dk ,dne ifjfpr :Ik gS ;gh dkj.k gS fd lgk; dh dfork us fgUnh txr esa lerk dh dfork] laosnuk dh dfork] lwpuk dh dfork] v[kckjh dfork vkS j ;FkkFkZ dh dfork dh [kkl Nfo cukbZ gSSSA ys fdu ;gka ;g js [kka fdr fd;k tkuk vfuok;Z gS fd lgk; L=h foe'kZ ds cM+s dfo gSaA lgk; dh NksVh NksVh dfork,a viusvfHk/kkFkZ esa rks oLrq fLFkfr dk o.kZu djrh lh iz rhr gks rh gSa fdUrq mudk /oU;kFkZ vusd
xaHkhj iz'uksa dks iwjh rkdr ds lkFk mifLFkr djrk gSA oLrqr% ;g /oU;kFkZ gh lgk; dh
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dforkvksa dks L=h foe'kZ ds nk;js es a ykrk gSA mudh dfork,a vke L=h ds eu esa mBus
okys vusd iz'uksa ds coaM+ j dks eq[kj djrh gS a] ;s os fL=;ka gSa tks fdlh jkt?kjkus ls ugha gSa ] u gh oxZ fo'ks"k ls gSa oju~ os tu lkekU; fL=;ka gS a tks Hkkjrh; lekt O;oLFkk dh f'kdkj gS aA lgk; Hkkjrh; fir`lRrkRed la jpuk ds latky ls csgrj ifjfpr gSa A ,d i=dkj dh fuxkg ls Hkh mUgksaus bl O;oLFkk dh lH; &'kks "kd uhfr;ksa dks ckjhdh ls vkSj lkQ&lkQ ns[kk gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa jgrs gq , ,d vkSjr dk lkekftd] vkfFkZ d] 'kkjhfjd] euks oSKkfud vkSj lkaLd`frd Lrj ij ftl rjg dk 'kks "k.k gks rk gS vkS j 'kksf"krk ds eu ls bl O;oLFkk dks ysdj tks vkdzks 'k] tks fojks/k] tks vla[; iz'uks a ds Loj mHkjrs gSa ] lgk; dh dfork oLrqr% bUgha dks O;Dr djrh gSA L=h foe'kZ dh bu dforkvksa dh [kwch ;g gS fd mues a ihfMrk Lo;a dgha dq N Hkh cks yrh fn[kkbZ ugha nsrh] ihM+k Lo;a Loj cu tkrh gS vkSj dfo ds 'kCn mls bafxr djrs gS aA
lgk; dh L=h dsfUnzr dfork,a fir`lRrkRedrk dh O;oLFkk ij iz'u fpUg yxkrh gSa ] mu lHkh fLFkfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrh gS ftuds dkj.k ,d Hkkjrh; L=h egt L=h gks us ds dkj.k (iq #"k u gks ldus ds dkj.k) 'kksf"kr gksrh gS] ncko es a thrh gS] lgrh gS vkSj lkgl ds vHkko es a Mj&Mj dj thrs gq, ne rksM+ ns rh gSA lgk; dh laosnh n`f"V blh oLrq fLrfFk dks tkuus ds fy, thou ds fofHkUu Lrjks a ij mrj dj iM+rky djrh gS vkS j ikrh gS fd L=h ,d gh thou esa vusd Lrjksa ij ^L=h thou* thrh gSA mlds vusd ps gjs gSa rFkk mu psgjks a ds ihNs xgjh ihM+k gSA mls mruh gh f'k{kk nh tkrh gS ftruh fd lkekftd fn[kkos ds fy, t:jh gS]ftruh fd fookg Hkj ds fy, vko';d gSa A yM+ dh dks D;k] dSls] dgka vkSj fdruk i<+uk gS] ;g vkt Hkh fir`lRrk r; djrh gSA fookg dh mez vkrsvkrs rd og jkek;.k] xhrk tSls dfFkr /keZxzaFk i<+ lds] cl bruk gh Ik;kZIr gSaA ckdh
thou es a ?kj x`gLFkh dh varghu ftEesnkfj;ksa ds vkxs i<+ kbZ fy[kkbZ ,dne csekuh gks tkrh gSA yM+fd;ksa dks vkS j vf/kd u i<+kus ds ihNs Hk; ;g Hkh gS fd i<+ fy[k dj oS pkfjd :Ik ls Lora= gks xbZ rks fdlh fujs ew[kZ dks mlds xys esa ugha cka /kk tk ldrk] u gh lalk/kuksa ds vHkko esa lhyh ydfM+;ks a dkas Qwa drs gq, vkx iSnk djus] cM+h irhyh Hkj Hkkr idkus ds fy, ml ij ncko cuk;k tk ldrk gS&&if<+, xhrk@cfu, lhrk@fQj bu
lcesa yxk iyhrk@ fdlh ew[kZ dh gks ifj.khrk@ fut ?kjckj clkb,A@ gksa; dVhyh @vka[ksa xhyh@ ydM+ h lhyh] rfc;r <+hyh@ ?kj dh lcls cM+ h irhyh@ Hkj dj Hkkr
ilkb,A lgk;] lekt esa ukjh dh v/khurk dh fLrfFk dk iw jk lp tkurs gSa fd mlds thou esa Lora=rk dk vFkZ Bhd ogh ugha gS tks enZ dh Lora =rk dk gSA tUe ls ys dj e`R;q rd og vyx&vyx laca/kks a dks thrs gq, ifjokj ]lekt dh v/khurk Lohdkjrh gSA mldh Lora =rk vf/kuLFkrk ds ?ksjs ds Hkhrj rd jgrh gS a iq #"k lRrk dh lqfo/kkvksa dh y{e.k js [kk esa gh mls viuh Lora=rk dks thuk gksrk gSA bl lhek js [kk dks ikj djuk LoPNan vkpj.k dgk tkrk gSA iq#"kks a dh cuh lhek js[kk esa thus dh L=h bruh vknh gks tkrh gS fd mlesa xqykeh ;k nklrk dk Hkko fcyk tkrk gS];gh dkj.k gS fd L=h dk dksbZ futh thou ugha gksrkA pwafd nwljksa dks [kq'k j[kus dk laLdkj mls fn;k tkrk gS blfy, og Lok;Rrrk dk R;kx dj vkSjksa ds fy, thou thrh gSA og dsoy nsuk tkurh gSA fookg ds ckn ik=&vik= dk fopkj fd, fcuk og laca/kks a dk fuoZgu djrh gSA cafnuh dh rjg thou fcrkrh gSA ^eS aus gh rqEgsa vius nq xZq.k crk, gS a@bruk dHkh rqeus ugha pkgk
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fd tku yks@ dHkh es jh bl xBjh ij 'kd Hkh ugha fd;k@ rqeus O;Fkk nh] leosnuk Hkh
nh] {kek] eerk Hkh nh@ ugha dHkh iwNk dkSu gS ik=\ &pq uk ughsaA@ y{eh] d#.kkorh Fkha rq e] foyklh Fkk eSa@ fdUrq f/kd es jh O;Fkk dks@ tks vkSj vf/kd n;k gh ekaxrh jgh@
ca fnuh ukjh dh n;k tks dsoy ru dk leiZ .k gSA* dfo dh ewy ihM+k ;gh gS fd lekt esa mls vkS jr gks uk bl lyhds ls fl[kk;k tkrk gS fd dq N iwNuk] fojks/k djuk] fonzksgh gksuk tSlh Hkkoukvksa dks og Lo;a gh iki deZ ekuus yxrh gSA ^^ukjh dks lkS ais x, dk;ksZ a esa mldk fo'ks"k egRo n;k vkSj dks eyrk ls fd, x, dk;ks Z ds dkj.k gSA og fouezrk dh izfrew frZ gSA og iq#"k ds dk;ksZa dk fcxkM+ uk ugha pkgrhAog iq#"k ds yykV dks iksaNrh gS mldh mifLFkfr iq#"k dks foJke vkSj 'kkafr iznku djrh gSA^ukjh ds ,s ls gh O;ogkj es a iq#"k mldh laiw.kZrk ns[krs gS&og [kM+h Fkh@ nqcyh vkSj Fkdh@ vkS j eq>s yxk fd og [kM+h gh jgs xh@D;ksafd ,sls gh og iw.kZ gks rh gSA*
'kkjhfjd Lrj ij& ukjh fcpkjh gSA@iq#"k dh ekjh gSA ru ls {kq f/kr gS@ eu ls eqfnr gS@ yiddj >iddj@ vUr es a fpRr gSA ikS #"k cy bldk lcls cM+k dkjd gSA igys og vius 'kjhj cy ls ukjh dks viuk xqyke cukrk gS fQj og ,slk okrkoj.k rS;kj djrk gS fd ukjh ekufld :Ik ls Hkh mldh xqyke cu tk,A ^^ukjh dks xqyke cukus esa lQy gks dj iq #"k us ukjh dks mu xq .kksa ls oafpr dj fn;k tks mls vf/kd oka fNr cuk ldrs gSAlekt vkSj ifjokj ds ca/kuksa ds chp ukjh dh eksfguh 'kfDr u"V gks xbZ og c<+ h ugha ] nkl Lo:Ik gks xbZA nklrk esa c<+rh yM+dh ds fonkjd lp dks lgk; us dqN ,s ls dgk gS fd &tc og dqN dgrh gS@ mldh vkokt esa@ ,d dksbZ pht@ eq>s ,dk,d vkS jr dh vkokt yxrh gS tks@ vieku cM+s gks dj lgsxh@ og cM+h gksxh@ Mjh vkSj nqcyh jgsxh@ vkS j eS a u gksmaxk@ &&&dfork u gksxh] lkgl u gksxk@ ,d vkSj gh ;qx gksxk ftles a
rkdr gh rkdr gksxh@ vkS j ph[k u gksxhA* cPpk tuuk vkSj ikyuk] lkekftd O;oLFkk esa ukjh dh vifjgk;Zrk gSA lgk;
iz 'u djrs gSa fd 'kkjhfjd Lrj ij detksj gksus ij Hkh mls tuu /keZ dk vaxhdkj djus ij foo'k D;ks a gks uk iM+rk gS\ vi<+ vKkuh lekt esa cPpksa dk ykyu ikyu djrs gq , Hkh og vius vki dks iz k;% vds yk gh D;ksa ikrh gS\nSfud dk;ksZa dks fuiVkrs gq , pyrh
cl es a p<+ rh gqbZ L=h dks ns[k dj os ;gh lksprs gSa fd og cl esa p<+ ik,xh Hkh ;k ughaA nq?kZVuk dh vk'kadk mlds Hkkoh le; ij iz'u fpg~u yxkrh gSA &cPpk xksn esa fy, @pyrh cl esa @p<+ rh L=h @vkS j eq>esa dqN nwj rd f?klVrk tkrk gq vkAckj ckj dh
iz lo os nuk >syuk L=h dh etcwjh gS vkSj blls cM+h foMacuk ;g gS fd og bl osnuk dks fdlh ij O;Dr ughs dj ikrh gS&xzh"e fQj vk x;k@fQj gjs iRrksa ds chp @[kM+h gS og @vksaB ue@ vkSj Hkjk Hkjk lk psgjk fy, cnyh dh jks'kuh &lh uhps dks ns[krh @fuj[krk jg @mls dfo @u dg @u ga l @u jks @fd og @viuh O;Fkk bl o"kZ Hkh ugha
tkurhA izd` fr us ukjh dks dkseykaxh cuk;k gS rks D;k ;g mldk nks"k gS\ viuh 'kkjhfjd
dks eyrk ds dkj.k gh og ckj &ckj 'kks "k.k ]cykRdkj dk f'kdkj gks rh gSA ^ L=h ;fn viuh fdlh futrk dh LokHkkfod :i ls j{kk ds fy, pkSdl jgrh gS rks og gS mldh
^vLer^A cpiu ls tokuh rd ftl vLer dks og cpk dj j[krh gS] cykRdkfj;ksa ds gkFkksa ogh nkao ij yxk nh tkrh gSA &dbZ dksBfj;ka Fkha drkj esa @muesa fdlh esa ,d vkSjr
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fgUnh nfyr dfork esa L=h foe'kZ fgUnh nfyr dfork esa L=h foe'kZ fgUnh nfyr dfork esa L=h foe'kZ fgUnh nfyr dfork esa L=h foe'kZ fgUnh nfyr dfork esa L=h foe'kZ
¹ vfurk y{e.kjko Bkdjs¹ vfurk y{e.kjko Bkdjs¹ vfurk y{e.kjko Bkdjs¹ vfurk y{e.kjko Bkdjs¹ vfurk y{e.kjko Bkdjs
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
¹ vfrfFk fo}ku] fgUnh] jktekrk flaf/k;k 'kkldh; dU;k egkfo|ky;] fNUnokM+k (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& L=h vfLerk dk iz'u vkt L=h foe'kZ dk eq[; fo"k; gS A vc fL=;k¡ iq:"koknh opZLookn dks rksM+us ds fy, L=h vuqHko dks O;Dr djus yxh gS A igys ysf[kdk,a L=h Nfo dk fp=.k nhu&ghu iq:"k ds Åij fuHkZ j jgus okyh tho ds :Ik es a djrh Fkh fdUrq vc psruk dk u;k vk;ke fodflr gqvk gS ] vc fL=;k¡ ikjEifjd [kksy dks mrkjdj iq:"k opZLo dk
leFkZu ughs mudk [kqys 'kCnks a es a izfrjks/k djus yxh gS ]L=h vfLerk dh igpku ds fy, ys[ku txr es a tcnZLr la?k"kZ fNM+k gqvk gS A bl lUnHkZ es a jkth lsB dgrh gS &okLro es a bl le; L=h dk igyk ladV viuh vfLerk dks ikus dk ladV gS vkS j tgk¡ ;k ftruk ;g vglkl gkFk vk;k Hkh gS ogka Hkh vLohÏfr ds na'k vkSj izkekf.kd djus dh pqukS rh ds lkFk ys[ku esa lfØ; L=h] pkgs lkekftd Lrj ij iwjs L=hRo dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gS ijUrq miyfC/k ds Lrj ij og lkekU; ukjh dh vis{kk viuh vfLerk ds vglkl ds T;knk fudV gS A vr% vis{kkd`r vkRefo'okl Hkh bl vglkl dk leFkZu ikus dh Hkwfedk rS;kj djuk mlds thou la?k"kZ dk gh Hkkx ugha mlds ys[ku la ?k"kZ dk Hkh Hkkx gSA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
ge pkgs fdruk gh iz;Ru dj ys laxksf"B;ksa] dk;Z 'kkykvksa dk vk;kstu dj ys ij
;s ,d foM+Ecuk gS fd gekjh lkekftd O;oLFkk ds dqN igyw ,s ls gS] ftudks fdruk Hkh lq /kkjus dk iz;Ru dj ys os iwjh rjg ls ugha cnyh tkrh vks j mUgsa oSlk gh NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS tSls os gSA ;s lp gS fd iz-fr iz nRr dq N dk;ks Z dk fuokZ g ds oy L=h gh dj ldrh gSA cPps dks tUe nsus ls ys dj ifjokj dh ns[kHkky dk nkf;Ro L=h ij gh gS] iq:"k bl dk;Z dks ugha dj ldrkA iz'u ;s gS fd ifjokj esa L=h tks dk;Z djrh gS] tks R;kx djrh gS] D;k mldk ewY;kadu ftl Lrj ij fd;k tkuk pkfg, og fd;k tk jgk gS \ fuf'pr :Ik ls ughaA ge lc tkurs gS fd L=h ds izfr iq:"k dk n`f"Vdks.k nqfo/kkiw.kZ jgk gSA fl¼kUr% rks og L=h dks J¼k vkSj iwtk ds ;ksX; ekurk gS fdUrq O;ogkj esa Bhd bldk mYVk djrk gSA ^dke iM+us ij vkS jr ek¡ gS] fiz;k gS] izk.ks'ojh gS] lc dqN gS] ij dke fudy tkus ds ckn L=h QqVcky gS ftls iq:"kksa dk lekt lnk vius Bksdjks a ls uSgj ls
ihgj vkS j ihgj ls uSgj ekjrk jgkA mldk vfLrRo ;k rks firk ds dkj.k gS ;k ifr ds dkj.k ;k iq = ds dkj.kA rkRi;Z ;g fd mldk dksbZ LorU= vfLrRo ugha gSA** vkt lekt dh vko';drk cny jgh gSA gekjh bPNkvksa vkS j vis{kkvksa ij foKku vkSj rduhdh dk izHkko ifjyf{kr gSA ysfdu vkt Hkh L=h dks viuk vfLrRo fl¼ djuk ckadh gSA mlds lkeus viuh igpku LofufeZr djus dh pqukS rh gSA os bl pqukS rh dks lg"kZ Lohdkjrs gq, ukjh tkfr ds fy, U;k; ds la?k"kZ dks rh[kk cuk jgh gSA L=h vfLerk dk
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iz 'u vkt L=h foe'kZ dk eq[; fo"k; gSA vc fL=;k¡ iq:"koknh opZLookn dks rksM+ us ds
fy, L=h vuqHko dks O;Dr djus yxh gSA igys ysf[kdk,a L=h Nfo dk fp=.k nhu&ghu iq :"k ds Åij fuHkZj jgus okyh tho ds :Ik esa djrh Fkh fdUrq vc psruk dk u;k vk;ke fodflr gqvk gS] vc fL=;k¡ ikjEifjd [kks y dks mrkjdj iq :"k opZ Lo dk
leFkZu ughs mudk [kqys 'kCnksa esa iz frjks/k djus yxh gS]L=h vfLerk dh igpku ds fy, ys[ku txr esa tcnZLr la?k"kZ fNM+k gqvk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa jkth lsB dgrh gS&^^okLro es a bl le; L=h dk igyk ladV viuh vfLerk dks ikus dk ladV gS vkSj tgk¡ ;k ftruk ;g vglkl gkFk vk;k Hkh gS ogka Hkh vLohÏfr ds na 'k vkSj izkekf.kd djus dh pqukS rh ds lkFk ys[ku esa lfØ; L=h] pkgs lkekftd Lrj ij iw js L=hRo dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gS ijUrq miyfC/k ds Lrj ij og lkekU; ukjh dh vis{kk viuh vfLerk ds vglkl ds T;knk fudV gSA vr% vis{kkd` r vkRefo'okl Hkh bl vglkl dk leFkZu ikus dh
Hkwfedk rS;kj djuk mlds thou la?k"kZ dk gh Hkkx ugha mlds ys[ku la?k"kZ dk Hkh Hkkx gSA**
vkt iwjk lekt ,d rjQ gS vkSj nwljh rjQ L=h gSA L=h dh fLFkfr esa cnyko rHkh lEHko gS tc gekjh lkekftd] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZ d fLFkfr;ksa esa cnyko gks D;ksafd L=h dh fLFkfr O;oLFkk ifjorZ u ds lkFk tqM+ h gqbZ gSA txg&txg L=h eqfDr ds vkUnks yu pyrs rks gS vkSj ckn esa vlQy gks tkrs gS D;ksa fd ;g [k.M&[k.M esa pyrs gS ;g vkUnks yu vkt lQy gqvk gS D;ksafd ;g viuh LFkkiuk ds le; ls gh bls O;kid Lrj
ij pyk jgk gSA nsoh Lo:ik ekudj mldk 'kks"k.k gh fd;k tk jgk gS mls ijk/khu cukdj gh j[kk tk jgk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd L=h vkt Hkh nfyr oxZ ds vUrxZr gh vkrh gSA vk/kqfud fgUnh nfyr dfork es a ukjh LokrU=; vkS j ukjh vfLerk dh [kkst dh xbZ
gSA bu dfo;ksa us L=h dh fLFkfr dks vPNh rjg ls O;Dr fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa L=h fookg gksus rd firk ds v/khu jgrh gS] fookg gksus ij ifr ds v/khu vkSj ckn es a iq=ks a ds v/khuA xqIr th us L=h dh ijrU=rk dks bl izdkj O;Dr fd;k gS&
^^csVk /kjrh ij cM+h nhu gS ukjh]vcyk gks rh] lpeqp ;ksf"krkA**
L=h dks vcyk crkdj mls ghu le> ysuk] L=h ds O;fDrRo dks iq:"k ls de vk¡ duk]mls ijk/khu cukdj j[kuk gh L=h dh n;uh; n'kk dks n'kkZ rk gSA lekt es a L=h
dks Hkh oLrq dh Hkk¡fr gh le>k tkrk gS&^^{kq/kk dkeo'k xr ;qx usIk'kq cy ls dj tu 'kkflr thou ds midj.k ln~n`'k Ukkjh Hkh dj yh vf/kd rA**
iUr th ukjh eqfDr ls dkQh lEcfU/kr jgs gSA MkW uxsUnz fy[krs gSa&^^ekuo txr esa Hkh iUr th uj dh vis{kk ukjh ls vf/kd izHkkfor gSa ] mlh dk xq .kxku djuk mUgsa cgqr fiz; gSA** iUr th ukjh dh n;uh; n'kk esa lq/kkj pkgrs gSa] os ukjh dks iw .kZ :Ik ls Lok/ khu djus ds i{k es a gSa&
^^eqDr djks ukjh dks] ekuoAfpj oa fnuh ukjh dks]
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;qx&;qx dh ccZj dkjk ls
Tkufu l[kh] I;kjh dksA** fujkyk Hkh ukjh dks Lok/khu ns[kuk pkgrs gS a fujkyk ds ukjh&fp=.k ij fVIi.kh
djrs gq , MkW oYyHknkl frokjh fy[krs gSa&^^fujkyk us ukjh esa tgk¡ iq:"k ds eu dks cjcl vius vkd"kZ.k esa ck¡/k ys us dh {kerk ns[kh gS ogk¡ mls yTtk'khy] lkekftd foHkhf"kdkvksa dh dkjk esa Lo;a cUn ik;k gSA og LokfHkeku ys Hkjh] izs;lh Hkh gS vkSj iFk iz nf'kZdk gSA** vkt L=h foe'kZ ij [kwc fy[kk tk jgk gSA efgyk l'kDrhdj.kdk [kwc Mªkek gks jgk gS vkS j blesa iq :"k oxZ c<+&p<+dj Hkkx ys jgk gS] fL=;k¡ dks rkdroj cukus dk iz ;kl dj jgk gS ysfdu dc rd \
^^iq:"k dk fy[kuk Ukkjh ij
dqN oSlk gh gS tS ls ---- dkj[kkus ds ekfyd }kjk etnwjks dk usr` Ro djukA iq:"k fy[krk gS@[kwc fy[krk gS exj rc rd gh tc rd mlds ne vkSj LokFkZ dks [krjk ugha gksrk A**
lh-oh- Hkkjrh dk ekuuk gS] fd & vkt ;qx cny pq dk gS vc L=h ijk/khu ugha jgh og fonzksg dj nsxh mu O;oLFkkvks ds f[kykQ tks mls ijk/khurk dh tathjks esa tdM+rh gS A
^^vc dksbZ nzksinh tUe ugha ysxh dj ns xh og fonzksg fueZerkvks ds fo:¼ A**
vius vfLrRo dh igpku vkt dh L=h dks gks xbZ gS vkSj og Lo;a gh vius lkjs ca/ku rks M+ nsuk pkgrh gS &
^eS cU/;k ugh g¡w u gh ifRu gw¡ uiqa ld dky dh eSa l`tu'khyk ijEijk gw¡ viuh ek¡ dh A**
L=h dks fdl iz dkj lekt ds uke ij ] ijEijkvksa ds uke ij] jhfr&fjoktks a ds uke ij ijk/khu cuk, j[kk tkrk gSa lq 'khykth mlh la ca /k es fy[krh gS &
^^jgu&lgu ] jhfr&fjokt vkSj ijEijkvksa dh ckr
lc mls cs cl cuk, j[kus dh ckr gS blh ls og csgky gS A**
gekjs lekt dh ;s ,d foMEcuk gh gS fd ftrus Hkh nqxZq.k ;k nks "k gSa] os L=h es a gh [kksts tkrs gSa A mls gh nks"kh Bgjk fn;k tkrk gS&
^^iq:"k iz/kku lekt esa pkgs leiZ.k gks ;k fonz ksg
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nqxqZ.k dk nks"k ukjh ij gS
iq:"k ds nqxqZ.kksa ij ges'kk euq uke dh pknj Mky nh tkrh gSA**
,d ,slh ekufldrk L=h ds Hkhrj cgqr xgjs rd lek;h gqbZ gS fd og viusvkidks detksj le>kus yxrh gS] nks ;e ntsZ dh Hkkouk mlds Hkhrj ?kj dh gqbZ gksrh gS&
^^,d L=h Tkc Hkh dks bZ dksf'k'k djrh gS fy[kus dh] cksyus dh] le>us dh lnk Hk;Hkhr gh jgrh gS ekuks] igjs nkjh djrk gqvk
dksbZ flj ij lokj gks] igjsnkjA** nkrk vkSj laj{k.k dh uhfr us fL=;ks a dks mM+us ugha fn;k muds ia[k drjdj
pgkjnhokfj;k¡ esa Qqndus ds fy, etcwj dj fn;k vkSj b; ykpkjh dks yTtk vkSj rgthc dk tkek igukdj mls efgekeafMr dj fn;k&
^^tc Hkh eSa us ia[k QS yk, Rkqeus mudks drj fn;k gS Lusg vkSj la j{k.k dh uhfr ls eq>s iuius ugha fn;k gSA eSa dq N cks yw¡&rqeus Lohdkjk vf/kd cksyuk udkj fn;k gS
eSa dqN d:¡&rqeus pkgk Lo;a iw.kZ cuw¡ rks fojks/k fd;k gSA**
lquhrk th dk ekuuk gS fd vkS jr etcwj ugha gSA jhfr;k¡ mldh etcw fj;k¡ gSa ftuds pyrs oks ijk/khu gks xbZ gS&
^^vkSjr ugha gS etcwj] etcw fj;k¡ gSa jhfr;k¡ <ksrs gq, viuk lyhc] vc ;g Fkd xbZ gSA**
izks- dqeq n ikoM+s lq'khyk th dh iqLrd ^^rqeus mls dc igpkuk** esa fy[krh gSa &^^ukjh dh rjg bl Hkkjr o"kZ esa nfyr thou Hkh ekuo lewg ij Fkksih xbZ ,d etcwjh gSA ftl /keZ 'kL= us ukjh dk 'kks"k.k fd;k gS mlh /keZ'kkL= us nfyr thou dks Hkkjrh; lekt dk ?k`.kkLin dyad cuk fn;kA ftl Hkkjrh; la LÏfr es a ,d ekuo lew g dks xUnxh ds :Ik esa ekuk] tkuk] D;k ml laLÏfr dk ?k`f.kr vax ugha gS\ tc O;fDr viusvfLrRo dh j{kk ds i{k esa cksyrk gS rks mls vfLrRo dh [kkfe;k¡ /;ku esa vkrh gSaA
^vfLrRo* ekuo dh LorU=rk ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA** lq'khyk th fy[krh gS a& ^^dS ls 'kksd dSls euksja tu dSls /keZ vkSj dS lk /kke tc thou gks nwljks a dk xqyke
bl xqykeh dks lekIr djus dk ,d gh ekxZ gS& ^^lR; gS ds oy ,d y{;
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Lora=rk vkanksyu esa fcgkj dh efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk% ,d Lora=rk vkanksyu esa fcgkj dh efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk% ,d Lora=rk vkanksyu esa fcgkj dh efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk% ,d Lora=rk vkanksyu esa fcgkj dh efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk% ,d Lora=rk vkanksyu esa fcgkj dh efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk% ,d ,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k ,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k ,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k ,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k ,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k
¹ pUnz Hkw"k.k izlkn ¹ pUnz Hkw"k.k izlkn ¹ pUnz Hkw"k.k izlkn ¹ pUnz Hkw"k.k izlkn ¹ pUnz Hkw"k.k izlkn
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¹ 'kks/kNk=] bfrgkl] yfyr ukjk;.k fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;] njHkaxk] fcgkj
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& fcgkj Hkkjr ds mu fxus&pqus jkT;ksa esa gSa ftls vius izkphu lkaLd`frd ewY;ksa ij xoZ gSA fgUnw ] tSu ,oa ckS ¼ /keks Z ds egkiq:"kks a dh ;g tUeHkwfe Hkh jgh gS vkS j deZ Hkw fe HkhA
ukyank] ikVfyiq=] oS'kkyh] jktx`g vkfn ;gkW dh izkphu laLd`fr vkS j f'k{kk ds ,sls dsUnz Fks tksvkt Hkh vius xkSjo ds fy, fo'of[;kr gS aA bruk gh ugha Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke es fcgkj ,d egRoiw.kZ dzkafrdkjh usr`Ro ds fy, Hkh tkuk tkrk gS ftlds uk;d ckcw ohj dqW oj flag FksA bl vkanksyu es a fcgkj dh efgykvks a us Hkh dne ls dne feykrs gq, egku la?k"kZ dks ,d ubZ mW pkbZ iznku dh]lkFk gh iwjs Hkkjrh; Lora =rk laxzke es a O;kid Hkkxhnkjh nsdj viuh ,d vyx igpku cukbZ A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
19oha 'knh ds jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa fcgkj ds efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk& fcgkj esa ,slh vufxur efgyk,W gqbZ gSa ftUgksssaus Lora=rk vkUnksyu ds nkSjku viuh tku gFksyh ij j[kdj lEiw .kZ efgyk lekt dks lfdz; Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, mRizsfjr fd;kA tgkW
rd 1857 ds izFke Lora=rk vkUnksyu dh ckr gS] fcgkj esa dbZ txg vaxz sth 'kklu vkS j 'kks"k.k ds f[kykQ ,d Lor% LQq rZ vkUnks yu mB [kM+k gq vkA txnh'kiqj es a ckcw ohj dq Woj fla g] iVuk esa ihjvyh tSls O;fDrRo us fonz ksg dks usr`Ro iznku fd;kA ml le; Hkh fcgkj dh efgyk,W ihNs ugha jghA lEiw.kZ Hkkjro"kZ ds Lora =rk laxzke ds bfrgkl esa lklkjke dh gkth csxe dk uke Lo.kZ v{kjksa esa ntZ gS tks fcgkj izkar dh la Hkor% igyh efgyk Fkh ftUgksa us 1857 ds Lora =rk vkUnks yu esa fgLlk fy;kA1 bl vkUnks yu ls Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkUnksyu dks ,d ubZ fn'kk feyhA 1885 esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzzsl dh LFkkiuk ds ckn Hkkjr es a jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk c<+ rh pyh xbZA [kkldj xje ny ,oa xkW/khth ds fcgkj vkxeu ds lkFk gh ;g rsth ls QSyhA ftlesa fcgkj dh efgykvksa us Hkh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA
chloha lnh ds jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa fcgkj ds efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk& chloha lnh ds iz kja Hk ls gh] fo'ks"kdj 1905 ds cax&Hkax ds fojks/k esa gksus okys Lons'kh vkUnksyu ds nkS jku efgykvksa us Lora=rk vkUnksyu ls vius dks tksM+uk iz kjaHk dj fn;kA 1917 ds xkW/khth ds pEikj.k vkxeu ds Ik'pkr~ efgykvksa dh tkx:drk esa rs th vkbZ vkSj 1919 rd dLrw jck xkW /kh] ljyk nsoh] izHkkorh nsoh] jktoa'kh nsoh vkfn efgykvksa dh iz sj.kk ls lEiw.kZ fcgkj efgyk lekt esa vktknh dh ygj iS nk gks xbZA xk¡/khth us fczfV'k ljdkj
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ds vR;kpkjksa ds fo:} loZ izFke viuk la?k"kZ fcgkj ds pEikj.k esa 'kq: fd;kA2 pEikj.k
dk Hkkjrh; Lora=rk ds bfrgkl esa vf}rh; egRo dk LFkku gSA xk¡/khth ds us r` Ro Hkkjrh; jk"Vª okn dk ;g igyk iz;ks x vfgalk] lR; ,oa 'kks f"kr] nfyr tu&lewg ds tkxj.k rFkk mUeqfDr ij cy ns us ds dkj.k loZFkk vf}rh; FkkA3 tkfy;kokyk ckx] jkWys V ,DV] f[kykQr tSls eqn~ ns dks ysdj 1920 es a dkWxzsl us vlg;ksx djus dk izLrko ikfjr fd;kA1921 esa bl vlg;ksx vka nksyu ds varZxr yxHkx 30000 O;fDr tsy x,A bl vkanksyu
dk izHkko fcgkj es a O;kid iM+kA vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa Hkkx ysus dk fu'p'; djus ds ckn jkts Unz izlkn us iVuk fo'ofo|ky; ds lhus V vkSj fla fMds V dh lnL;rk ls R;kxi= ns fn;kA4 lu~ 1921 bZ0 ds vDVwcj esa ljyk nsoh us Nk=ksa ls Ldwy] dkWystksa dks NksM+ us dh vihy dhA vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds nkSjku fizal vkWQ osYl ds vkxeu ds cfg"dkj dh vxqokbZ Jhefr lkfo=h nsoh us dhA vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds nkSjku Jherh lh lh nkl
vkS j mfeZyk ns oh Hkh dkQh lfØ; jghaA 1921 bZ0 ns 'kca/kq dks"k ds fy, tc xkW/khth us fcgkj dk Hkze.k fd;k rks ;gkW dh efgykvksa us ns 'kHkfDr dk fe'kky nsrs gq, viusvkHkw"k.kksa dks nku esa ns fn;kA bl dk;Z esa egkRek xkW/kh ds lkFk&lkFk yksduk;d
t;izdk'k dh iRuh izHkkorh nsoh us Hkh viuk egRoiw .kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA5 vlg;ks x vkUnks yu ds ckn Hkh fcgkj dh efgyk,W jpukRed dk;ksa Z tSls pj[kk vkfn ds }kjk eq [; /kkjk ls tqM+ h jghA egkRek xkW /kh ds fcgkj Hkze.k ds nkSjku t;izdk'k Ukkjk;.k dh iRuh
izHkkorh nsoh cjkcj muds lkFk FkhA lfou; voKk vkUnksyu (1930&34) ds le; fcgkj dh efgykvks a us viuh Hkwfedk c<+&p<+dj fuHkkbZA lHkzkar ?kjksa dh efgykvks a us Hkh ued dkuwu Hkax djus esa c<+&p<+ dj Hkkx fy;kA bles a Jherh 'kSyokyk jk;] Jherh ljLorh ns oh vkfn dh Hkw fedk ljkguh; jgh gSA bl vkUnks yu esa Jherh Lkk/kuk nsoh
lfgr Hkkxyiq j ftys ds fcgiqj esa Jherh ek;k ns oh dks iqfyl us fxj¶rkj dj fy;kA xksfoa niqj ds Jh ujflag xksi dh iRuh ftfj;korh ns oh us va xszst flikgh dks xks yhekj nhA Nijk esa 'kkafr nsoh us ,d fo'kky tulHkk dh v/;{krk dhA fn?kokjk iz [kaM ij frja xk Qgjkus ds tweZ es a nks lxh cguks a 'kkjnk ,oa ljLorh dks pkSng ,oa X;kjg o"kZ dh ltk nh xbZA njHkaxk ftyk esa Jh lR;ukjk;.k fla g ds usr`Ro esa Lo;alsodksa dk igyk tRFkk ued dkuwu Hkax djus ds fy, fiijk jokuk gqvk] Jh lR;ukjk;.k fla g ,oa Jh jkeua nu feJ dks fxj¶rkj dj fy;k x;kA6 x;k ftys dh I;kjh nsoh dks vkUnksyu esa Hkkx ysus ds dkj.k dSEi tsy Hkst fn;k x;k tgkW mudh e`R;q gks xbZZA bl le; iVuk es a fons 'kh oL=ksa ds nqdkuksa ds lkeus lR;kxzg djus esa tks lQyrk feyh] mldk Js; efgyk la xBuksa dks gh tkrk gS ftldh ckxMks j Jherh glu bZeke ds gkFkksa esa FkhA iVuk ds ftyk/kh'k us efgyk xfrfof/k dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, Hkkjh la[;k esa efgyk iqfyl dh fu;qfDr dhA blh nkSjku eq axsj ds ,d cMs+ ?kjkus dh efgyk 'kkg eqgEen tqcSj us inkZ izFkk frykatyh ns nhA jkeLo:Ik nsoh us xkWo esa ?kw e&?kwedj yks xksa ls lfou; voKk vkUnks yu esa Hkkx ysus dh vihy dh ftl dkj.k mUgsa fxj¶rkj dj Hkkxyiq j tsy esa dSn dj fy;k x;kA blh rjg leLrhiqj lcfMfotu esa pa nzkorh ns oh vkfn efgykvksa us vkUnksyu dks usr`Ro iz nku fd;kA7 os pkSdhnkjh djds fojks/k es fxj¶rkj Hkh gqbZA ekpZ 1931 esa vkjk esa Jherh dq lq e nsoh us ,d tulHkk dks lacksf/kr fd;k ftlesa mUgks aus Hkxr flag] jktxq: vkSj lq [knso dh 'kgknr ij fcgkj dh ukS tokuksa dks yydkjkA 4 tuojh 1932 dks
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xkW/khth ,oa vU; usrkvksa dks fxj¶rkj dj fy;k x;k rc Hkh fcgkj esa gM+rkyks a vkSj
iz n'kZuks a dk flyflyk pyrk jgkA 4 tuojh 1933 dks fcgkj esa xkW/khth dh fxj¶rkjh fnol euk;k x;kA 26 tuojh 1933 dks Lora=rk fnol eukus ds dkj.k iVuk esa lkr efgykvksa dks fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k ftlesa jktsUnz iz lkn dh iRuh jktoa 'kh nsoh vkS j pUnzkorh ns oh Hkh Fkh] ftUgs a Ms<+ o"kZ dh ltk feyhA fcgkj dh efgykvksa us vius cgknqjh ds lkFk Lora=rk vkUnks yu dks izxfr ds iFk ij vxz lj djus dk dke fd;kAHkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu esa fcgkj ds efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk& 1941 bZ0 es a egkRek
xkW/khth us tc lkEizz nkf;d rRoks a ds fo:¼ lR;kxzg fd;k rks blds leFkZu esa fcgkj dh efgykvks a us Hkh lR;kxz g fd;kA bl lR;kxzg ds vkjksi esa x;k dh Jherh fiz;oank] txrjkuh nsoh] dks fxj¶rkj fd;k x;kA Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke ds bfrgkl esa 1942 dsHkkjr NksM+ks vka nksyu dk vius vki es a ,d vge Hkwfedk gSA8 ;g Hkkjrh; Lora=rk dh
vafre O;kid vkSj Lor% LQqrZ yM+kbZ Fkh tks bfrgkl esa vxLr dzkafr ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA blh dzkafr esa xkW/khth us vaxzsth 'kklu ds f[kykQ dkjkjk izgkj djrs gq, ^djks ;k ejks** dk ukjk fn;kA fcgkj esa bl dzkafr dk izHkko tcjnLr jgk] efgykvksa [kkldj pj[kk lfefr dh lnL;ksa us vxLr dz kafr dh Tokyk dks /k/kdjkus vkSj mls O;kid cukus dh Hkjiwj dksf'kd dhA9 vxLr dks efgykvks a dk fojkV tqyw l iVuk ls fudyk] ftldk usr`Ro MkW0 jktsUnz izlkn dh cgu Jherh Hkxorh nsoh dj jgh FkhA vxLr dks iVuk ds dk¡ xz sl eS nku esa lHkk gqbZ ftldh v/;{krk Hkxorh nsoh us dhA lHkk esa mifLFkr efgykvks a es a ykycgknqj 'kkL=h dh cgu Jherh lqUnjh ns oh ,oa txrukjk;.k yky dh iRuh jkeI;kjh nsoh izeq[k FkhA11 vxLr dks gtkjhckx esa Jherh ljLorh nsoh ds usr`Ro esa ,d fo'kky tqywl fudkyk x;kA ljLorh nsoh dks fxj¶rkj dj Hkkxyiq j tsy Hkst fn;k x;kA gtkjhckx ls Hkkxyiq j ys tkus ds dze es a Nk=ks a ds ,d ny us /kkok cksydj mUgsa eqDr djk fy;k x;k ysfdu 14 vxLr dks ,d tulHkk dks lacksf/kr djrs gq, mUgsa iq u% fxj¶rkj dj fy;k x;kA 11 vxLr 1942 dks lfpoky; Hkou ds lkeus frja xk >a Mk Qgjkus ds iz;kl es a iqfyl dh xksyh ls lkr Nk= 'kghn gks x;sA9 fojks/k Lo:Ik 12vxLr dks iVuk es a iw .kZ gM+ rky jghA mlh 'kke dkaxzsl eSnku esa vk;ksftr lHkk esa izLrko
ikfjr gqvk ftlds rgr~ lapkj lq fo/kkvksa dks Bi dj nsus dk fu.kZ ; fy;k x;kA iwjs fcgkj esa js y iVfj;kW m[kkM+h xbZA Mkd?kjksa ] Fkkuksa ,oa vU; ljdkjh bekjrks a ij /kkok cksyk x;kA bl la?k"kZ esa yksduk;d t;izdk'k ukjk;.k ,oa muds ^vktkn nLrk** ds lkfFk;ksa us mYys[kuh; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ] tks 1943 ds var rd lfdz ; jgkA vaxszth vR;kpkj vkSj neu tkjh jgkA dbZ txg vaxzsth us dzka frdkfj;ks a dks vius vR;kpkj dk f'kdkj cuk;kA dzkafrdkjh la xBuksa ,oa dk;kZ y;ksa esa vkx yxk nhA leLrhiq j ftys es a dkaxz sl Hkou] [kks dlkgk dks Hkh vaxzstksa us vkx dh yiVks a dk f'kdkj cuk;kA vaxzsth neu ds ckctw n ;g vkanksyu O;kid :Ik ys fy;kA vaxz sth lapkj O;oLFkk jsy ykbZu] lM+ d] iq y] ljdkjh dk;kZy; vkfn dks dzka frdkfj;ksa us viuk fu'kkuk cuk;kA bl vkUnksyu ds dze esa fcgkj esa 15 gtkj ls vf/kd yksx ca nh cuk;s x;s] 8783 yksxksa dh ltk gqbZ] 134 yksx ekjs x;s] 362 yks x ?kk;y gq, ftles a dbZ efgyk,W Hkh 'kkfey FkhA bl vxLr dzka fr esa Hkkx ysus okyh efgykvksa esa 'kkjnk nsoh ,oa m"kk ns oh jkuh dk uke mYys[kuh; gSA oS'kkyh
ftys ds fd'kksjh izlUu dh iRuh lq uhfr nsoh ,oa dzka frdkjh cS dqaB 'kqDy dh iRuh jkf/kdk
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nsoh us iq:"k os'k esa lkbZfdy ;k=k }kjk tu tkxj.k iSnk fd;kA oS'kkyh ds gh Jherh
fcank nsoh] 'kghn Qqys uk izlkn dh iRuh rkjk nsoh] eqtQjiqj dh Hkokuh esgjks=k]Hkkxyiqj dh jkeLo:Ik nsoh] dqekjh /krq jh nsoh] tfj;k nsoh] eq axsj dh laifr;k nsoh]
'kkgkckn dh QqbZ dq ekjh] iVuk dh lq/kk dqekjh 'kekZ vkfn efgykvks a us viuk mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku fn;kA 1942 ds Hkkjr NksM+ ks vkanksyu ds nkSjku vusd efgyk,W iqfyl dh xksyh ls 'kghn Hkh gqbZ bUkesa iz eq[k gS NksM+ekjk xkWo dh Jherh fcjkth e/;kbu] 'kkgckn ds xkWo ylk<+h ds lh xksiky dh iRuh vdsyh nsoh] eqa xsj xkW o dh jksfg;kj xkW o dh dqekjh /krwjh nsohA vxLr dz kafr esa fcgkj dh Hkwfedk ds laca /k esa ^^gkml vkWQ dkWeal** esa fcz fV'k jktuhfrK ,ejh us dgk Fkk&^^fcgkj esa minz o fo'ks "k:Ik ls mxz gS vkSj ;g izka r ,d egRoiw.kZ {ks= gSA** vaxszth 'kklu ds f[kykQ gksus okys ;g vafre tcnZLr la?k"kZ oLrqr% ;gkW dh efgykvks a dh lfdz; Hkkxhnkjh ds dkj.k viuk O;kid izlkj ik;hA fcgkj dh
efgykvks a us vktknh ds bl la?k"kZ esa viuk cgqewY; ;ksxnku fn;k vkSj 1947 dh Hkkjr dh vktknh bu efgykvksa ds ohjrkiw.kZ la?k"kZ dk urhtk Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA bu efgykvks a us ?kj dh pkgjnhokjh ls ckgj fudydj iq:"kks a ds lkFk da /ks ls da /kk feykdj Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa u dsoy Hkkx fy;k] cfYd vkUnksyu dks usr`Ro Hkh iznku fd;kA fcgkj dh efgykvksa us Lora=rk la?k"kZ ds fofHkUu :iksa pkgs og mnkjoknh gks] dz kafrdkjh gks] lektoknh gks ;k dkaxszl ds usr`Ro esa gks us okys xkW/khoknh vkUnks yu gksA lHkh esa mUgksusa vius&vius <+a x ls vkUnksyu esa lg;ksx nsus dk dke fd;kA muds lg;ksx ds fcuk ;g vkUnks yu v/kwjk ekuk tkrkA bl vkUnksyu esa mudh lfdz; Hkkxhnkjh us u flQZ Lora=rk
la ?k"kZ dks lQyrk ds f'k[kj rd igWqpk;k cfYd efgykvks a dh tkx:drk dks Hkh c<+kus dk dke fd;kA bu efgykvksa us ;g lkfcr dj fn;k fd Hkkjrh; efgyk,W 'kq: ls gh
la?k"kZ 'khy jgh gSa vkSj t:jr iM+us ij nwxkZ dk :Ik /kkj.k dj fdlh Hkh la?k"kZ dks viusvatke rd igqWpk ldrh gSA fcgkj 'kq : ls gh ns 'k dh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k dk dsUnz jgk
gSA bl jktuhfrd xfrfof/k esa ;gkW ds efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk dkQh iz'kaluh; ekuh tkrh gSA gkyka fd lkearoknh lksp] vkSifuosf'kd Hksn&Hkko] lkekftd dwjhfr;ksa ds dkj.k ;gkW dh efgykvksa dks dkQh dfBu pqukSfr;ks a dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA ys fdu bu efgykvksa ds la?k"kZ 'khy LoHkko us mUgsa fdlh Hkh pq ukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds yk;d cuk;kA oLrqr% fcgkj dh efgykvks a es a tkx:drk chloha lnh ds izkjaHk esa vf/kd ns[kh tkrh gSA 1917 esa xkW/khth ds fcgkj ds pEikj.k esa izFke lQy lR;kxz g us Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dks ,d u;k vk/kkj iznku fd;kA bl vkUnks yu dh lQyrk ds lkFk gh fcgkj dh efgykvks a esa tkx:drk c<+rh pyh xbZ vkS j bUgksa us fofHkUu vkUnksyuksa tSls gkse:y vkUnksyu]vlg;ksx vkUnksyu] ued lR;kxzg vkUnksyu] Hkkjr Nks M+ks vkUnks yu esa lfdz; Hkwfedk
fuHkkdj viuh vgfe;r lkfcr dhA muds bl vkUnksyu dk izHkko Lora=rk iwoZ ds lkFk&lkFk vktknh ds ckn Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA Hkkjr ds x.kra = ?kksf"kr gks sus ds ckn fofHkUu ftEesnkfj;ksa dks laHkkyus esa bu efgykvksa us c<+&p<+dj fgLlk fy;k vkS j efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dks etcwr djus dk dke fd;kA
bl rjg fcgkj dh ohjkaxukvks a us lnS o vkUnksyu ds lkFk dne feykrs gq, pyh vkS j vius edln es a dkQh gn rd dke;kc Hkh gq qqbZA mudh ;g dke;kch u flQZ fcgkj
dks ,d jktuhfrd igpku fn;k cfYd Hkkjr dh vktknh dks vatke rd igqWpkus es a Hkh
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egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA vkt fcgkj dh efgykvksa esa c<+rh tkx:rk dks ,d vk/kkj
rS ;kj djus es a Lora=rk iwoZ bu efgykvksa dh la?k"kZ'khy Hkwfedk dk vge ;ksxnku gSA t:jr gS bu ohjkaxukvksa ds la?k"kZ ls izsj.kk ysdj fcgkj dh efgyk,W cjkcjh ds lkFk lHkh {ks=ksa esa viuh dke;kch ds >aMs xkM+ s vkSj fcgkj lfgr ns'k dks fodkl dh ,d ubZ mM+ku rd igqWpk;sA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- Mk0 fot; dqekj (2012)] fcgkj ds fodkl esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk] fcgkj jkT;
vfHkys[kkxkj funs'kky;] iVuk] ist&1272- m"kk pksiM+k (1998)] vk/kqfud Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o] lqYrku pan ,aM lUl] ist&3453- Mk0 ds ds nRr (1998)] fcgkj esa Lora=rk vkanksyu dk bfrgkl Hkkx&1] fcgkj fgUnh xzaFk
vdkneh iVuk] ist&1804- ds ds nRr (1978)] jktsUnz izlkn] lwpuk vkSj izlkj.k ea=ky; Hkkjr ljdkj] ist&555- dkzfudy cqDl (2007)] fcgkj fnXnf'k Zdk] ist&1416- Mk0 ds ds nRr (1998)] fcgkj esa Lora=rk vkanksyu dk bfrgkl Hkkx&2] fcgkj fgUnh xzaFk
vdkneh iVuk] ist&1417- Mk0 dq0 vejsUnz (1998)] Lora=rk laxzke esa fcgkj dh efgyk,¡] tkudh izdk'ku iVuk]
ist&508- ch0 ,y0 xzksoj ,ao ;'kiky (1998)] vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] ,l pan d0 fy0 ubZ
fnYyh ist&509- dkzfudy bZ;j cqd 2009] ist&320
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efgyk vkSj ekuokf/kdkj efgyk vkSj ekuokf/kdkj efgyk vkSj ekuokf/kdkj efgyk vkSj ekuokf/kdkj efgyk vkSj ekuokf/kdkj
¹ vpZ uk ikjhd ¹ vpZuk ikjhd ¹ vpZ uk ikjhd ¹ vpZuk ikjhd ¹ vpZuk ikjhd
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¹ lgk;d O;k[;krk] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj (jktLFkku)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& efgykvksa dks mlds okafPNr LFkku vf/kdkj fnykus ds fy, bl fn'kk esa dkQh dqN fd;k tkuk ckdh gSA efgykvks as dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj djus ds fy, leLr ljdkjh ,oa dkuwuh iz;kl rc gh vf/kd dkjxj gks ldrs gS tc gekjs lEiw.kZ lekt dh lksp joS ;s vkSj iwokZxzg iw .kZ /kkj.kkvksa :X.k ekufldrk es a cnyko yk;k tk;s aA lekt es a tuvkUnksyu fd;s tk;s aA
ftlls efgyk;s a vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd :i ls ubZ igpku cuk lds aA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
efgyk lekt dk egRoiw .kZ ?kVd gS fdlh Hkh lekt dks fodflr lH; vkSj l'kDr rHkh dgkW tks ldrk gS tc ogkW izR;s d oxZ dks fodkl dk leku volj iz kIr gks fdlh Hkh oxZ ds lkFk fdlh izdkj dk HksnHkko u fd;k tkrk gksA ekuo vf/kdkj osvfuokZ; ifjfLFkfr;kW gS tks iz R;sd O;fDr dks ekuo gks us ds ukrs fcuk fdlh Hks n Hkko ds
miyC/k gksrh gS rFkk ftlds fcuk dks bZ Hkh O;fDr euq"; gks us ds ukrs fcuk dks dbZ Hkh O;fDr euq"; ds :i esa viuk vfLrRo ugha cuk;s j[k ldrkA1 efgykvksa dks vkt Hkh iz R;sd {ks= esa HksnHkko mis{kkvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS ftldk gd fd os vf/kdjh gS mls iz kIr ugha gksrs mls nks;e ntkZ fn;k tkrk jgk gSA xfr ds ekxZ esa ck/kk,W mifLFkr
dh tkrh gS ,d vkSj y{eh vkSj ljLorh dh miek,W nh tkrh gSA 'kfDr Lo:i ekuh tkrh gSA lfn;ksa ls fir&lÙkkRed& lkeUoknh lkekftd <kps esa fL=;k¡ 'keZ ekU;rkvks a vkS j :f<;ksa ds uke ij mRihM+u vkSj 'kks "k.k dk f'kdkj jgh gSA2 vR;kpkjksa dh ijkdk"Bk
gS fd dks[k esa gh Hkzw.k gR;k djds yM+fd;ksa ls thus dk vf/kdkj Nhu fy;k tkrk gSA3
;fn ckfydk Hkzw .k ds :i es a cp tkrh gS rks iS nk gks us ds ckn ls HkkbZ ds leku O;ogkj ugha feyrk f'k{kk ds leku volj iz kIr ugha gks ikrs lkekftd o ikfjokfjd fLFkfr;ksa ds pyrs yM+fd;k¡ Ldw y tkus ls izk;% oafpr jg tkrh gSA4 efgyk dks cs Vh ds :i esa ] cgw ds :i esa ] iRuh ds :i es a vus d vR;kpkjksa izrkMukvksa ls xq tjuk iM+rk gSA ngst ds ykyp es a cgw dks ftUnk tyk fn;k tkrk gS ngs t ds fy, vkRegR;k ;k gR;k nksuksa gh lekt ds fy, vfHk'kki gSA ekuo vf/kdkjks a dk guu gSA5 efgyk,a ekuo vkcknh dk
yxHkx vk/kk fgLlk gSA efgykvksa ds fcuk ?kj ifjokj lekt ;k ns'k dh dYiuk Hkh ugha dj ldrsA cPpksa dsh ns[kHkky] ?kj ifjokj dks lEHkkyuk ifr ds dke esa gkFk cVkuk]/kkfeZd fØ;k dykiksa ds }kjk /keZ dh j{kk djuk vkfn vusd dke gS tks efgykvksa ds
fcuk laHko ugha gSA6 ;g fofp= folaxfr gS fd efgykvksa ds mRFkku ds fy, vusd iz;kl fd;s tk jgs gS dkuwu cu jgs gS efgykvks a esa f'k{kk dk izlkj gqvk gSA os vkfFkZd :i lsvkRefuHkZj gqbZ gS blds ckotwn Hkh muds izfr fd;s tkus okys vR;kpkjksa ,oa vijk/kksa esa
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012 235
dks bZ deh ugha vk;h gSA7 os 'kkjhfjd] ekufld ;krukvks a dh f'kdkj gks jgh gS cykRdkj
ngst izFkk efgykvksa dks tyk nsuk] vigj.k djuk mUgs ekjus ihVus dh ?kVuk,W vkt Hkh v[kckjksa dh lqf[kZ ;ksa esa jgrh gSA ns'k es a gj 20 fefuV esa ,d nq "deZ ,oa gj 25 fefuV
esa NsM+NkM+ dh ?kVuk,W ?kfVr gks jgh gS aA8
efgykvksa dks mlds okafPNr LFkku vf/kdkj fnykus ds fy, bl fn'kk esa dkQh dqN fd;k tkuk ckdh gSA efgykvks as dh fLFkfr esa lq /kkj djus ds fy, leLr ljdkjh ,oa dkuw uh iz;kl rc gh vf/kd dkjxj gks ldrs gS tc gekjs lEiw.kZ lekt dh lks p joS;svkS j iw okZ xz g iw .kZ /kkj.kkvks a :X.k ekufldrk es a cnyko yk;k tk;s aA lekt esa tuvkUnksyu
fd;s tk;s aA ftlls efgyk;sa vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd :i ls ubZ igpku cuk lds aA orZeku lekt es a tks Fkks Mk cnyko efgykvks ds iz fr vk;k gS mldh xfr cgqr gh /kheh gSA 21oha 'krkCnh esa pqukS fr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, la?k"kZ@vkUnksyu tkjh j[kuk gksxkA
tc rd efgykvksa dks lekt ds gj {ks= esa lEekutud cjkcjh dk LFkku u fey tkosaA lekt dk lok±xh.k fodkl vHkh la Hko gks tc efgykvksa ds fodkl esa ekuokf/kdkj dh Hkw fedk lkFkZd :i ls ykxw dh tk,A vc vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd efgykvks a dks
ekuokf/kdkj dh egRrk dh tkudkjh ls voxr djk;k tk;s tkxqr fd;k tkosa f'kf{kr fd;k tkos a os f'kf{kr gksdj ,sls Lo dk fuekZ.k djsa ftles a ckSf}drk] jpukRedrk] LokfHkeku ,oa vkRe&fo'okl dk leUo; gksA ekuokf/kdkjksa dks Loa; el> ldsaA iz rkfM+r gksdj 'kks f"kr gksus ij vkokt mBk ldsaA9 efgykvks a dh xfjek ekuokf/kdkjksa dksvkgr djus okys dkj.kksa dks rRdky lekIr fd;k tk;sA ekuokf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k dk
tks vfHkuo vkSj fof/k lEer vkUnks yu izkjaHk gqvk gS og fu'p; gh ekuork ds laj{k.k vkS j fodkl dk mTtoy v/;k; gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- oktis;h] v:.kksn;&ledkyhu fo'o ,oa Hkkjr izeq[k eqn~ns vkSj pqukSfr;kW] iq"i fizUV
lfoZlst 2012 i`- 2402- JhokLro jkxhuh] vk/kqfud lekt ,oa efgyk,W OY;w LVkj izdk'ku (e0iz0) izFke laLdj.k
2011 i`0 393- flag] ehuk{kh] fu'kar&efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dk lp] vk;sxk ifCyds'ku ubZ fnYyh] izFke
laLdj.k 2006 i`0 254- 'kekZ Jherh] eatw&ukjh ds izfr vR;kpkj ,oa ekuokf/kdkj] ekdZ ifCyllZ t;iqj] izFke
laLdj.k 2009 i`0 2055- flag jkt ckyk] ekuokf/kdkj vkSj efgyk,a] vkfo"dkj ifCy'klZ] t;iqj izFke laLdj.k
2006 i` 586- Jh okLro jkxhuh] vk/kqfud lekt ,oa efgyk,a] CY;w LVkj izdk'ku (e iz) izFke laLdj.k
2011 i`"V 677- xqIrk ,e ,y 'kekZ] Mh Mh&Hkkjrh; lkekftd leL;k,a] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'ku vkxjk
2007 i`"B 4058- n Sfud HkkLdj] 20 fnlEcj 2012 i"V 019 flag jkt ckyk] ekuokf/kdkj vkSj efgyk,W] vkfo"dkj ifCy'klZ t;iqj izFkd lLdj.k
2006 i`0 62
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ukfj;ksa ds i{k esa fofHkUu vf/kfu;eksa esa ,sfrgkfld ukfj;ksa ds i{k esa fofHkUu vf/kfu;eksa esa ,sfrgkfld ukfj;ksa ds i{k esa fofHkUu vf/kfu;eksa esa ,sfrgkfld ukfj;ksa ds i{k esa fofHkUu vf/kfu;eksa esa ,sfrgkfld ukfj;ksa ds i{k esa fofHkUu vf/kfu;eksa esa ,sfrgkfld la'kks/ku ,d ^^foospu** la'kks/ku ,d ^^foospu** la'kks/ku ,d ^^foospu** la'kks/ku ,d ^^foospu** la'kks/ku ,d ^^foospu**
¹ o"kkZ lkxksjdj ¹ o"kkZ lkxksjdj ¹ o"kkZ lkxksjdj ¹ o"kkZ lkxksjdj ¹ o"kkZ lkxksjdj
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¹ lgk;d izk/;kid] jktuhfr'kkL=] 'kkldh; xhrkatfy dU;k egkfo|ky;] Hkksiky (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& Hkkjrh; la Ld`fr lR;e~ f'koe~ lqUnje~ ds vkn'kZ ls vuqizkf.kr gS A fdlh Hkh lEH;rk dh fof'k"Vrk] lhek dk Kku izkIr djus ds fy, ml jk"Vª dh ukfj;ks a dks tkuuk furkUr vko';d gS ] lH;rk ds izkjEHk ls gh ukjh bfrgkl ds i"Bks a ij u{k= dh Hkkfr fVefVekrh jgh
gS] ftldh /kwfeyrk o iz[kjrk vR;iz{k:is.k ml lH;rk dh f'kfFkyrk o xfr'khyrk dh vksj ladsr djrh gS A ekr` lÙkkRed lekt ls fir` lÙkkRed O;oLFkk ukjh ds mRd"kZ o vid"kZ dh og cksyrh dFkk gS tks lfn;ksa ls bfrgkl dks >d>ksjrh jgh gS ftlds vkoj.k es a ekuo lH;rk dk v¼kZ'ka vuojr~ 'kks"k.k ls mRihfM+r gksdj viuk eq¡ g Nqik,¡ [kM+k gS ] okLro esa ukjh dh dFkk fdlh lE;rk dh dFkk gS ftls visf{kr dj nsus ls ml lH;rk dk lgh ewY;kadu laHko ughA vkfndky ls gh ukjh lkekftd lajpuk ds iq:"k ds led{k vfHkUu vax jgh gSA lkaLd`frd okrkoj.k] ikfjokfjd lajpuk tkfr oxZ rFkk LokfeRo laca/kh vf/kdkjks vkfn ds dkj.k ukjh dh fLFkfr es a fofHkUu mrkj p<+ko gksrs jgs gS A tgka ,d vksj Hkkjrh; fo}ku ^;= uk;ZLrq iwT;UrsjeUrs r= nsork%** dk n`"VkUr nsdj ukjh dks mPp in ij vklhu djrs gS ogh ^^L=hd pfj= vblu nqyZ{; nk:.k** dgus esa Hkh rfud la dksp ugh fd;k djrsA ukjh dks Hkys gh nS oh :i
esa fpf=r fd;k gks vkS j gekjs izkphu xza Fkks] Vhdkvks a] osn iqjk.kks a o mifu"knks es a lhrk] nzksinh]xkxhZ ] eS =s;h] lkfo=h tS lh fonw"kh ukfj;ksa dk mYys[k feyrk gks fdUrq ukjh dks lekt es a gj O;oLFkkvksa eas tUe ls ysdj e`R;q i;ZUr HkRlZ uk] vR;kpkj o vieku dk na'k >syuk iMrk gS A lar izpkjdksa dh n`f"V ea s ukjh R;kT; o iki dk dkj.k jgh gS tkrd dFkkvksa es a dgk x;k gS fd ^leqnz] lezkV] czkgE.k o ^^ukjh** lukru ls cqHkqf{kr jgs gS budh bPNkvks a dk dksbZ vUr ughA** ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
'kCn& lukru] la'kks/ku] Vhdkvks a vf/kdkj] mRRkjkf/kdkj] LokfeRo] vR;kpkj
izLrkouk ekuo thou ds loZrksUeq [kh fodkl esa ukjh dh vge~ Hkwfedk jgh gS mlus o`g:is.k lekt dk prq fnZ d fodkl fd;k gSA Lora =rk izkfIr ds i'pkr ukfj;ksa ds ,d
uo;qx dk izkjEHk gqvk gS iz tkrakf=d lafo/kku us lfn;ksa iqjkuh nklrk o vlekurk dh fLFkfr ls ukfj;ks a dks eqfDr iznku dh o iq:"k o ukjh ds leku Lrj dk ukjk cqyUn fd;kA Hkkjr fo'o ds mu pqfunak jk"Vªks esa vkrk gS tgk¡ iq:"kks dh la [;k ukfj;ksa dh la[;k (2001 dh tux.kuk) 1000 ij 946 gS le;≤ ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuks (1975 ds eSfDldks International Women's Conferce Year ]1980) ukjh fo"k;d xksf"B;ksa lEesyuka s 'kks/kksa ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa Hkh ukfj;ksa ds fgr esa mudh lq j{kk Hkj.k&iks "k.k]
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igpku] vf/kdkj o lEeku ds fy, dkuwuksa us la 'kks/ku o ifjorZ u Hkh fd;k tk jgk gSA
orZeku esa efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj o lekurk brus vf/kd ToyUr fo"k; gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj dks Hkh iwoZ esa muds fgr esa cuk, x;s dkuwuksa esa lq/kkj ;k la'kks/ku dh vko';drk vuqHko gks jgh gS rkfd dks bZ fcUnq ;k dksbZ ,slk rRo Hkh uk NwV tk, ftlds dkj.k ukfj;ksa
dh fLFkfr detksj gks tk,A blfy, Hkkjrh; lafo/kku] U;k;ky; o fof/k fuekZ.k djus okyh laLFkkvksa esa lu~ 2000 ds i'pkr vusd la'kks/ku fd;s ftlls ukfj;ks a dks ogh LFkku iz kIr gks lds tks mUgs oSfnd dky esa izkIr Fkk oks fuEukuq lkj gS1- fgUnw mrjkf/kdkj fu;e 1956 ds vuqlkj iS r` d lEifRr esa iqf=;ksa dk vf/kdkj ugh
ekuk tkrk Fkk] ftlds dkj.k ukfj;ksa dks ngst tSlh dq izFkk dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+rk Fkk vr% ukfj;ksa ds dY;k.k o dqizFkk ij vadq 'k yxkus ds mís'; ls 2005 esa bl dkuw u es a
la 'kks/ku dj iSr`d lEifRr esa iq f=;ksa ds vf/kdkj dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k] vFkkZ r iq= ,ao
iq =h lEifRr esa lekuA2- vxLr 2011 es a fnYyh U;k;ky; }kjk ukfj;ksa i{k esa egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ ; fy;k x;k
fd ifr ls vyx jgus okyh (fookgfoPNsn) dkedkth ukfj;k¡ Hkh vius ifr ls Hkj.k iks"k.k HkÙks dh ekax dj ldrh gS iw oZ ds vf/kfu;e ;k ikfjr dkuwuksa ds vuqlkj Loa; dk;Z jr gksus ds dkj.k efgyk,¡ bl rjg dh ekax djus ds vf/kdkj ls oa fpr FkhA3- ?kjsyw fgalk ls efgykvks a dks laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 2005 ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa fuokZflr
gj ukjh dks (bles a ek¡ ] cgu] iRuh] fj'rsnkj] esM dqd ;k vk;k tSlh ukfj;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k) 'kkjhfjd ekufld vkfFkZd] ekS f[kd] HkkoukRed ,ao ;kSu vR;kpkj ls eqfDr iznku dh xbZ gSA4- fyo bu fjys'kuf'ki dk orZeku eas ,d pyu lk gks x;k gS ,sls esa leL;k rc
mRiUu gksrh gS tc brus o"kksZ rd fdlh iq:"k ds lkFk jgus ij Hkh L=h dks iRuh ds :i esa feyus okys vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr fd;k tkrk gS] blfy, lu~ 2010 esa mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk ^ pqueq fu;k cuke ohjsUnz dq ekj flag dq 'kokgk** ekeys esa ,d egRiw.kZ fu.kZ; fy;k fd ^^fyo bu fjys'ku fjys'kuf'ki esa jgus okyh leLr Hkkjrh; ukfj;ksa dks og lkjh lqfo/kk,a o vf/kdkj iz nku fd;s tk, tks fdlh Hkh efgyk dks ?kjsyw fga lk vf/kfu;e 2005 ds rgr iz nku fd;s gSA5- ukfj;ksa dks iw.kZ Lora =rk gS fd og fookg ds mijkUr Hkh viuk iwoZ dk miuke
(ljus e) j[k ldrh gS] leL;k rc mRiUu gksrh gS fd fookg ds mijkUr mUgs viuk miuke cnyuk iM+ rk gS vkSj mudk cgq r lkjk le; bl dk;Z esa yx tkrk gSA mUgs cSa d [kkrs] ikliksVZ edku ds dkxtkr jk'kudkMZ oksVj dkMZ ;gka rd fd gLrk{kj Hkh cnyus iM+rs gS vr% bl leL;k ds funku o ukfj;ksa dks viuh igpku dks dk;e j[krs gsrq iw .ks ds ikliksVZ dk;kZy; o fof/k ea=ky; }kjk ;g vf/kdkj efgykvks a dks iznku fd;k x;k fd og fookg foPNs n gksus uk gksus dh fLFkfr esa Hkh viuk miuke ftlesa mudks lqxerk gks j[k ldrh gSA6- lh-vkj-lh-ih- dh /kkjk 125 ds vUrxZr iRuh ls Hkj.k iks"k.k ds vf/kdkj dh ekax
dj ldrh gSA iw .kZ esa bl /kkjk ds vuqlkj ek¡ iRuh o cPpks a dks iz fr ekg vf/kdre~ 1500 :- izfr O;fDr Hkj.k iks"k.k izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj Fkk fdUrq c<+rh gqbZ eagxkbZ
dks ns[krs gq , 2007 eas bles la'kks/ku dj jkf'k ca/ku dks lekIr dj iz R;sd O;fDr vk;
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{kerk ds vuqlkj Hkj.k iks"k.k izkIr djus dk izko/kku dj fn;k x;kA
7- o"kZ 2010 esa laln }kjk futh O;fDrxr dkuwu la'kks/ku fcy ikfjr fd;k x;kA bl vf/kfu;e dks ikfjr djus ds fy, ^^xkftZ ;u ,.M okMZ l ,DV 1890 ,oa fgUnw ,MkI'ku ,.M esa esUVsusUl vf/kfu;e 1956 esa la'kks/ku dj dkuwuh :i ls ,d ek¡ dks la rku (pkgs og xksn yh gqbZ D;ksa uk gks) ij firk leku vf/kdkj dj fn;k x;kA ;g vf/kfu;e mu ukfj;ksa ij Hkh ykxw gS tks fookg foPNsn dh izfØ;k esa gS o larku dks xksn
ysuk pkgrh gS vFkkZr vfookfgr ryk'k 'kqnk o fo/kok lHkh fL=;ksa dks bl la'kks/ku ds dkj.k ;g vf/kdkj iz kIr gqvk gSA8- o"kZ 2010 es a fnYyh mPp U;k;ky; }kjk ,d egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; ysrs gq, ljdkj dksvknsf'kr fd;k fd ls uk esa Hkh fL=;ks a dks ^LFkk;h deh'ku** fn;k tkosA ;g fu.kZ ; lS U;
lsok es a dk;Zjr o vodk'k izkIr yxHkx 60 efgyk vf/kdkfj;ksa dh ;kfpdk ij fy;k
x;kA9- o"kZ 2009 es a lh-vkj-lh-ih- la 'kks/ku vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd;k x;kA mlesa fdlh Hkh vkijkf/kd ekeys es tSls cykRdkj ;k gR;k ls lacaf/kr ekeyks a esa izkjEHk ls gh ihfM+rk
dks fcuk fdlh fxjrkjh ;k dufoD'ku ds gh eq vkotk fnyk;k tkos xkA lkFk gh jkT; ljdkj dsUnz ljdkj ds lkFk feydj ihfM+ rk ;k mlds vkfJrksa dks bl {kfr gs rq eqvkotk nsxhA10- fons'k esa fuokflr Hkkjrh; oj ngs t ds ykyp es a Hkkjr esa fookg djrs gS dq N
fnuksa i'pkr mUgs a ;gh NksMdj fons 'k pys tkrs gSA mUgsa ^gk¡fyMs glcsUM** dgk tkrk gSA blds fy, jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx }kjk ,u-vkj-vkbZ- lsy dh LFkkiuk lu~ 2009 esa dh xbZ rkfd bl rjg ds ekeyks a dh f'kdk;rsa ;gk¡ dh tk lds o yxHkx 570 yksxks a dks
ikliksVZ ,DV ds lsD'ku 10 (3) ds vuqlkj dkj.k crkvks a uksfVl fn;k x;kA11- ljdkjh dk;k Zy;ks a es a dk;Zjr~ fL=;ks a ds fy, 2008 esa ekr` R; vodk'k dh
le;kof/k 135 fnuks a ls c<+kdkj 180 fnu dj nh xbZ lkFk gh nks o"kZ rd dh ^pkbYM ds;j** dk oS rfud vodk'k Hkh iznku fd;k x;k tks fd cPpksa ds 18 o"kZ ds gksus rd dHkh Hkh fy;k tk ldrk gSA12- fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e 1995 ds vuqlkj fookg gsrq oj o o/kq nksuks dk 18 o"kZ
dk mlls vf/kd gks uk vko';d gSA bldk mYy?kau djus okyksa dks 1000@& dh jkf'k o 15 fnolksa dk lk/kkj.k n.M fn;k tk ldrk gSA fdUrq ukckfyx dk thou cokZn djus
ds fy, ;g n.M cgqr gh de gS vr% 2007 esa bl dkuw u (vf/kfu;e) esa la 'kks/ku dj ukckfyx ls fookg djus dk n.M l[r dj fn;k x;k vFkkZr 2 o"kZ dk dkjkokl o 1 yk[k :i;s jkf'k dk tqekZ uk nksuks gh lkFk Hkksxuk iM+sxkA13- 2007 eas cky fookg dkuwu es Hkh ,d fo'ks"k ifjorZ u fd;k x;kA ;fn o;Ld
gksus ij nksuks gh bl fookg dks ugh ekurs rks ;k fookg ds [kafMr gksus dh fLFkfr es a yM+ds dk firk yM+dh dks rc rd Hkj.k&iks"k.k HkÙkk ns xk tc rd fd mldk iwufoZ okg ugh gks tkrkA yM+ dk ckfyx o yMdh vo;Ld rks vkSj og bl fookg dks Lohdkj ugh djrh rks mlds fookg rd yMdh dh leLr tckcnkjh yM+ds dks Lohdkj djuh iM+sxhA14- fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e 1955 ds vuqlkj rykd ekeyksa dh vihy 30 fnuksa dsvUnj djuh iM+rh gS] vihy ds fy, jkf'k odhy o Mª kV vkfn cuokus es a 30 fnu dk
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le; Hkh de de iM+ tkrk gSA vr% 2003 eas fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e esa la'kks/ku fd;k
x;k o vc ;g vihy dh lhek 30 ls c<+kdj 90 fnu dj nh xbZA15- fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e 1955 ds vuq lkj ;fn efgyk vius ifr ds fo:¼ eqdnek
nk;j djuk pkgrh gS rks mls ml 'kgj esa eqdnek nk;j djuk iMrk gS tgk¡ mldk fookg gqvk Fkk ;k tgk¡ vkf[kjh ckj nksuks lkFk jgsA blds dkj.k efgykvks a dks dkQh eq f'dyksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS o dHkh&dHkh og bl my>u ls cpus ds fy, vius vf/kdkjkas dh frykatfy rd ns nsrh gS] vr% bl dkuwu esa 2003 us la 'kks/ku fd;k x;k fd og L=h tgk¡ fQygky fuokl dj jgh gS ogh ls eqdnek nk;j dj ldrh gSA bl la'kks/ku ls efgykvks a dks vU;kpkj ds fo:¼ yM+us dh fgEer tkx`r gqbZ gSA16- tc nks /keks Z ds yksx vkil es a fookg djrs gS rks mu ij fo'ks"k fookg dkuwu 1954
ykxw gksrk gS fdUrq 2001 esa bl vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 38 esa la'kks/ku dj dgk x;k fd ;fn
dks bZ efgyk vius cPPkks a ds Hkj.k iks"k.k o f'k{kk ds fy, eqdnek nk;j djrh gS rks bldk fu.kZ; foi{kh dks lwpuk feyus ds 60 fnuksa ds vUnj fd;k tk;sxk o ;fn U;k;ky; foi{kh ij tqekZ uk yxkrh rks bl vkns'k ds fo:¼ vihy dgh Hkh dh ugh tk ldrh gSA Hkkjrh; rykd dkuwu 1869 esa bZlkbZ fL=;ksa ds fy, ,DLVªk eSfjVy vQs;lZ ds vk/kkj ij L=h o iq:"kksa dh vyx&vyx 'krZ FkhA ftlds dkj.k izk;% fL=;ksa ds lkFk vR;kpkj gks gh tkrk FkkA vr% bl HksnHkko dks nw j djus ds fy, 2001 esa Hkkjrh;
rykd vf/kfu;e us la'kks/ku dj nksuks ds fy, leku vk/kkj fuf'pr fd;s x;sA okLro esa L=h iq:"k dh bl [kkabZ dks ikVus us bl la'kks/ku us cM+k ;ksxnku fn;kA17- eq fLye iluZ y dkuwu ds rgr ifr viuh bPNk ls tc pkgs iRuh dks rykd ns
ldrk Fkk o rykd ds bn~ nr dh vof/k esa mls Hkj.k iks "k.k HkRrk nsuk iM+rk FkkA fdUrq
eqfLye efgykvksa us blds f[kykQ vkokt cqyUn dh ('kkgckuks iz dj.k) o yM+kbZ es a fot; iz kIr dh fd bír ds i'pkr Hkh vkthou mls Hkj.k iks"k.k HkRrk feyrk jgsxkA18 mPpre U;k;ky; us 1997 es a izFke gh bl ckr dks ekU;rk iznku dh gS fd
dk;Z LFky ij efgyk ds lkFk vHknz O;ogkj ekuoh; vf/kdkjksa dks mYy?ku gS fo'kk[kk cuke jktLFkku jkT; ds ekeys eas mPpre U;k;ky; us dqN xkbM ykbu tkjh dh fd ^^laLFkku** es dk;Zjr lHkh efgykvks dks lqjf{kr okrkoj.k iznku djuk] mudh lq fo/kk dk /;ku j[kuk f'kdk;r lfefr dk xBu djuk o tkx:drk QSykuk ;g lc la LFkku iz eq[k dh ftEesnkjh gSA19 2004 ds cky ;kSu 'kks"k.k la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e esa dgk x;k fd bldh dk;Z okgh
lkoZtfud LFkku ij djus dh txg can dejksa esa dh tk, rFkk dqN ,slh O;oLFkk gks fd ihfM+rk dks vR;kpkjh dk psgjk ns[kuk Hkh uk iM+sA U;k;ky; dh dk;Zokgh esa ihfM+rk ls mlh Hkk"kk esa iz'u mRrj fd;s tk, ftls og vPNh rjg le>rh gks c;ku nsrs le; mls i;kZIr le; fn;k tk,A20 ykW deh'ku vkQ bafM;k us 2009 esa rstkc Qsdus okys ds fo:¼ l[r dkuwu
cukus dh ckr dh] rs tkc Qsddj cnyk ysus okys O;fDr dks 10 o"kZ 9 ls 10 yk[k tqekZus dh ltk r; dh gSA ;fn rstkc ls dksbZ gkfu ugh gqbZ gks rks Hkh idMs tkus ij 5 o"kZ dk n.M r; gSA21- 2007 esa xkftZ;u o lhfu;j flfVtu vf/kfu;e cukdj o`¼ fL=;ksa dh ns[kHkky
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Hkkjr esa efgyk ekuokf/kdkj mYya?ku dh fLFkfr Hkkjr esa efgyk ekuokf/kdkj mYya?ku dh fLFkfr Hkkjr esa efgyk ekuokf/kdkj mYya?ku dh fLFkfr Hkkjr esa efgyk ekuokf/kdkj mYya?ku dh fLFkfr Hkkjr esa efgyk ekuokf/kdkj mYya?ku dh fLFkfr
¹ lhek JhokLro ¹ lhek JhokLro ¹ lhek JhokLro ¹ lhek JhokLro ¹ lhek JhokLro ¹¹ lquhrk tSu ¹¹ lquhrk tSu ¹¹ lquhrk tSu ¹¹ lquhrk tSu ¹¹ lquhrk tSu
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¹ 'kkldh; LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky; Ckkyk?kkV (e-iz-)¹¹ 'kkldh; LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky; Ckkyk?kkV (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& ekuo vf/kdkj dk fopkj ekuoh; thou ,oa xfjek ls lacaf/kr gS A vr% mu lHkh vf/kdkjksa dks ekuo vf/kdkj dgk tk ldrk gS tks ekuoh; xfjek dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy;svko';d gS a bu vf/kdkjks a ds mi;ksx djus vkS j mudh j{kk djus dk vf/kdkj izR;sd O;fDr
dks gS A f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn ls gh bl ckr ij tksj fn;k tkus yxk Fkk fd vUrjkZVª h; 'kkfUr o lqj{kk mlh le; cuh jg ldrh gS tc O;fDr;kas dh fLFkfr es a lq/kkj gks rFkk mudh Lora=rk rFkk ew y vf/kdkjksa es a o`f¼ gksA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
bls /;ku esa j[krs gq, la ;qDr jk"Vª dk ?kks "k.kk i= tkjh fd;k x;k] ftles a ewyHkwr ekuo vf/kdkjksa ] Lora=rk o thouLrj es a lq /kkj ykus ds fy;s lkekftd iz xfr dks iz ksRlkfgr djus dk y{; j[kk x;kA ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k ds fy;s eSXukdkVkZ] fcy vkW Q jkbV~l rFkk ekuokf/kdkj ?kks"k.kki= tkjh gq, ysfdu bu lc es a la;qDr jk"Vª pkVZj
dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA efgykvks a dh iz fLFkfr ij vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk 1946 esa dh xbZFkhA o"kZ 1961 es a vk;ksx esa 21 lnL; FksA o"kZ 1991 esa blds 45 lnL; gks x;sA vk;ks x
o"kZ esa nks ckj fo;uk es a lEiw.kZ fo'o esa efgykvksa dh lekurk ds izfr izxfr dk ijh{k.k djus ds fy;s cSBd djrk gSA bldk izkFkfed dk;Z jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd lkekftd ,oa 'kS{kf.kd {ks= esa vf/kdkjksa dh vfHko`f¼ ds fy;s vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd ifj"kn dks flQkfj'k djuk rFkk fjiksVZ rS;kj djuk gSA blh ifjisz{; esa Hkkjr esa efgyk vf/kdkjksa dh lqj{kk o lja{k.k ds fy, 1993 esa efgyk vk;ks x dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA vk;ks x dk ;g ekuuk gS fd efgyk;sa fdlh Hkh {ks = esa rc rd mUufr ugha dj ldrh gSA tc rd os iq :"kksa ds lkFk fu.kZ ; djus ds vf/kdkj es a Hkkx ugha ysrhA la;qDr jk"Vª la ?k ds pkVZ j dh izLrkouk es a ekuo ds ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa rFkk iq:"kksa ,oa fL=;ksa ds leku vf/kdkjksa esa fo'okl izdV fd;k x;k gSA efgykvksa ds izfr lHkh izdkj ds HksnHkko lekIr djus lac/kh duosa 'ku (1979) ij 166 ns'kksa ds gLrk{kj gS vkSj bles a dkuwu dh utj ls
efgykvksa dks lekurk fn;s tkus dh xkj.Vh gSA blds vykok jktuSfrd] lkoZtfud thou] f'k{kk] jks txkj] LokLF;] fookg vkSj ifjokj clkus ds ekeyksa esa efgykvksa ds iz fr Hks nHkko nwj djus ds fo'ks "k mik; lq>k; x;s gSA blds fy;s ,d lfefr xfBr dh xbZ
gS tks lnL; ns'kksa dh fjiks VZ ij fopkkj djrh gSA bl vfHkle; ds vuqlkj &1- efgykvksa ij fdlh Hkh izdkj ds izfrca /k vFkok efgykvksa dks eq [; /kkjk ls ckgj
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j[kus dh izo`fRrvks a ij jksd yxkuk gSA
2- jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd] lkaLdfrd bR;kfn lHkh {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa dks leku vf/kdkj iznku djus dh eqfge pykukA
3- efgykvksa ds fo:¼ fd;s tkus okys HksnHkko dks lekIr djus ds fy;s ljdkjksa ls dkuwu cuokukA
4- iq:"kksa ,oa efgykvks a es a okLrfod cjkcjh ykus ds fy;s fof'k"V mik; lq>kukA5- Hks nHkko dks iSnk djus okys ;k c<+kok nsus okyh lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd
fLFkfr;ksa dks ifjofrZ r djus ds fy;s dk;Z ;kstuk;sa ykxw djukA bl izdkj ;g vfHkle; vUrjkZ "Vªh; Lrj ij lHkh ns 'kksa dks efgykvksa ds fy;s
leku vf/kdkjksa dh O;oLFkk djus ds fy;s ck/; djrk gSA ;g vfHkle; 18 fnlacj 1979 dks la;q Dr jk"Vªla?k dh egklHkk }kjk ikfjr fd;k x;kA vc rd 166 ns'k bl
vfHkle; ij gLrk{kj dj pqds gSA buesa ,d ns'k Hkkjr Hkh gS vkSj Hkkjrh; izfrfuf/k le;≤ ij bl vfHku; ds vuq :Ik dk;Z djus dk f<a +<+ksjk ihVrs jgs gSA ysfdu okLrfodrk blls fcYdq y foijhr gSA orZeku le; esa Hkkjr esa ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds mYy?kau ds ekeyksa dh la[;k cgqr vf/kd gSa ftuesa lokZf/kd ekeys cPpksa vkSj efgykvks a lacf/kr gSA ;|fi Hkkjr us efgykvksa ds fo:¼ lHkh izdkj ds Hks nHkko dh lekfIr ds fy;s vusd dkuwu cuk;s gS] fdUrq efgykvks a dh fLFkfr vkt Hkh 'kkspuh; cuh gqbZ gSA osvkt Hkh ?kj vkSj ckgj mRihM+u dk f'kdkj gks jgh gSA la ;qDr jk"Vªla ?k ds vFkZ'kkL= ,oa
lkekftd ekeys foHkkx }kjk 21 vDVwEcj 2010 dks tkjh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj izk;% lHkh lektksa esa yM+fd;ka ,oa efgyk;sa 'kkjhfjd] ekufld o ;kSu mRihM+u dk f'kdkj gks jgh gS pkgs og fdlh Hkh oxZ laLd`fr vFkok vk; oxZ ls rkYyqd j[krh gSaA Hkkjr es a
ekuokf/kdkjks a dks Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds rhljs o pkSFks vuqPNsn esa laoS/kkfud fLFkfr izkIr gS] fQj Hkh ekuokf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku lekt esa iz frfnu fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA iq :"k iz/kku Hkkjrh; lekt esa fL=;ksa ds lkFk gksus okys vR;kpkjks a dk dksbZ var ugha gSA cpiu esa firk
o HkkbZ] 'kknh ds ckn ifr o ifr ds ckn iq= ds laj{k.k esa mls thou fcrkuk iM+rk gSa dgha Hkzw.k :i es mldh gR;k dj nh tkrh gS rks dgha iSnk gksrs gh ekj nh tkrh gSA 'ks"k cph ckfydkvksa dks cpiu ls gh yM+ds vkSj yM+ fd;ksa ds ykyu ikyu es a Hkh vUrj fd;k tkrk gSA eklwe cfPp;ksa ds lkFk cykRdkj dh ?kVuk;sa vk;s fnu gksrh jgrh gSA
13 vxLr 1997 dks lqizhe dksVZ us ,d ,sfrgkfld QSlys esa dke djus okyh txgksa ij efgyk ij gksus okys ;kS u mRihM+u dks jksdus ds fy;s ;g fn'kk funsZ 'k tkjh fd;s fd ljdkjh] xSjljdkjh vFkok lkoZ tfud izfr"Bkuksa es a dke djus okyh efgyk ij fdlh Hkh rjg dk ;kS u mRihM+ u jksdus dh ftEes nkjh vFkok tokcnsgh vc ljdkj] ukS djh ns us
okys izfr"Bku vFkok eS ustesUV dh gksxhA bUgsa dk;ZLFky ij ;kSu mRihM+u jksdus gsrq fu;e] leqfpr n.M rFkk lqj{kk o efgykvksa dh lqfo/kk dk /;ku j[kuk gksxkA lqizhe dks VZ usvijk/k dks efgyk ds ekuo vf/kdkj dk mYy?kau ekuk gSA Efgyk ekuokf/kdkjksa ds
mYya?ku dh lekt ds Hk;kog fLFkfr vkadM+ks a ls Li"V gks tkrh gS a jk"Vªh; vijk/k vfHkys[k C;wjks ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj vc Hkh gj pkSFks feuV ij ,d efgyk dk mRihM+u]
gj 15 fefuV esa ,d efgyk ls NsM+NkM+] gj 53 fefuV ij ,d ;kS u mRihM+u] gj 9 fefuV ij ifr ;k laca/kh ls mRihM+u] gj 77 fefuV ij ,d ngst gR;k vkSj gj 29 fefuV ij
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,d cykRdkj dh ?kVuk;ksa gks jgh gSA ;g vkadM+k dsoy mu ?kVukvks a dk gS tks iqfyl
rd igq Wprh gSa A lPpkbZ rks ;g gS fd bl rjg dh vf/kdka'k ?kVuk;sa lekt fuank ds Hk; ls Nqik yh tkrh gSA
blh izdkj cky fookg] cgq fookg] cses y fookg] bR;kfn dks jks dus ds fy;s lqizhe dks VZ us fookg iathdj.k dks vfuok;Z cukus dk funsZ'k fn;k gS la ;qDr jk"Vª us Hkh ,d iz Lrko esa dgk gS fd vo;Ld ckfydk ds fookg dks dkuwuh ekU;rk ugha nh tk;s xh ysfdu /keZ] ijEijk vkSj vf'k{kk ds pyrs Hkkjr esa ,slk gksuk la Hko ugha gks ik jgk gSA ;fn okLrfodrk es a ,slk gks tkrk rks cky fookg ij jksd yx tkrh ftlls yM+fd;ksa dks de mez esa ekW cuus dh ihM+k ls eqfDr feyrh] tcju fookg can gksrs] lkFk gh fookg ds uke ij yM+fd;ksa dh [kjhn Qjks[r vksj rLdjh ij Hkh jksd yxrhA foMacuk ;g gS fd ijEijk ds uke ij vf'kf{kr rks nw j i<+s fy[ks yks x Hkh cky fookg dks cq jk ugha ekursA
thou dk vf/kdkj rks lHkh dks gS ysfdu efgykvksa dh tula[;k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd Hkkjr esa izfr gtkj iq:"kks a ij 933 efgyk;sa gh gSA fofHkUu vka dM+ ksa ds vuqlkj fiNys chl
o"kksZ ds nkSjku dsoy Hkkjr esa gh 50 djksM+ eknk Hkzw .k gR;k dh tk pq dh gSA bls jksdus ds fy;s dBksj dkuwu Hkh cuk;s x;s gS ysfdu vkt rd ltk fxus pqus ekeyksa esa gh gqbZ gSA gSjkuh dh ckr rks ;g gS fd xz keh.k {ks=ksa dh rqyuk esa uxjh; {ks=ks a es a dU;k Hkz w.k gR;k dh nj cgqr T;knk gSA fLFkfr cgqr T;knk xaHkhj gS D;ksfd bl lac/k es a cuk;k x;k dkuwu bls jksdus esa l{ke ugha gks ik jgk gS] t:jr gS lkekftd tkx:drk dh vksj Lo;a efgykvks a dks vkxs vkus dhA ;fn efgyk;sa Lo;a Bku ys rks dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA
ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh lkoZHkkSfed ?kks "k.kk us Hks nHkko dks u djus ds fl¼ka r dh
iq f"V dh Fkh vkSj ?kksf"kr fd;k Fkk fd lHkh ekuo Lora= iSnk gq, gS vkS j xfjek ,oa vf/kdkjksa esa leku gS rFkk lHkh O;fDr fcuk fdlh Hks nHkko ds] ftlesa fyax ij vk/kkfjr Hks nHkko Hkh 'kkfey gS a] lHkh vf/kdkjksa ,oa Lora=rk ds gdnkj gSA fQj Hkh efgykvksa ds
fo:+¼ vR;f/kd HksnHkko gksrk jgk gSA ekuo vf/kdkjks a dh j{kk ds fy, ,oa l;qDr jk"Vª ?kks"k.kk&i= ds mn~ns'; dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, Hkkjr es ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr us la;qDr jk"Vª ekuokf/kdkj lEesyuksa vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd ifj"kn ,oa egklHkk ds vf/kos'kuks a esa ekuokf/kdkj ds eqn~nksa ij lfØ; :i ls Hkkx fy;k gSa ekuo vf/kdkj lja{k.k vf/kfu;e] 1993 dh /kkjk 30 esa ekuo vf/kdkjks a ds mYya?ku lEcU/kh 'kh?kz lquokbZ miyC/k djkus ds fy;s ekuo vf/kdkj U;k;ky; cuk;s x;s gSAvka /kzizns'k] vle] flfDde] rfeyukMq vkSj mRrjizns 'k esa bl iz dkj ds U;k;ky; LFkkfir Hkh fd, tk pqds gSA bu fnuksa efgyk;sa gj {ks= esa vkxs vkbZ gSA os fofHkUu lsokvksa es a
dne j[kus yxh gSA dkedkth efgykvksa dk izfr'kr c<+us yxk gS ys fdu tc dkedkth efgykvks a ds lkFk ;kSu&mRihM+u dh ?kVuk, gksus yxh rks U;k;ikfydk us mlesa gLr{ksi dj ;kSu&mRihM+ u dh ?kVukvks a ij vadq'k yxkuk viuk nkf;Ro le>kA fo'kk[kk cuke LVsV vkWQ jktLFkku] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1997 ,l-lh- 3011 dk bl laca/k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ ekeyk
gSA bl ekeys esa mPpre U;k;y; }kjk dkedkth efgykvksa ds lkFk ;kS u&mRihM+u dh ?kVukvksa dh jks dFkke ds fy;s dfri; fn'kk&funsZ 'k tkjh fd, &
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¹ tgkW dkedkth efgyk,a gS ogka ds fu;ksDrkvksa ,oa vU; ftEesnkj vf/kdkfj;ksa dk
;g dRrZO; gksxk fd os dkedkth efgykvksa ds ;kSu&'kks"k.k dk fuokj.k djs] mUgsa jksdus ds mik; djsa rFkk nks"kh O;fDr;ks ds fo:¼ vfHk;kstu pykus dh dk;Zokgh djsA
¹ dkedkth efgykvksa ds ;kSu&mRihM+u ds fuokj.k gsrq rRlEcfU/kr funsZ'k lwpuk iVyksa ij iznf'kZr fd;s tk,a rFkk ;kSu&mRihM+u nq"ifj.kkeksa ls tulk/kkj.k dksvoxr djk;k tk,A
¹ ;fn dksbZ O;fDr ;kSu&mRihM+u ds fy, vfHk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g lq fuf'pr fd;k tk, fd ihfM+r efgyk ds ekeys esa lk{; nsus okys O;fDr;ks a dks rax ,oa ijs'kku u fd;k tk,A
¹ ;fn fdlh dk;ZLFky ij dk;Zjr O;fDr }kjk dkedkth efgyk dk ;kSu&mRihM+ u
fd;k tkrk gSA rks ,s ls O;fDr ds fo:¼ vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh dh tk,A¹ dkedkth efgykvks a ds ;kSu&mRihM+u lEcU/kh ifjoknksa ¿f'kdk;rksa À dh lq uokbZ
ds fy, f'kdk;r lfefr;ksa dk xBu fd;k tk,A¹ ,slh lfefr;ks a dk v/;{k efgykvks a dks cuk;k tk, rFkk lfefr ds U;wure vk/ks
inksa ij efgykvks a dks fu;qDr fd;k tk,A¹ ;kS u&mRihM+u fuokj.k fo"k;d lkfgR; rS;kj fd;k tk, rFkk bldk vf/kd ls
vf/kd iz pkj&izlkj fd;k tk,A¹ fdlh dkedkth efgyk ds lkFk ckgjh O;fDr;ksa }kjk ;kSu&mRihM+ u fd, tkus ij
,slh efgyk dks i;kZIr la j{k.k iznku fd;k tk,A¹ ds Unz ,oa jkT; ljdkjsa dkedkth efgykvksa ds ;kSu&mRihM+u dh ?kVukvksa dh
jksdFkke gsrq leqfpr fof/k;kWa cuk,A bl izdkj dqy feykdj ukjh fo"k;d ekuokf/kdkjksa dks fofHkUu fof/k;ksa ,oa
U;kf;d fu.kZ;ksa esa i;kZ Ir la j{k.k iznku fd;k x;k gSA cnyrs ifjos'k es a lafo/kku es a 12 osa la'kks/ku }kjk vuqPNsn 51 d (M) ds vUrxZr ukjh lEeku dks LFkku fn;k x;k gSA jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx rFkk jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ks x ukjh lEeku dh j{kkFkZ ltx ,oa lr~r~ iz;kljr gSA blds ckotwn efgykvksa ds fo:¼ lHkh izdkj ds Hks nHkko dh lekfIr ij ;g lEes yu] vk;ksx ,oa vfHkle; oakfNr izHkko ugha Mky lds D;ksafd efgykvksa ds ekuo vf/kdkjksa dk fo'oO;kih Lrj ij fofHkUu rjhdksa ls mis{kk ,oa mYya?ku vkt Hkh gks jgk gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- vxzoky] MkW- ,p-vks- ekuokf/kdkj] lsUVªy ykW ifCyds'ku bykgkcknA2- ckWcsy] MkW- clUrhyky] efgyk ,oa cky dkuwu] lsUVªy ykW ifCyds'ku] bykgkcknA3- [kaMsyk] ekupan&vk/kqfudrk vkSj efgyk mRihM+u] iksbaVj ifCy'klZ] t;iqjA4- yokfu;k] MkW- ,e-,e-&Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dk lekt'kkL= fjlpZ ifCyds'ku] t;iqjA5- 'kekZ] Jherh eatw&ukjh 'kks"k.k o ekuokf/kdkj jkt ifCyflax gkml] t;iqjA6- uhfr ekxZ & 1&15 fnlacj 20057- lgkjk le; &2 flracj 20068- nSfud HkkLdj 21 vDVwcj 2010
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fo'o esa fo|eku ukjhoknh vkanksyu ,oa efgyk vf/kdkjksa fo'o esa fo|eku ukjhoknh vkanksyu ,oa efgyk vf/kdkjksa fo'o esa fo|eku ukjhoknh vkanksyu ,oa efgyk vf/kdkjksa fo'o esa fo|eku ukjhoknh vkanksyu ,oa efgyk vf/kdkjksa fo'o esa fo|eku ukjhoknh vkanksyu ,oa efgyk vf/kdkjksa ds lanHkZ esa tkx:drk ds lanHkZ esa tkx:drk ds lanHkZ esa tkx:drk ds lanHkZ esa tkx:drk ds lanHkZ esa tkx:drk
¹ eqDrk nqcs¹ eqDrk nqcs¹ eqDrk nqcs¹ eqDrk nqcs¹ eqDrk nqcs
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¹ lgk;d izk/;kid] Hkkjrh; egkfo|ky;] foØe fo'ofo|ky;] mTtSu (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& ekuo lekt dk bfrgkl efgykvks a dks lRrk] izHkqrk ,oa 'kfDr ls nw j j[kus dk bfrgkl jgk gS vkSj blfy, izR;sd ns'k] dky] tkfr vkS j /keZ esa efgykvks a dks iq:"kksa ds cjkcj u vkus nsus dh lajpukRed ck/;rk,¡ cuk;h x;h gSaA efgyk eqfDr vkanksyu vFkok ukjhokn
nks vo/kkj.kkvksa ij cy nsrk gS A (d) lekurk dk vf/kdkj ([k) Hksn&foHksn dk vf/kdkjA lekurk dk vf/kdkj iq:"k ,oa L=h bu nksuks a fyaxks esa lekurk dk izfriknu djrk gS vkS j ;g ekurk gS fd tks dk;Z iq:"k dj ldrs gSa ] ogh dk;Z mruh gh n{krk ,oa dq'kyrk ls L=h Hkh dj ldrh gS A vlekurk dh fLFkfr eq[;r% lekt dh fir`lÙkkRed vFkok iq:"k iz/kku O;oLFkk ds dkj.k tUe ysrh gS] tks L=h dks dqN fo'ks"k dk;ksZa tS ls ?kj&x`gLFkh] cPpksa dk ykyu&ikyu bR;kfn rd gh lhfer dj nsrh gS A bl O;OkLFkk es a efgykvks a dh jpukRed ,oa l`tukRed izfrHkk ladqfpr vkSj dqafBr gks tkrh gS A Hksn&foHksn dk vf/kdkj iq:"k ,oa efgyk es a 'kkjhfjd o izkÏfrd Hksn dh lkoZHkkS fedrk dks Lohdkj djrk gSA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
ukjhokn ls RkkRi;Z& ukjhokn 'kCn dk iz ;ksx lkekU;r;k mu fopkj/kkjkvks a vkSj
vka nksyu ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ftldk mn~ns'; lfn;ksa ls pys vk jgs iq:"k iz/kku lekt esa efgykvksa dks eqfDr fnykuk gSA ukjhokn ,d ,slk fo'oO;kih vkanks yu gS tks ledkyhu lekt esa ukjh dh v/khuLFk vkSj voihfM+r fLFkfr dks lekIr djds mUgs a euq"; ds led{k LFkku fnykus dk vkdka{kh gSA ,d 'kCn ds rkSj ij ukjhokn 'kCn dk iz ;ksx lu~ 1890 ds ckn ls vke gks x;k FkkA bldk iz;ks x mu yks xksa dks fpfUgr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk Fkk tks u dsoy efgykvksa ds fy, T;knk lkoZtfud Hkwfedk ds i{k/kj Fks oju~ ,d O;fDr ds rkSj ij efgykvks a ds i{k esa [kM+s FksAukjhokn bl ckr ij vf/kd t+ks j nsrk gS fd iSr`d lajpuk ds pyrs iq:"k&izHkqRo ls eqfDr fnykus ds fy;s lekt ds lHkh oxksZ dh efgykvksa dks ,dtqV gksuk pkfg;sA ukjhokn efgyk mRihM+u ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dks le>us dh fn'kk esa iz;kljr~ ,d xfr'khy vkS j fujUrj ifjofrZr gksus okyh ,d
fopkj/kkjk gSA fo'o esa fo|eku ukjhoknh vkanksyu&1789 esa Ýkalhlh Økafr ds le; efgykvksa us jktuhfr esa izos'k djus dh fu;ksftr igy dh FkhA mUgksus gj dk;Z esa iq:"kksa ls da/ks ls da/kk feykdj Ýkal ds jktk dks vinLFk fd;k FkkA iq:"kksa us Hkh vius Lora=rk] lekurk ,oa ca /kqRo ds ukjs esa mUgsa jktuhfr es a iwjk Hkkxhnkj cukus dk vk'oklu fn;k FkkA efgykvksa dks iwjk fo'okl Fkk fd ukjhoknh vkanksyu mUgsa iq:"kksa ds leku er nsus ds
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vf/kdkj vo'; izkIr djk;sxk fdarq iq :"kksa dh }s"krk iw.kZ uhfr;ks a ds dkj.k ,slk dqN
u gks ldkA if'pe es a ukjh eqfDr vkanksyu dk izeq [k y{; Fkk fL=;ksa dh ,d O;fDr ds :i es a igpkuA fyaxh; lekurk dh LFkkiuk gsrq ;g ije vko';d gS fd L=h dks ,d O;fDr ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tk,A ukjh eq fDr vkanksyu us uj&ukjh lekurk dh /kkj.kk dks okLrfodrk dk vkdkj iznku fd;k gSA if'pe esa efgyk vka nksyu in dk
iz ;ksx loZizFke vesfjdk esa 1919 es a fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlds ,d lky ckn vesfjdh lafo/kku esa fL=;ksa ds erkf/kdkj ls lacaf/kr la'kks/ku dh n` f"V dh xbZ FkhA 19 oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjkZ¼ esa fo'o ds dbZ ns 'kksa esa efgykvksa us jktuhfr es a viuh Hkkxhnkjh ys us ds iz;kl fd;sA mudk fopkj Fkk fd ,d ckj mUgsa iq :"kksa ds leku erkf/kdkj fey tk;sa rks iq:"kksa ds cjkcj viuk ntkZ ykus es a enn feysxh fdarq ba XyS .M ,oa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk tSls yksdra= ds ns'kks a dh lalnksa esa tgk¡ flQZ iq:"k gh pqudj igq¡prs Fks bldk rhoz fojks/k
fd;k x;kA efgykvksa dh esgur loZizFke U;wt+hyS.M esa ja x ykbZ tgk¡ mUgsa 1893 esa er dk
vf/kdkj izkIr gq vk vkSj /khjs&/khjs fo'o ds rdjhcu lHkh iztkrkaf=d ns 'kksa esa bl vf/kdkj dks izkIr dj fy;kA dgha &dgha rks iq:"k iz/kku lalnks a us ;g vf/kdkj rHkh fn;k
tc mUgsa ;g ;dhu gks x;k fd ek= er dk vf/kdkj ns us ls efgykvksa esa jktuhfrd 'kfDr ugha vk tk,xh tks muds vfLrRo dks fdlh izdkj dk [krjk iSnk dj ldsa A ukjh eqfDr vka nks yu esa la;qDr jk"Vª la?k us Hkh efgykvks a ds lekukf/kdkj dks c<+k;k vkSj lqj{kk ns us
ds fy, fo'oHkj esa dqN uhfr;k¡] dk;Zdze vkS j ekin.M fu/kkZ fjr fd, gSaA la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds vuq lkj fdlh Hkh lekt esa mith lkekftd] vkfFkZ d o jktuSfrd leL;kvks a dk fujkdj.k efgykvksa ds fcuk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ukjh eqfDr vkanksyu ds la?k"kZ ds fy;s
1911 es a vkfLVªsfy;k] MsuekdZ] teZ uh vkS j fLoVtjySa M es a yk[kksa efgykvksa }kjk jSyh fudkyh xbZA erkf/kdkj] ljdkjh dk;Z dkfj.kh esa txg] ukSdjh esa HksnHkko dks [kRe djus tSls dbZ eqn~ ns bl jSyh esa mBk;s x;sA bfrgkl ds vuqlkj lekukf/kdkj dh ;g yM+kbZ vke efgykvksa }kjk gh 'kq: dh xbZ FkhA iz kphu xzhl esa yhfllVªkVk uke dh ,d efgyk us ÝSap Økafr ds nkSjku ;q¼ lekfIr dh ek¡x j[krs gq, bl vkanksyu dh 'kq:vkr dhA Qkjlh efgykvksa ds ,d lew g us ojlsYl esa bl fnu ,d eksPkkZ fudkykA bl ekspZs dk mn~ ns'; ;q ¼ dh otg ls efgykvksa ij c<+rs gq, vR;kpkj dks jksduk FkkA lu~ 1916 esa lks'kfyLV baVjus'kuy }kjk dksiu gsxu esa efgyk fnol dh LFkkiuk gqbZAefgyk vkanksyu dks ukuk iz dkj dh izfrfØ;kvks a dk Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+ kA fpyh] ukehfc;k] is :] ckaXykns'k] ds U;k] :l] iwohZ ;w jks i ds ns'kka s] dSFkksfyd ppZ vkSj fgUnw ijEijkokfn;ksa dh utj esa ukjhokn vuS frd vkpj.k dk i;kZ ; gSA ;wjksi ds okeiafFk;ksa ds vuq lkj ukjhokn ek= ,d cq tZq vk fopkj gSAHkkjr es a ukjhoknh vkanksyu vkSj efgyk laxBuksa dk mn;& if'peh lanHkZ dh
rq yuk es a Lora= Hkkjr esa efgyk vkUnksyu dk izkjEHk fHkUu FkkA ukjhokn ij vDlj ;g vkjksi yxk;k tkrk gS fd ;g if'pe ls vk;kfrr vo/kkj.kk gS vkSj mldk Hkkjrh;
laLÏfr ls dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha gSA izfrif{k;ksa ds vuqlkj pwafd Hkkjr esa ukjh dh iwtk gksrh gS mldk loksZ Pp LFkku gS blfy;s ukjhokn dh Hkkjrh; lekt u dksbZ vko';drk dHkh Fkh vkSj u dHkh gksxhA ;g ckr fcYdqy lgh gS fd ukjhokn dks bl uke ls loZizFke
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if'pe esa gh tkuk x;k vkS j bls ,d fopkj/kkjk dk :i Hkh ogha ls iznku fd;k x;k
ijUrq izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl vkSj lkfgR; esa dbZ ,sls izek.k fey tk;saxs ftuesa ukjh dk fonzksgh :i lkeus vk;k gSA Hkys gh ukjh ds bl fonzksg dks ukjhokn uke u fn;k x;k gks ij blls ;g irk pyrk gS fd fofHkUu ;qxksa esa ukjh us rRdkyhu lkekftd O;oLFkk es a viuh fLFkfr ij {kksHk O;Dr fd;k gSA bfrgkl es a dbZ ,sls mnkgj.k gaS tks ;g fl¼ djrs
gaS fd vU; lektksa dh rjg gekjk lekt Hkh fir`lÙkkRed Fkk] ftlesa ukjh dh fLFkfr nks ;e Fkh] ijUrq rc Hkh ukjh viuh fLFkfr ds fo:¼ la?k"kZ djrh jgrh FkhA oLrqr% iz R;sd ns 'k vkSj izR;sd dky es a ukjh viuh fLFkfr ls lUrq"V ugha Fkh vkSj tc rduhdh fodkl ds QyLo:i og ,d&nw ljs ds laidZ esa vk;h rks mlds fonzksg us ukjhokn dk :i ys fy;kA ukjhokn u if'peh vo/kkj.kk gS vkSj u gh Hkkjrh;A ;g ukjh ds va nj iy jgs jks"k vkSj {kksHk dh loZO;kid vfHkO;fDr gSA
Lora=rk vkanksyu ds nkSjku Hkh Hkkjrh; lekt esa rFkk Lo;a fL=;ksa esa viusvf/kdkjksa ds ckjs esa ps ruk FkhA Lo;a egkRek xk¡/kh us fL=;ks a dh Hkkxhnkjh ds fcuk
Lora=rk vkUnks yu dks v/kwjk ekuk rFkk efgykvksa dks Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa lfEefyr djus ds fy;s O;kid j.kuhfr dk lapkyu fd;k FkkA xk¡/kh th us lHkh oxZ dh efgykvks a dks jktuSfrd /kkjk ls tksM+dj mudh jktuSfrd i`"BHkw fe rS;kj dh ftls lafo/kku }kjk lqn`<+ rk iznku dh x;hA bl izdkj xk¡/kh yS afxd lekurk dks Hkwfedkvksa dh lekurk ds :i esa ugha cfYd nksuks a (L=h&iq:"k) ds iz fr lEeku dh Hkkouk rFkk mudh leku dkuw uh fLFkfr ds :i esa ns[krs FksA xk¡ /kh us fL=;ksa ds vf/kdkjksa ds laca/k es a fdlh Hkh izdkj ds le>kSrs dh lEHkkouk ls bUdkj fd;kA efgykvks a dh blh Hkkxhnkjh rFkk tkx:drk dk ifj.kke Fkk fd lafo/kku fuekZ.k ds nkSjku] fcuk xEHkhj erHks n ds fL=;ks a dks iq:"kks a ds
leku erkf/kdkj iznku fd;k x;k rFkk vU; lkekftd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd fo"kerkvks a ds lkFk&lkFk fyax ij vk/kkfjr vlekurk dks Hkh Li"V fd;k x;kA
Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa Hkh efgyk vkUnks yu i;kZIr :i ls fodsfUnzr gS rFkk fofHkUu Lrjks a ij fofHkUu efgyk la xBuksa }kjk pyk;k tkrk jgk gSA dqN efgyk laxBu Li"V :i es a fdlh u fdlh jktuhfrd ny dh N=Nk;k esa dke djrs gaSA jktuhfrd nyksa ds varxZr dk;Z djus okys dfri; efgyk laxBuksa esa turk ny dh efgyk n{krk lfefr] lkE;oknh ny dh us'kuy QSMjs'ku vkWQ bf.M;u foeu] ekDlZoknh dE;wfuLV ikVhZ dh vkW y bf.M;k Ms eks ØsfVd foeUl ,lksfl,'ku (,Mok) vkfn izeq [k gSaA bu efgyk laxBuks a dh igpku fdlh jktuhfrd ny dh otg ls ugha gS vfirq ml dk;Z dh otg ls gS tks os efgykvks a ds fy;s djrs gSaA bl izdkj Hkkjr esa efgyk vkUnksyu ek= jktuhfrd nyksa ds }kjk iks f"kr ugha gS] vfirq bldk Lora= vfLrRo Hkh gSA
Hkkjrh; ukjhoknh efgyk dh ekufldrk rFkk 'kCnkoyh dk fodkl if'peh ukjhoknh vkUnksyuksa ds vuqHkoksa ds c;ku djus okyh iqLrdksa ls gq vk gS] ;gk¡ ds /kjkry ls ughaA mYys[kuh; gS fd tc if'peh ns'kks a esa oksV tSlk ekSfyd vf/kdkj ek¡xus dh fgEer djus okyh efgykvksa dks rhoz fga lk rFkk viekuksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk Fkk] if'peh efgykf/kdkj vkUnks yuks a dk ogk¡ ds iq:"kks a }kjk dM+k o vHknz fojks/k fd;k x;k rFkk ogk¡ dh efgyk dk;ZdrkZvks a dks futh rkSj ij Hkh lkekftd migkl ,oa cfg"dkj dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA blds Bhd foijhr Hkkjr esa L=h vf/kdkjksa dks ysdj lekt ls la ?k"kZ
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dk cqfu;knh dke iq:"kksa us fd;kA Hkkjr esa efgyk vkUnks yu dk Lo:i Hkkjrh; lekt
ds leku gh tfVy rFkk vusd Lrj okyk gSA ukjhoknh vkUnksyu us fL=;ksa dh lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd lekurk dks vkfFkZd lekurk ds vHkko es a viw.kZ ekuk gSA efgyk vkUnks yu dk y{; efgykvksa dks jktuhfrd n`f"V ls Hkh l{ke cukuk gSA ;|fi efgyk;s a
lEiw.kZ ernkrkvksa dk yxHkx ipkl izfr'kr gSa rks Hkh fofHkUu jktuhfrd nyksa us efgykvks a ls lacaf/kr leL;kvksa dh mis{kk dh gSA
Hkkjr esa ukjh vkUnks yu dk fodkl vktknh dh yM+kbZ ls tqM+ k gqvk gSA vusd fonqf"k;ksa us LorU=rk laxzke es a egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA dkykUrj esa tc ukjhokn dk vkUnks yu vUrjkZ "Vªh; xksf"B;ks a esa oS pkfjd] laaxBukRed o fØ;kRed :i ls mHkj dj vkus yxk] rc mldk Li"V izHkko egkuxjh; efgykvksa esa izeq [k :i ls ns[kk x;kA ukjh
laxBuksa us jk"Vªh; ds Lrj ij vus d eq n~nks a dks leqnk; o ljdkj ds lEeq[k izLrqr fd;kA
Hkkjr es a ;s vkUnksyu izHkko'kkyh jgs rFkk jkT; ls ukjh dh izfLFkfr dks ljdkjh dk;ZØe ;kstuk o uhfr ds :i esa Lohdkj djkus esa lQy jgsA vk/kqfud ukjhoknh vkUnksyu efgykvksa dh ijEijkxr Hkwfedkvksa dh iq u% ifjHkk"kk dh ekax dj jgk gSA
Hkkjr esa ukjh eqfDr vkUnks yuksa ds fodkl ds lkFk efgykvksa esa lkekftd] jktuSfrd vkS j vkfFkZd psruk c<+h gS vkSj efgyk foeqfDr vkUnks yu ds leFkZdksa us efgykvks a ij gksus okys vR;kpkjks a dk fojks/k djuk 'kq : dj fn;k gSA vr% ge dg ldrs gaS fd Hkkjr es a efgyk vkUnksyu dh 'kq:vkr 1977 ds yxHkx vkikdkyhu fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk ds lkFk gh 'kq: gqbZA lRrj ds n'kd es a lkekftd] vkfFkZ d] jktuhfrd la?k"kksZ a ls tqM+ h efgykvks a dks iq :"k iz/kku lekt vkSj fir`lÙkkRed dk;Z iz .kkyh ls ?kqVu eglwl gksus yxh FkhA tq ywlksa ] lkoZ tfud jSyh vkSj Lok/khurk vkUnksyu esa lfØ; lgHkkfxrk ds
ckotw n efgykvksa ds fy, dksbZ usr`Ro 'kfDr ugha Fkh vkSj vius ?kjksa esa nks;e ntkZ Fkk blfy, xSj ljdkjh vkS j Lok;Ùk L=h eqfDr vkUnksyu vkUnks yu dh t:jr eglw l dh tkus yxhA fnYyh] eqEcbZ] gS njkckn esa dbZ efgyk laxBu lfØ; gq, vkSj ukjh eqfDr ds fy, la?k"kZ fd;kA if'peh txr esa rks fL=;ksa us viuh Lora= igpku] viuk Lora = vfLrRo LFkkfir djus esa i;kZIr lQyrk izkIr dj yh gS ijUrq Hkkjr lfgr vusd
fodkl'khy ns'kks a esa bl ifjiz s{; es a vHkh Hkh vFkd iz;kl fd;s tkus dh vko';drk gSA blds fy, vko';d gS fd efgyk la xBuksa }kjk ys[ku ds ek/;e ls tkx:drk dk iz pkj&izlkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk le;≤ ij lHkkvksa laxks f"B;ksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bl izdkj efgykvksa ls lacf/kr eqn~nksa ds fy;s Lora= o 'kfDr'kkyh vkUnks yu dh vko';drk gSA blds fy;s efgyk vkUnksyu dh Lora= igpku rFkk izHkko
gksuk vko';d gSAHkkjrh; lekt dk cM+ k Hkkx fL=;ksa dh leL;kvksa ds lanHkZ esa 'kqrqjeqxhZ ekufldrk
ls xz Lr gS rFkk vf/kdka'k efgyk,¡ Hkh bldk viokn ugha gS tcfd efgyk vkUnksyu dks O;kid cukus ds fy;s lekt ds lHkh oxksZa rFkk leqnk;ksa dh efgykvksa dk lfØ;k gksuk vfuok;Z gSAO;kid rkSj ij fofHkUu efgyk laxBuksa ds ek/;e ls efgyk vkUnks yu mijksDr
y{;ks a dh iz kfIr ds fy;s vius&vius Lrj ij dk;Zjr gSaA fiNys nks n'kdksa es a vusd mYys[kuh; lQyrkvksa dk Js; efgyk vkUnksyu dks fn;k tkrk gSA efgyk vkUnksyu ds iz ;klksa ds dkj.k lekt esa O;kid rkSj ij ;g lgefr cuus yxh gS fd efgykvksa dh
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Hkkjrh; efgykvksa ds ,d çfrfuf/k e.My us fczfV'k ikfyZ ;kesaV es a iq#"kks a ds lkFk
lekurk ds vk/kkj ij fL=;ksa dks Hkh erkf/kdkj fn, tkus dh ekax çLrqr dh vkSj 1921 esa Hkkjr dh f'kf{kr vkS j lEiUu x`fgf.k;ksa dks erkf/kdkj çkIr gks x;k FkkA Hkkjr ds laoS/kkfud bfrgkl es a ;g lu~ 1921 bl n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gS fd bl o"kZ fL=;ksa us igyh ckj fo/kkue.Myksa esa ços'k fd;kA 1946 esa fufeZr fo/kkulHkk esa vkSj jkT; fo/kku e.Myks a es a fujarj efgykvksa dh lfØ;rk c<+h gSA Lora=rk ds mijkar ds Uæ vkSj jkT; fo/kkue.Myksa esa efgykvksa us vis{kkÏr jktuSfrd Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+k;k gSA
20 oha lnh ds iwokZ¼Z ls ys dj vkt rd efgyk,¡ jktuhfr esa fujarj lfØ; jgh gSa vkSj ;g Lohdk;Zrk nks çdkj ls çnf'kZ r gqbZ gSaA çFke ernkrk ds :i esa vkSj f}rh; çfrfuf/k ds :i esa A efgykvks a us nks uksa gh :iksa es a viuh lfØ;rk dks vPNh çdkj ls çnf'kZr fd;k gSA chloha lnh ds çkjaHk esa ns'k dh efgyk laxBuksa dk çkja Hk ,oa efgyk
vf/kdkjksa ds fy;s laxfBRk ç;kl vkjEHk gks x, FksA 1917 esa efgykvksa dk Hkkjr la ?k (WIA ) 1920 es Hkkjrh; efgykvks a dh jk"Vªh; ifj"kn (NCWI )] 1920 esa fo'ofo|ky;h efgykvks a dk Hkkjrh; la?k (IFUW ) ,d loZ egRoiw.kZ 1926 es a vf[ky Hkkjrh; efgyk lEesyu (AIWC ) dh ,s frgkfld 'kq:vkr us efgyk eqn~nksa dks O;kid jk"VªO;kih LOk:i çnku fd;kA buds vfrfjDr blh n'kd esa jk"Vªh; mnkjoknh la?k ( NLA ) ,oa efgyk dks "k la?k (WFA ) dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gSA orZeku es a eq fLye efgyk la xBu ds :i es a nq[+ rj feYr d'ehj ?kkVh esa lfØ; gSaA 1980 ls 'kq: gqvk fpidks vkUnksyu fo'oO;kih vka nksyu cuk rFkk blls tqM+s efgyk laxBuksa us u dsoy iq#"kksa dh iapk;r dk fojks/k
fd;k vfirq ;g Hkh n'kkZ;k fd fL=;k¡ vius i;kZ oj.k ds çfr iq#"kks a ls T;knk lrdZ gS aA la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds bu ç;klksa ds }kjk lu~ 1971 esa fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr laca/kh *la ;qDr
jk"Vª la?k ds vk;ks x* ds funsZ 'k ij Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkh vius ;gk¡ fL=;ksa ds nts Z dh tk¡p ds fy;s çFke jk"Vªh; vk;ks x dh LFkkiuk dhA la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh gj ,tsalh esa tgk¡ efgykvksa dk çfrfuf/kRo c<+k gS ogha Hkkjrh; efgyk,¡ Hkh viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh jgh gS aA fuf'pr :i ls 1975 dk o"kZ efgyk o"kZ ds :i esa ukjh çxfr ds bfrgkl esa ,d ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gqvkA bldk eq[; mn~ ns'; fL=;ksa ds fiNM+ siu vkSj mudh leL;kvks a dh vks j lekt dk /;ku vkdf"kZ r djuk Fkk rFkk muds lkFk tq M+h HksnHkko dh fLFkfr;ks a ,oa
dfFkr fu;ksZX;rkvks a ds fuokj.k ds fy;s lacf/kr ljdkjks a dks fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk,¡ cukus ds fy;s ck/; djuk FkkA vr% la ;q Dr jk"Vª la ?k }kjk vUrjkZ "Vª h; efgyk o"kZ dk ukjk&lekurk] fodkl] vkSj fo'o'kkafr dgha u dgha egRoiw .kZ Hkw fedk fuHkk jgk gSA
milagkj :-la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh lu~ 2000 dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh 1945 dh LFkkiuk ds le; dqy 32 ns'kksa esa efgykvksa dks oksV ns us dk vf/kdkj FkkA1975 esa ;g la [;k 124 gks xbZ tgk¡ u dsoy fL=;ksa dks erkf/kdkj çkIr gS] cfYd
fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k dk;ksZ a esa Hkh Hkkx ysus vkSj mPp inksa ij vklhu gks us dk vf/kdj gSA la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds la;qDr ç;klksa us L=h tula[;k ds fglkc ls muds de çfrfuf/kRo dh vksj lHkh ns'kksa dk /;ku vkÏ"V fd;k gSA la;qDRk jk"Vª la ?k dh ,d vU; fjiksVZ dsvuqlkj Hkkjr es a leku dk;Z ds fy;s ukfj;ksa dks ixkj de feyrh gS] mUgsa dke djus ds
ekSds de feyrs gSa] Å¡ ps in ij mudh rjDdh de gksrh jgh gSA Å¡ps inks a ij fL=;k¡ 3 çfr'kr] iq#"k 97 çfr'kr vkSj rduhdh {ks =ksa esa Hkkjr dk LFkku fo'o ds 128 ns'kks a esa
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114 ok¡ gSA f'k{kk ds {ks = esa yM+dksa ds eqdkcys yM+fd;k¡ de fy[kuk i<+ uk tkurh gS a]
(yM+fd;k¡ 48 çfr'kr] yM+ds 73 çfr'kr) bl n` f"V ls Hkkjr dk LFkku 128 ns'kksa esa 122 osa LFkku ij gS aA LokLF; ds {ks = esa tUe ds le; yM+fd;ksa vkSj yM+dksa ds vuqikr esa varj gksus dh fo"kerk Hkkjr esa cgqr vf/kd gSA bl n`f"V ls Hkkjr dk LFkku 128 ns'kksa
esa ls 117osa LFkku ij gSA jktuhfrd l'kDrhdj.k ds {ks= esa Hkkjrh; laln esa L=h lkaln iq #"kksa ds lkeus cgqr de gSaA (fL=;k¡ 8 çfr'kr] iq:"k 92 çfr'kr) L=h fefuLVj 3 çfr'kr] iq:"k 97 çfr'kr gSa A bu lHkh vk¡dM+ks aa dks ns[kdj dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjr dh fLFkfr vf/kd lks puh; gSA la;qDr jk"Vª la?k us lq >ko fn;k gS fd Hkkjr ,slh ;ks tuk,¡ cuk, vkSj fØ;kfUor djs rFkk vko';drk iM+ us ij iqjkus dkuwuks a ij vko';d la'kks/ku djs a vkSj u;s dkuwu Hkh cuk,¡ A ,slh ;ks tuk,¡ cuk,¡ vkSj fØ;kfUOkr djs a fd fL=;ksa dh lHkh {ks=ksa es a lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh gksA os uo fuekZ.k esa o fodkl çfØ;k esa lgHkkxh cusa
vkS j viuh Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+ k ldsaA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- dkSf'kd vk'kk] ukjh l'kDrhdj.k % foe'kZ ,oa ;FkkFkZ] iksbUVj ifCyds'klZ] t;iqj] 20042- vxzoky ,p-vks] vUrjkZ"Vªh; fof/k ,oa ekuo vf/kdkj] lsUVªy ykW ifCyds'kUl] t;iqj
20003- vxzoky fxfjjkt 'kj.k] ukjh% dy vkSj vkt] fgUnh lkfgR; fudsru fctukSj (m-iz-)] 20004- prqosZnh lrh'k] ekuokf/kdkj vkSj la;qDr jk"Vª la?k] iksbUVj ifCy'klZ] t;iqj] 20025- xks;y lquhy ,oa xks;y laxhrk] Hkkjrh; lekt esa ukjh] vkj-ch-,l-,-ifCy'klZ t;iqj]
20036- djkr o`ank] Hkkjrh; ukjh la?k"kZ vkSj eqfDr] ukbZl fizafVx izsl] ubZ fnYyh] 20087- dqekj fueZy] Hkkjrh; Lok/khurk dk bfrgkl] lekukarj izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 19908- ey iwj.k] ekuokf/kdkj] lekftd U;k; vkSj Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] iksabUVj ifCy'klZ] t;iqj
2007
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dk;Zjr efgykvks a dks laoS/kkfud ,oa fof/kd laj{k.kksa dh tkudkjh dk;Zjr efgykvksa dks laoS/kkfud ,oa fof/kd laj{k.kksa dh tkudkjh dk;Zjr efgykvks a dks laoS/kkfud ,oa fof/kd laj{k.kksa dh tkudkjh dk;Zjr efgykvksa dks laoS/kkfud ,oa fof/kd laj{k.kksa dh tkudkjh dk;Zjr efgykvksa dks laoS/kkfud ,oa fof/kd laj{k.kksa dh tkudkjh
¹ vf[kys'k 'kqDy ¹ vf[kys'k 'kqDy ¹ vf[kys'k 'kqDy ¹ vf[kys'k 'kqDy ¹ vf[kys'k 'kqDy ¹¹ jatuk feJk ¹¹ jatuk feJk ¹¹ jatuk feJk ¹¹ jatuk feJk ¹¹ jatuk feJk
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
¹ lgk;d izk/;kid] lekt'kkL= ,oa lektdk;Z foHkkx] Vh-vkj-,l- dkyst] jhok (Lo'kklh ,oa mRÏ"Vrk dsUnz) uSd }kjk ^,* xzsM izkIrA
¹¹ HkksikyA
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lkjka'k& Hkkjrh; lafo/kku Hkkjr ds lHkh ukxfjdks a dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuS frd U;k; iznku djus dh ea'kk dh ?kks"k.kk djrk gS A gekjs ns'k ds lHkh dkuwu gekjs lafo/kku }kjk vf/kd`r gksrs gSaA Hkkjr es a efgykvks a dks iq:"kksa ds leku lekurk dk vf/kdkj] Lora=rk dk
vf/kdkj rFkk 'kks"k.k ds fojks/k dk vf/kdkj] /kkfeZd Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj] f'k{kk vkS j laLd`fr dk vf/kdkj] laoS /kkfud la j{k.k dk vf/kdkj iznku fd;k x;k gSA bl rjg lafo/kku efgykvksa vkS j iq:"kksa es a HksnHkko feVkus dh ea'kk j[krk gS A efgykvks a dks ikjEifjd :i ls izrkfM+r fd;stkus okys vU;k; dks lekIr djus ds fy, lafo/kku] ljdkj dks efgykvksa ds fgr es a fo'ks"k fu;e cukus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA vko';drk bl ckr dh gS] bu la oS/kkfud ,oa fof/kd izko/kkuks a dh tkudkjh izR;sd efgyk dks gksuh pkfg;s] fo'ks"k :i ls dk;Z jr efgykvks a dks rksbudk Kku gksuk gh pkfg;sA ;gk¡ ge laoS /kkfud izko/kkuks a] fof/kd izko/kkuks a ,oa efgyk fodkl uhfr dk laf{kIr fo'ys"k.k izLrqr dj jgs gSaA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
Lora=ksÙkj Hkkjr es a efgykvksa ds fgr esa vusd fof/k;ks a dk fuekZ .k fd;k x;k gSA dk;Z jr efgykvksa ds fy;s Hkh mu vf/kfu;eksa esa fof'k"V O;oLFkk;sa dh x;h gSaA 'kkldh; fu;eksa es a Hkh dk;Zjr efgykvksa dks vusd lqfo/kk;sa iznku dh xbZ gSa tSls izlwfr vodk'k vkfnA e-iz- esa efgyk fodkl uhfr Lohd`fr dh xbZ gS] ftlds ek/;e ls efgykvksa ds
fodkl ds fy;s vusd lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd dk;ZØe la pkfyr fd;s tk jgs gaA bl v/;;u esa dk;Zjr efgykvksa ls bu vf/kfu;eksa] fu;eks a] uhfr;ks a ,oa dk;ZØeksa dh
tkudkjh ds la nHkZ esa rF; ,df=r fd;s x;s gSaA gj efgyk dgha u dgha dke djrh gSA og ?kj dk dke rks djrh gh gS] vDlj og iS lk dekus ds fy, ?kj ls ckgj Hkh dke djrh gSA dke djus okyh efgykvksa ds dqN ewy vf/kdkj gSA ;s ewy vf/kdkj Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa fn;s x, gSa] ftUgsa dk;Z :i es a ifjf.kr djus ds fy, ljdkj us vyx&vyx dkuw u cuk;s gSa A
¹ dk;Z djus okyh gj efgyk dks dke djus ds fy, osru ;k etnwjh feyuh pkfg,A¹ ;g osru ;k ru[okg de ls de mruh gksuh pkfg,] ftruh ljdkj us r; dh gksA bl rjg mls U;wure etnwjh feyuk pkfg,A¹ cjkcj ds dke ds fy, cjkcj iSlk feyuk pkfg,A ;kfu ,d gh dke ds fy, ;k
,d tSls dke ds fy, efgyk dks iq:"k ds cjkcj iSls feyus pkfg, de ughaA
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¹ efgykvksa dks xHkkZoLFkk o izlwfr ls la caf/kr dq N [kkl vf/kdkj fn;s x;s gS aA
v/;;u {ks=& bl 'kks/k dk v/;;u {ks = Hkksiky uxj gSA Hkksiky] e/;izns'k ds 14 cM+s uxjks a esa ls ,d gSA Hkks iky dh tula[;k 14]33]875 gSA blds ckn tcyiq j] Xokfy;j rFkk mTtSu uxjksa dk LFkku gSA v/;;u {ks = Hkks iky uxj esa L=h&iq :"k vuq ikr 1991 es a 894 rFkk lu~ 2001 esa 897 ik;k x;k gSA lu~ 2001 esa Hkksiky es a lk{kjrk dh
nj 75-08 izfr'kr ik;h x;h gSA Hkksiky ds xz keh.k vapy esa lk{kjrk dh nj 53-35 iz fr'kr rFkk uxjh; {ks=ksa es a 79-99 iz fr'kr jgh gSA bl rjg bl 'kks/k dk v/;;u {ks= (Hkksiky) ns'k ds e/; es a fLFkr ,d ,slk uxj gS tgka izkphurk ds lkFk uohurk ds ifjn` '; fo|eku gSa A ;g dyk vkSj izns'k dh jktuhfr dk dsUnz gSAv/;;u dk mís';& orZeku v/;;u dk mís '; dk;Zjr efgykvksa dh thou&'kSyh
muds lkekftd&vkfFkZd ,oa lkaLd`frd thou dh fof'k"Vrkvks a dh foospuk djuk gS]
ftlls dk;Zjr efgykvksa dh thou&'kSyh dks Li"V fd;k tk ldsA bl lUnHkZ esa 'kks/k dh xgurk dk;Zjr efgykvksa dks fun'kZ ds :i esa p;fur djds mudh lajpukRed ,oa iz dk;kZRed bdkbZ ;ksa ds vUos"k.k ls tqM+h gqbZ gSAv/;;u i¼fÙk& fdlh Hkh v/;;u lewg ds laca/k esa rF; ;k vkadM+s ,df=r djus
dh nks i¼fr;ka gksrh gS a & ,d rks lew g ds lHkh lnL;ksa ls lEidZ LFkkfir dj rF;ksa dks ladfyr fd;k tk, ;k lewg ds lHkh lnL;ksa ds LFkku ij muesa ls dqN iz frfuf/k pqudj muls gh rF; ladfyr fd, tk,aA tc lewg ds lHkh lnL;ks a vFkkZr~ lHkh bdkb;ks a ls tkudkjh ,df=r dh tkrh gS rks bl i¼fr dks *lax.kuk i¼fr* (Census Enquiry
Method ) dgrs gSaA ysfdu blds foijhr tc lewg esa ls dq N izfrfuf/k lnL;ksa dks pq udj dsoy mUgha ls tkudkjh izkIr dh tkrh gS rks bl i¼fr dks *fun'kZ u i¼fr* dgrs
gSa A fun'kZu i¼fr esa v/;;u lewg vFkkZr~ lexz dh lEiw .kZ bdkb;ksa dk v/;;u ugha fd;k tkrk oju~ lewg esa ls dq N ,s lh bdkb;ka pqu yh tkrh gSa ftuesa leLr bdkb;ksa dsHkh xq.k fo|eku gksrs gSaA bu pquh gqbZ bdkb;ksa dk v/;;u dj fu"d"kZ iz kIr fd;k tkrk
gSA bl v/;;u es a fun'kZu dh lfopkj i¼fÙk dks viuk;k x;k gSA bl i¼fÙk esa fun'kZu dk pq uko djrs le; bl ckr ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkrk gS fd lexz esa ls mUgha bdkb;ks a dk pquko fd;k tk, tks lexz ds vkSlr xq.k o fo'ks"krkvksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gksa A lfopkj ;k mís';iw.kZ fun'kZu es a mís'; dks lkeus j[kdj mlds vuq dwy gh fun'kZu dk pq uko fd;k tkrk gSA vuqla/kkudÙkkZ v/;;u fo"k; ds mís'; dks /;ku es a j[kdj ml ij iz dk'k Mkyus okyh rFkk mlds vuq dwy bdkb;ksa dks gh fun'kZu ds :i esa fopkjiwoZd pq urk gSA Hkksiky uxj esa dk;Zjr efgykvksa esa ls 200 dk p;u bl i¼fr }kjk fd;k
x;k gSA p;u djrs le; dk;Zjr efgykvksa dh lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd izfLFkfr dks /;ku esa j[kk x;k gSA p;u dh xbZ efgykvksa dk la[;kRed fooj.k uhps rkfydk esa izLrqr fd;k tk jgk gSA
vk; Lrj ekfld vk;fun'kZ d s :i e s p;fur dk;Zjr efgyk;s
l a[;k izfr'kr
fuEu vk; Lrj 5]000 :- ls de 66 33
e/; vk; Lrj 5]000 :- ls 10]000 :- 95 47-5
mPp vk; Lrj 10]000 :- ls vf/kd 39 19-5
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fun'kksZa ds p;u ds i'pkr lk{kkRdkj ds fy;s vuqlwph dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
bl v/;;u esa lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph] lgHkkxh&voyks du] ds fUnzr lk{kkRdkj dh v/;;u iz fof/k dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA blds vykok 'kks/k ls lEcfU/kr rF;ks a dks ,df=r djus ds fy;s voyks du i¼fr dks Hkh viuk;k x;k gSA}Srh;d lzksr ds :i esa izdkf'kr 'kks/k lkefxz ;ksa] lekpkj i=ksa] iqLrdksa] ljdkjh lkaf[;dh; lwpukvksa vkSj vU; izdkf'kr rFkk vizdkf'kr ek/;eks a ls ladfyr fd;s x;s gS aA
dk;Z jr efgykvks a dks la oS/kkfud ,oa fof/kd la j{k.kks a dh tkudkjh& Lora=ksÙkj Hkkjr esa efgykvksa ds fgr esa vusd fof/k;ks a dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA dk;Zjr efgykvksa ds fy;s Hkh mu vf/kfu;eksa esa fof'k"V O;oLFkk;sa dh x;h gSa A 'kkldh; fu;eks a esa Hkh dk;Zjr efgykvksa dks vusd lq fo/kk;sa iz nku dh xbZ gSa tS ls iz lw fr vodk'k vkfnA e-iz- esa efgyk fodkl uhfr Lohd`fr dh xbZ gS] ftlds ek/;e ls efgykvksa ds fodkl
ds fy;s vusd lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd dk;ZØe lapkfyr fd;s tk jgs ga A bl v/;;u esa dk;Z jr efgykvksa ls bu vf/kfu;eksa ] fu;eksa] uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;ZØeksa dh tkudkjh ds lanHkZ esa rF; ,df=r fd;s x;s gSaA bu rF;ksa dh tkudkjh fuEu rkfydk esa ns rs gq ;s mudk fo'ys"k.k vkxs iz Lrqr fd;k tk jgk gSA
dk;Zjr efgykvksa dks fof/kd vf/kdkjksa dh tkudkjh
Ø-efgykvks ds lj{k.k
lEcU/kh
mÙkjnk=h dk;Zjr efgyk;s ¼200½
fookfgr
¼140½
vfookfgr
¼40½
fo/kok@ifjR;Drk
¼20½
l[;k ifr'kr l[;k izfr'kr l[;k izfr'kr
1- la oS/kkfud iz ko/kku 98 70 30 75 10 50
2- U;w ure os ru vf/kfu;e 112 80 35 87.5 10 50
3- iz lw fr lqfo/kk;s a 140 100 20 50 15 75
4- xHkZ dk fpfdRldh; lekiu vf/kfu;e
84 60 10 25 10 50
5- Hkj.k&iks"k.k lEcU/kh fof/k;k¡ 84 60 10 25 20 100
6- fookg lEcU/kh fof/k;k¡ 98 70 25 62.5 20 100
7- rykd izkIr djus lEcU/kh fof/kd tkudkjh
70 50 20 50 20 100
8- lEifÙk ds vf/kdkj lEcU/kh fof/kd tkudkjh
84 60 30 75 15 75
9- ngst izfrcU/k vf/kfu;e dh tkudkjh
112 80 35 87.5 15 75
10- ;kSu mRihM+u dks jksdus lEcU/kh fof/kd iz ko/kkuks a dh tkudkjh
98 70 30 75 10 50
11- efgyk fodkl uhfr dh tkudkjh
84 60 20 50 10 50
mDr rkfydk ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd dk;Z jr efgykvksa dks muds la j{k.k gs rq fd;s x;s laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa] fufeZ r fof/k;ks a] fn'kk&funsZ'kksa ,oa efgyk fodkl uhfr dh tkudkjh iwjh rjg ugha gSA mÙkjnk=h dk;Zjr efgykvksa }kjk lk{kkRdkj ds nkS jku crk;s x;s rF;ksa ls ;g ckr Li"V gks tkrh gSA la oS/kkfud izko/kkuksa ds ckjs esa vHkh Hkh 30 iz fr'kr fookfgr] 25 iz fr'kr vfookfgr rFkk 50 iz fr'kr fo/kok@ifjR;Drk dk;Zjr
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efgyk;sa vufHkK gSaA bl fLFkfr dks ikbZ Mk;xzke es a iz Lrqr fd;k tk jgk gSA
U;wure osru vf/kfu;e ds ckjs esa 80 iz fr'kr fookfgr] 87-5 iz fr'kr vfookfgr rFkk 50 izfr'kr fo/kok@ifjR;Drk dk;Zjr efgykvksa dks tkudkjh gS tcfd 20 iz fr'kr fookfgr] 12-5 izfr'kr vfookfgr rFkk 50 izfr'kr fo/kok@ifjR;Drk dk;Zjr efgyk;sa bl vf/kfu;e ds ckjs esa viuh vufHkKrk izdV djrh gSa A izlwfr lq fo/kk;sa ds lEcU/k es a 'kr izfr'kr fookfgr efgyk;sa tkudkjh j[krh gSa tcfd bldh tkudkjh dk;Zjr vfookfgr 50 izfr'kr efgykvksa rFkk 25 iz fr'kr fo/kok@ifjR;Drk efgykvksa dks ugha gSA
dsoy 50 izfr'kr vfookfgr rFkk 75 izfr'kr fo/kok@ifjR;Drk efgyk;sa gh bu lqfo/kkvks a ds ckjs esa tkurh gS aA
xHkZ ds fpfdRldh; lekiu ds vf/kfu;e ds lEcU/k esa 60 iz fr'kr fookfgr] 25
iz fr'kr vfookfgr rFkk 50 izfr'kr fo/kok@ifjR;Drk dk;Zjr efgykvksa dks tkudkjh gSA 'ks"k dk;Z jr efgykvksa dks budh tkudkjh ugha gSA Hkj.k&iks "k.k lEcU/kh fof/k;ksa dh tkudkjh 60 iz fr'kr fookfgr] 25 izfr'kr vfookfgr rFkk 'kr&izfr'kr fo/kok@ifjR;Drk dk;Z jr efgykvks a dks gSA
fookg lEcU/kh fof/k;ks a dh tkudkjh 70 izfr'kr fookfgr] 62-5 iz fr'kr vfookfgr rFkk 'kr&izfr'kr fo/kok@ifjR;Drk dk;Z jr efgykvksa esa ik;h x;h gSA blh rjg rykd izkIr djus lEcU/kh fof/kd tkudkjh 50 iz fr'kr fookfgr rFkk vfookfgr ,oa 'kr&izfr'kr fo/kok@ifjR;Drk dk;Zjr efgykvksa esa ik;h x;h gSA lEifÙk ds vf/kdkj lEcU/kh fof/kd tkudkjh 60 izfr'kr fookfgr] 75 izfr'kr vfookfgr rFkk fo/kok ,oa ifjR;Drk dk;Zjr efgykvksa dks gSA ngst izfrcU/k vf/kfu;e dh tkudkjh 80 iz fr'kr fookfgr] 87-5
iz fr'kr vfookfgr rFkk 75 izfr'kr fo/kok@ifjR;Drk dk;Zjr efgykvksa es a ik;h x;h gSA ;kSu mRihM+u dks jksdus lEcU/kh mPpre U;k;ky; ds fn'kk&funsZ'kksa ,ao fof/kd izko/kkuksa ds lEcU/k esa 70 izfr'kr fookfgr] 75 iz fr'kr vfookfgr rFkk 50 izfr'kr fo/ kok@ifjR;Drk dk;Z jr efgyk;sa tkurh gSaA efgyk ,oa fodkl uhfr dh tkudkjh ds oy 60 izfr'kr fookfgr] 50 izfr'kr vfookfgr rFkk fo/kok@ifjR;Drk dk;Zjr efgykvksa esa
ik;h x;h gSA vko';drk bl ckr dh gS] bu la oS/kkfud ,oa fof/kd izko/kkuksa dh tkudkjh izR;sd efgyk dks gksuh pkfg;s] fo'ks"k :i ls dk;Zjr efgykvksa dks rks budk Kku gks uk gh pkfg;sA ;gk¡ ge laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa] fof/kd izko/kkuks a ,oa efgyk fodkl
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uhfr dk la f{kIr fo'ys"k.k izLrq r dj jgs gSaA
Hkkjrh; la fo/kku Hkkjr ds lHkh ukxfjdks a dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuS frd U;k; iz nku djus dh ea'kk dh ?kks"k.kk djrk gSA gekjs ns'k ds lHkh dkuw u gekjs lafo/kku }kjk vf/kd`r gksrs gS aA Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dks iq :"kksa ds leku lekurk dk vf/kdkj] Lora =rk
dk vf/kdkj rFkk 'kks"k.k ds fojks/k dk vf/kdkj] /kkfeZd Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj] f'k{kk vkS j laLd`fr dk vf/kdkj] la oS/kkfud laj{k.k dk vf/kdkj iznku fd;k x;k gSA bl rjg
lafo/kku efgykvksa vkSj iq :"kksa esa HksnHkko feVkus dh ea'kk j[krk gSA efgykvksa dks ikjEifjd :i ls iz rkfM+ r fd;s tkus okys vU;k; dks lekIr djus ds fy, la fo/kku] ljdkj dks efgykvksa ds fgr esa fo'ks"k fu;e cukus dh vuqefr ns rk gSA lafo/kku ;g mEehn j[krk gS fd ljdkj efgykvksa dh fLFkfr lq/kkjus ds fy, fo'ks "k iz;Ru djsxhA ewy vf/kdkjksa esa lekurk ds vf/kdkj dk efgykvksa ds fy, fo'ks"k egRo gSA lekurk ds vf/
kdkj ds vuqlkj efgykvksa dks iq :"kksa ds lkFk lkoZ tfud ukSdfj;ksa esa leku vf/kdkj gSa rFkk leku os ru dk vf/kdkj gSA ;fn fdlh efgyk ds ewy vf/kdkjksa dh vogsyuk gks rks oks dkuwu dh enn ys ldrh gSa A bl rjg ds dsl gkbZdks VZ (mPp U;k;ky;) vFkok lq iz he dksVZ (mPPre U;k;ky;) esa nk;j fd;s tk ldrs gSaA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- MkW- fueZ yk dqekjh] Hkkxyiqj fo'ofo|ky;] lekt dY;k.k] vizS y 2003] i`"B 33-2- ijekj] nqxkZ- Jethoh efgyk,a vkSj ledkyhu ikfjokfjd laxBu] lkfgR; Hkou] bykgkckn]
1982-3- ijekj] nq xkZ] 1982- Jethoh efgyk,a vkSj ledkyhu ikfjokfjd laxBu] lkfgR; Hkou]
bykgkckn] isa 14&23-4- jk;tknk] MkW- vthr] efgyk mRihM+u] e-iz- fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] Hkksiky] 2000-5- jk;] ljkst] efgyk Jfed] jkor ifCyds 'kUl] ubZ fnYyh] 1999-6- e-iz- iz'kklfud {ks= esa fu;kstu] vkfFkZd ,oa lka[;dh lapkyuky;] e-iz- lu~ 2005-7- efgyk fof/k Hkkjrh] 'kks/kif=dk] ubZ fnYyh 2002 ls 2004-8- Hkksiky xts fV;j] jktHkk"kk ,oa laLd`fr lapkyuky;] e-iz- Hkks iky] 1999-9- Hkkjr dh tux.kuk 2001] e-iz- Ja[kyk 24] 2001 dk isij & 2-10- vCcqy Qty, fetkZ- n dq jku % , U;w Vª kUlys'ku] m¼r jk;] f'kokuh] LVsV~l vkWQ eqfLye
oksesu bu ukFkZ bafM;k] ch-vkj- ifCyf'ka x dkjiksjs 'ku] fnYyh] 1979-11- Dr. S. Akhilesh, Status of Women in India, Police & Society, Gayatri Publications,
Rewa, 2002, Page 12-13.
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e-iz- jkT; esa eujsxk esa fiNM+s {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa dh e-iz- jkT; esa eujsxk esa fiNM+s {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa dh e-iz- jkT; esa eujsxk esa fiNM+s {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa dh e-iz- jkT; esa eujsxk esa fiNM+s {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa dh e-iz- jkT; esa eujsxk esa fiNM+s {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa dh
Hkkxhnkjh dk fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u Hkkxhnkjh dk fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u Hkkxhnkjh dk fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u Hkkxhnkjh dk fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u Hkkxhnkjh dk fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u ¹ eksuk rUuk ¹ eksuk rUuk ¹ eksuk rUuk ¹ eksuk rUuk ¹ eksuk rUuk
¹¹ ehuk{kh xk;dokM+¹¹ ehuk{kh xk;dokM+¹¹ ehuk{kh xk;dokM+¹¹ ehuk{kh xk;dokM+¹¹ ehuk{kh xk;dokM+
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
¹ lgk;d izk/;kid] ,e-ds-,p-,l- dU;k egkfo|ky;] bUnkSj (e-iz-)¹¹ vkbZ-ih-,l- ,dkneh] bUnkSj (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& Hkkjr ds o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kkuqlkj vkt Hkh 62-2 tula[;k xk¡o esa fuokl djrh gS A 2 vDVw cj 2009 dks ckiw dh 140 oh t;arh ij jk"Vªfirk egkRek xk¡ /kh jk"Vªh;
jkstxkj xkjUVh vf/kfu;e (eujsxk) cuk;k x;kA e-iz- ds fiNM+ s {ks= tS ls /kkj] fM.Mksjh]e.Myk] mefj;k] >kcqvk es a Hkze.k dj 'kks/k fd;k fd fiNM+s {ks=ksa es a efgykvks a dks bl ;kstuk ls fdruk Qk;nk gqvk \ xzkeh.kksa es a lkekU; mez dh efgykvksa dks jkstxkj vklkuh lsfeyrk gS ijarq vkj{k.k o`¼ efgykvks a ds lkFk HksnHkko dh fLFkfr lHkh {ks=ks a esa cuh gqbZ gS A fo'ys"k.k ls tks izeq[k leL;k,¡ lkeus vk;h os bl izdkj gSa & xzkeh.kks a dks fcuk HksnHkko dsvolj izkIr ugha gks srs] xzkeh.k efgykvksa dks fu;r ds vuqlkj HkÙkk izkIr ugha gksrk dk;Z dsewY;kadu laca/kh leL;k vkfn gS ftuds lEHkkfor lek/kku xzkeh.kksa dks fcuk HksnHkko dsjkstxkj ds volj iznku fd;s tkus pkfg;s] jksstxkj ds HkÙks es a fdlh Hkh rjg dk Hkz"Vkpkj u gks] ew Y;kadu es a vf/kdkjh vius lkeus ;k ljdkjh Vhe ds lkeus ewY;kadu djok;sa rks cgqr gn rd eujsxk ;kstuk dks lQy o Hkz"Vkpkj jfgr cuk;k tk ldrk gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
Hkkjr esa txu.kkuq lkj vkt Hkh 62-2 iz fr'kr tula[;k xk¡o esa fuokl djrh gSvkSj ;fn Hkkjr dk fodkl djuk gs rks loZizFke xk¡ oksa dk pgq¡eq[kh fodkl djuk gksxkA
blds fy, y{;ksa fu/kkZ j.k ,oa mfpr dk;Z uhfr dk gksuk vko';d gS fodflr Hkkjr xk¡o dh le` f¼ ls gh laHko gSA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 5 flrEcj 2005 dks dke dh dkuwuh xkajVh iznku djus okyk jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkajUVh vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd;kA 2vDVw cj 2009 esa ckiw dh 140 oha t;arh ij iz/kkuea=h }kjk ujsxk dk u;k ukedj.k
fd;k x;k vc ujsxk dks jk"Vªfirk egkRek xk¡/kh ds uke ij egkRek xk¡/kh jk"Vªh; jks txkj xkajVh vf/kfu;e (eusjxk) ls iqdkjk tk,xkA fiNMs {ks=ksa /kkj] fM.Mks jh] e.Myk] mefj;k] >kcqvk es a ;kstuk es a izFke pj.k 2006&07 esa gh lfEefyr dj fy;k x;kA bl
;kstuk dk dkuw u cukdj xz keh.kksa ds fgr ds fy, ykxw fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; laln esa ikfjr bl vf/kfu;e dk uke jk"Vª h; xzkeh.k jkstxkj fu;ks tu dk;ZØe j[kk x;k gSA
mís';& 'kks/k dk eq [; mís'; ;ks tuk ls tqM+s gq, {ks = esa xzkeh.k efgykvksa ds fodkl dk rq yukRed v/;;uA
ifjdYiuk& xzkeh.k efgykvksa dks vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj jkstxkj izkIr gq vk gksxkA
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2) fiNM+s {ks = dh xzkeh.k efgykvks a dh vkfFkZd lkekftd fLFkfr etcwr gqbZ gksxhA
'kks/k dk {ks =& e-iz- ds fiNM+s {ks=ksa esa ls /kkj] fM.Mksjh] e.Myk] mefj;k] >kcq vk {ks = esa eujsxk ;kstuk ds izHkkoksa dk v/;;uA
e/;izns'k esa jk"Vªh; jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/kfu;e& jk"Vªh; jkstxkj xkajVh vf/kfu;e 2006&08 es a ykxw gqvk ,oa iz kjafHkd pj.k esa ns'k ls 200 ftys lfEefyr fd, x,] ftuesa
ls e/;izns'k ds 18 fiNM+s ftys p;fur fd, x,A f}rh; pj.k viz Sy 2008 esa ykxw 13vU; ftyksa dks lfEefyr fd;k rFkk vizSy 2008 ls ;g ;kstuk izns'k ds lHkh ftyks a esa
ykxw dj nh xbZA
e/;izns'k esa eujsxk dh orZeku fLFkfr eq[; fcUnq&1) ;ks tuk ds rgr jkT; ij 555310 dk;ksZ dks foxr 4 o"kksZ esa izkajHk fd;k x;k rFkk
buesa ls 244619 dk;Z vFkkZr 44-05 iz fr'kr dk;Z iw.kZ fd, x,A2) e/;iz ns'k es a jks txkj l`tu dh fLFkfrA
rkfydk 1-1 jkstxkj ltu dk fooj.k 2007&08 2008&09 2009&10 2010&11 2011&12
1- jkstxkjh ekax djus okys ifjokj
4347079 5207862 4714916 2151885 3740680
2- ifjokj dh la[;k ftudks jkstxkj miyC/k djk;k x;kA
4346916 5207665 4714591 2137060 3727174
3- 100 fnolh; jkstxkj iw .kZdjus okys ifjokj
922107 979026 678717 31330 259390
L=ks r& egkRekxk¡/kh ujsxk vkÅV deA
mDr rkfydk ,oa fp= iz rhr gksrk gS fd e/; iz ns'k esa xzkeh.k vkcknh 2001 es a e-iz- dh xzkeh.k vkcknh 4-43 (djksM+ es a) FkhA bl iz dkj jks txkj iz kIr djus okys xz keh.kksa dk izfr'kr o"kkZ uqlkj Øe'k% 2007&08 es a 9-8ø 2008 &09 esa 11-73ø rFkk 2009&10 esa 10-63ø dqy xzkeh.k tula[;k ds eq dkcys gS rFkk 100 fnolh; jks txkj
iw .kZ djus okys ifjokj Øe'k% 21-20ø] 2008-09 esa 18-79ø rFkk 2009&10 esa 14ø gSa 2010&11 vr% izns'k es a 100 fnolh; jks txkj iw .kZ djus okys etnwjks a esa deh gks jgh gSA
e-iz- lkekftd lekos'k
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mDr rkfydk ,oa fp= ls Li"V gS fd yxHkx 87-55ø xzkeh.kksa dk er gS fd
;kstuk es a efgykvksa dks fcuk Hks nHkko ds jkstxkj ds i;kZIr volj izkIr gq , gS a tc fd ek= 7-11ø xzkeh.kks a dks er gS fd efgykvksa dks eujsxk esa jkstxkj ds i;kZIr volj izkIr ugha gq, rFkk ;ks tuk es a efgyk etnw jks a ls dk;Z ,oa etnwjh ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk yxHkx 5-33ø xzkeh.kksa us bl fo"k; ij viuh dksbZ izfrfØ;k ugha nhA Li"V gS fd eujsxk esa efgykvksa dks lqfuf'pr jkstxkj izkIr gqvk gSA ftlls fd efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fLFkfr etcwr gqbZ gS rFkk xzkeh.k fodkl dks Hkh xfr feyh gSA
;ks tuk es a o`¼ks a efgykvks a ds lkFk HksnHkko dk fooj.k rkfydk Øa- 1-5
Øa- o`}ks ls Hk snHkko dhfLFkfr
erla[; kfgrxzkgh izHkkfor dqy izfr'kr
1- gk¡ 32 24 56 12-44
2- Ugha 174 179 353 78-44
3- irk ugha 19 22 41 09.11
d qy 225 225 450 100
L=ksr& 'kks/kdrkZ ds }kjk losZ{k.k ls izkIr leadA
mDr rkfydk ls izfrr gksrk gS fd 12-44ø xzkeh.kksa dk er gS fd o` ¼ksa efgykvks a ls eujsxk esa dk;Z ds Lrj ij HksnHkko fd;k tkrk gS rFkk muds dk;ksZ dk ewY;kadu de djds etnw jh de nh tkrh gSA ;gk¡ ;g /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd 50 ls 70 dh mez ds12ø yksxks a dks bl 'kks/k esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA bles a ls 90ø o` ¼ksa dk er fd muds
lkFk Hks nHkko fd;k tkrk gSA tcfd 78-44ø vf/kdkjh oxZ xzkeh.kksa dk er gS fd o` ¼ksa ls ;kstuk ds rgr~ fdlh Hkh iz dkj dks HksnHkko ugha fd;k tkrk rFkk budks gYkds dk;ksZ
esa yxk;k tkrk gSA ftls og vklkuh ls dj ysA rFkk 9-11 izfr'kr xzkeh.kksa us bl fo"k; ij vufHkKrk izdV dhA vr% lkekU;r% ns [kk tk, rks o`¼ksa ds lkFk fdlh izdkj dk Hks nHkko ugha fd;k tk jgk gSA tcfd o`¼ksa dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tk, rks dk;Z ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko fd;k tk jgk gSA ifjdYiuk izFke xz keh.k efgykvksa dks vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj
jks txkj izkIr gqvk gSA iw.kZ r% fl¼ gks rk gSA ^^;= ukjh iwT;rs] r= ns ork jeUrs%A**
jks txkj l`tu esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh& foxr 4 o"kks Z esa /kkj] fM.Mksjh] e.Myk] mefj;k] >kcq vk ftys esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dh fLFkfr fuEu gSA
mDr fLFkfr dqy ekuo lftr fnolksa esa efgykvksa dks miyC/k jkstxkj dh fLFkfr dks izdV dj jgk gSA tks fd iz'kklu }kjk ftys esa fØ;kfUor ;kstuk esa efgykvksa dh
Hkkxhnkjh dh lQyrk dks iznf'kr dj jgk gSA ;ks tuk dh lQyrk,¡ &
1- efgykvksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh& ;kstuk esa efgykvksa dh lqfuf'pr Hkkxhnkjh ,d frgkbZ r; dh xbZA tcfd /kkj ftys esa o"kZ 2006&07 esa 51ø] 2007&08 esa 2008&09 esa 51-28ø ] o"kZ 2009&10 esa 60-55ø] 2010&11 esa 63-67ø rFkk 2011&12
esa 69-28ø Hkkxhnkjh jgh gS tks fd efgykvks a dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh dks n'kkZrsA 'kks/k Hkz e.k ds nkSjku Hkh izR;s d dk;Z LFky ij iq:"kksa dh vis{kk efgykvksa dh la[;k vf/kd ns[kh xbZA vr% izFke ifjdYiuk v'kr% fl¼ gqbZA
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ifjdYiuk f}rh;&
(2) xzkeh.k efgykvksa dks vf/kfu;e ds vuq lkj jkstxkj izkIr gqvk gSA ifj{k.k& los Z{k.k ds vk/kkj ij& 87-55ø xzkeh.kksa dks er gS fd efgykvksa dks fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds jkstxkj iz kIr gks jgk gSA tks fd efgykvksa dh lqfuf'pr Hkkxhnkjh ls dgha vf/kd gSA iz 'kklfud vkadM+ ks ds vk/kkj ij& o"kZ 2006&07 esa 51ø] o"kZ 2007&08 esa 56ø] o"kZ2008&09 esa 51-28ø rFkk 2009&10 esa 60-55ø] 2010&11 esa 63-67ø rFkk 2011&12
esa 69-28ø jgh gSA mDr izFke fLFkfr esa 87-55ø xz keh.kksa us ;ks tuk esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh rFkk ftyk iz'kklu }kjk tkjh izfrosnukuqlkj izfro"kZ efgykvks a dh Hkkxhnkjh vk/kh ls vf/kd foxr 6 o"kksZ ls yxkrkj esa izkIr gqbZ gSA bl izdkj mDr nksuksa vk/kkjks a
ij Kkr gks rk gS fd efgykvksa dks ;kstuk ds rgr~ lq fuf'pr 3@4 ds yxHkx Hkkxhnkjh fuf'pr :i ls iz kIr gks jgh gSA vr% f}rh; ifjdYiuk iw.kZr% lgh gq bZA leL;k& eujsxk esa ewyr% vdq 'ky dk;Z gh djk;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r% gj fdlh ds cl dh ckr gh ughaA dk;Z esa fHkUurk u gksuk ;ks tuk dh eq[; leL;kvksa esa ls gSA xzkeh.kksa dk er gS fd tks xsrh] QkoM+s rFkk rxkjh mBk lds mlds fy, gh eujs xk esa jkstxkj dsvolj miyC/k gSA1 ftruh esgur eujsxk es a etnwjksa ls djkbZ tkrh gSA rq yukRed :i ls
mUgsa de etnwjh nh tkrh gSA2 dk;Z ds ewY;kdau la ca/kh leL;k fo|eku gSA3 'kkjhfjd :i ls fodykax gksus ij xzkeh.kksa mudh ;ksX;rk vuqlkj ;kstuk ds rgr~
dk;Z miyC/k ugha djk;k tk jgk gSA lek/kku& vdq'ky dk;Z ij tksj u ns dj dksf'k'k fd tk;s fd :fp o ;ks X;rk dsvuqlkj dk;Z iznku fd;k tk;sA ,d ljdkjh Vhe cuk;h tk;sA tks tgk¡ Hkh ;ks tuk dk
fØ;kUo;u gks jgk gSA vdLekr tkdj etnwjksa dks fn;s tkus okyh etnw jh] muds dk;Z dk vk¡ dyu dk;Z dk ewY;kadu tS ls egRoiw.kZ ?kVdksa ij fopkj dj fjiksZV izLrqr djsaA fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds iz R;sd efgyk dksa jkstxkj izkIr gksA
milagkj& mijksDr 'kks/k dk fo'ys "k.k djus ds i'pkr ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd dh ;kstuk dks ;fn csgrj rjhds ls fØ;kUo;u djuk gS rks ljdkjh ra= dks Hkz "Vkpkj ls cpkrs gq, ;ks tuk dk Qk;nk lh/ks xzkeh.kksa dks ns uk pkfg,A ;g ;kstuk fo'ks"k :i ls xzkeh.kksa ds fy, cuk;h x;h gSA mUgsa gh Qk;nk gks bldk le;≤ ij ewY;kadu djuk
gks xkA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- egkRek xk¡/kh jk"Vªh; jkstxkj xkj.Vh vf/kfu;e (eujsxk)&o"kZ 2008] 2009] 2011] 2012
foRrh; fo'ys"k.k 2- egkRek xk¡/kh jk"Vªh; jkstxkj xkj.Vh vf/kfu;e (eujsxk) o"kZ 2008] 2009] 2010] 2011]
2012& vkÅV de O;;] foRrj.k fo'ys"k.k 3- www. manraga.com
4- e-iz-jks-xk- ifj"kn izfrosnu (xzkeh.k fodkl ,oa iapk;r foHkkx e-iz-)
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Lo lgk;rk cpr lewgksa dk efgykvksa ds l'kDrhdj.k esa Lo lgk;rk cpr lewgksa dk efgykvksa ds l'kDrhdj.k esa Lo lgk;rk cpr lewgksa dk efgykvksa ds l'kDrhdj.k esa Lo lgk;rk cpr lewgksa dk efgykvksa ds l'kDrhdj.k esa Lo lgk;rk cpr lewgksa dk efgykvksa ds l'kDrhdj.k esa ;ksxnku& ,d v/;;u ;ksxnku& ,d v/;;u ;ksxnku& ,d v/;;u ;ksxnku& ,d v/;;u ;ksxnku& ,d v/;;u
¹ efu"kk fdrZus¹ efu"kk fdrZus¹ efu"kk fdrZus¹ efu"kk fdrZus¹ efu"kk fdrZus
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¹ Jh mejko ljukbZd lekt dk;Z egkfo|ky;] okf'ke] vdksyk] egkjk"VªA
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& Lolgk;rk cpr lewg ls efgyk;s a laxfBr gqbZ gS aA laxBu ls efgykvks a dh rkdr c<+xbZ gS A cpr Lo;a lgk;rk lewg es a mudh cpr tek djds fQj dtkZ mBkrs gS a vkS j ml dtsZ ls cgqr lh efgykvks a us nqX/k O;olk;] csdkjh] i'kqikyu] elkyk] ikiM+ m|ksx] rfd;k
cukuk] >kMw [kjkVs cukuk] vkaxuckM+h rFkk Ldw y esa iks"kd vkgkj nsuk] vkfn dk;Z djrh gS aA blls mudh vkfFkZ d ifjfLFkfr esa ifjorZu gks jgk gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
;fn ge Hkkjrh; ukjh dk bfrgkl ns[ksa rks ge ikrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; ukjh us vc rd vusd lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkS j ikfjokfjd fo?kVu ds Lo:i fdlh Hkh lekt vkSj jk"Vª
dh izxfr ds fy;s efgyk 'kfDr dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA lu~ 1925 esa xka/khth us dgk Fkk] tc rd efgyk;sa Hkkjr ds lkoZtfud thou esa fgLlk ugha ys rh gSa] ns'k dk m¼kj ugha gks ldrkA lekt ds nks ?kVd gSa& ,d iq#"k vkSj nwljk L=h vkSj muesa ls ;fn ,d ?kVd dks detksj fd;k rks lekt dh izxfr ugha gks ldrhA
Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'k esa ftldh yxHkx 65ø vkcknh xkaoksa esa vkSj 35ø
'kgj esa Hkh fuokl djrh gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds 74os a la'kks/ku ds vuqlkj xjhch mUewyu ds dk;ZØe dks 'kq : fd;k x;k gS vkSj efgyk l'kDrhdj.k ds fy, ds Unz ljdkj Lo.kZ t;arh xzke vkSj 'kgjh jkstxkj ;ks tuk dk fØ;kUo;u Lolgk;rk lewgks a ds ek/;e ls dj jgh gSA ckaXykns'k ds izeq[k vFkZ'kkL=h eks- ;quw l us ogka dh lHkh efgykvksa dks la xfBr djds mUgsa Lojkstxkj gsrq izs fjr dj mudh rLohj dks gh cny fn;k gSA efgykvksa ds lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZ d mRFkku ds fy;s mUgsa laxfBr djds mudk fodkl djus ds fy, Lolgk;rk lew g xfBr djus ds fy, izsfjr djuk gSA efgyk ds lkekftd ,oe~ vkfFkZd fodkl dh blh ls Lolgk;rk lew gksa ds }kjk y?kqfoÙk iz.kkyh dk tUe gqvk gSA
Lolgk;rk cpr lewg& dqN Lo;a lsoh laxBuksa us lekt ds lcls detksj oxZ dh lgk;rk djus ds fy, mudks la xfBr djus dk iz ;kl fd;kA mudks fdlh ij fuHkZj jgus
dh vko';drk u iM+s vkSj os Lo;a viuh enn ls viuh leL;kvksa dks lqy>k lds vkS j lkewfgd :i ls viuh Lo;a dh lgk;rk dj ldsA blh iz;kl us Lolgk;rk lewg* dh vo/kkj.kk dks tUe fn;k gSA bl rjg ijkoyacu ls Lokoya cu dh rjg LosPNk vkSj
lgefr }kjk lkew fgd cpr djus ds fy, p;u fd;k x;k ekxZ Lolgk;rk cpr lewg gSA Lolgk;rk lewg vius lnL; dks fu;fer :i ls de C;kt ij ½.k iz nku djrs gSa A
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'ks "k jkf'k dks cSad esa Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds uke ls [kkrk [kksydj tek fd;k tkrk gSA
bl izdkj yxHkx N% ekg rd fu;fer cpr lewg ls vkil es a vkarfjd ysu&nsu djus ds i'pkr~ cS ad bUgs a budh ik=rk vuqlkj ½.k iznku djrs gSa A efgykvksa dks ijkoya cu dh Hkkouk ls eq Dr djuk] mudk vkRefo'okl c<+kuk vkSj os dfBukbZ dk lkeuk dj ldsa] bruh rkdr muesa ykuk] ;gh ukjh l'kDrhdj.k gSA
mís';&1- efgykvks a dks ifjokj es a ,oa vkfFkZd fu.kZ;ks a essa lgHkkxh gks us ds voljksa dk v/;;u djukA2- efgykvksa dh lkekftd tkx:drk dk v/;;u djukA3- efgykvks a dh vkfFkZd Lokoyacu dh fLFkfr dk v/;;u djukA
x`ghr d`R;s&1- Lolgk;rk cpr lewg ls efgyk vkfFk Z d :i ls l{ke rFkk Lokoyach curh gSaA2- Lolgk;rk cpr lewg ls efgykvksa dk lekt esa ntkZ c<+rk gSA
fu"d"kZ& Lolgk;rk cpr lewg ls efgyk;sa laxfBr gqbZ gSa A laxBu ls efgykvksa dh rkdr c<+ xbZ gSA cpr Lo;a lgk;rk lewg esa mudh cpr tek djds fQj dtkZ mBkrs gS a vkS j ml dts Z ls cgqr lh efgykvksa us nqX/k O;olk;] csdkjh] i'kqikyu] elkyk] ikiM+ m|ksx] rfd;k cukuk] >kMw [kjkVs cukuk] vkaxuckM+h rFkk Ldw y es a iks"kd vkgkj nsuk] vkfn dk;Z djrh gSa A blls mudh vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr esa ifjorZ u gks jgk gSA blls mudk vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd l'kDrhdj.k gks jgk gSA blls efgykvks a ds ifjokjokys Hkh muds O;olk; ls lg;ksx ns jgs gSa blh dkj.k mudh lekt esa ,d vyx ls Nfo cu jgh gSA ifjokj dksvkfFkZd enn fey jgh gS] blfy, ifjokj es a Hkh efgykvksa dks lekt ntkZ fey jgk gSAvkfFkZd O;ogkj es a ;g efgyk;s a tkx`r gqbZ gSaA os cSadks a esa tkdj viuk dk;Z] #i;k tek
djuk vkSj fudkyuk Lo;a djrh gSaA dtkZ dS ls ysuk] C;kt dk izfr'kr] cktkj ls [kjhnnkjh [kqn djrh gSaA vf/kdka 'k le; cpr lewgksa }kjk efgyk;s a lkekftd dk;ks± es a Hkkx ysrh gS aA mlh rjg jktdh; dk;ks± es a Hkkx ysrh gSa A 60 izfr'kr efgyk;sa izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k :i ls jktdkt esa tqM+ h gqbZ gSaA uxj ls od] ljia p xzke iapk;r lnL;]
iz pkjd] ernku] xz ke lHkkvksa esa lgHkkx bu efgykvksa dk jgrk gSA bl rjg Lolgk;rk cpr lewg ls efgykvksa dk vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktdh; fodkl gks rk gS vkSj O;fDrRo fodkl gksdj l'kDrhdj.k iwjh rjg ls gksrk gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- ckyokM jes'k] cpr xVkrwu le¼hdM+s fo|k Hkkjrh izdk'ku] ykrwj 2- efgyk vkfFkZd fodkl egkeaMy cpr xV izf'k{k.k ekxZnf'kZdk 3- efgyk ukxjh fodkl ;a=.kk] lqo.kZ t;arh 'kgjh jkstxkj ;kstuk Lo;alsoh dk izf'k{k.k
ekxZnf'kZdkA
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iks"k.k ,oa LokLF; ds izfr efgykvksa dh tkx:drk dk v/;;u iks"k.k ,oa LokLF; ds izfr efgykvksa dh tkx:drk dk v/;;u iks"k.k ,oa LokLF; ds izfr efgykvksa dh tkx:drk dk v/;;u iks"k.k ,oa LokLF; ds izfr efgykvksa dh tkx:drk dk v/;;u iks"k.k ,oa LokLF; ds izfr efgykvksa dh tkx:drk dk v/;;u (jhok 'kgj ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa) (jhok 'kgj ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa) (jhok 'kgj ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa) (jhok 'kgj ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa) (jhok 'kgj ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa)
¹ js[kk fiifj;k ¹ js[kk fiifj;k ¹ js[kk fiifj;k ¹ js[kk fiifj;k ¹ js[kk fiifj;k
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¹ x`g foKku foHkkx] 'kkldh; dU;k LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] jhok (e0iz0)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& LokLF; gh /ku gS mÙke iks"k.k ls gh mÙke LokLF; izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS A ge tSlk Hkkstu [kkrs gS mlh ds vuqlkj gekjk LokLF; jgrk gS A bl 'kks/kdk;Z ls fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd efgyk;s a iks"k.k ,oa LokLF; ds izfr tkx:d gS A larqfyr vkgkj ds }kjk lEiw.kZ iks"k.k izkIr
gksrk gS ftlls 'kjhj la xfBr ,oa lqMkS y gksrk gS A Hkkstu ls gekjs 'kjhj esa 'kfDr LQwfrZ ,oa dk;Z {kerk dk lapkj gksrk gS ,oa mfpr iks"k.k ls iks"k.kghurk tfur jksx ls cpko gksrk gS A 'kks/ kdk;Z esa lfEefyr dh xbZ vf/kdrj efgyk,as iks"k.k ,oa LokLF; ds izfr tkx:d gS ,oa larqfyr Hkkstu ds egRo dks Lohdkj djrh gS vkS j ;g ekurh gS fd mÙke LokLF; ds fy, mÙke iks"k.k vko';d gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
izLrkouk& iks"k.k ekuo thou dh izkFkfed vko';drk gSA iks"k.k ds fcuk ekuo thfor ugh jg ldrk gSA O;fDr fdlh Hkh /keZ ls lEcfU/kr gks] mldk lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZ d Lrj fdlh Hkh dksfV dk gks] Hkkstu mlds LokLF; dk vk/kkj gksrk gSA blfy,
iz R;sd iz k.kh loZizFke viuh blh vko';drk dh iw frZ gsrq iz;kl djrk gSA ikSf"Vd
Hkkstu ekuo thou dh uhao gSA og euq "; ds 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] euksoSKkfud rFkk uSfrd cy dk o/kZ d gksrk gSA 'kkjhfjd o` f¼] fodkl rFkk LOkkLF; dh n` f"V ls iks"k.k foKku dk vR;f/kd egRo gSA VuZj us iks"k.k ds vFkZ dks Li"V djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd iks"k.k mu izfØ;kvksa dk la ;kstu gS ftuds }kjk dks bZ Hkh thfor izk.kh viuh fØ;k'khyrk dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, rFkk vius va xks dh o` f¼ ,oa mlds iq u% fuekZ.k gs rq vko';d inkFkksZ dks iz kIr djrk gS vkS j mldk miHkksx djrk gSA ljyre 'kCnksa esa iks"k.k dks bl iz dkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA Hkkstu tks ge djrs gS o 'kjhj es a mldk fdl izdkj ls mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS og iks"k.k gSA bl rjg ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd Hkkstu ds 'kjhj esa izos'k ds i'pkr mldk ikpu] 'kks"k.k rFkk p;kip; dh fØ;ka , iks"k.k ds vUrxZr vkrh gS aA jkW fcUlu MCY;w-Mh- ds vuqlkj& ^^iks"k.k vkgkj dk foKku gS tks iks"kd rRoksa
rFkk vU; inkFkksZ dh fØ;k] izfrfØ;k rFkk larqyu] LokLF; ,oa jks x dh voLFkk esa rFkk mu iz fØ;kvks a ls laca f/kr gSa] ftlls iz k.kh Hkkstu xz g.k djrk gS] mldk ikpu] vo'kks"k.k laogu] 'kjhj esa mi;ks x o O;FkZ inkFkks Z dk mRltZ u djrk gS lkFk gh iks"k.k Hkks tu o [kkus ds lkekftd ] vkfFkZd] lkaLd`frd rFkk euksoSKkfud izHkko ls Hkh lEcfU/kr gSA** ts-bZ- ikdZ rFkk ds- ikdZ ds vuqlkj&**iks"k.k dk vfHkizk; ml 'kfDreku iz fØ;k ls gS ftuesa fy;s x;s Hkkstu dk mi;ksx 'kjhj dks iks"k.k iznku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA** bl
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iz dkj ge dg ldrs gS fd iks"k.k 'kjhj esa Hkkstu ds fofHkUu dk;ksZ dks djus dh lkew fgd
iz fØ;kvks a dk gh uke gSA Hkkstu dk iks "k.k ls ifjiw.kZ gksuk vko';d gksrk gS] ftlls O;fDr dk LokLF; mÙke jgsA 'kjhj ds iks "k.k dk Lrj Hkkstu }kjk izkIr iks "k.k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ftl izdkj dk Hkkstu fy;k tkrk gS mlds vk/kkj ij gh mÙke iks"k.k] vi;kZIr iks"k.k o vR;f/kd iks"k.k dh fLFkfr ns [kh tkrh gSA
mÙke iks"k.k& mÙke ;k i;kZ Ir ;k mfpr iks "k.k dk rkRi;Z] iks"k.k ds ml Lrj ls gS ftlesa 'kjhj LoLFk jgrk gS rFkk mldh dk;Z{kerk 'kkjhfjd o ekufld :i ls larqfyr jgrh gSA ,slk rHkh laHkao gS tc Hkkstu es a lHkh iks"kd rRo lgh ek=k] vuqikr o larqyu es a gks] rFkk 'kjhj esa mldk mfpr mi;ksx gks ldsA
vi;kZIr iks"k.k& ;g ,d iz dkj dk dq iks"k.k gS ftlesa Hkkstu ek=k o iks "kd rRoksa dh n`f"V ls 'kjhj dh vko';drk ds vuq:i ugh gks rk] ifj.kkeLo:i iks"k.kghurk tfur jks x ns[ks tkrs gSAvR;f/kd iks"k.k& ;g Hkh ,d izdkj dk dq iks"k.k gS ftles a 'kjhj dh vko';drk lsvf/kd ek=k esa Hkkstu x` g.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i eksVkik o mlls lacaf/kr vU; chekfj;kW ns [kh tkrh gSA ;|fi Hkkstu 'kjhj dks ÅtkZ igqWpkus dk izeq [k L=ksr gS
rFkkfi Hkkstu ,s lk gksuk pkfg, tks 'kjhj dh mfpr o` f¼ vkSj ejEer esa lgk;d gks vkSj 'kjhj dh ckgjh jksxksa ls j{kk djus esa Hkh leFkZ gksA euq"; tks Hkkstu xzg.k djrk gS mlls LokLF;] 'kfDr] vkUrfjd cy] rfU=dk rU= HkkSfrd rFkk ekufld izfØ;k dks izHkkfor djrk gSA HkksT; inkFkksZ ls 'kjhj dh mÙkerk ij Hkh izHkko iM+rk gS vO;ofLFkr nkar iq"V ,oa cfy"V ds LFkku ij fucZ y 'kjhj dks ey ,oa ueuh; vfLFk;kW ] 'kq"d vkSj :[ks cky]
Ropk vkfn HkksT; inkFkks Z es a iks"kd rRoksa dh deh gksus ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrs gSA fd iks"k.k ds v/;;u ls gesa Kkr gksrk gS fd 'kjhj dks LoLFk cuk;s j[kus ds fy, rFkk mldh ckg~ ; jks xks ls j{kk djus ds fy, Hkkstu esa lHkh ikSf"Vd inkFkksZ dk fofHkUu vuqikrks a esa ik;k tkuk vko';d gSA
LokLF;& mÙke jhfr ls thou O;rhr djus ds fy, LoLFk jguk vko';d gSA tc rd dks bZ iw.kZ :i ls LoLFk ugh gksrk rc rd og vius thou dk lEiw.kZ mi;ksx ugh dj ldrkA gekjs 'kjhj ds lHkh vo;o fnu vkSj jkr fØ;k'khy voLFkk esa jgrs gSA ;fn okrkoj.k ds lkFk lkea tL; LFkkfir djrs gq, gekjs leLr vo;o lqpk: :i ls dk;Z djrs gS rks gekjk 'kjhj LoLFk ekuk tkrk gSA ;fn 'kjhj dh izkd`frd rFkk leku fØ;kvksa esa dksbZ :dkoV o xM+cM+h ns[kh tkrh gS rks 'kjhj LoLFk ugh] chekj ekuk tkrk gSA
fo'o LokLF; laxBu ds vuqlkj& LokLF; lEiw.kZ 'kkjhfjd] ekufld o lkekftd fujks xrk dh voLFkk gS rFkk ek= chekjh ;k nqcZyrk dh vuqifLFkfr dks LoLFk ugh ekuk tk ldrkA ts-bZ- ikdZ ds vuqlkj& ^,d lk/kkj.k O;fDr ds fy, LokLF; dk rkRi;Z ,d LoLFk okrkoj.k esa LoLFk ifjokj es a] LoLFk 'kjhj es a LoLFk fnekx dk okl gksrk gSA**vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd O;fDr rHkh LoLFk dgyk;sxk tc og 'kkjhfjd :i ls
fujks x gks lkFk gh lkFk ekufld] lkekftd o euksoS Kkfud :i ls Hkh lkekU; fLFkfr es a gksA
LokLF; ds izdkj& LokLF; ekuo thou dh 'kkjhfjd] euksoS Kkfud] lkekftd o
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ekufld fujksxrk o lkekU;rk dh fLFkfr gSA LokLF; ds izeq[k pkj vk;ke gSA
(1) 'kkjhfjd LokLF;& 'kkjhfjd :i ls LoLFk jgus dk rkRi;Z thou dh gj voLFkk esa 'kkjhfjd :i ls fQV jguk gSA 'kkjhfjd LokLF; izkIr djus ds fy, larqfyr Hkkstu] mfpr O;k;ke o LokLF; ds fu;eksa dk ikyu vko';d gSA dsoy chekjh dh vuqifLFkfr gh 'kkjhfjd LokLF; dk lwpd ugh gksrh oju~ 'kjhj ds lHkh vaxks o vo;oks dh mfpr fØ;k'khyrk] mfpr 'kkjhfjd Hkkj] mfpr funz k vkfn dh Hkh mifLFkfr vko';d gks rh gSA (2) ekufld o la osnukRed LokLF;& ekufld o laosnukRed fLFkfr dk LokLF; ds lkFk xgjk laca/k gSA ekufld o laosnukRed :i ls volkn dh fLFkfr ls f?kjs euq"; dh 'kkjhfjd fLFkfr Hkh mfpr ugh jg tkrhA ekufld LokLFk ij la osnukvks tSls Øks/k] fpUrk] isz e] uQjr] bZ";kZ o ruko dk izHkko iM+ rk gSA vfLFkj gksus ij ruko dh fLFkfr esa O;fDr dh Hkw[k Hkh [kRe gks tkrh gS ftldk lh/kk izHkko 'kkjhfjd LokLF; ij iM+ rk
gSA (3) lkekftd LokLF;& cnyrs lkekftd ifjos'k dk izHkko O;fDr dh 'kkjhfjd o ekufld voLFkk ij Hkh iM+rk gSA ,d O;fDr dks lkekftd :i ls LoLF; rHkh ekuk tk ldrk gS tc mldh fopkj/kkjk ladh.kZ u gks rFkk og vU; yks xks ds lkFk [kqyk n`f"Vdks .k j[krk gks] O;kogkfjd gks rFkk laosnu'khy gksA ,slk O;fDr tks vU; yks xks ls lkeUtL; LFkkfir ugh dj ldrk mls lkekftd :i ls LoLFk ugh ekuk tk ldrkA (4) vk/;kfRed LokLF;& vk/kqfud ;qx dh Hkkx&nkS M+ o rukoxz Lr ftUnxh esa Hkh LokLF; dk cgq r egRo gSA 'kkafr dh izkfIr ds fy, vk/;kfRed LokLF; Hkh vko';d gSA uSfrd ewY;ksa ij /;ku nsdj uhfr fo"k;d vkpkj.k dk ikyu dj vk/;kfRed LokLF; dh izkfIr dh tk ldrh gSA
LokLF; o Hkkstu dk laca /k& LokLF; o Hkkstu dk pks yh nkeu dk lkFk gSA LoLFk jgus ds fy, tks phts a vko';d gS mues a lcls iz eq[k Hkkstu gh gSA mfpr Hkkstu ls O;fDr dk mfpr iks"k.k gks rk gS o iks "k.k dk Lrj mÙke gksus ij gh O;fDr iw.kZ :i ls LoLFk cu ldrk gSA ,d cgqr iqjkuh dgkor gS fd "We are what we eat" vFkkZr ge ogha gS] tks ge [kkrs gSa A ;fn ge mfpr Hkkstu ysrs gS rks ge mlh rjg ls curs gS vkSj ;fn ge xyr Hkkstu ysrs gS rks mlh rjg ls gekjk 'kjhj Hkh nks "kiw.kZ gh rS ;kj gks rk gSA blfy, ;g dgk
x;k gS fd mfpr iks "k.k ls gh mÙke LokLF; iz kIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA mfpr Hkkstu dsvHkko esa iks"k.k ds Lrj esa fxjkoV vkrh gS vkSj iks"k.kghurk tfur chekfj;kW ns[kh tkrh
gSA vDlj yksx ;g tkurs gS fd vPNk Hkkstu ys us ls LokLF; vPNk jgrk gS ijUrq ^^vPNk** Hkkstu fdls dgk tkuk pkfg, blds lEcU/k esa vusd Hkzkafr;k¡ gS aA dqN yks x egaxs Hkkstu dks vPNk ekurs gS dqN yksx T;knk Hkks tu dks vPNk ekurs gS] ;gkW vPNs dk rkRi;Z ^^lUrqfyr** Hkkstu ls gksuk pkfg,A
mn~ns';& iks"k.k ,oa LokLF; ds izfr efgykvks dh tkx:drk ds n`f"Vdks.k dk v/;;uA
ifj.kke ,oa foospuk& izLrqr 'kks/kdk;Z 80 ifjokjksa dh efgykvksa ds iks"k.k ,oa LokLF; ds izfr tkx:drk ds n`f"Vdks .k dks tkuus ds fy, fd;k x;k gS ftuesa efgykvksa dh vkS lr vk;q 37 o"kZ rd Fkh efgykvksa dk 'kSf{kf.kd Lrj ,oa ikfjokfjd Lrj fuEu
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tkx:d gS ,oa ,s lk ekurh gS fd lUrqfyr vkgkj ds }kjk lEiw .kZ iks"k.k izkIr gks rk gSA
ftlls gekjs 'kjhj ds va xks dh o` f¼ ,oa fodkl gksrk gSA 'kjhj laxfBr ,oa lq MkSy gks rk gSA lUrqfyr Hkkstu ls gekjs 'kjhj es a 'kfDr] LQwfrZ ,oa dk;Z {kerk dk lapkj gks rk gS ,oa mfpr iks"k.k ls iks"k.kghurk tfur jksxksa ls cpko gksrk gSA vr% mi;q Dr 'kks/kdk;Z ds ifj.kkeksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd los Z{k.k es a lfEefyr dh xbZ vf/kdrj efgyk,a iks"k.k ,oa LokLF; ds izfr tkx:d gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1 MkW0 Jherh v:.kk iYVk (2001) ^^vk/kkjHkwr iks"k.k** f'kok izdk'ku] ist 11 ls 172 vfurk ukxs ,oa dkfeuh tSu (2006) ^iks"k.k ,oa LokLF;** ,d v/;;u] fjlpZ fyad& 24]
okY;we IV (7) ist u0 142&144
3 lq"kek JhokLro (2010) ^^ifjokj dY;k.k ds izfr efgykvksa dh tkx:drk ^fjlpZ tjuy vkWQ lks'ky ,UM ykbQ lkbUl jhok e-iz- okY;we 08] ist u0 872
4 Jherh xk;=h flUgk ^;w0th0lh0 usV] x`g foKku] r`rh; iz'u i=** midkj izdk'ku vkxjk] dksM u0 1337 ist 31 ls 32
ISSN 0975-4083
A Registered Reviewed Research JournalSix monthly Bi -lingual Journal (English /Hindi Editions)
Please address all Communications -
Prof. Braj Gopal ShuklaChief Editor
Research J ournal Social and Life Sciences41/42, Raghuwans Sadan, Shantikunj, Bichhiya, Rewa 486 001 (M.P.)
Phone - (07662) 255177, 9425186437E-mail - [email protected]@rediffmail.com
The Aims & Objectives-
Guidelines & Member Ship Fee
To provide a plateform for the publication of original unpublished Research Papers, Summary of ResearchProject, Thesis and Book review relating to all subjects of Social & LifeSciences and to promote interdisciplinary research work. BookReview can be published on receipt of two copies of concerned book.
-Authors/ Researchers can contactin the Registered Office given below-
Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich’s International Periodicals Directory ©,ProQuest, U.S.A. Title Id : 715204
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fyax vlekurk ,d lkekftd leL;k fyax vlekurk ,d lkekftd leL;k fyax vlekurk ,d lkekftd leL;k fyax vlekurk ,d lkekftd leL;k fyax vlekurk ,d lkekftd leL;k ¹ lfjrk fo'odekZ¹ lfjrk fo'odekZ¹ lfjrk fo'odekZ¹ lfjrk fo'odekZ¹ lfjrk fo'odekZ
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¹ vfrfFk fo}ku] 'kkldh; deyk usg: dU;k egkfo|ky;] Ckkyk?kkV (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& orZeku le; dh ,d xaHkhj leL;k fyax vlekurk dks o"kZ 2011 dh tula[;k ds vkadM+ks a ds vuqlkj ,d ckj fQj ls ge lHkh dks lkspus ij etcwj dj fn;k gS aA ge fodkl dh nkSM+ es a Hkys gh fdrus Hkh vkxs gksus dk nkok djrs gS ] ijarq lekt es a yksxksa dh ekufldrk :f<+oknh gS aA vkt Hkh yk[kksa csfV;ks a dks tUe ysus ds igys gh ekj fn;k tkrk gS A fyax vlekurk;sa Hkfo"; es a pqukS fr;ks a ds :i eas gekjs lkeus [kM+h gksrh tk jgh gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
izLrkouk& ckfydk Hkwz.k gR;k dh ;fn ,slh gh fLFkfr jgh rks cgqr gh tYnh Þfya x p;u ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa lu~ 2050 rd 2 djksM+ 80 yk[k iq:"kksa dh 'kkfn;k¡ ugha gks ik,axhAÞ iz tuu ,oa ;kSu LokLF; fo"k; ij gSnjkckn esa 29 vDVwcj 2007 dks vk;ksftr ,f'k;k& is flfQd dkUÝsal dk ;g fu"d"kZ mYys[kuh; gSSA Þ;fn izlo iw oZ funku rduhd esa c<+ks Rrjh vkSj fyax vuqikr esa fxjkoV vkrh jgh rks dq aokjs jgus okys iq:"kksa dh la[;k es a vkSj c<+ksRrjh gksxhAÞ fdzLVkWQ xq byeksVks] funs'kd] Ms eksxzkQh esa jk"Vª h; 'kks/k ij vUrZjk"Vªh; leUo; lfefr dk Hkh ;gh fu"d"kZ gSA¹ la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk bl mHkjrh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr dks The Marriage Squeeze dgk tk
jgk gSA ;g izo`fRr xjhc iq :"kksa dks T;knk izHkkfor djsxh D;ksafd lkekU;r% efgyk;sa mPp vkfFkZ d Lrj okys O;fDRk;ksa dks fookg gsrq izkFkfedrk nsrh gSA
mn~ns';&1- Hkkjr ds laiUu jkT;ksa esa fya xkuqikr dk v/;;u djukA2- f'k'kq fya xkuqikr dk v/;;u djukA3- e-iz- esa ?kVrk fya xkuqikr dk v/;;u djukA
Hkwz.k gR;k dh fLFkfr fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa& de gks rs fyaxkuqikr dh bl Hk;kog fLFkfr esa lcls T;knk ;ksxnku iz lo iwoZ fya x ijh{k.k lqfo/kk us fn;k gSA vuq eku gS fd Hkkjr esa 2001 ls 2007 ds chp esa izfr o"kZ 6]01]468 csfV;ka izlo iwoZ fyax p;u ds dkj.k tUe ugha ys ik;h vFkkZr~ 2001 ls 2007 ds chp Hkkjr esa izlo iw oZ fyax p;u ds dkj.k
iz fr fnu 1600 csfV;ka tUe ugha ys ik;hA iatkc jkT; esa 2001 ls 2007 ds chp esa Þykirk csfV;ks aÞ dh vuq ekfur la[;k] 35833 izfro"kZ jgha] tks fd tUe ugha ys ikus okyh
cs fV;ksa dk 16-2 iz fr'kr gSA gfj;k.kk es a ;g la[;k 33588 (12-9 iz fr'kr)] tEew d'ehj 9]987 (10-5 iz fr'kr)] fnYyh esa 18833 (8-9 izfr'kr)] jktLFkku 71]931 (8-7
iz fr'kr)] xq tjkr 47]503 (7-9 izfr'kr)] mRrjiz ns'k 1]95]899 (7-6 izfr'kr)] fgeka py iz ns'k 4]468(7-6 iz fr'kr)] fcgkj 76]160 (6-0 iz fr'kr)] egkjk"Vª 55]053 (5-9 iz fr'kr)]
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(12-9 izfr'kr)] >kj[k.M 12]718 (3-4 izfr'kr)] dsjy 3]697 (1-5 izfr'kr)] vka/kziz ns'k
8]621 (1-1 iz fr'kr)] vle 3]832 (1-1 iz fr'kr)] dukZVd 1]942 (0-3 izfr'kr)] jgh gS] tcfd gekjs e/;izns'k esa 17]261 (1-9 izfr'kr)] csfV;ka tUe ugha ys ik;hA f'k'kq fyaxkuqikr (Child Sex Ratio ) dh fLFkfr %& 0 ls 6 o"kZ dh vk;q oxZ ds izfr 1000 ckydka as ij ckfydkvksa dh la[;k dks f'k'kq fyaxkuqikr (Child Sex Ratio ) dgrs
gSA o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vkadM+ksa ds vuq lkj jk"Vª h; Lrj ij f'k'kq fya xkuqikr es a vkbZ fxjkoV fpark dk fo"k; gSA jk"Vª h; Lrj ij f'k'kq fya xkuqikr tgka o"kZ 1961 esa 976Fkk] ogha o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vkadM+ ksa ds vuqlkj ;g ?kVdj 914 gks x;k gSA o"kZ2011 dh jk"Vªh; tux.kuk ds vkadM+ ksa ds vuqlkj ns'k ds dfri; jkT;ksa ea s f'k'kq
fyaxkuq ikr esa vkbZ fxjkoV fuEukuqlkj gS S %&
Ø- jkT; dk uke o"k 2001 o"kZ 2011 fxjkoV@of)
1 tEew d'ehj 941 859 - 822 egkjk"Vª 913 883 - 30 3 jktLFkku 909 883 - 26 4 mRrjk[k.M 908 886 - 225 e/;izns'k 932 912 - 206 mM+ hlk 953 934 - 197 vka/kzizns'k 961 943 - 188 mRrjizns'k 916 899 - 179 fcgkj 942 933 - 0910 gfj;k.kk 819 830 + 1111 iatkc 798 846 + 48
;gka ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd gfj;k.kk vkSj iatkc esa iwoZ ls gh de f'k'kq fyaxkuqikr jgk gSA vr% ;gka dh o`f¼ dks izHkkoh ugha dgk tk ldrk gS] D;ksa fd vHkh Hkh bu jkT;ks a esa f'k'kq fyaxkuq ikr jk"Vª h; vkSlr ls dkQh de gSA vkadM+ks a ds vuqlkj ns'k ds 27 jkT;ksa ,oa ds Unz 'kkflr izns'kks a esa f'k'kq fyaxkuq ikr esa fxjkoV ntZ dh xbZ gSA lkFk gh ns'k ds 50 iz fr'kr ftyks a esa f'k'kq fyaxkuqikr esa jk"Vªh; vkSlr dh rqyuk esa vf/kd fxjkoV vkbZ gSA ?kVrk f'k'kq fyaxkuqikr&,d fparktud fLFkfr& lkekU;r% tUe ds le; f'k'kq fyaxkuq ikr 952 ;k mlls vf/kd gksuk pkfg;sA okf"kZd los Z 2010 ds vuq lkj e/;izns'k es a tUe ds le; f'k'kq fyaxkuqikr dh fLFkfr fuEukuq lkj ikbZ xbZ gS %&
Ø- ftyk tUe d le; fyx vuikr
dqy xkeh.k 'kgjh1 Xokfy;j 807 759 8312 tcyiq j 835 838 8333 lkxj 844 831 8774 cSrw y 845 836 8945 nfr;k 848 817 9296 xquk& v'kksduxj 853 875 7827 eqjSuk 857 858 8558 bankSj 862 896 850
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ifj.kke %&
1- Hkkjr ds laiUu jkT;ksa esa fyax vuqikr ik;k x;kA2- f'k'kq fyaxkuq ikr esa vlj ik;k x;kA3- e-iz- esa fya xkuqikr es a varj ik;k x;kA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- efgyk ,oa cky&fodkl foHkkx 2- owesu HkkLdj & 30 vizSy 20083- fyaxkuqikr esa vkSj yq<+dk Hkkjr 15 ik;nku f[klddj 98 os ls 119 os LFkku ij
igqap x;k] uoHkkjr 17 flrEcj 2011
Please address all Communications -
Prof. Braj Gopal ShuklaChief Editor
Research J ournal Social and Life Sciences41/42, Raghuwans Sadan, Shantikunj, Bichhiya, Rewa 486 001 (M.P.)
Phone - (07662) 255177, 9425186437
E-mail - [email protected]@rediffmail.com
The Aims & Objectives-
Guidelines & Member Ship Fee
To provide a plateform for the publication of original unpublished Research Papers, Summary of Research
Project, Thesis and Book review relating to all subjects of Social & LifeSciences and to promote interdisciplinary research work. BookReview can be published on receipt of two copies of concerned book.
-Authors/ Researchers can contactin the Registered Office given below-
A Registered Reviewed Research JournalSix monthly Bi-lingual Journal (English/Hindi Editions)
Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich’s International Periodicals Directory ©,ProQuest, U.S.A. Title Id : 715205
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ckfydk tula[;k ds Îkl esa mPp f'kf{kr efgykvksa dk ckfydk tula[;k ds Îkl es a mPp f'kf{kr efgykvksa dk ckfydk tula[;k ds Îkl esa mPp f'kf{kr efgykvksa dk ckfydk tula[;k ds Îkl es a mPp f'kf{kr efgykvksa dk ckfydk tula[;k ds Îkl esa mPp f'kf{kr efgykvksa dk n` f"Vdks.k n`f"Vdks.k n` f"Vdks.k n`f"Vdks.k n`f"Vdks.k
¹ bLyke cDl ¹ bLyke cDl ¹ bLyke cDl ¹ bLyke cDl ¹ bLyke cDl ¹¹ vf[kys'k 'kqDy ¹¹ vf[kys'k 'kqDy ¹¹ vf[kys'k 'kqDy ¹¹ vf[kys'k 'kqDy ¹¹ vf[kys'k 'kqDy
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¹ lektdk;Z foHkkx] 'kkldh; Bkdqj j.ker flag egkfo|ky;] jhok (e-iz-)¹¹ lekt'kkL= ,oa lektdk;Z foHkkx] 'kkldh; Bkdqj j.ker flag egkfo|ky;] jhok (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& 23 izfr'kr efgyk,a l;aqDr ifjokj esa rFkk 77 izfr'kr ,dy ifjokj es a fuokl djrh gS A mRrjnkrkvksa es a 29 izfr'kr efgyk,W fookfgr rFkk 71 izfr'kr efgyk,W vfookfgr
gS] bu efgykvks a es a lekt esa ckfydkvksa ] dh ?kVrh la[;k ds iw.kZ psruk ikbZ tkrh gSA ckfydk tUe nj esa deh dk izeq[k dkj.k 58 izfr'kr efgyk 'kklu }kjk izfrca f/kr Hkwz.k ijh{k.k lqfo/kk dks ekurh gS] budk ekuuk gS ] fd yM+dksa ds izfr lkekftd eksg ,oa /kkfeZd ekU;rk ds dkj.k ckfydkvks a dh la[;k es a deh gks jgh gS ] tcfd 14 izfr'kr efgyk,W dkedkth efgykvks a dh c<+rh la[;k dks bldk dkj.k ekurh gSA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
Hkkjrh; laLd` fr ds oSfnd dky ls gh efgykvksa dh izfrf"Br lkekftd fLFkfr FkhA ½Xosn dh ea= n`"Vk ½f"kdkvksa esa fo'o rkjk] ?kks"kk] vikyk tSlh fcnq"kh ukfj;kW Fkh
rks jktdqy dh jkuh uFkfudk] izHkkorh xqIr] lqxa/kk dq'ky iz'kkfldk,W FkhA dguk vfr'k;ksfDr u gks xk fd l`f"V ds izkjaHk ls gh ukjh dh egRrk v{kq.k jgh gS] ukjh gh l`tu
dh iw.kZrk gS] egf"kZ euq ds vuqlkj ^^;= uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrsa r= nsork** vFkkZ r~ tgkW ukfj;ksa dh iwtk gksrh gS ogkW nsork fuokl djrs gSa ] ukjh ds fcuk fodkl dh dYiuk viw.kZ ,oa vlaHko gS mldh vis{kk djds ekuo iw.kZrk dks iz kIr ugh dj ldrkA fdUrq Hkkjrh; lekt esa le; ds mrkj p<+ko ds lkFk ukjh dh fLFkfr ifjofrZ r gks rh jgh gSA
orZeku le; esa tgkW ukjh lekurk ,oa f'k{kk ds vf/kdkj iz kIr dj O;olk;] ukSdjh] dyk] foKku] iz'kklu] jktuhfr] [ks y rFkk vU; {ks =ksa esa viuk ;ks xnku ns dj izxfr ds iFk ij vxzlj gS] rks nw ljh vksj ukjh mRihM+u ngst gR;k] vigj.k] vR;kpkj tS lh leL;kvksa ls xzflr gSaA nsodh tSu 1 us ?kj ds ckgj ukjh ds iz fr fgalk] cykRdkj] ;kSu mRihM+u oss';k o`fRr ekeyksa dks xaHkhj fu:fir fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa ukjh dh fuEu fLFkfr iznf'kZr djrs gq, ;kLd fu:Dr 2 es a Li"V ?kks"k.kk gS fd yM+dh rks vU; dks nh tkrh gSA nsus ds rhu rjhds nku] foØ; o mRlxZ gS ftlesa nku&dU;knku ds :i es a] foØ; ls vk'k; cspus ls ,oa mRlxZ ls vk'k; R;kxus ls gSA ,e-,u- Jhfuokl 3 us fy[kk gS] fd ukjh dh iz fLFkfr ,oa mlls tfur leL;k,W cgqr fHkUurk j[krh gS ,d vks j ukjh dks x`gLokfeuh ;k nsoh dgk tkrk gS rks nw ljh vksj og lnS o gh fuHkZ jrk dh fLFkfr esa
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crkbZ tkrh gS] ds-,e- ikf.kDdj 4 us fgUnw lkekftd thou dh izeq[k leL;kvks a es a ukjh
dks iz nku dh tkus okyh iz fLFkfr dh izeq [k leL;k ekuk gSA O;oLFkk ;g ekudj pyrh gS fd iq=h ifjokj dk Hkkx ugha gSA cnyrs ifjos'k esa Hkkjr es a fL=;ks a dh la[;k esa vk jgh fxjkoV ,d izeq[k leL;k gS] Hkkjr es a 1901 es a izfr gtkj iq:"kksa ij tgkW efgykvksa dh la[;k 972 Fkh og o"kZ 2001 esa 933 gks xbZ gSA tux.kuk o"kZ 1981 dks Nks M+ nsusa ij iq :"kksa dh rqyuk es a L=h tula[;k esa Øe'k% gkzl dh izo fRr Hkkjr ds lHkh jkT;ksa es a fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA o"kZ 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj ,d ek= jkT; ds jy ,oa ,d ek= dsUnz 'kkflr izns'k ikf.Mpsjh esa gh izfr gtkj iq:"k efgykvks a dh la[;k Øe'k% 1058 ,oa 1001 gSA5 tula[;k'kkfL=;ks ds vuqlkj ifjokj lekt ,oa jk"Vª ds la rq yuu ds fy, L=h iq:"k vuqikr cjkcj gks uk pkfg,] tcfd e/;iz ns'k esa ;g vuqikr 919 gSA lekt esa ?kVrh efgykvks a dh la[;k ds ihNs Hkwz.k dU;k gR;k] ngst izFkk] foyEc fookg]
lkekftd vlq j{kk] dkedkth] efgykvksa dh c<+rh la [;k] 'kklu dh nks larkuksa dh uhfr rFkk vkfFkZd dkj.k izeq[k gSA izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa ckfydkvksa dh ?kVrh la [;k ds dkj.kksa ,oa lekt ij blds izHkko dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA jhok 'kgj ds ,d ek= 'kkldh; dU;k egkfo|ky; esa v/;kiu dk;Z ls tqM+h izk/;kfidkvksa ,oa fofHkUu ladk;ksa esa LukrdksRrj mikf/k izkIr dj jgh 286 efgykvksa ls 100 efgykvks a dk p;u nSo fun'kZu i¼fr ls fd;k x;k gSA 100 efgykvksa esa ls 20 efgyk izk/;kid ,oa 80 Lukrdks Rrj mikf/k iz kIr Nk= lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph ds ek/;e ls izkIr tkudkjh dks rkfydkvksa ds ek/;e ls izLrq r fd;k x;k gS] tks fuEufyf[kr gS %&
lkfj.kh Øeka d&1] mRrjnkrkvks a dh ikfjokfjd ,oa oSokfgd fLFkfr
Øekad mRrjnkrk la;Dr ifjokj ,dy ifjokj ;ksx
1- fookfgr 8 21 29
2- vfookfgr 15 56 71
;ksx 23 77 100
mijksDr lkj.kh ls ;g rF; lkeus vkrs gS a fd mPp f'kf{kr 23 iz fr'kr efgyk,a l;aq Dr ifjokj esa rFkk 77 iz fr'kr ,dy ifjokj esa fuokl djrh gSA Li"V gS] fd uxjksa esa dsUnzh; ifjokj dk egRo rs th ls c<+ jgk gSA mRrjnkrkvksa esa 29 iz fr'kr efgyk,W fookfgr rFkk 71 iz fr'kr efgyk,W vfookfgr gS] bu efgykvksa esa lekt esa ckfydkvksa] dh ?kVrh la[;k ds iw.kZ psruk ikbZ tkrh gS] ;gkW 99 izfr'kr efgyk,W lekt esa ckfydkvksa dh la[;k esa deh dh ckr Lohdkj djrh gSA ckfydk tUe nj esa deh ds iz fr mRrjnkrkvks a ds n`f"Vdks.k dks fuEufyf[kr rkfydk ds ek/;e ls iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gS &
lkfj.kh Øekad&2] ckfydk tUe nj esa deh ds izfr n` f"Vdks .k Øek ad ckfydk tUe nj e s deh dk dkj.k mRrjnkrkvks dh la[;k ;ksx
1- Hkw z.k ijh{k.k lqfo/kk 58 582- dkedkth efgykvks a dh c<+ rh la[;k 14 143- ngst izFkk 28 28
ckfydk tUe nj es a deh dk iz eq[k dkj.k 58 iz fr'kr efgyk 'kklu }kjk iz frca f/kr Hkwz.k ijh{k.k lqfo/kk dks ekurh gS] budk ekuuk gS] fd yM+dksa ds izfr
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Hkzw.k ijh{k.k dks vuqfpr ekuus okys mRrjnkrkvksa esa 63-41 izfr'kr] (52)
mRrjnkrk bls dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k ds fy;s mRrjnk;h ekurh gS] budk rdZ gS fd Hkzw .k ijh{k.k blh mn~ns'; ls djk;k tkrk gS] yM+dk&yM+dh ds izfr leku n`f"Vdks.k j[kus okys 18-29 izfr'kr (15) mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS] fd lekt esa yM+dk ,oa yM+ dh dks leku
LFkku feyuk pkfg;sA vr% Hkwz.k ijh{k.k vuq fpr gS] 7-31 izfr'kr (06) efgyk;sa Hkzw.k gR;k dks vijk/k dh Js .kh es a vkus ds dkj.k ,oa /keZ ds izfr vkLFkk j[kus ds dkj.k 10-97 izfr'kr] (09) mRrjnkrk Hkzw.k gR;k dks iki ekurh gS] vr% buds rdZ ls Hkz w.k ijh{k.k vuqfpr gSA
lkfj.kh Ø-&6Hkzw.k ijh{k.k lqfo/kk ds iz;ks x ds izfr mRrjnkrkvksa dh fLFkfr
Øek ad Hk z.k ijh{k.k lqfo/kk dk iz;k sx fd;k gS mRrjnkr kvks d hl a[;k izfr'kr1- Lo;a mRrjnkrk us
2- ifjokj ds fdlh lnL; us 09 09
3- ifjfprks a es a fdlh us 22 22
;ksx 31 31
Hkzw.k ijh{k.k dh iz pfyr rduhdh ls ykHk ysus dh tkudkjh 31 izfr'kr mRrjnkrkvksa dh gS & 09 iz fr'kr mRrjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj ds fdlh lnL; us ykHk mBk;k gS rFkk buds ifjfpr ifjokjksa esa 22 izfr'kr us bldk mi;ks x fd;k gS tks ;g ladsr nsrk gS fd 'kkldh; iz frca/k ds ckotwn Hkz w.k ijh{k.k cs jks dVhd vHkh Hkh tkjh gSa tks ckfydk tUe vla rq yu dk lcls cM+ k dkj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA
fu"d"kZ& orZeku le; esa gekjs ns'k esa ckfydkvksa dh ?kVrh la[;k ,d pqukS rh cudj gekjs lkeus vk jgh gS ;g fuf'pr gh fpark dk fo"k; gSA vkt L=h iq:"k dh vkuqikfrd fxjkoV izd`fr ds izfrdwy gSA iz d`fr ds fo:¼ vkt ds lekt] foKku vkSj rFkk dfFkr vk/kqfud lekt dh vo/kkj.kk bl vlarqyu dh ftEesnkj gSA oS Kkfud i¼fr ls tgka /kjrh ij LoxZ mrj ldrk gS] ogha bldh izpfyr rduhdksa lksuksxzkQh vkfn ls uj eknk Hkz w.k LokLF; dh tkudkjh dh vis{kk dU;k Hkw z.k gR;k esa bldk T;knk mi;ksx gks jgk gSA
ngst] izFkk tSlh :f<+oknh ijEijkvksa ds tky dks rksM+us es a vkt lekt vleFkZ fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA ngst izFkk tgka e/; eoxhZ; ifjokjksa ds fy;s vfHk'kki gS] ogha dU;kvksa dh ?kVrh la[;k ds ihNs vkfFkZ d dkj.k Hkh mRrjnk;h gS] vkt xjhc firk dU;k tUe dksvkfFkZd :i ls d"Vnk;h ekurk gSA ogha lekt es a /ku dk egRo c<+us ls 'osriks'k
fpfdRld vf/kd /ku dekus ds fy;s Hkzw.k dU;k gR;k tSlk vijk/k dj jgk gSA vkt f'k{kk ds c<+rs Lrj ,oa jkstxkj dh vfuf'prk ls foyEc fookg dks izksRlkgu feyk gSA foyEc fookg ds dkj.k vkt nEifRr dU;k dh vis{kk ckyd dks vf/kd egRo ns jgs gSa ] D;ksa fd iq =h dk tUe ,dnkf;Ro ,oa dtkZ ekuk tkrk gS] ogha dkedkth efgykvks a dh c<+rh la [;k Hkh blds fy;s mRrjnk;h gS] ;s efgyk;s a ckfydk ikyu iks "k.k ,oa mldh lkekftd lqj{kk tS lh ftEesnkjh ls cpuk pkgrh gSA bu lc dkj.kks a ds vfrfjDr 'kklu }kjk 'kkkldh; ls okvksa ,oa fupys Lrj ds pq uko es a nks larkuksa dh uhfr Hkh ckfydkvksa
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dh ?kVrh la[;k esa lgk;d fl¼ gks jgh gS] 'kkldh; lsok ,oa jktuhfr esa Hkfo"; ns[kus
okys vkt nks larku dh uhfr dk ikyu dj jgs gS a] Hkys gh mudh ckfydk tUe dh vfHkyk"kk v/kwjh jg tk;sA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1. Devaki Jain, Mainstream vol. XXIII no. 35, April 27, 1998, p. 27,30
2. Yaska's Nirukta : p. 208
3. M.N. Srinivas : The changing position of Indian Women, p. 7
4. K.M. Panikkar : Hindu Society At Cross Roads, p.57
5. Census Report of India 2001
6- ;wuh'kSQ dk orZeku 2011] 12 dk losZ (jhok)7- Hkkjr 'kklu dk tula[;k losZ
8- th- ,e- ,p- ls izkIr vk adM+ s9- xSj 'kkldh; fpfdfRlky; 10- nSfud tkxj.k] jhok 11- dhfrZ izHkk] jhok
RNI No. MP BIL 01034/12/1/2005-TC ISSN 0973-3914
izks- cz txks iky 'kq Dy 41@42] j?kq oa 'k lnu] fcfN;k] jhok (e-iz-)& 486001
Phone - (07662) 255177, 9425186437E-mail - [email protected]@rediffmail.com
ls UVj QkW j fjlpZ LVMht] jhok }kjk fjlpZ tjuy vkWQ lks 'ky ,.M ykbQ lkbals l
ds fo'ks "kka d ds :i es a fuEufyf[kr nks la nHkZ iq Lrdks a dk iz dk'ku ekpZ] 2013 es a fd;k tk jgk gSA
mDr la nHkZ iq Lrdksa es a iz dk'ku gs rq vki viuk rF; ijd ,oa rdZ ;q Dr 'kks/k i= Hks tdj bl vdknfed dk;Z es a lg;ks x dj ldrs gS a A fgUnh Hkk"kk es a 'kks/k i= ,e-,l- oMZ es a QkUV d` frns o 010] djs DVj lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k_
va xz s th Hkk"kk es a VkbEl U;w jks eu QkUV lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k esa Hks ts a A
(vkbZ-,l-ch-,u- 978&81&87364&56&6)
(ISBN 978-81-87364-55-9)
Social Change & Development in India
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jktLFkku esa dU;k o/k% ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa jktLFkku esa dU;k o/k% ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa jktLFkku esa dU;k o/k% ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa jktLFkku esa dU;k o/k% ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa jktLFkku esa dU;k o/k% ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa ¹ izfeyk iwfu;k ¹ izfeyk iwfu;k ¹ izfeyk iwfu;k ¹ izfeyk iwfu;k ¹ izfeyk iwfu;k
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& Hkkjr dk lkekftd] lkaLd`frd ,oa /kkfeZd ifjos'k fir`lÙkkRed gksus ds dkj.k efgyk dks ges'kk ls gh nwljk LFkku fn;k x;k gS ^^oa'k csVksa ls pyrk gS** fir`kRed lekt dh uha o gS A Hkkjr ds vU; {ks=ks a dh rjg jktLFkku es a Hkh ;|fi izkphudky ds lekt es a ukjh dk LFkku lEekutud FkkA og ekuo lekt dh vk/kkjf'kyk jgh gS A ijUrq tS ls&tS ls le; vkxs
c<+k] nqHkkZX;o'k mldh fLFkfr es a lq/kkj ds ctk; fxjkoV vkrh pyh x;hA e/;dky rd vkrs&vkrs jktiwrkuk ds lekt es a ukjh dh fLFkfr esa fxjkoV vkrh pyh x;hA e/;dky rd vkrs&vkrs jktiw rkuk ds lekt esa cgq&fookg] cky&fookg] lrh &izFkk] ngst izFkk inkZ &izFkk]dU;k o/k] Mkdu&izFkk] yM+fd;ksa dk Ø;&foØ; tS ls dqizFkk,a lkeus vk;hA lrjgoha vB~Bkjoha 'krkCnh ds jktiwrkuk ds tUk&ekufldrk esa iq=h tUe vlq[kdj ,ao {kksHk dk fo"k; cuk jgkA bl le; lkekU; jktiwr ifjokjks a dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr n;uh; gks xbZ vkS j fookg ;ksX; ngst rFkk R;kx u tqVk ikus ds Hk; ls] lkekftd vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk vkfn vusd dkj.kks a ds dkj.k dqN us dU;k o/k dk fodYi viukuk gh Bhd le>kA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
;fn ge Hkkjr ds iz kphu dkyhu bfrgkl dk fla gkoyks du djsa rks ;g Li"V n`f"Vxr gksrk gS fd ukjh dk gekjs lekt esa ges 'kk ls ,d egRoiw.kZ o lEekutud LFkku jgk gSa A og ekuo lekt dh vk/kkjf'kyk jgh gSa 1 ijUrq mldh fLFkfr esa fujUrj ifjorZ u gksrk jgk gSA izkphudky esa og iw.kZ:is.k Lora = Fkh] f'kf{kr Fkh] fodflr voLFkk esa FkhAvr% og Js"Bre fLFkfr esa FkhA tS ls&tSls le; vkxs c<+k] nqHkkZ X;o'k mldh fLFkfr esa
lq/kkj ds ctk; fxjkoV vkrh pyh xbZA /keZ'kkL=ksa ds dky esa mldh fLFkfr rqyukRed :i ls detks j gqbZA euq"; dh e`R;q ds i'pkr iq= dks gh riZ .k gsrq ;ksX; ekuk tkus yxkA2 Qyr% ukjh dh fLFkfr nks;e ntZs dh gks xbZ] mls iq:"k ds v/khu ekuk tkus yxkA3 Hkkjr esa eqxyksa ds vkxeu vkSj ns'k ds ,d foLr`r Hkw Hkkx ij mudk fu;a=.k LFkkfir gksus ds ckn Hkkjrh; lekt esa ukjh dh fLFkfr vkSj Hkh ladq fpr gks xbZ D;ksafd eqfLye lekt esa ukjh dks og LFkku izkIr ugha Fkk] tks Hkkjrh; lekt esa FkkA bl le;
cky&fookg] inkZ&izFkk tSlh dqizFkkvksa dk izpyu gqvkA e/;dky rd vkrs&vkrsHkkjrh; lekt esa ukjh dh fLFkfr es a vkS j fxjkoV vk xbZA og vlqjf{kr eglwl djus yxh] muesa vf'k{kk QS yhA os ?kj dh pkj&nhokjh esa cUn gksdj jgus yxhA ikfjokfjd ftEes nkfj;ks a dk fuokZg djrs gq, og iq:"k ds vfHkHkkodRo esa thou O;rhr djus yxhA cgq&fookg izFkk us Hkh blh ;qx esa tM+sa te+kbZA4 blls lekt es a fo/kokvksa dk ckgq Y; LokHkkfod FkkA fo/kokvksa dh lekt esa fLFkfr vkSj Hkh n;uh; FkhA dq N tkfr;ksa ;Fkk
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jktiw rksa esa rks dqN ifjokjksa esa mUgs a ukjdh; thou O;rhr djuk iM+ rk FkkA blh okrkoj.k
esa dU;ko/k] lrh&izFkk 5 tSlh izFkk,a lkeus vkbZA ngst&izFkk vkSj nkl&izFkk tSlh dqizFkk;sa dk lw =ikr gqvkA ;g fLFkfr fdlh ,d tkfr es a ugha ojUk~ deksos'k lHkh tkfr;ksa esa fo|eku FkhA e/;e oxZ o fuEu oxZ esa ukfj;ksa dh fLFkfr vf/kd 'kks puh; FkhA
mi;qZDr ifjn`'; esa ;fn jktLFkku es a fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr dh ppkZ dh tk,] rks djhc&djhc ogha fLFkfRk lkeus vkrh gSA ;gka T;knkrj jktiwr 'kkld tkfr FkhA budh fL=;ka jfuoklksa esa jgrh FkhA f'k{kk dk vHkko FkkA inkZ&izFkk] dU;ko/k] ngst] lrh&izFkk] cgq&iRuh izFkk vkfn dqizFkk,¡ fnYyh ds lkehI; o eqlyekuksa ds izHkko ds dkj.k O;kIr FkhA vU; tkfr;ksa esa tks d`f"k ;k NksVs&eksVs O;olk;ksa ij vkfJr Fks] fL=;ksa ij rqyukRed
:i ls de izfrcU/k FksA bu tkfr;ks a dh fL=;ksa dks mDr O;oLkkvks a esa iq:"kks a ds lkFk dU/ks ls dU/kk feykdj dk;Z djuk iM+rk FkkA vr% mues a inkZ&izFkk vkfn dh ijEijk;sa
vf/kd dBksj ugha Fkh] bl izdkj ;gka ds jktiwr o mPp lkeUr oxZ ds ifjokjks a es a gh fo'ks"kdj lrh izFkk] inkZ izFkk]ngst o cgq iRuh izFkk] dU;k&o/k vkfn dqizFkk,¡ vf/kd iuihA6 l=goha] vV~Bkjgoha ds jktiw rkuk esa tu&ekufldrk esa iq=h tUe vlq[kdj ,oa {kksHk dk fo"k; cuk jgkA fo'ks"kr% fookfgr ds izFke iz lo dky esa iq=h dk tUe mldh
leLr vk'kkvks a ij rq"kkjkikr ds leku FkkA dU;kvksa dks iq =ksa dh vis{kk de egRo fn;k tkrk Fkk] vr% ifjokj es a dU;k ds tUe ys rs gh mls ekjdj xkM+ fn;k tkrk FkkA ;g dqizFkk fgUnqvksa esa fo'ks"kdj fu/kZu jktiwrks a esa T;knk izpfyr FkhA7 lkekftd <k¡ps esa mPp LFkku izkIr fdUrq vkfFkZd n`f"V ls xjhc (jktiwr) oxZ esa bl izFkk dk izpyu vf/kd jgkA bl izFkk ds ew y esa vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd nksuksa gh iz dkj ds dkj.k Fks vkSj ;s nksuksa ,d&nwljs ls tq M+s gq;s FksA izFke dkj.k] rks dU;k ds fookg dh leL;k FkhA jktiwr tkfr
ds oSokfgd lECkU/k ijEijkxr cU/kuksa ds tdM+s FksA ,d jktiwr viuh dU;k dk fookg vius gh dqy ;k [kk¡i esa ugha dj ldrk FkkA8 blls oSokfgd lEcU/kks a dk {ks = dkQh
lhfer gks x;k FkkA blds vykok izR;sd jktiwr viuh iq =h dk fookg vius ls mPp ?kjkus vFkok fdlh 'kkldh; ;k lkeUrh ?kjkuks a esa gh djus dh vkdka{kk j[krk FkkA9 vius ?kjkus ls fuEu ?kjkus esa fookg djus ls lekt es a mdh eku&e;kZnk de gksus dk [krjk FkkA jkt ifjokj oj.k ds fy, jkt ifjokj gh <wa<rk Fkk vkS j oSlk u gksus ij iq=h dksvfookfgr gh jguk iM+rk Fkk vkS j dU;k dk dq¡okjh jg tkuk lekt es a ?kksj vi;'k dk
dkj.k gksrk FkkA mPp dqy esa fookg ds fy, vf/kd ngst vkSj R;kx dh vko';drk FkkA eqxylRrk ds iru vkSj jktLFkku esa fczfV'k vkf/kiR; ds dkj.k lkekU; jktiwrksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr n;uh; gks x;hA bl le; fookg ;ksX; ngst vkSj R;kx dk /ku u tqVk
ikus ds dkj.k dU;k o/k dk fodYi viukuk gh Bhd le>rs FksA10
bl izdkj feF;k mPp cks/k ds lkFk vkSj thou ds vfLrRo gs rq i;kZIr lk/kuksa dsvHkko esa muds fy;s ngst ,d nq"dj dk;Z Fkk lkFk gh pkj.kks a] HkkVksa }kjk R;kx ds :i
esa dh xbZ eka xksa dks iwjk djuk eq f'dy FkkA bl dkj.k ;s jktiwr vfHkHkkod dU;k la rku pkgrs gh ugha Fks fd iSnk gksA ;fn dU;k iSnk gks Hkh tkrh rks mls ekSr dh uha n lqyk fn;k tkrk FkkA11 jktiwrks a ds vykok tkV] eh.kk o esokfr;ksa es a Hkh ;g izFkk iz pfyr FkhA12
tkVks a vkSj esokfM+;ksa esa Hkh dU;k&o/k dh fjiks VZ iz kIr gksrh gSA13 Hkjriqj ds tkV 'kkld oxZ ls gksus ds dkj.k bldk izpyu blfy, Fkk fd fookg es a iq=h nsuk muds ifjokj ds
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fy, viekutud dk;Z ekuk tkrk FkkA14 eh.kk rFkk eso tkfr esa Hkh bl dqizFkk dk
fjokt FkkA budh T;knk fjiksVZ rks ugha feyrh gS ysfdu bl vU/kfo'okl ds dkj.k bldk iz pyu Fkk fd dU;k ds tUe ls muds ifjokj ,oa lEiznk; ds fy, ?kkrd vkSj iz fr"Bk ds fy, udkjkRed gksxkA15 esjksa esa Hkh 'kknh ls igys Hkkjh vkSj vfoeqDr lkekU; Hkq xrku ds dkj.k dU;k o/k dk izpyu vf/kd gq vkA jktiwr tkfr esa fookg ds volj
ij pkj.k] HkkV] <ksyh bR;kfn vk tqVrs Fks vkSj yM+ dh okyksa ls eq¡ g eka xh nku&nf{k.kk iz kIr djus dh gB djrs FksA blh dks *R;kx* dgk tkrk FkkA16 ;g ,d ,slk nks"k Fkk] ftlds fuokj.k dk dksbZ LFkk;h izcU/k ugha FkkA izkjEHk esa ;g R;kx LosPNkiwoZd vius in ,oa fLFkfr ds vuqlkj fn;k tkrk FkkA le; ds lkFk&lkFk pkj.kks a o HkkVksa dks nh tkus okyh nku&nf{k.kk] budk vf/kdkj cu x;kA vc R;kx ysus ds fy, bPNkuqlkj nkok fd;k tkus yxkA mudh ekax iwfrZ ds fy, Hkkjh O;; ogu djuk iM+rk FkkA blls dU;k
ds firk dh dkQh n;uh; fLFkfr gks tkrh FkhA jktk rks buds O;; dks fdlh izdkj ogu djus dh {kerk j[krs Fks] fdUrq NksVs tkxhjnkj vkSj fu/kZu yksx fookg ds volj ij R;kx nsus esa vleFkZ gksrs FksA bl *R;kx* dh izFkk ds dkj.k nsus okys dk uke rks gksrk FkkA ijUrq fu/kZu jktiwrksa ds fy, ;g izFkk vfHk'kki gks xbZ FkhA ;g dU;k&o/k dk Hkh
,d ijks{k dkj.k jgk FkkA lu~ 1864 bZ- esa vyoj ujs'k egkjko f'konku flag (1857 bZ&1874 bZa) us Li"V :i ls dgk Fkk fd R;kx dh izFkk ekSfyd :i ls dU;k o/k ds fy,
mRrjnk;h gSA17
19oha 'krkCnh es a dU;k o/k deksos 'k iwjs Hkkjr esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] ijUrq jktiwrkuk esa cgqrk;r esa ckfydk o/k ds ekeys izdk'k esa vkrs gSA blds dkj.kksa ij n`f"V Mkys rks dqN yksxks a dk ekuuk gS fd dU;k o/k ds fy, dks bZ fuf'pr dkj.k ugha fn;k tk ldrk
vkS j ugha fu'p;iwoZd ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd bl tkfr ;k leq nk; esa ;g izpfyr Fkk] ijUrq fjiksVksZ ds vk/kkj ij vuq eku ek= yxk;s tk ldrs gSA18 ijUrq dq N bfrgkldkjksa us blds dkj.k crk;s gS tSls ,e-,- 'kS fjx us dU;k o/k dk dkj.k eqxy lRrk dk iru rFkk fczfV'k uhfr ekuk gSA19 tks vkfFkZ d fLFkfr n;uh; gksus ds ckotwn iwoZdkyhu lkekftd vkfFkZ d izn'kZu vkSj O;; djus esa vleFkZ mPp dq y ds jktiwrks a dh ekufldrk rFkk mPp
dqy esa gh fookg dh ijEijk bl dqizFkk gs rq nks "kh jghA20 ;|fi xksihukFk 'kekZ us lks 'ky ykbQ bu es fMdy jktLFkku esa jktiw r fgrdkfj.kh lHkk dh lu~ 1889 dh fjiksVZ dsvk/kkj ij ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd jktiwrks a esa dU;k o/k lkekU; gks x;k FkkA21 fo'ki
gscj us viuh jktiw rkuk ;k=k ds fooj.k es a Hkh bl dq izFkk ds ckjs es a fy[kk gS fd **lH; ifjokjksa esa vfookfgr iq=h vkSj vius ls ghu dqy es a iq =h dk fookg nks uksa gh viekutud
ekus tkrs FksA cky e`R;q dks bZ'oj dk izdksi ekuk tkrk FkkA ;g rks rF; gS fd mPpdqyhu jktiwrksa ds egyksa esa iq=ksa dh vis{kk iqf=;k¡ cgqr de ik;h tkrh FkhA ysfdu fdlh gR;k dks fl¼ djuk vklku ugha gS ysfdu ;g ckr fdlh ds fy, jgL; ugha gS fd iq =h tUeksijkUr ek¡ ds d{k esa gh ,d cM+s nw/k ik= esa dU;k dks Mqcks fn;k tkrk FkkA tkWu esydke ftUgksaus blesa dq N lq/kkj vo'; uks fVl fd;k Fkk dks dgk x;k Fkk fd vQhe dh xk¡ B nh tkrh FkhA ys fdu ;g rks fuf'pr gS fd estj okYVj ds iz ;klksa ls
dkQh dU;kvksa dh tku cph vkSj rHkh rks xqtjkr ls muds tkus ls iwoZ egy es a izos'k ds volj ij mls mPpoxhZ ; dU;kvksa us viuh ftUnxh ns us okys lUr ds :i esa lEcksf/kr
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fd;kA22 dU;k o/k tSlh dqizFkk dks lekIr djus dh vf/kdka'k jktiwrks a dh Hkh bPNk
FkhA23 ysfdu ,d ijEijkxr izFkkdks lekIr djus igy djus ls lHkh fgpdpk jgs FksA fczfV'k ljdkj Hkh 'kh?kz dksbZ dne ugha mBkuk pkgrh Fkh 24 fQj Hkh jktiwrkuk ds 'kkldksa }kjk bl dqizFkk dks xSj&dkuwuh ?kksf"kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA loZizFke dksVk jkT; us 1834 bZ- dks dU;k o/k dks xS j dkuwuh ?kksf"kr fd;kA25 1834 bZ- esa gh mn;iqj egkjk.kk us eh.kk tkfr ds fy, dU;ko/k dks xSj dkuwuh ?kksf"kr fd;kA chdkusj jktk jruflag us1837 bZ- esa x;k rhFkZ ;k=k ds le; vius lkeUrksa dh lHkk esa dU;ko/k u djus dh
iz frKk djokbZA26 bl le; jktiw r jktkvks a ds lkFk&lkFk vaxzst vf/kdkjh duZy lnjyS .M vkSj estj Fkksjlch Hkh bl dq izFkk dks jksdus ds fy, jktiw r 'kkldksa ls lg;ksx dh vk'kk dh ysfdu mUgsa T;knk lQyrk ugha feyhA 1844 bZ- esa vaxzst jsthMsUV yMyq ds iz;klksa ls t;iqj jkT; us bl izFkk dks xSj&dkuw uh ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA27 blh ls izks Rlkfgr
gksdj tks/kiqj jkT; us 7 ebZ 1844 vkSj mn;iqj jkT; us 24 ebZ 1844 dks bl dqizFkk dks xSj&dkuwuh ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA28 dU;k o/k ds lkFk R;kx dh leL;k dks gy djus dh iz ;kl Hkh fd;k x;k D;ksafd R;kx ds dkj.k Hkh bl izFkk dks izksRlkgu feyrk FkkA fczfV'k vf/kdkfj;ks a ds lkFk feydj jktiwr fj;klrksa dks 'kkldksa us fu;e vkSj dkuwu cukdj
R;kx izFkk ij [kpZ dh tkus okyh jkf'k r; dh xbZa tS ls tks/kiqj jkT; esa 1841 bZ- esa R;kx fu/kkZfjr jkf'k r; dh x;hA 1843 bZ a- es a egkjktk r[rfla g ds le; laxejej dh ifV~V;ksa ij fu/kkZfjr jkf'k mRdh.kZ djokdj leLr ftyk dsUnzksa esa yxok;h x;hA29 fczfV'k ljdkj ds }kjk fofHkUu 'kkldksa dks R;kx ds lEcU/k esa Hksts x;s fo'ks"k [kjhrks30 ds dkj.k gh 1844 bZ- esa chdkusj 'kkld jruflag us fu;e cukdj jkT; esa tkjh djok;sA31
blh rjg t;iqj jkT; esa Hkh 1844 dks ,d vkns'k tkjh fd;k x;kA ftlds vuqlkj
tehankj viuh lkykuk vk; ds vkBosa fgLls ls T;knk R;kx ugha nsxkA32 mn;iq j ds egkjk.kkvksa us vkns 'k tkjh djds nwljh fj;klrksa ds pkj.k] HkkVks dks mn;iqj vkus ls jks adk rFkk esokM+ ds pkj.k&HkkV vU; fj;klrks a esa R;kx ekaxus ugha tk ldrsA33 tks/kiqj vkfn fj;klrksa esa bu fu;eks a dk mYya ?ku djus okyks a ds fo:¼ l[r dk;Zokgh djus dh
O;oLFkk dh x;hA 1888 bZ- esa LFkkfir okYVj jktiw r fgrdkj.kh lHkk** ds }kjk Hkh R;kx ngst izFkk vkfn ds [kpsZ esa deh djus vkS j yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa ds fookg vk;q dk fu;eu djus esa Hkh ljkguh; lq/kkj dk;Z fd;s x;sA34
dU;ko/k dh lk{;ks a ds izdk'k esa ckr djs rks Vk¡M us viuh ,uYl esa d`".kk dqekjh ds vfrfjDr vU; dU;ko/k dk izek.k iz kIr ugha gks rk gSA mUuhloha lnh ds jktLFkkuh ys [kdksa vkS j ikWfyfVdy vf/kdkfj;ksa us Hkh bldk o.kZu fd;k gSA duZy lnj
yS.M duZy yqMyksa ] estj tsDlu] dsIVu csou vkfn us dU;ko/k ds mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;s gSA blh rjg jktLFkkuh ys [kd tSls ';keynkl] ghjkpUn vks>k] js Å vkfn us R;kx] ngs t izFkk dk o.kZu djrs gq, dU;k o/k tS lh izFkk ds iz pyu dks Lohdkj fd;k gS ys fdu bu ys[kdks a ds fooj.k esa lk{;ksa vkSj erSD; dk iw.kZr;k vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA 19oha 'krkCnh ds izkjEHk esa gh ckfydk o/k ds ekeyks a dh ?kVrh la[;k dk dkj.k fczfV'k vf/kdkfj;ks a dk iz;kl] ik'pkR; f'k{kk ds izlkj ls c<+ rh tu tkx:drk jgh gSA 19oha 'krkCnh dsvUr rd bldks lekIr izk;% ekuk x;k ys fdu ;g vka f'kd lR; gh iz rhr gksrk gSA vkt Hkh gekjs ns'k ds vU; Hkkxksa dh rjg jktLFkku esa Hkh dU;ko/k us dU;k Hkwz .k&gR;k us ys
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fy;k gSA ftldk dkj.k fookg ds le; fn;k tkus okyk ngst ,oa vU; vkSipkfjdrk;sa ]
lkekftd vlq j{kk dh Hkkouk bR;kfn leLr efgykvksa ds fuEu lkekftd Lrj ds fy, ftEes nkj gSA ftlds }kjk ifjokj esa dU;k dks iSnk gksus ls jksa dk tk jgk gSA f'k{kk ds {ks= esa gqbZ c<+ ksrjh ls yM+ ds dh pkgr rFkk dU;k dks iS nk gksus ls jksdus dh izo`fr esa c<+ ksrjh gqbZ gSA bl izo` fr dks rduhd ds nq:i;ksx us vkS j c<+ kok fn;k gS D;ksafd foKku ,oa rduhd esa vk, Økafrdkjh ifjorZuksa us bl yM+ds dh pkg dks vkS j lq xe cuk fn;kA dU;k Hkwz.k gR;k vkSj fyax p;fur xHkZ ikr ds }kjk xHkZ esa gh dU;k Hkw z.k gR;k esa gqbZ c<+ks rjh ds dkj.k cky fyaxkuqikr esa Hkkjh fxjkoV ntZ dh xbZ gSA vU; {ks=ksa dh rjg jktLFkku es a Hkh dkuwu cukdj rFkk vusd ,u-thvksa }kjk bl dqizFkk dks jksdus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA ysfdu vusd mnkgj.k vc Hkh izkIr gksrs gSA tulk/kkj.k dh tkx:drk ds lkFk&lkFk dkuwu dh dBks jrk ls ikyu o lekt ds ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k ls gh bl
vijk/k ds xzkQ dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- feJ] t;'kadj ] izkphu Hkkjr dk lkekftd bfrgkl] i- 3442- ih- FkWkel] bf.M;u oqesu Fkwz nh ,tst] i-563- euq Lefr] 9&3] feJ] ogh] i- 3414- 'kekZ] MkW- n'kjFk] jktLFkku Fkwz nh ,tst] i- 460 jktLFkku LVsV vkdkZbOt] chdkusj] 19665- lwjt&izdk'k] 5&4] i`- 32] 'kekZ] th-,u- lks'ky ykbQ bu fefMoy jktLFkku] i- 129]
vkxjk] 19686- enqZe'kqekjh fjiksVZ (ekjokM+ jkT;) 1891] i- 98&102] mi&v/kh{kd] eqa'kh nsohizlkn] v/
;{k gjn;ky] yhFkks izsl] tks/kiqj 18947- jsÅ] ch-,u- Xyksjht vkWQ ekjokM+ ,.M Xyksfj;l jkBkSM+] i- 2038- duZy VkWM] [k.M 1] i- 6699- 'ksfj ax] ,e-,-] fgUnw VªkbCl ,.M dkLV~l i- 12010- 'ksfjax] oghaA11- isM+ks a Hkyksa us dksl dks]csVh Hkyh u ,dA
ns.kks Hkyksa us cki dks] lkfgc jk[kS VsdAA12- jktLFkku ,MfefuLVªsfVo fjiksVZ] 1865&67 i`- 37713- nkl] bZjk] Qhesy buQSUVhlkbZM bu jktiwrkuk] 'kks/kd] i- 6814- oghaA15- jktiwrkuk ,MfeuhLVª sfVo fjiksVZ] 1865&67 i- 31716- 'kekZ] xksihukFk] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] i- 265] oa'kHkkLdj] [k.M 4] i`- 4167
17- O;kl] MkW- dSyk'kukFk ,oa xgyksr] nsosUnz flag] jktLFkku dh tkfr;ksa dk lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd thou i`- 106
18- nkl] bZjk] oghaA19- 'ksfjax] ,e-,-] fgUnw VªkbCl ,.M dkLV~l] Hkkx&3 i- 171] yanuA20- eatq dPNy] 19oha 'krkCnh esa lkekftd ifjorZu] t;iqj 1998] i`- 6721- fjiksVZ vkWQ jktiwr fgrdkfj.kh lHkk] 1899] xksihukFk 'kekZ }kjk m}r] lks'ky ykbQ bu
eSfMoy jktLFkku] vkxjk 1965] i`- 8522- gScj] uSjsfVo vkWQ , tuhZ Fkz w nk vij izksfoUlst vkWQ bf.M;k QzkWe dydRrk Vw cksEcs]
1824&25] yanu 1827] cksY;qe 2] i`- 518
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23- iksyhfVdy dUlYVs'kUl] 30 uoEcj 1844] ua- 152
24- ogha] ua- 15425- ogh a] 23 tuojh 1834] ua- 16&2626- n;kynkl dh [;kr] [k.M 2] i- 126&12927- iks- d- 30 uoEcj 1844] ua- 15328- [kjhrk cgh ua- 13] i- 442&44] [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ua- 6] i`- 2829- jkt-jk-v-] [kjhrk cgh ua- 10] i- 36430- vks>k] chdkusj jkT; dk bfrgkl] [kaM 2] i- 43131- n;kynkl dh [;kr] [k.M 2] i- 15032- 'kekZ] ia- guqeku] t;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i- 27333- jkt-jk-v-(mn;iqj fjdksMZ) esgrk laxzke flag dysD'kUl] Qkby ua- 57234- jsÅ& ekjokM+] jkT; dk bfrgkl] [k.M 2] i- 610
ISSN 0975-4083
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij tkdj jguk vkSj viuh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus dk iz;kl djuk iyk;u dgykrk gS A xkW oks a esa d`f"k Hkwfe ds yxkrkj de gksrs tkus]tula[;k of¼ vkS j izkd`frd vkinkvks a ds pyrs jksth*&jksVh dh ryk'k es a xzkeh.kksa dks 'kgjksa dh vksj iyk;u djuk iM+kA xkW oks a esa cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvks a dh deh Hkh iyk;u dk ,d nwljk cM+k dkj.k gS A bl iyk;uoknh izo`fRr ds pyrs ,d rjQ 'kgjksa es a vjktdrkvksa dk yxkrkj foLrkj gks jgk gS rks nwljh rjQ xkW oks a esa Hkh dbZ lkekftd leL;k,a iS nk gks jgh gS A iwoZ jk"Vªifr MkW 0 ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke ds vuqlkj ^^'kgjks a dks xkW oks a es a ys tkdj gh xzkeh.k iyk;u ij jksd yxkbZ tk ldrh gS A^^ ^Hkkjr fuekZ .k vkS j eujsxk^^ okLro es a blh y{; dksizkIr djus dh fn'kk es a egRoiw.kZ iz;kl gSA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj ns'k dh dqy tula[;k 121-02 djksM gS ftles a 68-84 izfr'kr tula[;k xkaoksa esa fuokl djrh gS rFkk 31-61 iz fr'kr tula[;k 'kgjksa es a
fuokl djrh gSA Lora= Hkkjr dh izFke tux.kuk 1951 esa xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh tula[;k dk vuq ikr 83 izfr'kr ,oa 17 izfr'kr FkkA blls Li"V gS fd xzkeh.k yks xksa dk 'kgjksa dh vksj iyk;u rsth ls c<+ jgk gSA fo'ks"kKksa dk vuqeku gS fd ;fn iyk;u dh orZeku xfr tkjh jgh gks vxys 25&30 o"kksZ a esa 'kgjks vkS j xkWoks a dh tula[;k cjkcj&cjkcj gks ldrh gSA ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij tkdj jguk vkS j viuh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus dk iz;kl djuk iyk;u dgykrk gSA ;g iyk;u dh izo` fRr dbZ :iks esa ns[kh tk ldrh gS tS ls ,d xkWo ls nwljs xkWo esa] xkWo ls uxj] uxj ls uxj vkSj uxj ls xkWo] ijUrq Hkkjr esa xkWo ls 'kgjks a dh vksj iyk;u dh izo`fRr dqN T;knk gSA xkWoksa es d`f"k Hkwfe ds yxkrkj de gksrs tkus] tula[;k o`f¼ vkS j izkd`frd vkinkvksa ds pyrs jks th&jksVh dh ryk'k esa xzkeh.kksa dks 'kgjksa dh vksj iyk;u djuk iM+rk gSA xkWoksa esa cq fu;knh lqfo/kkvksa dh deh Hkh iyk;u dk ,d nwljk cM+k dkj.k gSA xkWoksa esa jkstxkj vkS j f'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk fctyh] vkokl] lM+d lapkj vkSj LoPNrk tS lh vuds
lqfo/kk,a 'kgjksa dh rq yuk esa csgn de gSA bu cq fu;knh dfe;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk xkWoksa es a Hks nHkko iw .kZ lkekftd O;oLFkk ds pyrs 'kks"k.k vkSj mRihM+ u ls rax vkdj Hkh cgqr ls
yksx 'kgjksa dk :[k dj ysrs gSA vkS|ksxhdj.k] 'kgjhdj.k dh igyh lh<+h gSA vktknh ds ckn lHkh m|ksx 'kgjksa esa yxk, x,] ftlds dkj.k xzkeh.kksa dks jsktxkj dh ryk'k ds fy, 'kgjks a dh vksj iyk;u vko';d gks x;kA uxjh; pdkpkSa /k iyk;u ds eq [; dkj.kksa esa ls ,d gSA bl iyk;uoknh izo`fRr ds pyrs ,d rjQ 'kgjksa esa vjktdrkvksa dk yxkrkj foLrkj gks jgk gS] ftlds vijk/k] iznw"k.k vkS j ;krk;kr dh leL;k vke gS]
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rks nwljh rjQ xkWoks es a Hkh dbZ lkekftd leL;k,a iSnk gks jgh gS] ftlesa lkekftd lkSgknZz
esa deh vkSj lkekftd ekU;rkvksa vkS j ijEijkvksa ds fo?kVu dh leL;k izeq[k gSA blesa fodkl dh xfr esa ck/kk vkrh gSA ns 'k esa iyk;u ldkjkRed igyw ds :i esa Hkh mHkjk gSA Hkkjr ds ftu jkT;ksa us mPp thMhih nj dks izkIr fd;k gS] mldk ,d dkj.k iyk;u dj vk, etnwj Hkh gSA ia tkc esa fcgkj ls vk, [ksfrgj etnwjksa us ia tkc dks vkRefuHkZ j cukus es a egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gSA fcgkj] >kj[kaM o mRrj iz ns'k lfgr dbZ jkT;ksa ls etnwj o f'kf{kr yksx iyk;u dj xqtjkr pys tkrs gS] xqtjkr ds fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ns jgs gSA nw ljh rjQ >kj[ka M] mM+ hlk o NRrhlx<+ tS ls jkT;ksa ls fd'kksfj;ksa dk iyk;u gksuk nq HkkZX;tud gSA tukaddh; n`f"Vdks .k ls xkWo ls ;qokvksa vkSj dkexkjksa dk ,d cM+ k fgLlk uxjksa esa iyk;u djrk gS] tks tula[;k dh mez lajpuk ds lkFk&lkFk fyaxkuq ikr dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA uxjks esa fyaxkuqikr vis{kkd`r de gks x;k gS tks
tula[;k dh tUe nj] e` R;q nj ,oa o` f¼ nj dks lexz :i ls izHkkfor djrk gSA tgka uxjksa esa pkjks vksj ls vkus okyh tula[;k la dsUnz.k ls ,d gh uxj dbZ {ks =h;rk] Hkk"kk] lkekftd jhfr&fjokt dk dsUnz curh tk jgh gSA dq N fo}kuksa us bl iyk;u dks uxjksa ds xzkeh.khdj.k dh laKk nh gSA bldk ldkjkRed izHkko ;g gS fd lkekftd ca/kuksa dh idM+ <hyh gks jgh gSA iyk;u ds vkfFkZ d ifj.kke yksxks ds lalk/ku vuq ikr dk;Zdkjh lajpuk] jkstxkj ds volj tukf/kD; ds :i esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA
iyk;u ds dkj.k Jfedks asa dk thou vfLFkj gks tkrk gS] ftlls mudk O;fDrxr vkS j ikfjokfjd thou izHkkfor gks rk gSA 'kgjks a es a tkdj os ifjokj iM+ ksl o /keZ ds
fu;=a.kksa ls eqDr gks tkrs gSa rFkk nwljh vksj dkj[kkuks a esa fnu Hkj dke djus ds dkj.k 'kkjhfjd o ekufld :i ls detksj gks tkrs gS] LFkkukHkko ds dkj.k ,d LFkku ij jguk
la Hko ugha gks ikrk gS ftldk ifj.kke rykd o i`FkDdj.k ds :i esa gksrk gSA iyk;u ds dkj.k Hka;dj vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ifj.kke Li:i ;s vijk/kksa dh vksj vxz lj gksrs gSA ;fn bUgsa jkstxkj feyrk Hkh gS rks budh izd` fr ds vuqdwy u gksus ds dkj.k bUgs os yxkrkj ugha dj ikrs ftldk ifj.kke vkfFkZ d iru ds :i es a gksrk gS ftlls O;fDrxr fo?kVu gksrk gSA lkeatL; ds vHkko esa dkj.k O;fDr vkRegR;k dh vksj vxzlj gks rk gSA bUgs lkaLd`frd la ?k"kZ dk Hkh lkekuk djuk iM+rk gSA ifj.kke Lo:i lekt dk fo?kVu gksrk gS vkSj O;fDr ds ew Y;ksa esa fxjkoV gksrh gSA vktknh ds ckn iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk] lkeqnkf;d fodkl rFkk ;kstukc¼ fodkl dh vusd ;ks tukvksa ds ek/;e ls xkaoks dh fLFkfr cs grj cukus vkSj jks txkj ds volj miyC/k djkus ij tksj fn;k x;kA xkWa/kh th us xzke Lojkt dk ukjk ns rs gq, Li"V dgk Fkk fd xkWoks a ds fodkl ds fcuk ns 'k dk
fodkl vlaHko gSA [kknh vkSj dqVhj m|ksxksa ds fodkl ij cy ns us ds ihNs mudk mn~ ns'; ;gh FkkA xzkeh.k Lrj ij LokLF; lq fo/kkvksa dks csgrj cukus ds fy, dsUnz ljdkj us jk"Vªh; xz keh.k LokLF; fe'ku dh 12 vizS y 2005 dks 'kq :vkr dhA blesa Hkh iapk;r Lrj ij vk'kk lg;ksxh fu;qDr dh xbZA bl ;ks tuk ls xz keh.kksa dh lsgr esa dkQh lq /kkj gqvk gSA xzke Lrj ij LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ^vk'kk^ dh fu;qfDr gksus ds gj xz ke iapk;r es a ,d O;fDr dks jkstxkj feyk gSA xkWoks a es a jks txkj vkS j cqfu;knh lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djkus ds fy, dsUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dh vks j ls Hkh ,sls vus d dk;ZØe pyk, tk jgs gS ftuds nwjxkeh ifj.kke fey ldrs gSA buesa lcls Økafrdkjh mik; gS & egkRek xka/kh
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012286
jk"Vªh; jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/kfu;e (eujsxk)A jkstxkj dh dkuwuh xkjaVh nsus okyh ;g
;kstuk Hkkjr gh ugha] leLr fo'o dh viuh rjg dh igyh vkSj vuwBh ;kstuk gSA blesa jkstxkj ls jfgr ifjokjksa dks o"kZ es a de ls de 100 fnu dk dk;Z ikus dh dkuwuh xkja Vh nh xbZ gSA eujsxk ds pyrs ns 'kHkj esa xz keh.k bykdksa dks dk;kiyV gks us yxk gS vkSj xzkeh.k iyk;u jksa dus esa ;g egRoiw .kZ vL= lkfcr gks jgk gSA
ds Unz ljdkj us xzkeh.k thou dks [kq'kgky vkSj csgrj cukus ds fy, ^Hkkjr fuekZ.k^ dk;ZØe Hkh pyk;k gS ftlds va rxZ r cqfu;knh lq fo/kk,a tq Vkus dh dbZ ;ks tuk,a pyk;h x;h gSA Hkkjr fuekZ.k ds varxZr iz/kkuea=h xz ke lM+d ;ks tuk rFkk xz keh.k Vs yhQks u ;kstuk 'kq: dh xbZA iz/kkuea=h xz ke lM+ d ;kstuk esa 2012 rd tutkrh; {ks=ksa esa 500 ;k mlls vf/kd rFkk vU; {ks=ks a esa 1000 ls vf/kd tula [;k okys lHkh xka oks a dks lM+dksa ls tksM+us dk y{; j[kk x;k gSA ogha xzkeh.k VsyhQks u dk;ZØe ds varxZr
xkaoksa esa Qksu vkS j czkWMcSaM baVjusV dh lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djkus ds iz;kl fd, tk jgs gSA xkaoks es a fctyh dh vkiwfrZ Hkh Hkkjr fuekZ .k dk;ZØe dk egRoiw.kZ vax gSA la fo/kku la'kks/ku ds tfj, iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks vf/kd etcwr rFkk vf/kdkj laiUu cukus ds QyLo:i xzkeh.k fodkl esa iapk;rksa dh Hkwfedk Hkh dkQh c<+ xbZ gSA iapk;rks a es a efgykvksa o misf{kr oxksZ ds fy, vkj{k.k ls xkWoksa ds fodkl dh izfØ;k esa lHkh oxksZ dh fgLlsnkjh gksus yxh gSA vuds Loa;lsoh laLFkk,a Hkh xz keh.k {ks=ks esa lfØ; gqbZ gS tks oafpr vkSj misf{kr yksxks esa vf/kdkjksa ds izfr psruk tkx` r djus ds vfrfjDRk flpakbZ] f'k{kk] jks txkj] is ;ty] LoPNrk vkSj efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dh fn'kk esa izHkkoh dk;ZØe pyk jgh gSA f'k{kk vkSj lk{kjrk dk vHkko xzkeh.k thou dk udkjkRed i{k gSA vizS y 2010 eas ykxw gq, f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ls bl leL;k ds lek/kku dh mEehn
yxkbZ tk jgh gSA e/;kUg Hkks tu dh O;oLFkk ls Ldwyks a esa i<+us okys cPpksa dh la [;k esa o`f¼ gq bZ gSA Hkkjr fuekZ .k lkekU; lsok dsUnzks a esa lHkh fodkl ;kstukvks a dh tkudkjh xz keh.kksa dks fey ldsxhA blds vfrfjDr 2005 ls lwpuk dk vf/kdkj Hkh ykxw fd;k x;k gS tks lkoZtfud thou esa ikjnf'kZ rk tkus esa dkQh dkjxj fl¼ gks jgk gSA
;|fi iyk;u ds ihNs yksxks a dks T;knkrj vkdka{kkvks a dh iwfrZ djus dk mn~ns '; gksrk gSA ;fn bu voljksa dks xzkeh.k {ks =ks es a gh miyC/k djk;k tk, rks iyk;u ij fu;=a.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy, dq N mik; fuEufyf[kr gS &¹ xkWoksa es a jkstxkj ds volj fujUrjrk ds lkFk miyC/k djk;k tk,A ftlls yksxks a
dh vkfFkZd lqj{kk ds lkFk thou 'kSyh esa lq/kkj gksxkA¹ xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa gh 'kgjksa dh lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djkbZ tk,A
¹ flapkbZ lqfo/kk] ty izca/ku ds ek/;e ls d f"k Hkwfe {ks= dk foLrkj fd;k tk,A¹ Lo;a lgk;rk lewg] lkewfgd jkstxkj izf'k{k.k] etnwjksa ds 'kh?kz etnwjh rFkk muds
cPpksa dks csgrj LokLF; f'k{kk rFkk vU; euksja tu dh lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djkbZ tk,A
¹ egkRek xka/kh jk"Vªh; xz keh.k jks txkj xkjaVh vf/kfu;e esa xzkeh.k iz'kklu rFkk iapk;rks a dks foRrh; lqfo/kk ds fy, T;knk vf/kdkj fn, tk,] ftlls etnwjh dk Hkqxrku O;ogkfjd gksA
¹ ijEijkxr d`f"k ds LFkku ij vk/kqfud d`f"k dks izksRlkgu fn;k tk,A
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012 287
¹ jkstxkj ds oS dfYid lk/ku & cqukbZ] gFkdj?kk] dqVhj m|ksx] [kk| iz la Ldj.k
ds sUnz dh LFkkiuk dh tk,A¹ Lojkstxkj gsrq foRrh; lgk;rk ,oa izf'k{k.k dsUnz xkoks a esa [kksyk tk,A¹ lkoZtfud forj.k iz .kkyh dks lqxfBr rFkk ijn'khZ cuk;k tk, ftlls yksxkss a dks
mfpr nkeks a ij [kk|kUu miyC/k gks ldsA fu"d"kZ & iwoZ jk"Vª ifr MkW0 ,-ih-ts- vCnq y dyke ds vuq lkj ^^'kgjksa dks xkWoksa esa ys tkdj gh xz keh.k iyk;u ij jksd yxkbZ tk ldrh gSA^^ ^Hkkjr fuekZ.k vkSj eujsxk^ okLro esa blh y{; dks izkIr djus dh fn'kk esa egRoiw.kZ iz;kl gSA fuf'pr rkSj ij bu mik;ks a ls xkWoksa ls 'kgjksa dh vks j iyk;u dh xfr esa deh vk,xhA blls u ds oy egkRek xka/kh ds xzke Lojkt dk LoIu lkdkj gksxk] lkFk gh 'kgjksa esa iyk;u ds dkj.k mRiUu gqbZ leL;kvks a ls eq fDRk fey tk,xhA xzkeh.k iyk;u jks dus ds fy, lkekftd U;k; ij
vk/kkfjr lekt dh LFkkiuk djuk vfr vko';d gSA ljdkj }kjk ykxw yks d dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk,a Hkz"V O;fDr;ks a }kjk gfFk;k u yh tk,] bl ij Hkh dM+h fuxjkuh j[kus dh t:jr gSA bl izdkj xkW oks es a 'kgjksa tS lh cqfu;knh t:jrsa miyC/k djkdj iyk;u dh iz o`fRr ij fu;a=.k ik;k tk ldrk gS ftlls Hkkjr esa larqfyr fodkl ds bfrgkl ds ,d u, v/;k; dk lw=ikr gks xkA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1 ;kstuk] vizSy 2001] tqykbZ 2006] Hkkjr ljdkj ubZ fnYyhA2 dq:{ks=] ebZ 2003] fnlEcj 2010] Qjojh 2012] Hkkjr ljdkj ubZ fnYyhA3 'kks/k la{ksfidk] lh-,e-Mh- egkfo|ky; fcykliqj 25&26 Qjojh 2011
4- fjlpZ fyad] uoEcj 2008
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cky fookg dk ,sfrgkfld ifjisz{; ,oa vf/kfu;e cky fookg dk ,sfrgkfld ifjisz{; ,oa vf/kfu;e cky fookg dk ,sfrgkfld ifjisz{; ,oa vf/kfu;e cky fookg dk ,sfrgkfld ifjisz{; ,oa vf/kfu;e cky fookg dk ,sfrgkfld ifjisz{; ,oa vf/kfu;e
¹ o`Unk lsuxqIrk ¹ o`Unk lsuxqIrk ¹ o`Unk lsuxqIrk ¹ o`Unk lsuxqIrk ¹ o`Unk lsuxqIrk
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¹ lgk;d izk/;kid] lekt'kkL=] 'kkldh; Vh-lh-,y- LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] tkatxhj
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& cky fookg izFkk vkt Hkh izpyu es a gS A tcfd blds fy, Lora=rk iw oZ gh vf/kfu;e cu pqdk Fkk ,oa Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ bles a la'kks/ku Hkh fd, x,] fdUrq fQj Hkh cky fookgks a dh la[;k es a deh ugha vkbZ] vr% bl leL;k dks xgjkbZ ls le>us ds fy, cky fookg ds,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; ,oa vf/kfu;e ds ckjs es a foLr`r :i ls tkudkjh izkIr djuk vko';d gS fd vkf[kj dkS u&ls dkj.k bl leL;k ds izpyu esa lgk;d gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
cky fookg dh /kkfeZ d ,oa lkekftd i`"BHkwfe % fgUnw fookg ds vuqlkj fookg dh vk;q D;k gksuh pkfg,\ ;g ,d vR;f/kd fooknxzLr fo"k; jgk gSA cky fookg esa yM+dsvkS j yM+dh dks ckY;dky esa gh fookg&lw= esa ck¡/k fn;k tkrk gSANksVs&NksVs cPpks a dh
tks fookg dk vFkZ le>uk rks nwj jgk] yM+ ds&yM+ dh dk vUrj Hkh ugha le>rs] 'kknh dj nsuk fdruh yTtkLin vkSj ew [kZrkiw.kZ ckr gks ldrh gSA dkuwuh O;oLFkk ds vuqlkj 18 o"kZ ls de gh dU;k vkS j 21 o"kZ ls de ds ;qod ds fookg dks cky fookg dh Js.kh esa j[kk tkrk gS] ij bldk ikyu dkSu djss\ gekjs ns 'k esa bu fookgks a dk izpyu
lcls igys Le`frdkjksa dh izs j.kk ds QyLo:i gh gqvk gksxkA bZ lk ls 400 o"kZ iwoZ cky
fookg dk iz pyu gqvkA nwljh 'krkCnh esa bldk izpyu vR;f/kd :i esa gks x;kA ;kKoYD; us blh dky esa fy[kk gS fd tks laj{kd dU;k dk fookg jtksn'kZ u ds iw oZ ugha dj ns rs] mUgsa Hkzw.k gR;k dk iki yxrk gSA izLrkouk& 21 oha 'krkCnh dh ngyht ij [kM+k balku vkt Hkh vius vkidks ,ss ls dqizFkkvks a vkS j :f<+ ;ksa ls tdM+k gqvk ikrk gS tks fd 18 oha 'krkCnh dh gSA ge ,sls balku dh dYiuk djus ls Hkh fgpd ldrs gSa] tks pk¡n ij rks igq¡p x;k gS] ij cky fookg tSlh izFkkvks a ls tdM+k gqvk gSA vkt NÙkhlx<+ esa Vks ugh izFkk] cky fookg] ?kjsyw vR;kpkj] cgq fookg izFkk] efgyk iz rkM+uk fu"ks/k ij vusd rjg ls vf/kfu;e vkSj dkuwu
cuk;s tk jgs gSaA ,slh vko';drk D;ksa mRiUu gq bZ gS\ bfrgkl esa ihNs eqM+dj ge ns[ksa rks ;g vo'; ik,¡ xs fd lekt] jkT; ,oa jk"Vª dk usr`Ro djus okyk dksbZ Hkh tufiz;]
yksdfiz; usrk cky fookg tSls fopkj dk leFkZ u djrk gqvk fn[kkbZ ugha iM+rk gSA egkRek xk¡/kh dgrs Fks fd & ßtks yM+dh xks n es a cSBus yk;d gh ugha gq bZ gS] mls iRuh cuk ysuk fdlh Hkh vFkZ esa /keZ rks ugha gS] ysfdu v/keZ dh ijkdk"Bk gSA eSa fgUnqLrku ds gj ;qod ls ;g vk'kk j[krk gw¡ fd og 16 o"kZ ls de mez dh yM+dh ls fookg u djus dk fu'p; dj ysA cky fookg u dsoy NÙkhlx<+ ds fy, oju~ Hkkjr o"kZ ds fy, ,d dq"B jks x gSA bls nwj djus ds fy, lkekftd vkUnksyu izkjEHk djuk iM+s xkA cky fookg ,d
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lkekftd dq izFkk gS] lkekftd :f<+ gS] ftls ek= dkuwu cukdj lekIr ugha fd;k tk
ldrk gSA cky fookg dks jksa dus ds fy, jk"VªO;kih vkUnksyu dh vko';drk gS vkSj ;g vkUnks yu mu {ks=ksa es a vf/kd rhozrk ,oa n`<+rk ds lkFk fd;k tkuk pkfg,] tgk¡ ;g
dqizFkk vf/kd O;kid gSA NÙkhlx<+ ds xk¡ oksa ] ns gkrksa esa tu&tkxj.k ykdj efgykvks a ls lEidZ dj mUgsa cky fookg tS lh dq izFkk ls eqDr djuk vko';d gSA vkt NÙkhlx<+ dh f'kf{kr efgykvksa dks Hkh ;g ladYi ys uk pkfg, fd cky fookg tS lh nklrk ls os lekt dks eqDr djk;sa xhA NÙkhlx<+ esa cky fookg ,d lkekftd leL;k ds lkFk&lkFk jktuhfrd leL;k Hkh gSA dsoy fo/kkulHkkvks a ds }kjk dkuwu cuk nsuk] vf/kfu;e ikfjr dj nsuk ;k O;oLFkkfidkvksa es a ?kks"k.kk dj nsuk bl leL;k dk lek/kku ughaA NÙkhlx<+ esa cky fookg jksdus gsrq yks xksa dks tkx:d cukuk gSA NÙkhlx<+ dh turk dks ;g crkuk gS fd cky fookg tSlh dq izFkk muds lekt dks fdl rjg ls [kks[kyh dj jgh gS vkSj tc
cky fookg jksdus ds fy, lgefr rFkk nk;jk c<+ sxk] fuf'pr gh dkuw u ds izfr lgefr c<+sxhA lekt'kkL=h; egRo& Hkkjr tS ls vf/kla[;k xk¡o okys ns'k esa vkfFkZ d fo"kerk ds dkj.k cky fookg gksrs Fks vkSj vkt Hkh gks jgs gSa] rkfd dU;k vius llq jky eas tkdj jks th&jksVh rFkk ?kj ds dk;Z esa lg;ksx iznku djsA vkt Hkh cky fookg NÙkhlx<+ esa v{k; r`rh;k ds fnu cgqrk;r esa gks rk gSA blh izdkj jktLFkku] fcgkj] >kj[k.M] mM+ hlk
tSls jkT;ksa esa tgk¡ vf'k{kk ,oa xjhch gS] ogk¡ vkt Hkh cky fookg gks jgs gSaA cky fookg lekt dh :f<+ ,oa lekt dh vko';drkvksa ds vuq lkj oS/k ekuk tkrk gSA vPNs [kku&iku] tyok;q ds dkj.k 18 o"kZ ds iwoZ gh dU;k,¡ 'kkjhfjd n`f"V ls iq"V ,oa o;Ld gks tkrh gS] ftldh igpku ekrk&firk gh dj ikrs gSa dkuwu dh fdrkcksa esa fy[kh
ifjHkk"kk,¡] fu;e ,oa fl¼kUr ugha dj ikrsA laln Hkou dh eksVh&eks Vh etcwr nhokjks a ds va nj cSBdj rFkkdfFkr fu;e cukus okys yksx vkt cky fookg ij ppkZ djuk vizklafxd ekurs gSaA ,d vksj ves fjdk ,oa fczVsu tSls fodflr ns'kksa esa fookg iwoZ ;kSu
la ca /k ,oa 13 ,oa 16 o"kZ esa c<+rs gq , ;kSu laca /kksa dh oS/krk rFkk voS/krk ij cgl py jgh gS] ogha Hkkjr tS ls jk"Vª es a lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd vko';drkvksa ds dkj.k cky fookg ij dksbZ dBks j dne ugha mBk;s tk jgs gSa A vkt cky fookg eq[; :i ls vkfFkZd dkj.kksa ls gksrk gSA cky fookg jksdus ds mik;& cky fookg vojks/k ds fy, f'k{kk ,oa dkuw u dksbZ dkjxj mik; u gksdj vkfFkZd lq n`<+rk vkSj lkekftd ln~Hkko egRoiw.kZ mik; gks ldrs gSa A cky fookg dks jksdus ds fy, lkekftd vkfFkZd fo"kerk dks nwj djuk vko';d
gksxk] tks laHko ugha rks eqf'dy vo'; gSA vkt ds ifjos 'k es a gksus okys cky fookg lekt'kkfL=;ksa ds ctk; vFkZ 'kkfL=;ksa] jktuhfr'kkfL=;ksa ds fy, 'kks/k ,oa fparu dk fo"k; gSA Hkkjr esa cky fookg e/;dky ls gh Lohdk;Z gSA vÝhdh ,oa eqfLye txr esa bLyke ds mn~Hko ls gh cky fookg iz pyu esa gSA bl rjg cky fookg ,d lkekftd]vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd leL;k gS] ftldk lek/kku Hkh bUgha ea pksa ls fd;k tk ldrk gSAvko';drk n` <+ bPNk'kfDr] euks cy ,oa pfj=cy dh gS] ftlds fcuk bl leL;k dk
lek/kku <w¡ <+k ugha tk ldrk gSA
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ifjdYiuk,¡&
1- D;k NÙkhlx<+ esa cky fookg ,d lkekftd cqjkbZ gS\ D;k bl leL;k dk lek/kku lekt'kkfL=;ksa ds fparu ,oa euu dk fo"k; gS\
2- D;k NÙkhlx<+ esa cky fookg vkfFkZ d fo"kerkvksa ds dkj.k vfLrRo es a vkbZ gS rFkk vkfFkZd lekurk LFkkfir gks us ls ;g nwj gks tk,xh\
3- D;k NÙkhlx<+ es a cky fookg n`<+ jktuhfrd bPNk'kfDr ds vHkko ds dkj.k vfLrRo esa cuh gq bZ gS vkS j tc tuizfrfuf/k jktusrk vius oksV dh jktuhfrd dksHkqykdj n` <+ jktuhfr bPNk'kfDr dk ifjp; nsaxs rks ;g leL;k nwj gks tk;sxh\
4- D;k NÙkhlx<+ esa cky fookg eqfLye vkØarkvks a ds dkj.k vfLrRo es a vk;k gS\5- D;k NÙkhlx<+ esa cky fookg ,d ,slh lkekftd izFkk gS] ftls u pkgrs gq, Hkh
NÙkhlx<+ ds nwj&njkt esa cls gq , xk¡o vlgt :i ls Lohdkj djrs gSa\
mís';& v/;;u dk mís '; lekt] jk"Vª o ifjokj ls cky fookg dks jksdus dh fn'kk esa tkx:drk iSnk djrk gSAv/;;u dk Lo:i& dke dk fu;af=r djus ds fy, ukjh ,oa iq:"k ds e/;
LokHkkfod vkd"kZ.k ,oa ;kSu laca/kks a dks oS/kkfud vk/kkj iznku djus ds fy, lkekftd O;oLFkk us vius lqxfBr la pkyu ds fgr esa fookg uke dh laLFkk dks tUe fn;kA ;g laLFkk og izos'k }kj gS] ftlds ek/;e ls ifjokj uke dh la[;k tUe ys rh gSA ifjokj ,d lkekftd lewg ds :i esa lkekftd <k¡ ps dh vk/kkjHkwr bdkbZ gksrh gSAcky fookg Hkkjr esa dkQh iqjkuh leL;k jgh gS] ftlds nq"ifj.kke lkekftd] ikfjokfjd ,oa
oS;fDrd rhukas gh Lrjks a ij ns[ks tk ldrs gS aA fookg dh vk;q laca/kh rF;& 1921 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj 612 cky
fo/kok,¡ ,slh Fkh] ftudh mez ,d o"kZ ls de Fkh] 2024 Fkh tks 5 o"kZ ls de mez dh Fkh] mudh la [;k 2024 Fkh] mez 10 o"kZ ls bl mez dh 97897 Fkh ,oa 15 o"kZ ds de
mez dh FkhA 1941 esa 5&10 o"kZ dh vk;q ds 19 izfr'kr~ cPps fookfgr Fks ,oa 10&12 o"kZ dh vk;q ds 38 izfr'kr~ cPps fookfgr FksA bl rjg lkekftd dkuwu izHkkoh ugha FkkA1981 dh tux.kuk ls irk pyrk gS fd Hkkjr o"kZ esa izfro"kZ 45 yk[k fookg gks rs gS a]
bues a ls 30 yk[k yM+ fd;k¡ 15 ls 19 o"kZ ds chp dh gksrh gSA egRo& cky fookg dh ,s frgkfld] /kkfeZd ,oa lkekftd i`"BHkw fe cM+h jkspd ,oa fofo/krk fy, gq, gSA fookg lekt dh egRoiw .kZ lkekftd laLFkk gSA bl la LFkk dh etcw r vk/kkjf'kyk ij gh lekt dk fo'kky Hkou fVdk gqvk gSA cky fookg vius ,sfrgkfld] /kkfeZ d dkj.kksa ds vfrfjDr dq N vU; lkekftd leL;k,¡ tS ls& cky fookg]
fo/kok] ngst izFkk bR;kfn Hkh cky fookg ls xgjk la ca /k j[krh gSA cky fookg vkt Hkh iz pfyr gS fdUrq jktLFkku dks NksM+dj vU; jkT;ksa esa budh la [;k eas deh vkbZ gSAß'kkjnk ,DVÞ ykxw jgus ds ckotwn jktLFkku esa vk[kk rht (v{k; r`rh;k) ij Hkkjh
la [;k esa cky fookg gksrs gS aaA cky fookg dk LokLF; ij iM+us okyk izHkko& cky fookg ds dkj.k LokLF; ij O;fDrxr :i ls D;k izHkko iM+rk gS] blds fy, dbZ fpfdRlk'kkfL=;ksa usv/;;u fd, gSa A v/;;uksa ls irk pyrk gS fd izlodky esa cPps dh e`R;q ;k fd'kksjh
ekrk dh e`R;q dh laHkkouk,¡ jgrh gS] izlo ds ckn vU; L=h jks xksa dh leL;k,¡ mRiUu
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gksuk vke ckr gSA 1891 eas iz dkf'kr ,d ikEIysV esa izks- HkaMkjdj ds vuqlkj& ßcky
fookg ea s cky o/kw dks xHkZ/kkj.k djus esa 'kh?kzrk ugha djuh pkfg,] tc rd fd og 'kkjhfjd :i ls ifjiDo u gks tk,] rc rd fd og cPpks a dks tUe nsus ea s l{ke u gksA mÙkjnkrkvksa }kjk of.kZr cky fookg ds dkj.k % mÙkjnkrkvksa }kjk of.kZ r cky fookg ds dkj.kkas esa vkfFkZd dkj.k gh izeq[k ik;k x;k ,oa lkFk gh lkekftd&lk¡LÏfrd o /kkfeZ d dkj.kksa ls Hkh cky fookg fd, tkrs gSaA oS ;fDrd v/;;u& dq N cky fookfgrks a ls oS ;fDrd v/;;u djus mudh ikfjokfjd] oSokfgd] euksoS Kkfud] 'kkjhfjd] vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dh xbZ] ftles a mUgksa us crk;k fd cky fookg cckZnh dk ekxZ gS ,oa muds gj rjg ds fodkl (f'k{kk 'kkjhfjd) vkfn eas ck/kd fl¼ gq vk gSA cky fookg ds dkj.k] blds dkj.k iM+us okys izHkko ,oa vf/kfu;e ds izHkkoh u gksus ds fuEu dkj.k gS %&
1- cky fookg] vf'k{kk] tkx:drk dk vHkko ,oa vkfFkZd dkj.kksa ls fd, tkrs gS aA2- cky fookg ds izfr yks xksa esa lkekftd ifjorZ u ugha vk;k gSA3- cky fookg dks yksx dq izFkk gh ugha ekurs gSa] blds iz fr vkt Hkh ldkjkRed
lksp j[krs gSaA4- cky fookg ds ihNs yM+dh dh lqj{kk dk euksoSKkfud dkj.k Hkh izeq[k gSA5- cky fookg dk de mez dh ekrk o cPps ds LokLF; ij cqjk vlj iM+ rk gSA6- cky fookg ls yM+fd;kss a dk 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd] ekufld fodkl :d tkrk gSA7- cky fookg ikfjokfjd ruko c<+krk gS ,oa vUrosZ;fDrd lac/kksa dks fcxkM+ rk gSA8- cky fookg ls Hkfo"; es a gksus okyh vkfFkZd ijs'kkfu;k¡ c<+rh tkrh gSA9- ;qok ih<+h dh fu.kZ; {kerk ,oa lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh dh deh gSA
bl izdkj 11oha 'krkCnh rd cky fookgksa dk iz pyu gks x;k Fkk] ijUrq ;svf/kdrj czkã.kks a rd gh lhfer FkkA vU; tkfr;ksa us bls Lohdkj ugha fd;k FkkA e/;
;qx esa vus d ,sls ,sfrgkfld mnkgj.k feyrs gSa fd jktiwrks a esa izk;% fookg o;LdkoLFkk esa gh gksrs FksA le; ds lkFk&lkFk fookg dh vk;q ?kVrh pyh xbZA czEg iqjk.k ds vuq lkj dU;k dk fookg pkj o"kZ dh vk;q ds mijkUr dHkh Hkh dj nsuk pkfg,A euq of'k"B vkfn dk Hkh blh ckr ij tksj gS fd jtksn'kZu ls rhu o"kZ ds Hkhrj gh dU;k dk fookg gks tkuk pkfg,A eqfLye lkezkT; dk foLrkj gksus ij rks gkyr ;g gks xbZ fd fgUnw dU;kvksa dks eqlyekuksa ls cpkus ds fy, rhu pkj o"kZ ds cPpksa dks gh ekrk&firk viuh xksn esa cS Bkdj mudk fookg lEiUu djus yxsA dqN gh 'krkfCn;ksa esa cky fookg Hkkjr dh ,d iz eq[k oSokfgd izFkk cu xbZA
cky fookg fu;a=.k vf/kfu;e] 1929&1929 es a ikfjr ;g vf/kfu;e lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa 01 viz Sy 1930 ls ykxw dj fn;k x;kA;g vf/kfu;e leLr Hkkjr ds ukxfjdkas ij ykxw gksrk gS] ds oy tEew vkSj d'ehj jkT; ij ugha A fookg ds le; yM+ds dh vk;q de ls de 18 o"kZ vkSj yM+ dh dks 15 o"kZ gks uk vko';d gSA blls de vk;q esa gksus okys fookg cky fookg dgyk;sa xs] tks dkuwuu n.Muh; gks axsA vf/kfu;e dsvuqlkj fdlh Hkh L=h dks dkjkokl dk n.M ugha fn;k tk;s xkA cky fookg ij dksbZ Hkh
dk;Z okgh iqfyl cy rc rd ugha djsxh] tc rd iq fyl dks fdlh O;fDr }kjk bldh iw oZ lwpuk u nh tk,A
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cky fookgksa ls iM+us okys izHkkoksa dk fo'ys"k.k&
¹ LokLF; ij izHkko ¹ f'k{kk ij izHkko ¹ vkfFkZd fLFkfr ij izHkko ¹ lkekftd izHkko vf/kfu;e ds izHkko'khy u gksus ds dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k&¹ dkuwu ds fØ;kUo;u esa f'kfFkyrkA¹ iz'kklfud O;oLFkk ds fØ;kUo;u es a dehA¹ usrk dh HkwfedkA¹ izpsrk] lkfFku dh HkwfedkA¹ f'k{kk dh Hkw fedkA
¹ oS/kkfud xM+cM+h ¹ Lo;alsoh la xBukas dk vHkkoA¹ ehfM;k dh HkwfedkA
rkfydk Ø- 1 mÙkjnkrkvksa }kjk of.kZr cky fookg ds dkj.k
Js.kh cky fookg ds dkj.k mŸkjnkrkvks dh la[; k¼izfr'kr~½
v- ukrk&izFkk ds dkj.kdqvkjkiu mrkjus ds fy, 20T;knk mez gk su s ij oj&o/k w ugh a feyrs 10vkVlksVk ds dkj.k cky fookg dj nsu s l s ukrs nsus&ysus dk jkLrk [kqy tkrk gSA
10
l q;k sX; oj fey jgk Fkk 10yM +dh dh ftEesnkjh ls eqfDr ikuk 10lekt e s eku izfr"Bk 10,d gh ckj [kpk Z gk s 10
c- de mez es [kpZ de gk srk g S 10eagxkbZ d s ;qx es tYnh] de [kpZ es gh fuiViukpkgrs gSa
20
T;knk cPpk gksus ij cM+ks d s lkFk NksVks dk Hkh fookgrkfd ,d gh ckj [kpZ gk s
10
l- yM+dh ds lkFk vfiz; ?kVuk ?kfVr gksus d s Mj ls 15yM +dk ;k yM+dh cM+ gk sdj ekrk&firk dh ilan dk s
badkj dj nsrs gS
10
xk¡oks dh yM+fd;k¡ 'kgjks l s izHkkfor gk sdj vUrt kZrh;fookg u dj ys] bl Hk; ls
10
yM +dh dk fookg djds l qjf{kr eglwl djrs gSa xHkZorh fdlh ls Hkh gksus ij pfj=ghu ugha le>ktkrk
20
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rkfydk Ø- 2
cky fookg ds dkj.k Ø- cky fookg ds dkj.k mŸkjnkrkvk dh la[;k izfr'kr~ la[;k
1- lkekftd&lk¡L—frd 05 16-6
2- /kkfeZd 05 16-6
3- vkfFkd 15 50
4- HkkSxkfyd & &
5- ,sfrgkfld 05 16-6
6- euksoKkfud
7- 'kf{kd
;ksx % 30 100
cky fookg ds izfr vHkh Hkh yks xksa dh ldkjkRed lksp gksus ds ihNs eq[;r%
vkfFkZ d dkj.k gh gS] vkfFkZd etcwjh gksus ds dkj.k vFkkZr~ xjhch ds dkj.k vius cPpksa dk fookg de mez esa dj fn;k tkrk gSA fu"d"kZ& tc rd xjhch jgs xh ;k izR;sd xz keh.k vkfFkZ d Lrj ij l'kDr ugha gks tkrk] rc rd cky fookg dh leL;k dks tM+ ls u"V dj ikuk eqf'dy gSA cky fookg ds fy, lkekftd] lk¡L-frd] vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ftEes nkj gSA cky fookg ds fy, lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lk¡LÏfrd ftEes nkj gSA cky fookg ds fofHkUu i{kksa dk xgjkbZ lsv/;;u fd;k x;k rFkk blds izeq[k dkj.kksa esa ls vkfFkZd dkj.k o lkekftd dkj.k
gh izeq[k ik, x,A NÙkhlx<+ esa cky fookg lekIr djus dk la?k"kZ balkfu;r dk la?k"kZ gSA ekuo izo`fÙk ds bl egku~ fouk'kdkjh rk.Mo urZu dks vkt vkSj vHkh ls gesa jks duk gSA tokc es a lekt dh lkjh Å¡ xfy;k¡ gekjh vksj mB jgh gSA izR;sd vk¡[kas ges a fugkj jgh
gS] gekjk ew Y;k¡du dj jgh gSA ges a O;fDr ds :i es a tgk¡ Hkh ge gS a] ftl Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa Hkh gS a] cky fookg dq izFkk dks jksdus ds fy, O;fDrxr 'kq:vkr djuh gS vkS j lekt dh ,d ftEesnkj ?kVd ds :i esa gesa gh lkew fgd vk;kstu blds fy, djus gSa] ysfdu ge bls rc gh dj ik,¡xsa] tc vius thou dh izR;s d lqcg dks laHkkoukvks a dh lqcg vkSj gj fnu dks vius la?k"kksZ a dk fnu cuk nsaxsA lq>ko ,oa vuqeksnu& izR;sd leL;k dk dksbZ u dksbZ gy vo'; gksrk gSA Lora=rk ds iwoZ cus cky fookg fujks/kd vf/kfu;e esa Lora=rk ds ckn 1978 es a la 'kks/ku gksus ds mijkUr ;g leL;k [kRe ugha gks ik jgh gSA f'kf{kr cuus ek= ls cky fookg dks jksduk laHko ugha gS ,oa fcuk lekt es a tkx`fr yk;s] bls jksd ikuk dfBu gSA1- tuekul esa psruk o tkxfr }kjk cky fookg ls gksus okys nq"izHkkoka s o dkuwu ds
izfr tkx:drk dh Hkkouk mRiUu djuk pkfg,A2- cky fookg :dokus esa lgk;d O;fDr;ksa dks izks Rlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A3- fu;eksa dk izko/kku t:jh gks] ftlesa cky fookg djokus ;k bles a lg;ksx
djus okyksa ds fy, dM+s n.M dh O;oLFkk gksA4- cky fookg :dokus esa Hkkxhnkj yksxks a ds chp fdlh Hkh iz dkj dh ck/kk,¡ dksbZ
u Mkysa A¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&
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1- lsall fjiksVZ] jktLFkku 1921] Vscy 7 ,-lh- i- 30&31] 57&58
2- dUNy eUtq % mUuhloha lnh es a lk-ifjorZu] jk;iqj 1998] i- 753- jk.kk] djethr flag % fQuksfeuk vkWQ pkbYM eSfjt 1998] i- 84- ukxh] ch-,l- % pkbYM eSfjt bu bafM;k] ubZ fnYyh] 1993 i- 255- tSnh] jatu % cky fookg dks jksduk gksxk] lekt dY;k.k tqykbZ 1999] i- 316- ukxh] ch-,l- % pkbYM eSfjt bu bafM;k] ubZ fnYyh] 1993 i- 167- HkÍ] MkW- dqlqe] cky fookg lkekftd ,oa U;kf;d ifjisz{; esa] ;wfuoflZVh cqd gkÅl izk-
fy-] t;iqjA
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A Registered Reviewed Research JournalSix monthly Bi-lingual Journal (English/Hindi Editions )
Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich’s International Periodicals Directory ©,ProQuest, U.S.A. Title Id : 715205
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Hkkjr esa cky Je Hkkjr esa cky Je Hkkjr esa cky Je Hkkjr esa cky Je Hkkjr esa cky Je ¹ dSyk'k dqekj dqehZ¹ dSyk'k dqekj dqehZ¹ dSyk'k dqekj dqehZ¹ dSyk'k dqekj dqehZ¹ dSyk'k dqekj dqehZ¹¹ Hkxr flag Bkdqj ¹¹ Hkxr flag Bkdqj ¹¹ Hkxr flag Bkdqj ¹¹ Hkxr flag Bkdqj ¹¹ Hkxr fla g Bkdqj
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& cky Je mu xaHkhj leL;kvksa eas ls ,d leL;k gS ] ftudk varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; dkQh le; ls lkeuk dj jgk gS A varjkZ "Vªh; Je laxBu ( ILO ) ds izkDdyu ds vuqlkj 5 ls 14 o"kZ vk;q ds chp ds dfri; 250 djksM+ cPps fodkl'khy ns'kks eas dk;Z djrs gS a] ftles a ls yxHkx vk/ks iwjs le; dk;Z djrs gSa A varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu ( ILO ) ds ,d nw ljs losZ {k.k ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd 5 ls 11 o"kZ dh vk;q ds chp ds yxHkx 50 ls 60 djksM+ cPpsiw js fo'o eas [krjukd ifjfLFkfr;kas eas dk;Z dj jgs gS aA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
la;qDr jk"Vª dk y{; cky Je ds laca/k esa dke dus okys cPpksa dk 'kks"k.k ,oa ,slh [krjukd n'kkvks a esa dk;Z djus ls laj{k.k djuk gS ftlls muds 'kkjhfjd vFkok ekufld fodkl ds fy, [krjk iSnk gksrk gSA cPPkksa dks f'k{kk ds U;w ure Lrj] iks"k.k] LokLF; laj{k.k lqfuf'pr djuk ,oa cky Je dh lekfIr djuk Hkh la;qDr jk"Vª dk y{; gSA mi;qZDr y{;kas dks iz kIr djus ds fy;s la;qDr jk"Vª ds fofHkUu fudk;ks a us dbZ mik; fd;s gSa ftlesa fuEufyf[kr 'kkfey gSa %&1- varjkZ"Vªh; Je la xBu vkjEHk ls gh ;qok ,oa f'k'kqvksa ds vf/kdkjks a ds la j{k.k ds
fy, rFkk mUgsa lkekftd U;k; miyC/k djkus ds fy, izfrc¼ FkkA le; ds lkFk la xBu us 12 izeq [k vfHkle;ks a dks vaxhdkj fd;k] tks fd ;k rks f'k'kqvksa dks jkstxkj nsus ls iz frcfU/kr djrk gS ;k jkstxkj ds fofHkUu fudk;ksa esa mUgsa ,d fuf'pr mez lhek ds Åij gksus ij jkstxkj dh vuqefr nsrk gSA1 varjkZ"Vªh; Je la xBu us 1990 esa ,d cky Je dh lekfIr ij va rjkZ"Vª h; dk;Z Øe (International Programme on the Elimination of
Child Labour (IPEC) dh 'kq :vkr dh FkhA ;g dk;ZØe O;fDr;ksa dh izkFkZuk ij cPpka s ds lcls vf/kd nq:i;ks x] [krjukd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dk;Z] ckykr~ Je] xyh dwWpks a ds cPpksa] ckfydkvksa ,oa 13 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPpkas ds fu;ks tu (Employment ) dh leL;kvksa laca /kh ls ok;s a iznku djrk gSA2- egklHkk us 1992 es a ljdkjksa ,oa ekuo vf/kdkj vk;ksx ls xfy;ksa ds ,sls cPpks a
(Street Children ) dh leL;kvksa ij dk;Zokgh djus ds fy, dgk tks xaHkhj vijk/k] u'ks laca /kh vknrks a] fgalk ,oa os ';ko`fRr tSls dk;kZsa }kjk izHkkfor ,oa varxzLr gS aA3- Hks nHkko ds fuokj.k ,oa vYila [;dks a ds la j{k.k gs rq mi&vk;ks x (Sub-commission
on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities) us cPpksa ds l'kL= cyksa ij vfuok;Z HkrhZ ds p;u ij jksd yxkus ds fy, dne mBkus dh vis{kk dh gSA
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4- ekuo vf/kdkj vk;ksx us ,d fo'ks"k fjiksfVZ;j (Reppoirteur) dh fu;qfDr cPpksa
ds foØ;] cky&os ';ko` fRr] cky&v'yhy lkfgR; (Child-Pornography) vkS j okf.kfT;d mn~ ns'; gsrq nRrd xzg.k ds iz;ks x ds fy, dh gSA5- Je laxBu }kjk lokZf/kd izHkkoh dne 17 twu] 1999 dks ftusok esa cky Je ds
lokZf/kd dq fRlr :i (Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention) ij ,d vfHkle; cuk dj mBk;kA vfHkle; jkT;ks a ls ;g vis{kk djrk gS fd 18 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPpksa ls cky Je ds lokZf/kd dqfRlr :i dks 'kh?kzrkiwoZ d iz frfl¼ ,oa lekIr dj nsA la f/k esa nklrk] Je& ca /ku ,oa cky&os';ko`fRr rFkk cky lSfudksa ds ckykr~ p;u tSlh 'kks"kd izo` fRr ds izfr"ks/k dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA laf/k esa vuqleFkZ u djus okys ns'kks a ls ;g Hkh vis{kk dh x;h gS fd os cPpkas dks [krjukd Je ls gVkus ds fy, leFkZu iznku djs a rFkk f'k{kk vFkok O;olkf;d izf'k{k.k rd mudh igqW p dks lq fuf'fpr djsaA ;g
mYys[kuh; gS fd f'k{kk ckyJe ds fuokj.k ds fy, vR;f/kd izHkkoh lk/kuks a esa ls ,d gSA ckydksa dks ftUgsa cqfu;knh f'k{kk iz kIr ugha gS] Je cktkj esa iz os'k djus ds vfrfjDr dks bZ vU; fodYi ugha gSA tgkW mUgsa ifjla dVe; rFkk 'kks"k.kdkjh fLFkfr esa dk;Z djus ds fy, cgq /kk ck/; fd;k tkrk gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu (ILO ) ds vUrjkZ"Vªh; cky Je mUewyu dk;ZØe (International Programme for Elimination of Child Labour)
dk vuqHko ;g iznf'kZr fd;k gS fd 'kS{kf.kd e/;{ksi ckyJe ds lcls cqjs :i ds fuokj.k vkSj mUewyu ds fy, eq[; gSA lHkh ds fy, f'k{kk izkIr djus dk iz;kl (Efforts to education for all) vkS j ckyJe mUew yu (Elimination of child Labour)
dk utnhdh laca/k gSA fu;ks tu izkIr djus ds fy, U;wure vk;q rd fu%'kqYd rFkk vfuok;Z f'k{kk ckyJe dk fuokj.k djus esa izeq[k midj.k gSA
Hkkjr esa cky Je (Child Labour in India)& Hkkjr dk lafo/kku vuqPNsn 24 ds vUrxZr micU/k djrk gS fd 14 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds ckyd fdlh dkj[kkuk ;k [kku eas vFkok fdlh ladVdkjd fu;kstu esa fu;qDr ugha fd;s tk;saxsA mi;qZDr micY/k 'kks"k.k ls ckydksa dh j{kk rFkk mudh f'k{kk O;oLFkk ds fufeÙk fd;k x;k gS ftlls os vius O;fDrRo dk fodkl dj ldsa vkSj xfjek ls thou O;rhr dj ldsaA la fo/kku ds fuekZrkx.k bl ckr dh tkudkjh j[krs Fks fd ds oy Je dk fu"ks/k i;kZIr ugha gSA vr%vuqPNsn 45 esa iz ko/kkfur fd;k x;k fd jkT; lHkh ckydksa ds fy, LorU= rFkk vfuok;Z f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djsxk tc rd fd os 14 o"kZ dh vk;q iw jh u dj ysa A cky Jfed ij mi;q ZDr iw.kZ izfros/k ds gksrs gq , Hkh ckyd la dVdkjd rFkk vladViw.kZ dk;Z
esa cgqr cM+h la [;k esa dk;Zjr gSa A
Hkkjr esa cky fu;kstu vf/kfu;e] 1938 izFke lka fof/kd vf/kfu;e Fkk tks cky Je ls laca f/kr FkkA vf/kfu;e us jsyos rFkk ifjogu ds vU; lk/kuksa esa 14 o"kZ dh vk;q
ds uhps ds ckydksa ds fu;kstu dk izfr"ks/k fd;k Fkk] fdUrq vf/kfu;e esa vuq c¼ lwph us cgqr ls vU; m|ksxksa dk fu/kkZj.k ugha fd;k gS tks vla fnX/k :i esa ladVdkjd gSa A I;wiYl ;wfu;u Qkj MseksØs fVd jkbV~l cuke ;wfu;u vkWQ bf.M;k ds izdj.k eas ;g rdZ fd;k x;k Fkk fd 1938 dk vf/kfu;e fnYyh esa ,f'k;kM iz;kstu ds fuekZ .k dk;Z es a ckydksa ds fu;ks tu esa ykxw ugha gks rk gS D;ksafd vf/kfu;e esa la yXu vuqlwph bls fu/kkZ fjr ugha djrh gS tgkW ckydksa dk fu;kstu izfrf"k¼ gSA mPpre U;k;ky; us bl rdZ dks
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vLohdkj dj fn;k vkSj fu.kZ; fn;k fd fuekZ .k dk;Z la dVdkjd fu;kstu gS vkS j
blfy, la fo/kku ds vuqPNsn 24 lkafo/kkfud vf/kns 'k dk mYya?ku ns'k ds fdlh Hkkx esa ugha gq vk gSA mPpre U;k;ky; us ysclZ ofdZax vku lyky gkbMsy iz kstsDV cuke tEew rFkk d'ehj 2 us ;g ckr fQj ls dgh gS fd fuekZ .kdk;Z ,d ladVdkjd gS vkSj 14 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPps blesa fu;q Dr ugha gks ldrsA LorU=rk ds i'pkr~ vf/kfu;fer fo/kk;h vf/kfu;eksa dh dqN la[;k izHkkoh gS tks fofHkUu izdkj ds dk;kZsa es a cky Jfed ds fu;kstu dk fu"ks/k djrh gSA ;s gS & Hkkjrh; dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e] 1948] Hkkjrh; [kku vf/kfu;e] 1952] eksVj ifjogu deZpkjh vf/kfu;e] 1961] chM+h rFkk flxkj deZ dkj (fu;kstu dh 'krZ vf/kfu;e (1966)] vkSj izf'k{kq vf/kfu;e] (1961)] nqdku rFkk okf.kT; LFkkiuk vf/kfu;e tks fHkUu jkT;ksa eas fHkUu ukeksa ls iz pfyr gSa A ckydks a ds fu;kstu dk fu"ks/k djrs gS aA
ckyJe (izfr"ks/k rFkk vf/kfu;e] 1986 (Child Labour (Prohibition and
regulation) and) okLro esa ckyJe dk izfr"ks/k djus ds fy, lkgfld dne gSAvf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 3 us dqN mithfodkvksa vkSj izfØ;kvks a eas cky fu;ks tu dk fu"ks/k
fd;k gSA vf/kfu;e dh vuqlwph dk Hkkx 1 mithfodkvksa ds ukeksa dk mYys[k djrk gS ftuesa dksbZ ckyd dke ea s fu;ksftr ugha fd;k tk ldrk vFkok vuqefr ugha nh tk ldrh gSA ;s gS a & (1) jsyos }kjk ;k=hx.k] eky vFkok es y ds ifjogu ls lacaf/kr mithfodk;sa ] (2) jk[k ds xM~Mks a esa lQkbZ vkSj fla Mj fifdax dk dk;Z] (3) jsyos LVs'ku ij Hkkstu izcU/k ds dk;Z ftles a foØsrk vFkok LFkkiu ds fdlh vU; deZpkjh dh xfr'khyrk ,d IysVQkeZ ls nwljs IysVQkeZ ij tkus dh gksrh gS vFkok xkM+h ds ,d fMCcs ij tkuk vkSj mlls ckgj fudyk gksrk gS] (4) jsyos LVs'ku ds fuekZ.k ls lacaf/kr dk;Z
vFkok dksbZ vU; dk;Z tks js yos ykbu ds ,dne ikl fd;k tkrk gS vFkok js yos ykbuksa ds chp fd;k tkrk gS] rFkk (5) cUnjxkg izkf/kdkjh dk dk;Z fdlh cUnjxkg dh lhekvksa ds vUrxZr dk;Z] Hkkx [k ds vUrxZr nwljs lalk/ku vkrs gSa tgka fdlh O;fDr dks dk;Z djus ds fy, fu;qDr ugha fd;k tkrk gS vFkok vuqefr ugha nh tkrh gSA ;s gSa&chM+h cukuk] dkyhu cquuk] lhesaV fuekZ .k] cksfj;ksa eas lhes.V Hkjuk] diM+ s eas NikbZ dk dke djuk] jaxkbZ vkS j cqukbZ dk dke djuk] fn;klykbZ cukuk] foLQksVd rS ;kj djuk] iVk[ks rS ;kj djukA vkHkz d dkVuk rFkk fc[ks juk] 'ksySd fuekZ.k] lkcqu cukuk] peM+ k idkus dk dke] Vªs u lkQ djus dk dke vkSj m|ksx ds fy, Hkou fuekZ.kA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 14 ,d o"kZ (de ls de rhu ekl) ds dkjkokl rFkk vFkZn.M 20]000 :i;s rd (de ls de 10]000 :i;s) vFkok nks uksa ml O;fDr dks nf.Mr djrs gS a tks /kkjk
3 ds mYya?ku esa ckydksa ls dk;Z ys rk gSA ;g vf/kfu;e bl vFkZ eas lhfer Fkk fd cPps dk;Z djuk tkjh j[k ldrs gS a ;fn
os ifjokj dh vk; ds eq[; L=ksr gksrs gSa A blds vfrfjDr ckyd ,sls m|ksx esa dk;Z dj ldrs gSa tks vf/kfu;e ls layXu vuqlw ph ds Hkkx d rFkk Hkkx [k ea s fu/kkZ fjr gSAvf/kfu;e ckyd ds iquokZl dh O;oLFkk ugha djrkA ljdkj }kjk lu~ 2006 esa ckyJe
(izfr"ks/k ,oa fofue;) vf/kfu;e] 1986 eas la'kks/ku dj foKfIr (Notificatoin) tkjh dh xbZA bl foKfIr esa 14 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPpks a dks ?kjsyw ukSdjks a ds :i es a yxk, tkus ds fy, iz frcfU/kr fd;k x;k gSA <kcks es a] lM+d ds fdukjs Hkks tuky;ksa eas] js L=ka
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esa ] gks Vyksa esa] pk; dh nqdkuksa ] lSjxkgksa ,oa euksjatu dsUnzks a ij f'k'kq vksa ds fu;kstu ij
iz frcU/k yxk fn;k x;k gSA ;g izfrcU/k ltk ds micU/kksa ds lkFk ykxw fd;k x;k gS tks fd ,d o"kZ rd dkjkokl dh ltk ,oa 20]000 :i;s rd tq ekZus dk izko/kku djrk gSA mijks Dr foKfIr 11 vDVwcj] 2006 ls ykxw gks xbZ gSA ,e-lh- esgrk cuke rfeyukMq jkT; 3 esa mPpre U;k;ky; us dqN O;kid fl¼kUr fu:fir fd;s gSa ftlls jkT; vf/kdkjhx.k yk[kksa ckydksa ds vkfFkZ d] lkekftd vkSj ekuoh; vf/kdkjksa dk laj{k.k
dj lds tks ladVdkjd ;k ladVfoghu dk;kZsa eas dke djrs gSa A U;k;ky; us funZs 'k fn;k gS fd ladVdkjd dk;Z ds fy, dkj[kkus dk fu;kstd tgkW ckyd dk;Z dj jgs gS a] fu;qDr izR;sd ckyd ds fy, vf/kfu;e ds mYya?ku es a 20]000 :i;s dk gtkZuk nsxk tks ,sls dks"k eas tek fd;k tk;sxk] ftls cky Jfed iquokZl rFkk dY;k.k dks "k (Child
Labour Rehabilitation-cum-Welfare Fund) ds uke ls tkuk tk;sxhA4 U;k;ky; us
;g Hkh funsZ'k fn;k gS fd fu;kstd dk nkf;Ro lekIr ugha gks xk tks iwoZ fu;qDr ckyd dks dk;Z ls eq Dr djus dh bPNk djsxkA
U;k;ky; us ljdkj dks ;g lqfuf'fpr djus dk funsZ 'k fn;k gS fd ifjokj dk o;Ld lnL; ftldk ckyd dkj[kkus esa fu;qDr gS vFkok [kku esa fu;qDr gS vFkok vU; la dVdkjd dk;Z djrk gS] ckyd ds cnys dk;Z iz kIr djrk gS] mu ekeyks a ea s tgkW ckyd ds o;Ld lnL; dks dk;Z nsuk laHko ugha gksxk rks ljdkj dks"k ls izR;sd ckyd ds fy, tks dkj[kkus vFkok [kku ea s vFkok fdlh vU; ifjla dVe; dk;Z eas fu;qDr gS]25]000 :i;s dh /kujkf'k tek djsxkA mi;Z qDr dk ;g vFkZ gks ldrk gS fd lacaf/kr vf/kdkjh nks fodYi j[ksxk fd og ;k rks o;Ld ds fy, oSdfYid fu;ks tu lqfuf'fpr
djs xk ftldk uke lacaf/kr ekrk&firk@laj{kd }kjk crk;k tk;sxk tks dk;Z ds cnys
dk;Z izkIr dj jgk gS vFkok 25]000 :i;s dh /kujkf'k cky Jfed iquokZl rFkk dY;k.k dks "k ea s tek djs xkA o;Ld }kjk fu;ks tu iz kIr djus dh n'kk es a ekrk&firk@la j{kd dk;Z ls vius ckyd dks okil ys ysxkA tgkW rd fcuk ladV ds dk;ks aZ dk laca/k gS] fujh{kd dks ;g ns[kuk gks xk fd ckyd ds dk;Z ds ?kaVs izfrfnu pkj ;k N% ls vf/kd ugha gS vkSj og izfrfnu de ls de nks ?ka Vs f'k{kk izkIr djrk gSA f'k{kk dk lEiw .kZ O;; fu;ks td }kjk iznku fd;k tk;sxkA mi;q ZDr funs'ku rFkk iFk&iz n'kZu ml le; ykHknk;d gksrk ;fn mudk izHkkoiw.kZ :i esa vuq ikyu fd;k x;k gks rkA vkt ckyd ,d cM+ h la[;k ea s ifjladVe; vkSj fcuk ifjladVe; dk;ksZa eas fu;qDr fd;s tkrs gSa D;kasfd os xjhc gSa vkSj blfy, Hkh fd os ljyrk ls miyC/k gks tkrs gSaA ekrk&firk dh fuj{kjrk vkS j vKkurk vkSj ckydks a dks f'kf{kr djus dk mudk n`f"Vdks .k Hkh cky Je ds fy,
mRrjnk;h gSA bl izdkj fu/kZ u ifjokjksa ds fy, cky Je dsoy ,d vkfFkZd :i esa vko';d ugha gSA ;g lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd 'kks "k.k dk ifj.kke Hkh gSA
cky Je fuokj.k ,d cgqr cM+k dk;Z gSA ;g ns [kus dh vko';drk gS fd ckydks a dh lqdqekj vk;q dk nq:i;ksx ugha fd;k tk jgk gS rFkk vkfFkZ d foo'rk ds dkj.k mUgsa mudh vk;q rFkk 'kfDr ds iz frdwy miO;olk; eas ugha yxk;k tk jgk gS vkS j ckydksa dks ,slh lqfo/kk;sa rFkk volj fn;s tkus pkfg, ftlls mudh LorU=rk o xfjek dk fodkl gks ldsA5 ;g vko';d gS fd ckY;koLFkk dks 'kks"k.k ls cpk;k tk;sA bldk ds oy ,d gh izdkj ls fuokj.k fd;k tk ldrk gS fd ckydks a dks f'k{kk nh tk;sA cky Je dks
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jks dus ds fy, ;gh lcls izHkkodkjh rjhdk gSA ftu ckydkas dh iz kFkfed f'k{kk ugha gksrh
gS muds ikl cgq r de fodYi gksrk gS vFkok dksbZ fodYi ugha gksrk gS flok; blds fd os Je cktkj eas izos'k djs a tgkW mUgs a ifjladVe; dk;kZ sa eas yxk;k tkrk gS vkSj mudk 'kks"k.k gksrk gSA cky Je u"V djus ds fy;s vUrjkZ"Vª h; dk;Z Øe us ;g iznf'kZr fd;k gS fd f'k{kk ds }kjk gh cky Je dks nw j fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk jksdk tk ldrk gSA lcdks f'k{kk nsus dk iz ;Ru rFkk cky Je nwj djus dk iz ;Ru ?kfu"Brk ls laca f/kr gSA fu"d"kZ& Hkkjr esa ckydksa dh la [;k 38 djksM+ gS tks fo'o es ckydksa dh lcls cM+ h la[;k gSA bues a 6 o"kZ ls 14 o"kZ ds ckydksa dh lokZ f/kr la [;k gSA mUgsa fu%'kq Yd f'k{kk nsuk ,d cM+k dk;Z gSA ;g vuqeku fd;k x;k gS fd vxys ikW p o"kksZa esa fu%'kqYd f'k{kk nsus esa 40 gtkj djksM+ :i;s O;; gksaxsA ljdkj ls vk'kk ugha dh tkrh gS fd og bl c`gr~ vkfFkZd L=ksa rks dk micU/k djs xhA ekrk&firk rFkk la j{kd yksx ftUgsa ;g dk;Z fn;k x;k
gS fd os lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 51 (,) (ds) ds vUrxZ r vius cPpka s dks f'k{kk nsa fdUrq nq%[k dh ckr ;g gS fd os f'k{kk ds fy, vius cPpksa dks fo|ky; Hks tus ds fy, vfuqPNqd gS a D;kas fd os vius ifjokjksa ds fy, vkfFkZ d :i ls enn djrs gSaA ekrk&firk
ds e/; ,slh ltxrk gks uh pkfg, fd os cPpksa dks f'k{kk nsaA ;g cky Je jks dus ds fy, iw oZ vis{kk gSA Je ij f}rh; jk"Vªh; vk;ks x us ;g lq >ko fn;k Fkk fd cky Je jksdus ds fy, igyk dne gS fd lHkh ckyd dks vfuok;Z iz kFkfed f'k{kk lqfuf'fpr gksA ;g ,u-th-vks- ( N.G.O. ) vkSj ekrk&firk dh lgk;rk ls vuqikyu fd;k tk;sxkA ;g ekrk&firk] ,u-th-vks- vkS j ljdkj dk drZ O; gS fd os ns[ksa fd gj ckyd fo|ky; tkrk gSA
Hkkjr us 1989 ds cky vf/kdkj vfHkle; dk vuq leFkZu fd;k gS ftlus vuqPNsn
28 (1) eas vfuok;Z izkbejh f'k{kk dk micU/k fd;k x;k gS tks lcdks fu%'kqYd iz kIr gksxhA vr% Hkkjr dk drZ O; gS fd vfHkle; ds mi;qZDr micU/k dk ikyu djsA blesa la nsg ugha gS fd igys dh vis{kk vc vf/kd cPps fo|ky; tkrs gSa fQj Hkh lHkh cPpks a dks fu%'kqYd izkFkfed f'k{kk vU; Hkkjh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ds dkj.k micfU/kr ugha dh tk ldrhA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- vxzoky ,p- vks- (MkWDVj) Þvarjk"Vªh; fof/k ,oa ekuo vf/kdkjß ckjgok¡ laLdj.k 2012
ist ua- 759 ls 762 lsUVªy ykW- ,stsUlh] bykgkcknA2- ik.Ms; t;ukjk;.k (MkWDVj) Þ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku ß lSarhlok¡ laLdj.k 2012 ist ua- 273
ls 274 lsUVªy ykW- ,stsUlh] bykgkcknA3- diwj ,l- ds- Þvarjk"Vªh; fof/k ,oa ekuo vf/kdkjß lksygok¡ laLdj.k 2007 ist ua- 850
lsUVªy ykW- ,stsUlh] bykgkcknA4- jk; eerk ÞykW- fjysVsM Vw oweu ,.M fpYMªuß f}rh; laLdj.k 2008 bLVuZ cqd dEiuh
y[kuÅ] ist ua- 11 ls 125- ckosy clar yky Þefgyk ,oa cky fodkl dkuwuß izFke laLdj.k 2006 lsUVªy ykW- ,stsUlh]
bykgkckn ist ua- 5 ls 6
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Hkkjrh; lekt esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k vkSj fuokj.k Hkkjrh; lekt esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k vkSj fuokj.k Hkkjrh; lekt esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k vkSj fuokj.k Hkkjrh; lekt esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k vkSj fuokj.k Hkkjrh; lekt esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k vkSj fuokj.k
¹ lk/kuk ik.Ms; ¹ lk/kuk ik.Ms; ¹ lk/kuk ik.Ms; ¹ lk/kuk ik.Ms; ¹ lk/kuk ik.Ms;
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¹ lgk;d izk/;kid] jktuhfr'kkL=] Lokeh foosdkuUn 'kkldh; egkfo|ky;] cSjfl;k] Hkksiky
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& 14&15 vxLr 1947 dh v¼Zjkf= Lok/khurk dk v:.kksn; gqvk] Lo.kZ fogku vk;kA Lok/khu Hkkjr dh ;fn dksbZ lcls cM+h miyfC/k jgh rks og ;gh fd ge bl fo'kky vkcknh okys] fofo/krk Hkjs] rjg&rjg ls fo[kf.Mr&foHkkftr ns'k ds fy;s ,d ekU; lafo/kku cuk lds vkS j 50 o"kks Za rd vusd fodV leL;kvks a ds ckotw n ns'k dh ,drk] v[k.Mrk vkS j yksdrU= dks lqjf{kr j[k ldsA fdUrq vkt tc ge pkjks a rjQ ns[krs gSa rks jktuhfrd O;oLFkk pjejkrh gq;h fn[kk;h nsrh gS A ifjfLFkfr;k¡ fo"ke gS a] ladVe; gS aA ge fouk'k ds dxkj ij [kM+s gS aA gekjh x.kuk la lkj ds lcls vf/kd Hkz"V ns'kksa es a ls dh tkrh gS A xjhch dh js[kk lsuhps thus okys yksxksa dh la[;k gekjs ;gk¡ cgqr T;knk gS A bl fLFkfr ds fy;s ftEesnkj dkS u gS \ LorU=rk ds brus o"kksZa es a yksdrU= dh Hkwfedk dk ew Y;k¡ du bl vk/kkj ij Hkh dh tk ldrh gS fd gekjs lafo/kku fuekZ rkvks a vkS j jk"Vª uk;dksa us ftu mn~ns';ksa] vk'kk&vkdka{kkvksa dks ysdj orZeku jktuhfrd O;oLFkk cukbZ Fkh mUgs a ewrZ :i nsus es a og dgk¡ rd lQy&l{ke fl¼ gq;h\ Hkz"Vkpkj viuh pje lhek ij gS ] ljdkj mls jks ad ikus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gSA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
Hkkjr vkt ftl mnkjhdj.k vkSj mUeqfDrdj.k dh uhfr;ksa ij pyk tk jgk gS mlds ifj.kke nks :iksa esa fn[kk;h ns jgs gSa& ,d] ns'k dh laink dks fxjoh j[kk tk jgk
gS] ftlds pyrs ns'k fodjky dtZ ds tky es a Q¡ l x;k gSA nwljs] vius LokFkksZ a ds fy;s 'kkld oxksZa }kjk fd;s x;s dtZ dh vnk;xh ds fy;s djksM+ ksa xjhcks a ls dj olwyh dh tk jgh gSA ifj.kke ;g gS fd xjhch c<+ jgh gS] Hkw[k vkSj dq iks"k.k ls yks x ej jgs gSa vkSj turk ls fd;s x;s ok;nksa ls ljdkj ihNs gV jgh gSA ^^bl rjg vehjksa vkS j xjhcksa ds chp bl c<+rh [kkabZ es a ge nks Hkkjr dk ,dlkFk fuekZ.k gksrs ns[k jgs gSa& ,d eqV~Bh Hkj vehjks a dk ^'kkbfuax bf.M;k** vkS j nwljk dPph feV~ Vh dh nhokj lk njdrk vkSj <grk
xjhcks a dk cq>rk ^^Hkkjr**A1 bu uhfr;ks a ds ifj.kkeks a ds dkj.k miHkksDrkokn dks nsork ds :i esa izfrf"Br djus okyh lkekftd uS frd ewY;ksa dh laLd`fr tUe ys jgh gS ftllsHkz "Vkpkj vkSj vijk/khdj.k tSlh cqjkb;ksa dks ekU;rk fey tkrh gSA gekjs ns 'k esa xk¡/kh
us gj vk¡[k dk gj vk¡ lw iks Nus dk vkn'kZ j[kk Fkk vkS j usg: us la fo/kku lHkk esa iz frKk
dh Fkh fd tc rd vk¡lw gSa] ihM+ k gS] xjhch gS] rc rd dke lekIr ugha gksxkA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd lafo/kku Hkw [kksa dks jksVh vkSj diM+k nsxk vkSj ,slh O;oLFkk dk;e djsxk ftlds vUrxZr izR;sd O;fDr dks viuh lkeF;Z ds vuqlkj vf/kd ls vf/kd Å¡pk mBus ds iwjs&iw js volj fey ldsa xsA vxj lafo/kku ;g u dj ldk rks usg: ds vuqlkj og dkxt ds VqdM+ ksa ls vf/kd dqN ugha gksxkA
^^ge lc tkurs gSa fd lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa ds ns [ks lius iwjs ugha gq;sA ge yksx ,d
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jk"Vª ugha cu ik;sA oLrqr% gekjk lekt ftruk foHkkftr vkt gS] igys dHkh ugha jgkA
tqM+ us ds ctk; ge vkSj fc[kjs gSa] jk"Vªh;rk vkSj ,drk ds LFkku ij tkfr] /keZ] Hkk"kk] lEiznk; vkS j {ks=h;rk ds vk/kkj ij u;h igpkusa loks Zifj gks x;h gSaA**2
yks drU= dh la oS/kkfud O;oLFkk gekjh lkjoku jk"Vªh; lEink gSA bldh etcw r laLFkkxr O;oLFkk] blds fpjLFkk;hiu ds lkFk gh blesa yphysiu vkSj Loizs fjr lq /kkj dh laHkkouk Hkh iSnk djrh gSA ijUrq gekjh lkekftd&vkfFkZd lajpuk] lkaLd`frd HkkoHkwfe] lkekftd lEcU/kksa vkS j vUrjkZ"Vªh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa yksdrU= dh lerkewyd] lkekftd U;k; iks"kd {kerkvksa vkSj lEHkkoukvks a ij ?kwers jkgq&dsrqvksa ls bl O;oLFkk dh j{kk dh leqfpr O;oLFkk ugha dh x;hA yksdrU= ds fcjos dks misf{kr&oafpr&mRihfM+r yksxksa ds fy;s fo'ks"k ykHkizn cukuk t:jh Fkk] ftlls os vkS ipkfjd dkxth gdksa dks gdhdr es a cny ldsaA fdUrq nfyrksa ds fy;s vkj{k.k tSlh O;oLFkk,a Hkh ykHkizn lkfcr ugha gks
ikbZA jktuhfr dh eq[;/kkjk vkSj vf/kla[; yksxksa dh vkfFkZd ukxfjdrk ls oapuk ds dkj.k ;g vkj{k.k ,d fo'ks"k lqfo/kkHkksxh rcds ds tud vkSj lao/kZd cu x;sA okLrfod fLFkfr ;g gS fd Hkkjr dh leL;k,a lHkh Hkkjrh;ks a ds fy;s ,d leku ugha gSaA mnkgj.kLo:i vkfFkZd {ks= es a xjhch] csjkstxkjh] fo"kerk vkfn vke vkneh dh vf/kdkjghurk dh ewyHkwr fLFkfr ds vyx&vyx :iksa ds mn~ ?kkVu gSA mifuos 'kh fojklr vkS j uo&lkezkT;okn vHkh Hkh lfØ; gSA fdUrq ns'kh yksxksa ds lkFk] muds ek/;e lsA
ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i vkUrfjd 'kfDr lapkyu ds dBksj ;FkkFkZ rFkk vius yksxksa ds chp LokFkksZ a dh VdjkgV ds f[kykQ la ?k"kZ es a HkkoukRed tqM+ko rFkk foHksnd iz o`fRr;ksa }kjk [kM+ h dh x;h ck/kkvksa ds dkj.k ;Fkk fLFkfr dks cnyuk fons 'kh 'kklu ds fo:¼ la ?k"kZ ls vf/kd d"Vlk/; gks tkrk gSA lkekftd cnyko dh fn'kk dk ladsr Lo;a lafo/kku
esa cgq r Li"V :i ls fd;k x;k gSA la fo/kku dgrk gS lkekftd] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZ d U;k; izR;s d ukxfjd dks iznku djus dh O;oLFkk dh tk;s xhA fdUrq ,slh U;k;iw.kZ O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk esa fnDdrs a [kM+h djus esa ns 'k dh vkUrfjd rkdrsa gh lcls vkxs gSaA3
gekjs ns 'k esa Hkz"Vkpkj dh leL;k bruh xgjh vkSj fodV gks x;h gS fd bldk fo'ys"k.k rks ,d gn rd fd;k Hkh tk ldrk gS fdUrq blds lek/kku ds lads r cgqr lkQ&lkQ mHkjrs gq;s utj ugha vk jgs gS aA fgUnqLrku esa thou ds vusd {ks=ksa esa vHkw riwoZ izxfr gqbZ gS] pkgs Hkys gh iz xfr dh fn'kk vkS j n'kk ds ckjs esa iz 'u mBrs jgs gksa A Hkz"Vkpkj dks ysdj vUuk gtkjs vkSj muds lg;ksfx;ksa us tks ,d u;s izdkj dh vy[k txk;h gS mlls dqN
mEehn t:j iSnk gks rh gSA lcls cM+h foMEcuk ;g gS fd /khjs&/khjs lnkpkj dk {ks= yxkrkj fldqM+ rk tk jgk gS vkSj Hkz "Vkpkj dk nk;jk c<+rs&c<+rs bl gn rd c<+ pqdk
gS fd lkekftd thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa pkgs f'k{kk] iz'kklu] jktuhfr] U;k;ikfydk] jktuhfrd ny gksa] lHkh es a Hkz"Vkpkj us cqjh rjg viuh tM+s a tek yh gSA
,d iz dkj ls dgsa rks /khjs&/khjs tuekul esa Hkz "Vkpkj dks ysdj tSls ,d lgt Lohd`fr lh curh x;h gS vkSj yksxks a us Hkz"Vkpkj dks ,d lkekU; thou 'kSyh ds :i es a lgt vkS j vfuok;Z eku fy;k gSA ;g ,d ,slh ?kkrd chekjh gS ftlus fodkl ds reke nkoksa vkSj miyfC/k;ksa ds ckotwn iwjs jk"Vªh; thou dks cqjh rjg [kks[kyk vkSj ewY;ghu cuk Mkyk gSA ,d foMEcuk ;g Hkh gS fd lekt esa ftu yksxks a ls ;g vis{kk dh tk ldrh gS fd os yksxksa ds fy;s ,d jksy ekMy cu ldrs gSa ;k ftudh rjQ ns'k dk ;qok
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oxZ mEehn ls ns[krk gS] os Lo;a cq jh rjg Hkz"Vkpkj ds nyny es a /k¡ls gq ;s gS aA jktuhfrd
nyksa dh fLFkfr ;g gS fd ,d jktuhfrd ny vius usrkvksa ds Hkz"Vkpkj dks fNikus ds fy;s nwljs jktuhfrd ny ds usrkvksa ds Åij dhpM+ mNkydj vius dke dh bfrJh le> ysrk gSA4 ,slk yxrk gS fd iw js ns 'k esa dsoy iSlk dekus dh vkS j ml iSls ds }kjk viuk opZLo dk;e djus dh gks M+ eph gq;h gSA D;k us rk] D;k m|ks xifr] D;k f'k{kk ds{ks= esa dke djus okys yksx] lHkh ,d ,slh vU/kh nkSM+ es a 'kkfey gSa ftlesa iSlk dekuk
thou dk lcls cM+k ew Y; gSA urhtk ;g gS fd lkekftd thou ds lHkh {ks= esa xq.koRrk dk bruk gz kl gq vk gS fd vki vxj cktkj esa tk;sa rks dher pqdkus ds ckn Hkh 'kk;n vkidks dksbZ lgh lkeku fey ldsA nrj ls ysdj dpgjh rd fj'or[kksjh vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj
bl gn rd QS yk gS fd vke vkneh dks ;g yxus yxk gS fd dksbZ Hkh dke djus ds fy;s iS lk ns uk ;k fj'or nsuk vfuok;Z gks x;k gSA fj'or ds iz fr dksbZ xgjk fojks/k] vkØks'k
vkS j l'kDr vkUnksyu dgha fn[kk;h ugha iM+ jgk gSA ;fn ns'k dk iz/kkuea =h bZekunkj gS rks mldh ukd ds uhps dke djus okys eaf=;ksa ds Åij gtkjksa djksM+ ds Hkz "Vkpkj ds ekeys py jgs gSaA 2th LisDVªe ?kksVkyk] dkeuosYFk xsEl ?kksVkyk] vkn'kZ lkslk;Vh ?kksVkyk vkSj u tkus fdrus ?kksVkys gSa tks vHkh [kqydj lkeus ugha vk;s gSa A ;g lHkh bl ckr ds Li"V la dsr ns rs gSa fd Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ dksbZ l'kDr yM+kbZ dh laHkkouk /kwfey gSA
dq y feykdj vusd ,sls ekeys lkeus vk;s ftuesa U;k;ky;ksa ds gLr{ksi ls gh fLFkfr dqN laHky ldh gSA ,slh lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa es a vusd uoksfnr fodkl'khy ns'kks a esa 'kfDr izk;% lSU;cyksa ds gkFkksa esa pyh tkrh gS vkS j lSfud 'kklu vkS j vf/kuk;dokn dk izknqZHkko gksrk gSA ;g gekjs ns'k dk lkSHkkX; gS fd U;k;ikfydk us lfØ; gksdj]
lS U;cyksa dks jktuhfr ls nwj j[kkA5 ;g Hkh t:jh gS fd U;k;ikfydk dks Hkh lko/kku jguk gksxk vkS j U;kf;d la;e vkSj vuq'kklu dk dBksjrk ls ikyu djuk gksxk] ftlls ,sls vkns'k u fudys vkS j ,slh fLFkfr u vk;s tc mlds vkns'kksa dh vogsyuk gks vFkok mudk ikyu gh u gks ldsA bl rF; ds izfr Hkh lps r jguk gksxk fd tkus&vutkus es a fufgr LokFkksZ a dk nyxr jktuhfrd fgrksa ds }kjk lRrk la?k"kZ esa mldk mi;ksx u fd;k tk;sA ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkz "Vkpkj dks tM+ ls lekIr djus dh fn'kk esa vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ ,oa ftEesnkj inksa ij cSBs gq;s O;fDr;ksa dk pfj= o vkpj.k vfuok;Z :i ls cs nkx gksuk pkfg;s rHkh os lekt esa vke yksxks a ds fy;s jksy ekMy cu ldrs gSaA gekjs ns'k dh U;k; O;oLFkk Hkh ,slh gS fd U;k;ikfydk rd igq¡puk Hkh fcuk iS ls dh rkdr ds la Hko ugha gSA lk/kkj.k O;fDr dks rks 'kk;n vijk/k djus ds ckn n.M fey Hkh tk;s
fdUrq tks lekt ds izHkko'kkyh o 'kfDr'kkyh cM+ s yksx gSa] os fdlh u fdlh njokts ls cp fudyrs gSaA vfHkiz k; ;g gS fd dgha u dgha lekt dks cs gn l[r dkuw uksa dh t:jr gS ftuds }kjk de ls de le; esa dBksj ls dBks j n.M dk fo/kku gks lds vkS j Hkz"Vkpkj esa fyIr O;fDr pkgs fdrus Hkh egRoiw.kZ in ij gksa] dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkh dher ij dkuw u dks /krk crkdj cp u ldsaA ;g dguk i;kZIr ugha gS fd dkuwu rks vc Hkh gS vkS j bUgha dkuw uksa ds rgr Hkz"Vkpkj dks lekIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkt Hkz "Vkpkj iwjs lekt esa dSalj dh rjg QSy pqdk gS] mldks lekIr djus ds fy;s ,d u;s izdkj dh ps ruk vkSj cs gn la xfBr tuØka fr dh vko';drk gSA ftl iz dkj yhfc;k] bftIV tS ls vf/kuk;doknh
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'kklu iz.kkyh ds ckn ogk¡ ds 'kkld tks yEcs le; ls viuh iwjh v¸;k'kh ds lkFk lRrk
esa cus gq;s Fks] yk[kksa dh rknkn esa ,d tuleqnz mHkj dj fojks/k esa vk;k vkSj fdlh Hkh dher ij mu O;fDr;ks a dks lRrk ls ckgj djus esa lQyrk gkfly dhA vUuk gtkjs o muds ,d le; ds izeq[k lg;ksxh vjfoUn ds tjhoky (orZeku esa mUgksaus vyx ^vki^ ikVhZ dk xBu dj fy;k gS ) }kjk 'kq: fd;k x;k vkUnksyu ,d cgq r cM+h tuØkafr dk :i ys ldrk Fkk D;ks afd Hkz"Vkpkj ds pje lhek ij igq¡pus ds dkj.k gh mlds iz fr ,d xgjk vkØks'k mHkj jgk Fkk vkS j vius dks laxfBr dj mldks vfHkO;Dr Hkh dj jgk Fkk fdUrq nks uksa gh uk;dksa ds jkLrs vyx&vyx gks x;sA vUuk th jktuhfr ls ckgj jgdj o vjfoUn dstjhoky jktuhfr dh eq[; /kkjk esa Hkkx ysdj Hkz"Vkpkj dh lekfIr ds fy;s iz;kl dj jgs gS aA nks uksa gh uk;d ;g tkurs gSa fd dsoy tu yksdiky fcy ls ns'k ls Hkz"Vkpkj dk rkRdkfyd mUewyu iwjh rjg lEHko ugha gS fdUrq tuyksdiky fcy dk
,d leq fpr izk:i ftlls cM+h ls cM+h dqlhZ ij cSBus okys vkneh dks dM+s ls dM+s n.M dk iz ko/kku gks] fdlh Hkh dher ij dksbZ n.M ls cp u ik;s] ;fn ;g 'kq :vkr jax ykbZ ftlds fy;s vjfoUn dstjhoky dks usr`Ro feyuk t:jh gksxk rks ns'k ds lkekftd thou esa vkS j gekjs yksdrU= ds xq.kkRed mUu;u es a Hkh enn feys xhA vUuk gtkjs o ^vki^ ikVhZ ds izeq [k vjfoUn dstjhoky }kjk 'kq : dh x;h tupsruk ds ekxZ esa <sj lkjh 'kfDr;k¡ ,slh Hkh gSa ftuds fufgr LokFkZ fdlh u fdlh izdkj bl rjg ds vkUnksyu dks ihNs /kdsyus dk dke djsa xhA blfy;s gekjk ;g nkf;Ro curk gS fd ge bl vkx vkSj vkØks'k dks cq >us ugha ns vkSj bldks ,d lQy vatke rd ys tk;sa rkfd ,d lkQ
lqFkjk lekt cu lds] ftlesa lgh ek;uksa esa ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh izfr"Bk o bZ ekunkjh ds iz fr ,d lgt Lohdk;Z dk Hkko gksA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- ;spqjh lhrkjke & Hkkjr fuekZ.k dh pqukSfr;k¡] i"B 9] lkef;d izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh 2- deyu;u dkcjk & cnyrk Hkkjr & nkos vkSj gdhdr] i`"B 13] izdk'ku laLFkku] ubZ
fnYyh 3- dk';i lqHkk"k & Hkkjrh; jktuhfr vkSj lafo/kku] i"B 13] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh 4- dk';i lqHkk"k & Hkkjrh; jktuhfr vkSj lafo/kku] i"B 22] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh 5- >k] lh-,e- & Hkz"Vkpkj leL;k vkSj lek/kku] i"B 30] jk/kkd`".k izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh
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e/;izns'k esa fo/kkulHkk fuokZpu e/;izns'k esa fo/kkulHkk fuokZpu e/;izns'k esa fo/kkulHkk fuokZpu e/;izns'k esa fo/kkulHkk fuokZpu e/;izns'k esa fo/kkulHkk fuokZpu (fljekSj fo/kkulHkk esa ernku O;ogkj) (fljekSj fo/kkulHkk esa ernku O;ogkj) (fljekSj fo/kkulHkk esa ernku O;ogkj) (fljekSj fo/kkulHkk esa ernku O;ogkj) (fljekSj fo/kkulHkk esa ernku O;ogkj)
¹ deys 'k dq ekj 'kqDy ¹ deys'k dqekj 'kqDy ¹ deys 'k dq ekj 'kqDy ¹ deys'k dqekj 'kqDy ¹ deys'k dqekj 'kqDy
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¹ vfrfFk fo}ku] 'kkldh; egkfo|ky;
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& fljekSj fo/kkulHkk {ks= ds xzkeh.k vapyksa esa 90-2 izfr'kr yksx fuokl djrs gS a]tcfd dLckbZ {ks=ks a dh vkcknh 9-8 izfr'kr gS A 21oha 'krkCnh dk igyk fo/kkulHkk pquko 2003 es a lEiUu gqvk gS A bl fuokZpu ds ernku O;ogkj dks le>us ds fy;s ;g vko';d
Fkk fd iw oZ ds fuokZpuksa es a ernku O;ogkj dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk;A fljekSj fo/kkulHkk {ks= jhok ftyk ds 07 fo/kkulHkk {ks=ks a es a ,d ,slk {ks= gS] tgk¡ lh-ih-vkbZ- (,e-) dk izHkko ifjyf{kr gksrk vk;k gS A okLro es a ;g {ks= lektokfn;ksa dk x<+ jgk gS A blhfy;s lektoknh ny ftldk izHkko foU/; {ks= es a 1952 ds fuokZpuks a ls ysdj 1977 rd ds fuokZpu rd ifjyf{kr gksrk gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
fljekSj e/;izns'k ds 320 fo/kkulHkk {ks=ksa esa ls ,d lkekU; fuokZpu {ks= gSA foU/;izns'k dk e-iz- esa foyhuhdj.k gksus ds i'pkr~ ;gk¡ 1957 esa fo/kkulHkk dk vke pquko gq vk FkkA lu~ 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj fljekSj fo/kkulHkk {ks= dh dqy tula [;k 4]48]905 gS] ftuesa 2]28]377 iq :"k rFkk 2]20]528 efgyk;sa ik;h x;h gS aA
bl rjg bl fuokZpu {ks= es a izfr ,d gtkj iq:"kks a esa efgykvksa dh la[;k 966 gSA fuokZpu {ks= fljekSj es a vuq lw fpr tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa dh la[;k 72]964 gS] ftuesa 37]153 iq :"k rFkk 35]811 efgyk;sa gSaA blh rjg bl {ks= es a vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a dh tula[;k 55]653 ik;h x;h gS] ftuesa 28]790 iq:"k rFkk 26]863 efgyk;s a gSa A ;gk¡ dh dqy
tula [;k 4]48]905 esa lk{kj O;fDr;ks a dh la[;k 2]26]893 ik;h x;h gSA lk{kj O;fDr;ksa es a 1]40]280 iq:"k rFkk 86]613 efgyk;s a gSa A bl {ks= es fdlkuksa dh la[;k 1]00]246 rFkk [ksfrgj etnwjksa dh la[;k 74]952 ik;h x;h gSA fljekSj fo/kkulHkk {ks=
ds xzkeh.k vapyksa esa 90-2 izfr'kr yksx fuokl djrs gS a] tcfd dLckbZ {ks=ksa dh vkcknh 9-8 izfr'kr gSA 21oha 'krkCnh dk igyk fo/kkulHkk pquko 2003 esa lEiUu gqvk gSA bl
fuokZ pu ds ernku O;ogkj dks le>us ds fy;s ;g vko';d Fkk fd iwoZ ds fuokZpuksa
esa ernku O;ogkj dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk;A fljekS j fo/kkulHkk {ks= jhok ftyk ds 07 fo/kkulHkk {ks =ksa esa ,d ,s lk {ks = gS] tgk¡ lh-ih-vkbZ- (,e-) dk izHkko ifjyf{kr gksrk vk;k gSA okLro esa ;g {ks= lektokfn;ksa dk x<+ jgk gSA blhfy;s lektoknh ny
ftldk izHkko foU/; {ks= esa 1952 ds fuokZpuksa ls ysdj 1977 rd ds fuokZpu rd ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA 1977 ds fuokZ pu es a bl {ks= ls fuokZfpr izfrfuf/k lhrk izlkn 'kekZ iw oZ es a lektoknh ny ds izeq[k dk;ZdÙkkZ FksA 1990 esa fot;h gq;s turk ny ds izR;k'kh
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jkey[ku 'kekZ bl {ks = esa lektoknh ny ds jh<+ LrEHk FksA vkxs pydj mUgksaus igys
turk ny vkSj mlds ckn lh-ih-vkbZ- (,e) dh lnL;rk xzg.k dj yhA 1993 ds fuokZ pu es a mUgksaus fljekS j fo/kkulHkk {ks= esa lh-ih-vkbZ- (,e) ds izR;k'kh ds :i es a fot; izkIr dh FkhA lu~ 2003 esa Hkh og lh-ih-vkbZ- (,e) ds izR;k'kh Fks vkSj 26]272 er izkIr dj fot;Jh izkIr dh FkhA bl fo/kkulHkk {ks= esa vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ks a es a iVs yksa dh la[;k lokZf/kd FkhA iz kja Hk ls fiNM+s oxZ ds yks x lektoknh ny ds lkFk jgs gS a fdUrq vkxs pydj budk lektoknh ny ls eksg Hkax gqvk vkSj dk¡xzsl dh vksj budk :>ku
c<+kA dk¡xzs l ds izfr c<+ rs gq;s bl :>ku dk Li"V izHkko 1980] 1985 rFkk 1998 ds fuokZ puksa esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA 1980 ds fuokZpu es a jktef.k iVs y dk¡xzsl ds izR;k'kh ds :i esa 16]234 (35-95 izfr'kr) er iz kIr dj fot;h jgsA iq u% 1985 esa jktef.k iVsy dk¡xzsl iz R;k'kh ds :i esa 21]931 (38-65 izfr'kr) er izkIr dj fot;h gq;sA
1990 ds fuokZ pu esa jktef.k iVsy bl {ks= es a fudVre iz fr}Unh ds :i esa 22]585 (29-65 izfr'kr) er izkIr dj lds tcfd fot;h izR;k'kh dks 34]233 (44-94 izfr'kr) er iz kIr gq;s FksA 1993 ds fuokZ pu es a Hkh os fudVre izfr}Unh jgs vkSj mUgsa 20]710 er (23-44 izfr'kr) izkIr gq;sA fot;h iz R;k'kh dks 25]737 er (29-13 izfr'kr) izkIr gq;sFksA
fo/kkulHkk fuokZpu 2003 esa ernku O;ogkj& e/;izns'k esa fo/kkulHkk fuokZpu 2003 dh vf/klwpuk fuokZpu vk;ksx }kjk 07 uoEcj 2003 dks tkjh dh xbZFkhA ukekadu dh vfUre frfFk 14 uoEcj 2003 rFkk ukekadu i= okil ysus dh vfUre
frfFk 17 uoEcj 2003 fu/kkZfjr dh x;h FkhA ernku dh frfFk 01 fnlEcj 2003 rFkk erx.kuk vkSj fuokZpu ifj.kke ?kksf"kr djus dh frfFk 04 fnlEcj 2003 fu/kkZfjr dh
x;h FkhA e/;izns'k 2003 ds fuokZpu esa 36 jktuhfrd nyksa us Hkkx fy;k FkkA1 budk fooj.k ;gk¡ izLrq r fd;k tk jgk gSA2
Ø- jktuhfrd ny dk uke Ø- jktuhfrd ny dk uke01. cgqtu lekt ikVhZ 19. yk sd tu 'kfDr ikVh Z02. Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ 20. viuk ny03. dE;qfuLV ikVhZ vkWQ bf.M;k 21. turk ny ¼lsD; wyj ½04. dE;qfuLV ikVhZ vkWQ bf.M;k ¼ekDlZflLV½ 22. jk"Vªh; yksdn y05. bf.M;u us'kuy dk¡xzl 23. jk"Vªh; lekurk ny06. us'kufyLV d k¡xzsl ikVhZ 24. vEc sMdj lekt ikVh Z 07. dE;qfuLV ikVhZ vkWQ bf.M;k
¼ekDlZflLV&ysfufuLV½ ¼fycjs'ku½25. jk"Vªh; ØkfUr ikVhZ
08. jk"Vªh; turk ny 26. yk sdrk af=d lektoknh ikVhZ 09. f'kolsuk 27. 'kfDr ny
10. xk sM+okuk x.kra= ikVhZ 28. lektoknh t urk ikVhZ ¼jk"Vªh;½11. lektoknh ikVhZ 29. ifjorZu lekt ikVh Z 12. fjoksY; w'kujh lks'kfyLV ikVhZ 30. ihiqYl lekt ikVh Z 13. vf[ky Hkkjr fgUnw egklHkk 31. jk"Vªoknh turk ikVhZ 14. turk ikVh Z 32. us'kuy yk sdrkfU=d ikVhZ 15. lo.kZ lekt ikVhZ 33. vky bf.M;k Q koZMZ CykWd16. turk ny ¼; wukbVsM½ 34. fjifCydu ikVhZ vk WQ bf.M;k17. fjifCydu ikVhZ vkWQ bf.M;k ¼,½ 35. 'kk sf"kr lekt ikVhZ 18. lektoknh tu ifj"kn~ 36. t; izdk'k turk ny
fo/kkulHkk fuokZpu {ks= fljekSj e/;iz ns'k ds 155 lkekU; fuokZpu {ks=ksa esa ls ,d FkkA mYys [kuh; gS fd NÙkhlx<+ jkT; cu tkus ds i'pkr~ e/;izns'k dk ;g izFke
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fuokZpu Fkk] ftles a fo/kkulHkk fuokZpu {ks=ksa dh la[;k 320 ds LFkku ij 230 FkhA bu
230 LFkkuksa esa 155 lkekU; fuokZpu {ks= rFkk 34 vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks a ds fy;s vkS j 41vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy;s vkjf{kr fd;s x;s FksA4
jhok ftys esa iwokZuqlkj 07 fo/kkulHkk {ks = Fks] ftlesa 01 (nsorkykc) fo/kkulHkk {ks= vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fy;s vkjf{kr fd;k x;k FkkA5 e/;izns'k esa 2003 ds fuokZpu
esa ernkrkvksa dh dqy la[;k 3]78]45]538 Fkh] ftuesa iq:"k ernkrkvks a dh la[;k 1]97]73]658 (52-25 izfr'kr) rFkk efgyk ernkrkvksa dh la[;k 1]80]71]880 (47-75
iz fr'kr) FkhA6
fo/kkulHkk {ks= fljekSj esa dqy fuokZ pdksa dh la [;k 1]86]824 Fkh] ftuesa 97]653 iq :"k ernkrk rFkk 89]171 efgyk ernkrk FkhaA bl rjg bl fuokZpu {ks= es a
iq :"k ernkrk 52-27 iz fr'kr rFkk efgyk ernkrk 47-73 izfr'kr Fkha A fuokZpu vk;ksx us fljekSj fo/kkulHkk {ks= esa fuokZpu dks lqpk: <ax ls lEiUu djkus gsrq 200 ernku dsUnz LFkkfir fd;s FksA e/;izns'k es a 230 fo/kkulHkk {ks=ks a esa fuokZpu djkus gsrq dq y 42]276 ernku ds Unz LFkkfir fd;s x;s FksA e/;izns'k esa izfr ernku dsUnz es a fuokZpdksa
dh vkSlr la[;k 895 FkhA fo/kkulHkk {ks= fljekS j esa pq uko yM+us gs rq 21 vH;kfFkZ;ks a us ukekadu i= nkf[ky fd;k Fkk] ftlesa 02 ukekadu i= fujLr gks x;s Fks] 'ks"k 19vH;kfFkZ;ks a us fuokZpu esa Hkkx fy;k FkkA bl fo/kkulHkk {ks = ls dE;qfuLV ikVhZ vkW Q
bf.M;k (ekDlZflLV)] cgqtu lekt ikVhZ] bf.M;u us 'kuy dk¡xzsl] Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ] turk ikVhZ] jk"Vªh; lekurk ny] yksd tu'kfDr ikVhZ] lo.kZ lekt ikVhZ] viuk ny]
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xksaM+okuk x.krU=- ikVhZ] lektoknh ikVhZ rFkk turk ny (;qukbVsM) us vius izR;k'kh
[kM+ s fd;s FksA bu 12 izR;kf'k;ks a ds vykok ;gk¡ ls 07 funZ yh; iz R;k'kh Hkh pquko eS nku esa FksA fo/kkulHkk {ks= fljekS j ds 2003 ds fuokZpu dk ifj.kke fuEu rkfydk esa izLrqr fd;k tk jgk gSA7
Ø- vH;kFkh dk uke ny dk uke ikIr er ifr'kr ifj.kke fLFkfr
01. jktdekj mefy;k cgqtu lekt ikVhZ 25,684 22.79 fudVre
02. ,MokdsV jktef.k iVsy bf.M;u us'kuy dkxsl 16,787 14.89 tekur tCr
03. jkey[ku 'kek dE;qfuLV ikVhZ vkQbf.M;k ¼ekDlZflLV½
26,272 23.31 fot;h
04. l/kk flag Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ 14,668 13.01 tekur tCr
05. vuqie turk ikVhZ 816 0.72 tekur tCr
06. iHkkr oekZ jk"Vªh; lekurk ny 2,797 2.48 tekur tCr
07. jkejrh ykd tu'kfDr ikVh 401 0.35 tekur tCr
08. jkelqUnj 'kekZ lo.k lekt ikVhZ 372 0.33 tekur tCr
09. jkek/kkj flag viuk ny 716 0.63 tekur tCr10. y{e.k ilkn xksMokuk x.kr= ikVh 963 0.85 tekur tCr
11. Mh-ih- flg lektoknh ikVhZ 13,710 12.16 tekur tCr
12. lhrkjke d';i turk ny ¼;qukbVM½ 780 0.69 tekur tCr
13. vfuy lkuh funZyh; 999 0.88 tekur tCr
14. ?ku';ke funZyh; 1,065 0.94 tekur tCr
15. inhi ik.M; funZyh; 864 0.76 tekur tCr
16. eksyb funZyh; 2,865 2.54 tekur tCr
17. jktyky funZyh; 1,199 1.06 tekur tCr
18. jke lthou funZyh; 657 0.58 tekur tCr
19. lrs'oj ilkn xx funZyh; 1,082 0.96 tekur tCr
mDr rkfydk ls ernku O;ogkj ds lEcU/k esa fuEu rF; ifjyf{kr gksrs gSa &¹ bl fuokZpu esa lh-ih-vkbZ- (,e) ds izR;k'kh jkey[ku 'kekZ us 26]272 er iz kIr
dj fot;Jh iz kIr dh FkhA mUgsa 23-31 izfr'kr er izkIr gq;s FksA muds fudVre izfr}Unh cgqtu lekt ikVhZ ds izR;k'kh jktdqekj meZfy;k dks 25]684 er izkIr gq;s FksA8 nwljs 'kCnksa esa mUgsa 22-79 izfr'kr er izkIr gq;s FksA
¹ fot;h iz R;k'kh jkey[ku 'kekZ (lh-ih-vkbZ- (,e-)) rFkk muds fudVre izfr}Unh jktdqekj meZfy;k (cgq tu lekt ikVhZ ) dks iz kIr erksa esa ds oy 588 erksa dk vUrj FkkA¹ bl fuokZ pu esa fot;h izR;k'kh vkSj fudVre izR;k'kh dks NksM+ dj 'ks"k lHkh 17
iz R;kf'k;ksa dh tekur tCr gks x;h FkhA¹ jhok ftys es a c<+rk gqvk tkfrokn bl fuokZ pu ds ifj.kke dks Li"V djrk gSA ;gka
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fiNM+ h tkfr;ksa] vuq lwfpr tkfr;ksa rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa esa ;g Hkkouk Øfed <ax
ls c<+rh tk jgh gS fd dk¡xzsl muds erksa ls fot;h gksrh vk;h gSA vr% /khjs&/khjs mudk >q dko uoxfBr tkfroknh ny clik dh vksj c<+k gSA bl {ks = es a clik us loZizFke 1989 ds yksdlHkk fuokZpu esa viuk iz R;k'kh [kM+k fd;k Fkk] ftls 26-26 izfr'kr er
iz kIr gq;s FksA 1991 ds yksdlHkk ds e/;kof/k pquko esa igyh ckj Hkkjr es a clik ds iz R;k'kh Hkhe fla g iVsy dks jhok lalnh; {ks = esa fot;Jh iz kIr gq bZ FkhA bl rjg jhok ftys esa cgqtu lekt ikVhZ ds izHkko esa Øfed foLrkj gqvk gSA 2003 ds fo/kkulHkk fuokZ pu esa clik us lo.kZ oxZ ds dq N iz R;k'kh [kM+s fd;s FksA jktdq ekj meZfy;k ,s ls gh iz R;kf'k;ksa es a ,d Fks] ftUgksa us clik dh fVdV ij fljekSj fo/kkulHkk {ks = esa pquko yM+ k Fkk vkS j fot; ds yxHkx fudV FksA¹ bl fuokZpu esa dk¡xzs l ds iz R;k'kh dks 14-89 izfr'kr] Hkktik ds iz R;k'kh dks 13-
01 izfr'kr] lektoknh ikVhZ ds izR;k'kh dks 12-16 izfr'kr er izkIr gq;s FksA vU; nyksa ds izR;kf'k;ksa dks 0-33 izfr'kr ls ysdj 2-48 iz fr'kr rd er iz kIr gq;s FksA
¹ lu~ 2003 ds bl fuokZ pu esa fljekSj fo/kkulHkk {ks= es a 1]12]724 ernkrkvks a usvius erkf/kdkj dk iz;ks x fd;k Fkk] buesa 27 er fujLr gq ;s FksA bl rjg fof/kekU; erksa
dh la[;k 1]12]697 FkhA lu~ 2003 ds fuokZpu esa fljekSj fo/kkulHkk {ks = esa Mkys x;s erksa dk fooj.k dh
lesfdr tkudkjh fuEu rkfydk esa iz Lrqr dh tk jgh gSA
erks dk fooj.k fuokpu 2003 foxr fuokZpu 1998
fof/kekU; erks dh la[;k 1,12,697 95,588
fujLr erk dh dy la[;k 27 1246
Mkys x; erks dh dqy l[;k 1,12,727 96,834fudVre ifr}Unh ls erks dk vUrj 588 17,897
fot;h iR;k'kh dk uke jkey[ku 'kekZ jktef.k iVsy
ny lEc)rk dE;qfuLV ikVh vkQ bf.M;k¼ekdloknh½
bfUM;u us'kuy dkWxsl
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lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1. Election Commission of India, "Report on Second, General Elections in India, 1957",
Vol. III, New Delhi
2. Election Commission of India, "Report on Second, General Elections in India, 1962",
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012 309
Vol. III, New Delhi
3. Election Commission of India, "Report on Second, General Elections in India, 1967",
Vol. II, New Delhi
4. Election Commission of India, "Report on Second, General Elections in India, 1971",
Vol. II, New Delhi
5. Chief Electroal Officer, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal, Vidhan Sabha Elections 1977, M.P.
Election Results', June 1977, Bhopal
6. Chief Electroal Officer, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal, Vidhan Sabha General Elections 1980,
Bhopal
7. Chief Electroal Officer, Madhya Pradesh, Vidhan Sabha Elections 1977, M.P. Election
Results', 1985, 1990 and 1993 Bhopal
8. eq[; fuokZpu inkf/kdkjh] e/; izns'k fo/kkulHkk fuokZpu ifj.kke 1993] Hkksiky
RNI No. MP BIL 01034/12/1/2005-TC ISSN 0973-3914
iz ks- cz txks iky 'kq Dy 41@42] j?kq oa 'k lnu] fcfN;k] jhok (e-iz-)& 486001
Phone - (07662) 255177, 9425186437E-mail - [email protected]@rediffmail.com
ls UVj QkW j fjlpZ LVMht] jhok }kjk fjlpZ tjuy vkWQ lks 'ky ,.M ykbQ lkbals l
ds fo'ks "kka d ds :i es a fuEufyf[kr nks la nHkZ iq Lrdks a dk iz dk'ku ekpZ] 2013 es a fd;k tk jgk gSA
mDr la nHkZ iq Lrdksa es a iz dk'ku gs rq vki viuk rF; ijd ,oa rdZ ;q Dr 'kks/k i= Hks tdj bl vdknfed dk;Z es a lg;ks x dj ldrs gS a A fgUnh Hkk"kk es a 'kks/k i= ,e-,l- oMZ es a QkUV d` frns o 010] djs DVj lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k_
va xz s th Hkk"kk es a VkbEl U;w jks eu QkUV lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k es a Hks ts a A
(vkbZ-,l-ch-,u- 978&81&87364&56&6)
(ISBN 978-81-87364-55-9)
Social Change & Development in India
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uxjh; fudk;ksa esa usr`Ro dk mHkjrk Lo:i uxjh; fudk;ksa esa usr`Ro dk mHkjrk Lo:i uxjh; fudk;ksa esa usr`Ro dk mHkjrk Lo:i uxjh; fudk;ksa esa usr`Ro dk mHkjrk Lo:i uxjh; fudk;ksa esa usr`Ro dk mHkjrk Lo:i
(vuwiiqj uxj iapk;r ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) (vuw iiqj uxj iapk;r ds fo'ks"k la nHkZ esa) (vuwiiqj uxj iapk;r ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) (vuw iiqj uxj iapk;r ds fo'ks"k la nHkZ esa) (vuwiiqj uxj iapk;r ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa)¹ vkjrh frokjh ¹ vkjrh frokjh ¹ vkjrh frokjh ¹ vkjrh frokjh ¹ vkjrh frokjh
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¹ vfrfFk fo}ku] jktuhfr foKku] 'kkldh; Lukrd egkfo|ky;] Nikjk] ftyk flouh (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& Hkkjr es a LFkkuh; 'kklu laLFkk;s a dksbZ u;h ugha gSa A izkphu dky ls uxjks a ,oa xkaoks a esa LFkkuh; 'kklu dh dqN u dqN O;oLFkk jgh gSA uxj vkS j xkao esa lQkbZ cuk;s j[kus vkS j lqj{kk O;oLFkk ij eq[;r% /;ku bu laLFkkvks a dk dsfUnzr jgrk FkkA e/;dky vkrs&vkrs ;g
O;oLFkk dqN fod`r gks x;hA okLro es a uxjksa dh vkcknh ftl rsth ls c<+ jgh gS ] ml rsth lsnSfud t:jr dh vk/kkjHkwr lsokvks a dh c<+ksÙkjh ugha gks ik jgh gSA LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dh laLFkk;s a jkT; 'kklu vkSj dsUnz 'kklu ds vuqnku ij vHkh Hkh vius dks fuHkZj ekurh gS]tcfd 74 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds i'pkr bu laLFkkvks a dks foÙkh; {ks= esa lq/kku ykus vkSj viuh vk; ds lzksr c<+kus ds ckjs es a iwjh Lok;Ùkrk nh xbZ gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
izkphu Hkkjr tks **xzke x.krU=ksa** ds fy, lq iz fl¼ Fkk] uxjks a vkS j 'kgjksa ds fy, lqiz cfU/kr ns'k Hkh FkkA gM+Iik vkSj eksgutksnM+ ks dh [kqnkbZ esa lq O;ofLFkr 'kgjksa dsHkXuko'ks"k izkIr gq, gSa A dkS fVY; us viuh izfl¼ jpuk *vFkZ'kkL=* es a ikVfyiq= uxj
rFkk ogka ds iz'kklu dk i;kZ Ir o.kZu fd;k gSA esxLFkuht us Hkh viuh iqLrd *bf.Mdk*
esa o.kZu fd;k gS fd ekS;ksZa us viuh jkt/kkuh ikVfyiq= ds fy, lq O;ofLFkr uxj iz'kklu dh O;oLFkk dh FkhA mlds dk;Z cgqr O;kid FksA uxj esa dkuw u vkSj O;oLFkk] cktkjksa ij fu;U=.k] vijk/kksa rFkk lkekftd cq jkb;ksa dk mUewyu] okMks Za ds vuqlkj yksxksa dk ia thdj.k rFkk xqIrpj O;oLFkk vkfn vusd dk;Z mlds lqiqnZ FksA bl izdkj izkphu dky esa uxj laLFkk,W a lqfuf'pr dk;ks Za esa dk;Zjr FkhaA eq xy&'kkludky esa uxjksa dk fodkl gqvkA fczfV'k ljdkj us u dsoy 'kgjh {ks=ksa ds fy, LFkkuh; Lo'kklu ds fo"k; esa igy dh cfYd mUgks aus cEcbZ] dydÙkk vkSj enzkl tSls uxjksa dk fodkl Hkh fd;kA LorU=rk&izkfIr ds ckn uxjhdj.k dh iz o`fÙk esa deh ugha vk;h vkSj xkWaoksa ls uxjksa dh vks j yks xksa ds iyk;u esa o`f¼ gqbZA bldk dkj.k vkS |ks xhdj.k vkSj vk/kqfudhdj.k ds
iz fr gekjh izfrc¼rk gSA thou vkS j lEifÙk ds izfr lqj{kk] vf/kd jks txkj ds lqvolj]
vf/kd lqfo/kktud thou vkSj 'kgjh ped&ned ,s ls dkj.k gSa ftudh otg ls yks x xkaoksa ls 'kgjksa dh vksj cM+ h ek=k esa nkSM+ jgs gSa A bl c<+rh gqbZ uxjhdj.k dh iz o`fÙk us u dsoy gekjs vkfFkZd <kWaps dks izHkkfor fd;k gS cfYd gekjs lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd thou dks Hkh izHkkfor fd;k gSA LorU=rk ds mijkUr uxj iz'kklu ds fodkl ds {ks = esa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu fd;s x;s gSA fiNys nks&rhu n'kdksa ds chp uxj&la LFkkvks a dks u;k iz ksRlkgu feyk vkSj mUgsa vf/kd yksdrkfU=d cuk;k x;kA
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bl rjg Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; 'kklu laLFkk;s a dksbZ u;h ugha gSaA izkphu dky ls uxjks a
,oa xkaoksa esa LFkkuh; 'kklu dh dq N u dqN O;oLFkk jgh gSA uxj vkSj xkao esa lQkbZ cuk;s j[kus vkSj lqj{kk O;oLFkk ij eq[;r% /;ku bu la LFkkvks a dk dsfUnzr jgrk FkkA e/;dky vkrs&vkrs ;g O;oLFkk dqN fod`r gks x;hA uxj ds dksroky dks ;g nkf;Ro lkSaik x;kA bl mís '; ls dksroky O;kikfj;ks a ls Qhl vFkkZr~ dj mxkgus yxsA fczfV'k dky esa LFkkuh; 'kklu dh laLFkkvksa dks ,d u;k :i iz nku fd;k x;kA bl iz dkj /khjs&/khjs LFkkuh; la LFkkvksa ds orZeku :i dk fodkl gqvk gSA 1 uoEcj 1956 dks iqjkus
e/;izns'k] foU/; izns'k] Hkksiky ,oa e/;Hkkjr dks feykdj u;s e/;izns'k dk xBu gqvkA uoxfBr izns'k dh fofHkUu bdkb;ksa esa uxj iz'kklu ds lEcU/k esa vius&vius fu;e vkSj O;oLFkk;sa Fkha A u;s e/;izns'k ds xBu ds ckn e/;Hkkjr uxj ikfyd fo/kku] 1956 dks iw js iz ns'k esa ykxw fd;k x;k] ftls 1961 esa la'kksf/kr fd;k x;kA 74 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku
ds i'pkr~ buesa Hkh rn~ uq lkj la'kks/ku fd;k tkdj e/;izns'k uxj ikfyd vf/kfu;e fofufeZr fd;k x;k gSA e/;iz ns'k esa LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa esa pq uko dks lEiUu djkus ds fy;s ,d Lora= ,oa fu"i{k jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA blh izdkj foÙk vk;ksx dk Hkh xBu fd;k x;k gS ftldh vuq 'kalk ds vuqlkj jkT; LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa dks
foÙkh; vuq nku iznku djrk gSA e/;iz ns'k esa f=Lrjh; uxjh; la LFkk;sa& uxj ikfyd fuxe] uxj ikfydk ,oa uxj iapk;r dk;Zjr gSaA okLro es a uxjksa dh vkcknh ftl rs th ls c<+ jgh gS] ml rsth ls nSfud t:jr dh vk/kkjHkwr lsokvks a dh c<+ks Ùkjh ugha gks ik jgh gSA LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dh laLFkk;sa jkT; 'kklu vkS j dsUnz 'kklu ds vuqnku ij vHkh Hkh vius dks fuHkZj ekurh gS] tcfd 74 os a lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds i'pkr bu laLFkkvksa dks
foÙkh; {ks= esa lq/kku ykus vkS j viuh vk; ds lzksr c<+ kus ds ckjs esa iwjh Lok;Ùkrk nh
xbZ gSA 'kks/k dk mn~ns';& e/; izns 'k es a vkfnoklh tula [;k lokZf/kd gSA blesa Hkh 'kgMksy ftys esa vkfnokfl;ksa (vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a) dh la[;k dqy la[;k dh nks&frgkbZ ls Hkh vf/kd gSA izns'k ds bl ftys dh vuwiiqj uxj ia pk;r 'kgMksy ftys (orZeku le; vuwiiqj ftyk) ds dsUnz esa fLFkr gSA e/; izns 'k 'kklu] LFkkuh; 'kklu dh bu laLFkkvksa
dks vf/kd xfr'khy o dk;Z'khy cukus ds fy, ladfYir gSA bUgsa vf/kd vf/kdkj ,oa foÙkh; la lk/ku miyC/k djk;s tk jgs gSaA 1994 ds fuokZpuksa esa efgykvks a ds fy, Hkh 30 iz fr'kr LFkku vkjf{kr fd;s x;s gS aA bl i"B&Hkwfe esa bl 'kks/k dk mís '; uxj iapk;r vuwiiqj dk izdk;kZ Red (Qa D'kuy) v/;;u djuk jgk gS fd 'kklu dk ;g <ka pk
fodkl'khy /kkjk dks rst xfr nsus esa rFkk vkfnoklh usr`Ro dks l{ke cukus es a fdl lhek
rd lQy gqvk gSAv/;;u {ks=& vuw iiq j pkjks rjQ vkfnoklh cgqy xka oks ds chp clk e/; iz ns'k dk
,d dLck gSA jhok jkT; niZ.k esa vuwiiqj dh HkkS xksfyd fLFkfr dk o.kZu djrs gq, 1919 esa fy[kk x;k gS fd vuwiiqj xz ke 230 7* mÙkj vkSj 810 42* iwoZ es a fLFkr gS a ;g
dVuh&fcykliqj jsyos ykbu ij ,d LVs'ku gSA;gkWa jsyos dh lqfo/kk ds lkFk lkFk f'k{kk] LokLF; dh i;kZIr lqfo/kk;s a gSA /khjs&/khjs ;g uxj c<+rs gq , vkt ftyk eq[;ky; dh fLFkfr ij igqW ap x;k gSA vkfnoklh vapyksa ds uxjh; Lo'kklh la LFkku yksdra = dh ikaonku gS tgka iSj j[k dj yksx izxfr vkS j 'kfDr ds la lkj esa vkxs c<+ rs pys tkrs gSaA
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v/;;u i¼fr& ;g 'kks/k v/;;u izkFkfed ,oa }S rh;d L=ksrks a ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl
v/;;u es a lekt foKku dh oSKkfud i¼fr dk vuq 'kj.k djrs gq ;s rF;ks a dk laxzg.k fd;k x;k gSA blds fy;s lk{kkRdkj iz.kkyh dks viuk;k x;k gSA lk{kkRdkj ds fy;s150 ukxfjdksa dk rFkk 50 tu iz frfuf/k;ksa dk p;u fun'kZu i¼fr ds ek/;e ls fd;k
x;k gSA fun'kZ u i¼fr esa dq N ,s lh bdkbZ;kWa pquh tkrh gS] ftues a lexz bdkbZ;ksa ds xq.k fo|eku gks rs gSa A bl v/;;u esa lk{kkRdkj ds fy;s bdkbZ;ksa dk p;u lfopkj fun'kZu iz .kkyh ls fd;k x;k gSA uxjh; fudk;ksa esa usr`Ro dk mHkjrk Lo:i& 150 ukxfjdksa rFkk 50 tuizfrfuf/k;ks a ls fy, x;s lk{kkRdkj ls fuEu rF; lkeus vkrs gSa &1- efgykvksa dh c<+rh gqbZ Hkkxhnkjh& uxj iapk;r vuwiiq j esa uxj
ia pk;r v/;{k ,d efgyk fuokZfpr gqbZA ifj"kn esa 5 fofHkUu oxks Za & lkekU;] vuqlwfpr
tutkfr] ,oa fiNM+s oxZ dh efgyk;sa fuokZfpr gq bZaA bl rjg ia pk;r ifj"kn esa efgykvksa dh la[;k ,d frgkbZ jghA2- lekt ds lHkh oxksZa dk izfrfuf/kRo& ifj"kn esa lHkh oxksZ a lkekU;]vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] vU; fiNM+k oxZ rFkk efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh
lqfuf'pr gqbZA3- /kkfeZd lkeatL;& /kkfeZd n`f"V ls Hkh ns[kk tk; rks ifj"kn esa fgUnqvksa ds
lkFk gh lkFk eqfLye izfrfuf/kRo Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA iq:"kksa esa ik"kZn eksgEen eUlwj rFkk efgyk [kS :fUu'kk eqfLye izfrfuf/k fuokZfpr gq,A4- tuHkkxhnkjh dk ,glkl& e/; iz ns'k esa f=Lrjh; iapk;rksa ,oa f=Lrjh;
uxjh; Lo'kklu dh laLFkkvksa dk xBu bl rjg fd;k x;k gS fd yksxksa esa ;g ,glkl
mRiUu gks fd 'kklu dk ew y vk/kkj 'kkldh; dk;ks Zaa esa yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh gSA leqnk;ks a dks ty] Hkwfe] taxy ;gka rd fd dks"k dk Hkh ekfyd cuk;k x;k gSA5- yksdrkaf=d fodsUnzhdj.k dk okLrfod Lo:i& yksdrkaf=d
fods Unz hdj.k dk bl iz fØ;k esa efgykvks a] vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks a rFkk lekt ds detksj oxZ ds yksxksa dks Hkkxhnkjh lq fuf'pr dj nh xbZ gSA vkt vkfnoklh cgqy {ks= uxj iapk;r vuwiiqj dh v/;{k ,d efgyk gSA ifj"kn esa Hkh ,d
frgkbZ LFkku efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr gSA bl le; e/; izns 'k es a yksdrkaf=d fosdsUnzhdj.k dh bl izfØ;k ds vUrxZ r uhps ds Lrj ij iz 'kklu ls 40 yk[k ls vf/kd yksx tqM+s gSa A fuokZfpr iapk;r jkt laLFkkvksa vkSj 'kgjh ukxfjd fudk;ksa ds vykok izns'k esa fuokZfpr ljdkjh lfefr;ka ] fuokZfpr ea Mh lfefr;ka] taxyksa ds fodkl vkS j izca/ku
ds fy, 13000 lfefr;ka] xzke Lrj dh djhc 8000 ty izca /ku lfefr;ka ] flapkbZ O;oLFkk ds izca/ku ds fy, dksbZ 1000 fuokZfpr ty miHkksDrk lfefr;ka rFkk izkFkfed ,ao ek/;fed Ldw yksa ds izca/ku ds fy, ,d yk[k ls vf/kd vfHkHkou f'k{kd la?k gSaA blls jkT; ds fodkl ds fy, cgqr cM+h lkekftd iwath rS ;kj gks xbZ gSA e/; izns'k ljdkj us pkyw fodkl dk;ksZ a vkSj nw ljs eqn~nksa ds ckjs es a lh/ks vke yks xksa dh jk; tkuus ds fy, xz ke lEidZ vfHk;ku vkSj uxj lEidZ vfHk;ku 'kq: fd;s gS aA yks xksa ls fuja rj lEidZ cuk;s j[kus ds blh iz;kl ls mudh uhfr;ka funs Zf'kr gksrh gSa vkSj mudk utfj;k curk gSA fuokZfpr iz frfuf/k;ksa dk gkFk yksxks a dh uCt vkS j /;ku cq fu;knh ckrks a ij yxk
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jgrk gSA bl rjg 1990 ds n'kd esa tgka uxj iapk;r es a vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh
lfØ;k Hkkxhnkjh c<+ h gS] ogha usr`Ro dk ,d u;k Lo:i mHkjk gS ftlesa lekt ds detksj oxksZ a] ;qodksa ,oa e/;e oxZ dh iz/kkurk c<+h gSA iztkrkaf=d usr`Ro dk izknqHkkZo& xzke ls ysdj 'kgjh LFkkuh; 'kklu ds fudk;ksa esa vkt ,d u, iztkrkfU=d us r` Ro dk fodkl gqvk gS ftlesa O;fDr dh vkuq okaf'kd fLFkfr] Hkw&LokfeRo rFkk tkfrxr lnL;rk dk fo'ks"k egRo ugha gSA xka o ;k okMZ dk usr`Ro vc mu O;fDr;ks a esa dsfUnzr gS tks lkekU; O;fDr;ksa ds }kjk fuokZfpr gksrs gS a vFkok ftUgsa cgqer dk leFkZu iz kIr gksrk gSA ,d fo'ks "k rF; ;g gS fd bl iztkrkaf=d usr`Ro esa us rk rFkk mlds vuq;kf;;ks a dh 'kfDr vFkok izfr"Bk es a dks bZ Li"V foHksn ugha gksrkA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd LFkkuh; usrk vU; O;fDr;ks a dks vius O;ogkjksa ls izHkkfor djus ds lkFk gh Loa; yksxks a dh vkdka {kkvksa ls Hkh izHkkfor gksrk gSA usr`Ro dk Lo:i vc vf/kd
ykSfdd vkSj /keZ&fujis{k gSA us rk dh 'kfDr dh O;k[;k fdlh /keZ 'kkL= vFkok ijEijkxr fo'oklksa ds vk/kkj ij ugha gksrh cfYd tu vkdka{kkvksa ,oa 'kkldh; uhfr;kssa ds vk/kkj ij gksrh gSA ;g xzke cgqy 'kgjh vapyksa ds usr`Ro esa mRiUu ,d ,slk ifjorZu gS ftlus lEiw.kZ 'kfDr lajpuk ds Lo:i dks ifjofrZr dj fn;k gSA usr`Ro esa fo'ks"khdj.k& bl u;s usr` Ro esa mRiUu izeq[k ifjorZuksa esa ls ,d ;g gS fd vkt usrk esa gh xkao@okMZ dh lEiw.kZ 'kfDr dsfUnzr ugha gks rh cfYd thou ds iz R;sd fof'k"V i{k rFkk fof'k"V dk;ksZa ls lEc¼ i`Fkd&i`Fkd O;fDr;ksa dks usrk ds :i esa ekU;rk nh tkus yxh gSA okLro esa xzkeh.k ,oa uxj iapk;rksa esa fuokl djus okys yksxks a dk thou vc bruk fofo/krkiw.kZ gks x;k gS fd fofHkUu vko';drkvksa dh iw frZ dds fy;s fofHkUu izdkj ds usrkvksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s uxj iapk;r
dk v/;{k uxj iapk;r ds ik"kZ n] lgdkjh lfefr dk v/;{k] ;qod e.My dk v/;{k rFkk dY;k.k lfefr;ksa ds inkf/kdkjh vkfn ,sls usrk gSa ftuesa lEiw .kZ {ks = dk usr`Ro foHkkftr :i esa ns [kus dks feyrk gSA MkW a0 cS tukFk flag us vius v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij ;g Li"V fd;k gS fd xz keh.k usr`Ro dh ;g fofo/krk ewy :i ls lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u dk ifj.kke gSA bl v/;;u esa ;g ik;k x;k gS fd vktknh ds i'pkr yxHkx 40 o"kksZ a rd xzkeh.k vapyks a dk us r` Ro iz eq[k oxZ ds yksxks a ds gkFk es a Fkk] ftudk lEcU/k {ks= ds fo/kk;d o lka ln ls gksrk FkkA vc f=&Lrjh; iapk;rksa ,oa uxjh; Lo'kklu dh mtkZ oku laLFkkvks a dh LFkkiuk ds i'pkr usr`Ro ds Lo:i esa ifjorZ u vk;k gSA ;g laLFkk;s a vc usr`Ro esa fo'ks"khdj.k dh Hkkouk dks ewrZ :i iznku dj jgh
gS aA
mDr fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd xzkeh.k rFkk uxjh; thou esa usr`Ro ds dsoy uohu izfreku gh fodflr ugha gq, gS a cfYd mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh ifjorZu gq vk gS tks usr`Ro ds ,d fo'ks"k Lo:i dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] la;qDr ifjokjks a ds LFkku ij ,dkdh ifjokjksa dh la[;k c<+ us ds dkj.k us r` Ro ds fu/kkZj.k es a ifjokj dk egRo de gqvk gSA Hkw&LokfeRo ds uohu dkuwuksa ds dkj.k ijEijkxr teha nkjksa rFkk cM+ sHkw&Lokfe;ksa dh fLFkfr esa âkl gqvk gSA lektoknh ewY;ksa dk izlkj gks us ls xkao ds Nks VsvkS j lhekUr d`"kdksa us mu vf/kdkjksa dh ekax djuk vkjEHk dj fn;k gS ftudh dqN
le; igys rd lEHkkouk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrh FkhA uxjks a esa f'k{kk izkIr djds xkao esa
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012314
vkdj jgus okys uo;q od ,sls fopkjksa dk izlkj dj jgs gSa ftuds vUrxZr us r` Ro dk
ijEijkxr Lo:i fLFkj ugha jg ldrk gSA ;g lp gS fd ijEijkxr xz keh.k usr`Ro ls lEc¼ vf/kdkjksa dk mi;ksx dj ysus ds i'pkr xkao ,oa dLcks a ds ijEijkxr eqf[k;k vkt Hkh cnyrh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ks a esa vius izHkko dks cuk;s j[kus dk iz;Ru dj jgs gSa]
ijUrq bu ifjofrZ r n'kkvksa ds vUrxZr mUgsa vf/kd lQyrk izkIr ugha gks ldh gSA bl rjg LFkkuh; us r` Ro ds izfreku es a vusd ifjorZu gks jgs gSaA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1. B.S. Cohen, The Changing Status of Depressed Caste
2. Andre Beteille, Caste, Class and Power
3. A.C. Mayor, Rural Leaders and the Indian General Elections, Asion Survey
4. O.P. Sharma, Rural Elities and Politics of Panchayati Raj, in Concepts of Indian
Society
5. S.C. Dube, India’s Changing Villages
6. Indra & P. Singh, Leadership in a Sikh Village
7. Ranga Nath, Changing Patterns of Rural Leadership in U.P.
8. Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society : Modernizing the Middle East
9. B.N. Singh, The Impact of Community Development Programme on Rural
Leadership in Leadership and Political Institution in India.
ISSN 0975-4083
A Registered Reviewed Research JournalSix monthly Bi-lingual Journal (English/Hindi Editions)
Please address all Communications -
Prof. Braj Gopal ShuklaChief Editor
Research J ournal Social and Life Sciences41/42, Raghuwans Sadan, Shantikunj, Bichhiya, Rewa 486 001 (M.P.)
Phone - (07662) 255177, 9425186437E-mail - [email protected]@rediffmail.com
The Aims & Objectives-
Guidelines & Member Ship Fee
To provide a plateform for the publication of original unpublished Research Papers, Summary of ResearchProject, Thesis and Book review relating to all subjects of Social & LifeSciences and to promote interdisciplinary research work. BookReview can be published on receipt of two copies of concerned book.
-Authors/ Researchers can contact
in the Registered Office given below-
Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich’s International Periodicals Directory ©,ProQuest, U.S.A. Title Id : 715204
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¹ ,l-vkj- esgjk ¹ ,l-vkj- esgjk ¹ ,l-vkj- esgjk ¹ ,l-vkj- esgjk ¹ ,l-vkj- esgjk
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¹ lgk;d izk/;kid] Hkwxksy] foHkkx] 'kkldh; Lukrd egkfo|ky; 'kgiqjk] fM.MkSjh (e-iz)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& orZeku le; esa izkd`frd ,oa lkaLd`frd i;kZoj.k v/;;u dh vko';drk D;ks a iM+xbZ ;g ,d fopkj.kh; iz'u gS \ okLro es a orZ eku le; es a izkd`frd ,ao lka Ld`frd i;kZOkj.k dk larqyu fcxkM+k gS ekuo leqnk; us euq"; us orZeku le; rd Hkkjr es a fo'ks"k #Ik lstula[;k es a vR;f/kd o`f¼ djds vusd leL;kvks dks vkus dk fuea=.k ns fn;k gSA vkt
Hkkjr dh tula[;k 127 djksM+ gks pqdh gSA blds Hkj.k iks"k.k ds fy;s euq"; rjg rjg dsfØ;k dyki dj jgk gS A ftlds QyLo#i i;kZoj.k ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= ds rRoksa es a larqyu fcxM+rk tk jgk gSA oS ls rks ikfjfLFkfrdh; ra= es a vUrfuZfeZ r Lor% fu;ked fØ;k fof/k gksrh gSA rks nw ljs izdkj ds ifjorZ u }kjk ?kfVr ifjorZu dh {kfriwfrZ gks tkrh gS A ijUrq tc vlarqyu bruk vf/kd gks tk, fd bldh HkjikbZ i;kZoj.k ra= }kjk fuf'pr le; es a ugh gksikrh rks bl izd`fr esa i;kZoj.k ds bu rRoks a dk gekjs thou esa izfrdw y izHkko fn[kkbZ iM+usyxrs gS rFkk gedks eglwl gksus yxrk gS fd i;kZoj.k dk v/;;u djuk furkar vko';d gS D;ksfd i;kZoj.k dk voØe.k izkjaHk gks x;k gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
ikfjfLFkfrdh lkekU; #Ik ls og foKku gS tks ,d rjQ lHkh thokas rFkk muds
HkkSfrd i;kZ oj.k esa rFkk nwljh rjQ fofHkUu thoksa esa ijLijjkfJr ijLij vfHkfØ;k 'khy rFkk ijLij laca/k vUrj laca/kks dk v/;;u djrk gS vFkkZr~ ifjfLFkfrdh og foKku gS ftlds vUrxZ r leLr thoksa rFkk HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k ds e/; vUrZ lEcU/kks ,oa fofHkUu thoks ds e/; ikjLifjd vUrlZEcU/kks dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA ikfjfLFkfrdh i;kZoj.k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ Z vax gS] fcuk i;kZoj.k ds v/;;u ds ikfjfLFkfrdh dk v/;;u ugh fd;k tk ldrkA i;kZoj.k 'kCn dk vFkZ ls rkRi;Z gS vkl&ikl ;k vkl iM+ ksl] ekuo tUrqvks ;k ikS/kks dh o`f¼ ,oa fodkl dks izHkkfor djus okyh ckg; n'kk,W ]dk;Ziz.kkyh rFkk thou ;kiu dh n'kk,W vkfnA i;kZoj.k 'kCn nks 'kCnaksa ls feydj cuk gS ifj $vkoj.kA ifj dk vFkZ pkjkas vksj ls gS rFkk vkoj.k dk vFkZ ?ksjk gks rk gS vFkkZr~ og vkoj.k tks ges pkjks vksj ls ?ksjs gq, gSA ijUrq bl la nHkZ es a rhu iz 'u mBrs gs 1- D;k f?kjk
gqvk gS 2- fdlds }kjk f?kjk gqvk gS rFkk 3- dgkWa f?kjk gqvk gS\ fu'p; gh izFke iz'u dk mRrj gksxk fd lkekU; #i esa thfor txr rFkk eq [; #i ls ekuo bl izdkj ;fn euq"; gh f?kjh gqbZ oLRkq gS rks HkkSfrd rRo nwljs iz'u dk mRrj gksxkA LFkku ;k okL;{ks= rhljsvkS j vfUre iz 'u dk mRrj gSA bl izdkj fdlh LFkku fo'ks"k esa euq "; ds vkl ikl HkkSfrd rRoks a (LFky] ty] ok;q ] e` nk) dk vkoj.k ftlds }kjk euq"; f?kjk gksrk gS dks
i;kZoj.k dgk tk ldrk gS ikdZ ds vuqlkj **i;kZ oj.k dk vFkZ mu n'kkvks ds ;ks x ls
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012316
gksrk gS tks euq"; dks fuf'pr le; esa fuf'pr LFkku ij vko`r djrh gSA** izks- ,l-vkj-
esgjk (Lo;a) ds vuq lkj **i;kZoj.k og lc dqN gS ftls ge ns[k ldrs gS] lqu ldrs gS] rFkk eglw l dj ldrs gSA** iz kja Hk es a euq"; ds i;kZoj.k dh jpuk bl xzgh; i`Foh ds dsoy HkkSfrd i{kks a (LFky] ty]rFkk ok;q ) rFkk tS fod leqnk; (ikS/ks] izk.kh) }kjk gks rh Fkh] ijUrq le; ds lkFk lkFk ekuo lekt esa fodkl ds }kjk gksrh Fkh] ijUrq le; ds
lkFk lkFk ekuo lekt es a fodkl ds }kjk euq"; us vius lkekftd vkfFkZd rFkk jktuSfrd dk;kasZ ds ek/;e ls vius i;kZoj.k ds fofHkUu izdkjksa dk mn~Hko gq vkA tSls lkekftd i;kZoj.k] vkfFkZd i;kZoj.k] jktuS frd i;kZoj.k vkfnAv/;;u {ks=& v/;;u {ks= esa Hkkjr ds 8^4 ls 37^6 m- v{kaka'k rFkk 68^7 ls97^25 iwohZ ns'kkUrj okys lHkh {ks= dks vkaf'kd #i ls 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr ds
i;kZoj.k ifjfLFkfrdh ds lanHkZ esa Hkkjr es a ifjfLFkfrdh voØe.k ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k
x;k gSA blesa Hkkjr ds ouks] e`nk] ty] rFkk ok;q dh xq .koRrk dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSAHkkjr esa ikfjfLFkfrdh voØe.k& mijksDr ikfjfLFkfrdh i;kZoj.k ds lanHkZ esa
oSls rks lHkh yksx tkurs gS a ijUrq D;k os okLrfod #i es i;kZ oj.k ds izfr tkx#d gS] ;fn gSa rks i;kZ oj.k v/;;u dh vko';drk D;ksa iM+ xbZA ;g ,d fopkj.kh; iz'u gSA orZeku le; es a izkd`frd ,oa lka Ld`frd i;kZoj.k v/;;u dh vko';drk D;ks iM+ xbZ ;g ,d fopkj.kh; iz'u gS okLro esa orZ eku le; esa iz kd` frd ,oa lka Ld`frd i;kZOkj.k dk larqyu fcxkM+k gS ekuo leqnk; us euq"; us orZeku le; rd Hkkjr es a fo'ks"k #Ik ls tula[;k es a vR;f/kd o` f¼ djds vus d leL;kvks dks vkus dk fuea=.k ns fn;k gSAvkt Hkkjr dh tula [;k 127 djksM+ gks pqdh gSA blds Hkj.k iks"k.k ds fy;s euq"; rjg
rjg ds fØ;k dyki dj jgk gSA ftlds QyLo#i i;kZoj.k ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= ds rRoks a esa larqyu fcxM+ rk tk jgk gSA oS ls rks ikfjfLFkfrdh; ra= esa vUrfuZfeZr Lor% fu;ked fØ;k fof/k gks rh gSA rks nwljs izdkj ds ifjorZu }kjk ?kfVr ifjorZ u dh {kfriwfrZ gks tkrh gSA ijUrq tc vlarqyu bruk vf/kd gks tk, fd bldh HkjikbZ i;kZ oj.k ra= }kjk fuf'pr le; esa ugh gks ikrh rks bl iz d`fr esa i;kZoj.k ds bu rRoksa dk gekjs thou es a iz frdwy izHkko fn[kkbZ iM+us yxrs gS rFkk gedks eglwl gksus yxrk gS fd i;kZoj.k dk v/;;u djuk furkar vko';d gS D;ksfd i;kZ oj.k dk voØe.k iz kja Hk gks x;k gSA
i;kZoj.k ds rRoksa dh xq.koRrk ,oa ifjek.k es a gkl dks i;kZoj.k ;k ikfjfLFkfrdh voØe.k dgk tkrk gSA
ikfjfLFkfrd voØe.k ds dkjd&
1- tula[;k o`f¼& Hkkjr esa tula [;k o f¼ ds dkj.k i;kZoj.k voØe.k ,oa iz nw"k.k c<+rk tk jgk gS D;ksafd fnuksa fnu c<+ rk tk jgk gSA okLro esa vkS |ks fxd foLrkj] uxjh; o`f¼] d`f"k esa foLrkj ,oa fodkl] ;krk;kr ,oa lapkj ds lk/kuksa esa o`f¼ vkfn tula[;k esa fujaUrj o`f¼ ds gh ifj.kke gS sA
Hkkjr esa tula[;k dh n'kdh; o`f¼ o"k ldy tul[;k
¼fefy;u es½
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1901 238]39 89-16 10-84
1911 252]09 89-79 10-21
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012 317
1921 251]32 88]82 11-18
1931 287-97 88-00 12-001941 318-66 86-14 13-861951 361]08 82-70 17-301961 439-23 82-03 17-971971 548-15 80-10 19-901981 683-23 76-66 23-341991 846-30 74-29 25-712001 1020-70 72-02 28-75
L=ksr% The citizen's fifth report centre for scienceAnd environment, new Delhi 2001
2- ou fouk'k& Hkkjr esa ouks dh va /kk/kqa /k dVkbZ] ou Hkwfe dk d`f"k Hkwfe esa ifjorZu] >w feax d` f"k] ouks dk pkjkxkgksa esa ifjorZ u] vfrpkj.k] oukfXu] bekjrh ,oa tykÅ ydMh ds #i es a ouksa dk fouk'k rFkk vusd cgqmís 'kh; ifj;kstuk tSls lM+ d
ifj;ks tuk] cka /k ifj;kstukvksa ds fodkl ds dkj.k Hkkjr es a ouksa dk fouk'k rhoz xfr ls gks jgk gSA ikfjfLFkfrdh; fu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij okafNRk ou vkoj.k ns'k ds leLr HkkSxksfyd {ks=Qy ds 33 izfr'kr Hkkx ij gksuk pkfg, tcfd Hkkjr esa okLrfod
oukPNkfnr Hkkx ek= 20-44 izfr'kr {ks= Qy ij gh gSAHkkjr esa 1972 &75 ls 1993&95 ds chp izkd`frd /ku ou vkoj.k esa Îkl dh izo` fr
(fe- gsDV- esa)
o"kZ ldy ?kus ou ?kus ou vkoj.k e s gzkl
1972&75 46-42 & 10-28
1975&78 36-14 &0-12
1978&81 36-05 &0-08
1981&83 37--85 $ 1-83
1987&87 38-50 $0-65
1989&91 38-56 $0-06
1991&93 338-58 $0-02
1993&95 36-73 & 1-85
bl izdkj orZeku le; es Hkkjr es ou fouk'k nj 1-85 ls Hkh vf/kd gks pqdh gS aA3- vkS|ksfxdj.k rFkk uxjhdj.k& vkS|ksfxd fodkl rFkk uxjhdj.k ds
dkj.k eq[; #i ls ty iznw "k.k ,oa ok;q iznw"k.k c<+k gSA m|ksxksa ,oa uxjksa ls fudyus okyk ty&ey ufn;ksa esa cgk fn;k tkrk gS ftlls u ds oy ufn;ks a dk ty ihus ;ksX; gS vkSj u gh flpkbZ ,oa vU; mi;ksx ds ;ksX; gSA ogha nw ljh vksj vkS|ksfxd dkj[kkukas dh fpefu;ksa ls fudyus okyk /kqvk¡ ftles dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM] feFksu] ,Fksu] izks is u vkfn gkfudkjd xS lkas dk feJ.k ok;q e.Myh; rkieku es a o`f¼ gks jgh gSA
fu"d"kZ& mijksDr fooj.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vkt iz kd` frd ikfjfLFkfrdh; ra= ds rRoksa dk larqyu fnukas fnu fcxMrk tk jgk gSA ;fn le; jgrs O;kid dne ugh mBk;s x;s rks u dsoy ekuo tkfr cfYd lEiw.kZ iz k.kh txr dks xEHkhj ifj.kke Hkqxrus iMs +axsAvkt i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= ds rRoks a ds e/; O;kid lkaetL; LFkkfir djus dh
fo'ks"k vko';drk gS rFkk vke vkneh dks Hkh i;kZoj.k ds izfr tkx#d cukus dh t#jr gS iz d`fr us gesa tUEk nsdj cgqr cM+k midkj fd;k gSA D;k gekjk drZO; ugh curk fd ge mls ,oa vius Hkkoh ihf<+;ks ds fy;s ,d LoPN i;kZoj.k ns\ iz d`fr i;kZoj.k #ih
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012318
ekuo tkfr ds fy, ,d [kwclwjr migkj fn;k gS ftls ges a cM+ h dk;Zdq'kyrk ls lgstdj
j[kuk pkfg,A¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1. Dikshit R.D. (1984) Geography and Teaching of the Environment Poona University
2. flag lfoUnq (2004) i;kZoj.k Hkwxksy] iz;ksx iqLrd Hkou bykgkcknA3. fu;fr tkudh yky ,oa [kUuk lh- ,y- ;wuhQkbM Hkwxksy (2010) f'koyky vxzoky ,.M
dEiuh iqLrd izdk'ku bUnkSjA
Please address all Communications -
Prof. Braj Gopal ShuklaChief Editor
Research J ournal Social and Life Sciences41/42, Raghuwans Sadan, Shantikunj, Bichhiya, Rewa 486 001 (M.P.)
Phone - (07662) 255177, 9425186437E-mail - [email protected]@rediffmail.com
The Aims & Objectives-
Guidelines & Member Ship Fee
To provide a plateform for the publication of original unpublished Research Papers, Summary of ResearchProject, Thesis and Book review relating to all subjects of Social & LifeSciences and to promote interdisciplinary research work. BookReview can be published on receipt of two copies of concerned book.
-Authors/ Researchers can contactin the Registered Office given below-
A Registered Reviewed Research JournalSix monthly Bi-lingual Journal (English/Hindi Editions)
Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich’s International Periodicals Directory ©,ProQuest, U.S.A. Title Id : 715205
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Bksl vif'k"Vksa ls iznw"k.k% 'kgMksy ftys ds lanHkZ esa Bksl vif'k"Vksa ls iznw"k.k% 'kgMksy ftys ds lanHkZ esa Bksl vif'k"Vksa ls iznw"k.k% 'kgMksy ftys ds lanHkZ esa Bksl vif'k"Vksa ls iznw"k.k% 'kgMksy ftys ds lanHkZ esa Bksl vif'k"Vksa ls iznw"k.k% 'kgMksy ftys ds lanHkZ esa
¹ vfuy dqekj mik/;k; ¹ vfuy dqekj mik/;k; ¹ vfuy dqekj mik/;k; ¹ vfuy dqekj mik/;k; ¹ vfuy dqekj mik/;k; ¹¹ vkj-vkj- xkSre ¹¹ vkj-vkj- xkSre ¹¹ vkj-vkj- xkSre ¹¹ vkj-vkj- xkSre ¹¹ vkj-vkj- xkSre
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¹ izk/;kid] lekt'kkL= foHkkx] 'kkldh; usg: LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] cq<+kj] ftyk&'kgMksy ¹¹ vfrfFk O;k[;krk] okf.kT;] fØf'p;u vLirky ds lkeus] 'kgMksy] ftyk&'kgMksy (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& Hkwe.Myhdj.k] mnkjhdj.k] o futhdj.k ls m|ksxks a] d`f"k] dy& dkj[kkuks a vkfn es a ifjorZu gksus ls yksxks a dh thou 'kSyh es a vR;f/kd cnyko vk x;k gS A 21 oha lnh es a ^^iz;ksx dhft, ,oa Qs ad nhft,** ( Use and Throw ) dh rtZ ij vf/kdka'k oLrq, cktkj es a csph tkrh
gSa tS ls & eatu dk ikm;] rsy dk ikmp] ikuh dk ikmp o cksry] nokbZ dh cksry] IykfLVd dk lkeku rFkk ikyhfFku vkfn Bksl vif'k"Vksa dks Qs adus ls Hkwfe dh moZjk 'kfDr de gksrh gS vkS j i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k Hkh gksrk gS A bu vif'k"Vksa ds fuiVkjs dh leL;k fnuks a&fnu c<+rh tk jgh gS] bl mís'; ds fy, nS o fun'kZu fof/k ls 100 iq:"k o 100 efgykvksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA midj.k ds :i esa LofufeZ r iz'ukoyh dk mi;ksx Bksl vif'k"Vks a dks Qsadus o vk; ds Lrj ls ifj.kkeLo:i fu"d"kZ izkIr gqvk fd vk; ds Lrj ls Bksl vif'k"V Qs adus esa izHkko iM+rk gS vFkkZr vf/kd vk; dk Lrj gksus ij Bksl vif'k"V vf/kd Qs adk tkrk gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
Bksl vif'k"V dk vk'k; ,slh fdlh Hkh oLrq;sa] inkFkZ ;k buds Åijh [kksy ;k vkoj.k ls gS tks ,d ckj mi;ksx ds ckn lkekU;r% nw ljh ckj iz ;ksx ugha fd;s tkrs gSa
cfYd dpjk ;k O;FkZ inkFkZ dh rjg Qs ad fn;s tkrs gS a tks u rks tYn lM+rk gS vkSj u gh xyrk gS] ftlls i;kZoj.k iznwf"kr gksrk gSA Hkkjr es a tula[;k o`f¼ ds dkj.k lsvk|ksfxdhdj.k o uxjhdj.k esa Hkh o`f¼ ls Bksl vif'k"Vksa dh ek=k es a fnu nw uh jkr
pkSxquh o`f¼ gks jgh gSA1 21oha lnh esa Hkw.Myhdj.k] mnkjhdj.k o futhdj.k ls ns'k esa rs th ls vk|ks fxd] d`f"k dk;kZsa es a rduhdh ifjorZu ls yksxksa dh thou 'kSyh esa O;kid ifjorZu gq;s gSa ] ftlds dkj.k bls e'khuhdj.k ;qx Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ?kj] Ldwy] egkfo|ky;] fo'ofo|ky;] dk;kZy;] LVs 'kujh] cl LVS .M] dkj[kkuks a ls ysdj [ksr [kfygkuksa rd lHkh LFkkuksa ij euq"; }kjk vusd izdkj dh oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx dj Bksl vif'k"V tS ls [kkyh ikmp] [kkyh cks rysa ] ikyhfFku] IykfLVd dk lkeku rFkk bys DVª kfud
dpjk vkfn lHkh LFkkuksa ij vR;f/kd ek=k esa Qsadk tkrk gS ftlls izfrfnu gtkjksa Vu
Bksl vif'k"V i`Foh dh lrg ij Qsad fn;k tkrk gS] ftldk dkj.k ^iz ;ksx dhft, vkSj Qsad nhft,** (UseAnd Throw ) ds vk/kkj ij vf/kdka 'k oLrq,a mRikfnr dh tkrh gSa vkS j iz;ks x djus okyksa }kjk vk/kqfudrk ds fy, ,s lh oLrqvksa dk mi;ksx ;k miHkksx vf/kd fd;k tkrk gSA ftl LFkku dh tula[;k ftruh vf/kd gS ml LFkku ij Bksl vif'k"V dh leL;k mruh vf/kd gSA2
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Bksl vif'k"Vksa ds eq[; L=ksr&
1- ?kj ls fudyk dpjkA2- vkS"k/kky;ksa ls fudyk dpjk tS ls & cks rysa] Qsadus okyh flfjat] :bZ] diM+k]
IykfLVd] ikyhfFku vkfnA3- dk;kZ y;ks a ls fudyk dpjkA4- Ldwy] egkfo|y; o vU; f'k{k.k la LFkkuksa ls fudyk ;k Qsadk x;k dpjkA5- dkj[kkuksa ls jk[k] jklk;fud inkFkZ rFkk iSfdax dk cpk lkeku vkfnA6- LVs'ku] cl LVS.M] /kkfeZd LFkyksa es a Qsadk x;k Bks l vif'k"VA3
Bksl vif'k"Vksa dk oxhZdj.k& Bksl vif'k"Vks a dks eq[; :i ls 6 oxks± esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA1- /kkrq ls lacaf/kr %& dk¡p dh cksry] Økdjh dk lkeku] fVu dk lkeku o yks gs
dk lkeku vkfnA2- v/kkrq ls lacaf/kr %& jcj] jn~nh diM+k] ydM+h ds VqdM+s vkfnA3- iqjkus edkuksa ds vo'ks "k ;k dckM+ %& fxV~Vh] iRFkj] bZa Vksa ds VqdM+s] /kkrqvksa ds
VqdM+s vkfnA4- d`f"k ls la caf/kr %& Hkwlk] Ma By] ifRr;k¡] [kkn vkfnA5- ey&ew= ,oa e` r tho tUrq %& vkoklh; dkyks fu;ks a ls mRlftZ r ey&ew=] dqRrk]
fcYyh rFkk vU; er tho tUrqA6- vk|ksfxd vif'k"V %& jk[k] jklk;fud inkFkZ] bys DVªkfud o ukHkdh; dpjk
vkfnA4
mís';& 'kgMksy ftys ds O;fDr;ksa dh vk; o muds }kjk iz;ksx dh xbZ oLrqvksa dk Bksl
vif'k"V Qsadus ds izHkko dk v/;;u djukA pj& izLrq r 'kks/k i= esa fuEufyf[kr pjksa dks fy;k x;k gS &1- Lora = pj %& ikyhfFku cSx] oLrq vks a ds Åij dk [kksy] iSfda x dk lkeku] [kkyh
cksry] fVu vkfn tks Bksl vif'k"V gSaA2- ijra= pj %& blds varxZr ,s ls rRoksa dk xBu gks rk gS] tks vkil esa varfØ;k djrs
gSa] tSls & vk; dk Lrj] oa'kkuqØe] okrkoj.k] fya x rRo vkfnA midj.k& iz Lrqr 'kks/k dk;Z esa midj.k ds :i es a 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk LofufeZr iz'ukoyh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS&1- O;fDrxr laca/kh iz'ukoyh %& blesa 30 iz'uksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA izR;sd
iz'uksa ds lgh mRrj ds fy, 1 va d rFkk xyr mRrj ds fy, dksbZ Hkh va d ugha j[kk
x;k gSA2- Bks l vif'k"Vks a dks Qsadus laca/kh iz'ukoyh %& bl iz'ukoyh esa 20 iz'u gSa izR;sd
iz'u ds lgh mRrj ds fy, 1 va d rFkk xyr mRrj ds fy, 'kwU; vad j[kk x;k gSA5
'kks/k izfof/k& O;fDr;ksa ds p;u gsrq U;kn'kZ iz .kkyh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA Bksl vif'k"Vksa dks Qsadus ,oa vk; ds Lrj] oa'kkuqØe] fyax vkfn ls lacaf/kr iz 'ukoyh rS;kj
dh x;h gSA dqy 200 O;fDr;ks a dk p;u U;kn'kZ ls fd;k x;k ftlesa 100 iq:"k ,oa 100 efgykvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA blds fy, LofufeZ r iz'ukoyh dk iz;ksx fd;k
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x;k gSA6
lhekadu& izLrqr 'kks/k dk;Z esa 18 o"kZ ls vf/kd ds O;fDr;ks a ds }kjk Bksl vif'k"V Qsadus ls gksus okys iznw"k.k rFkk vk; ds Lrj ds izHkko dk v/;;u djus ds fy, ds oy 'kgMksy ftys ds O;fDr;ksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA ifjdYiuk& izLrq r 'kks/k i= es a fuEufyf[kr ifjdYiuk,a dh xbZ gS a %&1- 'kgMksy ftys ds mPp o fuEu vk; Lrj ds iq:"kksa }kjk Bksl vif'k"V Qsa dus es a
dksbZ varj ugha gSA2- 'kgMksy ftys ds mPp o fuEu vk; Lrj dh efgykvksa }kjk Bksl vif'k"V Qs adus
es a dksbZ vUrj ugha gSA3- 'kgMksy ftys ds mPp o fuEu vk; Lrj ds O;fDr;ks a }kjk Bks l vif'k"V Qs adus
es a dksbZ vUrj ugha gSA
U;kn'kZ& izLrq r 'kks/k dk;Z esa 'kgMks y ftys ds O;fDr;ks a }kjk Bksl vif'k"V Qs adus ls iz nw"k.k ,oa vk; Lrj ds izHkko dk v/;;u djus ds fy, 200 O;fDr;ksa dks U;kn'kZ iz .kkyh ls pq uk x;k] ftlesa 100 iq:"k o 100 efgyk,a gSaA mPp vk; Lrj 10]000 :0 ls vf/kd rFkk fuEu vk; 10]000 :0 ls de dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA iznRr iz 'ukofy;ks a dks ,df=r djds mldk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gSA izkIrkadksa ds vk/kkj ij ekLVj 'khV rS ;kj dh x;h gSA ek/;] ekud fopyu rFkk Økafrd eku ds }kjk vkdM+ks a dk lka[;dh; fo'ys "k.k djds fu"d"kZ fudkyk x;k gS7 vkSj vko';drkuqlkj lq>ko fn;s x;s gSaA ifj.kkeksa dk fo'ys"k.k& bl 'kks/k dk;Z esa O;fDr;ks a }kjk Bksl vif'k"Vksa dks [kqys LFkku ij Qsa dus ls iznw"k.k o vk; Lrj ds izHkko dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA la dfyr
vka dM+ksa ds lka[;dh; fo'ys "k.k ls fuEufyf[kr ifj.kke izkIr gq,A lkj.kh Ø-&1
mPp o fuEu vk; Lrj ds iq:"kks a }kjk Bksl vif'k"V [kq ys es a Qsadus ls iznw"k.k la ca/kh ifj.kke
Øekad vk; Lrj i:"kk dhla[;k
lekUrjek/;
Ekudfopyu
Økfrd eku
izFke lew g mPp vk; Lrj ¼10]000 :0 ls vf/kd½
42 24-8 5-44-2 xquk
f}rh; lewg fuEu vk; Lrj ¼10]000 :0 ls de½
58 22-6 4-9
0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZdrk gsrq eku ¾ 1-960-01 Lrj ij lkFkZdrk gsrq eku ¾ 2-58
lkj.kh Ø0 1 esa iznf'kZr ifj.kkeksa ls Li"V gS fd iq :"kksa }kjk Bksl vif'k"V [kqys esa Qsadus ls iz nw"k.k QSykus esa izFke lewg o f}rh; lewg ds e/; Økafrd eku 4-2 xquk gS tks 0-05 ,oa 0-01 Lrj ij varj lkFkZd gS vr% vk; vf/kd gksus ij iq :"kksa }kjk vf/kd Bksl vif'k"V Qsa dk tkrk gSA
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mijksDr lkj.kh ds ifj.kkeksa ls Li"V gS fd O;fDr;ksa }kjk Bks l vif'k"V [kqys esa
Qsadus ls iz nw"k.k QSykus esa izFke lewg rFkk f}rh; lewg ds chp Øka frd eku 4-55 xquk gS tks 0-05 ,oa 0-01 Lrj ij va rj lkFkZd gS vr% vk; vf/kd gksus ij O;fDr;ksa }kjk vf/kd vif'k"V Qsadk tkrk gSA
ifjdYiukvksa dk lR;kiu&1- 'kgMksy ftys ds mPp o fuEu vk; Lrj ds iq:"kksa }kjk Bksl vif'k"V Qsa dus es a
dksbZ va rj ugha gSA ;g ifjdYiuk vlR; gSA (lkj.kh Ø0 1 ls )2- 'kgMksy ftys ds mPp o fuEu vk; Lrj dh efgykvksa }kjk Bksl vif'k"V Qs adus
es a dks bZ varj ugha gSA ;g ifjdYiuk vlR; gSA (lkj.kh Ø0 2 ls)3- 'kgMksy ftys ds mPp o fuEu vk; Lrj ds O;fDr;ks a }kjk Bks l vif'k"V Qs adus
es a dks bZ varj ugha gSA ;g ifjdYiuk vlR; gSA (lkj.kh Ø0 3 ls)
Bksl vif'k"V fu;a=.k gsrq lq>ko ;k mik;&1- Bks l vif'k"Vksa dks ,df=r djus gsrq 'kgjksa o xzkeksa es a FkksM+h&FkksM+h nwjh ij LFkku
gksuk pkfg, rFkk ,df=r fd;s gq;s vif'k"Vksa dks fu;fer :i ls 'kgjksa o xzkeksa ls nw j Qsaduk pkfg,A
2- ,sls Bksl vif'k"V tks tS fod gSa muls tSfod [kkn rFkk fo|qr mRiknu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
3- ,slh oLrq,a tks iqu% mi;ks x dh tk ldrh gSa mUgsa rHkh Qs adk tk; tc iw.kZr%vuqi;ksxh gks tk;s aA
4- lM+d ;k lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij Bksl vif'k"V Qsadus ij tq ekZ uk dk izko/kku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
5- ,sls mRiknks a ij jksd yxkuh pkfg, tks i;kZoj.k dks vR;f/kd iznwf"kr djrs gS aA6- mRikfnr daifu;ks a }kjk Qs adus okys mRiknksa dks Ø; djus dh ;ks tuk cukuk pkfg,A¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- ;kstuk] ebZ 2012 ist & 37 o 382- flUgk] MkW0 oh0lh0 fodkl'khy ns'kks a dh leL;k,Wa 1996 iq"ijkt izdk'ku jhok ist&1053- ;kno] MkWa0 ohjsUnz flag] vkink fo'ys"k.k 2011 vksesxk ifCyds'kUl] fnYyh ist & 1424- [kjs] MkW0 vkuUn dqekj] izkd`frd vkinkvksa dh foHkhf"kdk ,oa ekuoh; izca/ku dk
euksfoKku 2011 vksesxk ifCyds'kUl fnYyh] ist & 255- xqIrk] MkW0 ch0,u0] lkaf[;dh ds fl¼kar ,l ch ih Mh ifCyf'kax gkml] vkxjk 2009 ist
& 19 ls 27 rd 6- 'kqDyk] MkW0 ,l0,e0] lkaf[;dh ds fl¼kar 2004 lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'ku vkxjk ist&409
7- 'kqDyk] MkW0 ,l0,e0] lkaf[;dh ds fl¼kar 2004 lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'ku vkxjk ist&428
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xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq lapkfyr LokLF; lsok ;kstuk;sa&,d v/;;u xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq lapkfyr LokLF; lsok ;kstuk;sa&,d v/;;u xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq lapkfyr LokLF; lsok ;kstuk;sa&,d v/;;u xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq lapkfyr LokLF; lsok ;kstuk;sa&,d v/;;u xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq lapkfyr LokLF; lsok ;kstuk;sa&,d v/;;u (e/; izns'k ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) (e/; izns'k ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) (e/; izns'k ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) (e/; izns'k ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) (e/; izns'k ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa)
¹ ,e-,y lksuh ¹ ,e-,y lksuh ¹ ,e-,y lksuh ¹ ,e-,y lksuh ¹ ,e-,y lksuh
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¹ lgk;d izk/;kid] okf.kT;] 'kkldh; LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky;] chuk
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& LokLF; ds egRo dks ns[krs gq, ns'k dh izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa dgk x;k Fkk fd leLr izdkj ds lalk/kuksa dk Hkjiwj iz;ksx rHkh la Hko gS tc vke vkneh ds fy, fpfdRlk ,oa LokLF; lsok miyC/k gksA vr% xzkeh.k {ks=ks a esa lkeqnkf;d LokLF; lsokvks a dk izlkj
ljdkj dk eq[; iz;kl gksuk pkfg,A xzkeh.k {ks=ks a es a LokLF; lsok;s a miyC/k djkus gsrq dsUnz,oa jkT; ljdkj }kjk vusd ;kstuk,W a lapkfyr gS aA pw afd xzkeh.k oxZ vf'kf{kr gksus ds dkj.k mues a LokLF; ,oa f'k{kk rFkk tkx:drk dh vR;a r vko';drk gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
LoLFk ekuo lekt ,oa jk"Vª dh ,d vueksy lEifRr gSA euq "; ds thou vkSj mldh [kq'kh ds fy, LokLF; ls T;knk egRoiw.kZ fdlh vU; oLrq dh dYiuk dj ikuk dfBu gS ekuo thou esa LokLF; ds egRo dks Lohdkj djrs gq, lafo/kku esa bls jkT; lwph esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA vr% jkT; dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd lkoZHkkSe LokLF; lsokvksa rd lcdh iga Wqp gks rFkk Hkqxrku vleFkZrk dh otg ls fdlh dks Hkh LokLF; ls okvksa ls oafpr u jguk iM+sA LokLF; fdlh Hkh lekt ds vkfFkZd izxfr ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA tks
Hkh O;fDr vFkok lekt LokLF; dh n`f"V ls fiNM+k gqvk gS og vk/kq fud nkSM+ esa ihNs jgus ds fy, ck/; gSA D;ks afd vPNs LokLF; ds vHkko es a O;fDr vkSj O;fDr;ksa ls fufeZr lekt vius xq.kks a ds vuq:i loZJs "B izn'kZ u djus esa l{ke ugh gks ikrs gSaA LokLF; ds egRo dks ns[krs gq , ns'k dh izFke iapo"khZ; ;ks tuk esa dgk x;k Fkk fd ßleLr izdkj ds lalk/kuksa dk Hkjiw j iz;ks x rHkh laHko gS tc vke vkneh ds fy, fpfdRlk ,oa LokLF; lsok miyC/k gksA vr% xzkeh.k {ks=ks a esa lkeqnkf;d LokLF; lsokvksa dk izlkj ljdkj dk eq[; iz;kl gksuk pkfg,**A xzkeh.k {ks=ks a esa LokLF; lsok;sa miyC/k djkus gsrq dsUnz ,oa jkT; ljdkj }kjk vusd ;kstuk,W a la pkfyr gS aA pwafd xzkeh.k oxZ vf'kf{kr gksus ds dkj.k muesa LokLF; ,oa f'k{kk rFkk tkx:drk dh vR;ar vko';drk gSA nhun;ky vaR;ksn; mipkj ;kstuk& xjhch js[kk ds uhps thou ;kiu djus
okys vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr oxZ ds ifjokjksa ds chekj iM+us ij xq.koRrkiw.kZ LokLF; lsok,Wa fu%'kqYd miyC/k djkus ds mnsn~ '; ls iz ns'k es a 25 flrEcj 2004 ls nhun;ky va R;ksn; mipkj ;kstuk ykxw dh xbZA tqykbZ 2006 esa ;kstuk dk foLrkj dj xjhch js[kk ds uhps thou;kiu djus okys lHkh ifjokjksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;kA bl ;kstukarxZr ifjokj ds fdlh lnL; dks chekj iM+us ij 'kkldh; vLirky es a HkRkhZ gksdj bykt djkus ij 20]000 :- dh lhek rd fu%'kqYd tka p ,oa mipkj dh ik=rk ,d
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foRrh; o"kZ eas miyC/k gSA
tuuh lqj{kk ;kstuk& jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k LokLF; fe'ku ds vaa rxZr Hkkjr ljdkj dh lgk;rk ls tuuh lqjj{kk ;kstuk e/;Ikz ns'k esa 15 vxLr 2005 ls izkja Hk dh xbZA bl ;kstuk ds varxZr mu lHkh xHkZorh efgykvksa ds ykHk izkIr djus dh ik=rk gS ftudk iz lo 'kkldh; vLirky ds tujy okMZ esa HkrhZ jgdj djk;k x;k gSA ekU;rk izkIr futh laLFkk esaa izlo djkus okyh xjhch js[kk ds uhps thou;kiu djus okys ifjokjksa dh efgykvks a dks Hkh ;g ykHk iz kIr gks xkA bl ;kstuk ds varxZr xz keh.k {ks= dh fgrxzkgh efgyk dks 1400 :- iz ksRlkgu jkf'k dh ik=rk gSA tks fd izloksijkar ,d eq'r iz nku fd;k tkrk gSA fgrxzkgh efgykvksa dks bl ;kstuk ds va rxZ r laLFkkxr iz lo ds nkSjku leLr lsok,Wa vkS "kf/k] lkexzh vkfn lacaf/kr 'kkldh; la LFkku }kjk fu%'kqYd iznku dh tkrh gS aA bl ;ks tuk esa xHkZorh efgyk dks laLFkkxr iz lo gsrq ys dj vkus okyh iz sjd
vk'kk@izf'kf{kr nkbZ dks xzkeh.k {ks= esa fuokl djus okyh efgyk dh n'kk es a 350 :- dh vkfFkZd lgk;rk nh tkrh gS rFkk futh laLFkk esa izlo djkus ij izsjd dks 50 :i;s dh jkf'k nh tkrh gSA nhun;ky pfyr vLirky ;kstuk& e/;iz ns'k ds nwjLFk va pyksa es a tgkW a lkekU;r% vuq lwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dk ckgqY; gS] ogkWa xq.koRrkiw .kZ LokLF; lqfo/kk,Wa muds ikl rd igqWapk dj miyC/k djkus ds fy, iz ns'k esa 29 ebZ 2006 ls nhun;ky pfyr vLirky izkjaHk fd;s x;s gSa A bu pfyr vLirkyksa ds ek/;e ls lHkh oxZ ds yksxks a dks muds }kj ij igq Wapdj fu%'kqYd xq.koRrkiw.kZ fpfdRlk lqfo/kk;s a miyC/k djkuk lqfuf'pr djsa xs A izns 'k ds vkfnoklh va pyksa esa gkV cktkjksa esa izk;% vkfnoklh viuh nSua fnu dh vko';drkvks a dh iwfrZ ds fy, vkrs ga S vkS j ,sls le; ij mUgs a lgt gh
LokLF; lsok;sa miyC/k djkuk lqfuf'pr dj ldrs gSa A izR;sd pfyr vLirky es a ,d fpfdRld rFkk ,d ulZ o dEikmUMj dh lsok,Wa miyC/k jgrh gSaA ;s vLirky fu;r ekXkZ ij fLFkr xzkeksa ,oa gkV cktkj esa izfrfnu iz kr% 10 cts ls lk;adky 6%00 cts rd lsok;sa miyC/k djkrs gSaA tuuh ,Dlizsl ;kstuk& ekr` ,oa f'k'kq e`R;q nj dks de djus gs rq xHkZorh efgyk dks fpfdRlky; esa ys tkus gsrq fu%'kqYd js Qjy ifjogu lqfo/kk iznku djus gsrq foHkkx }kjk tuuh ,Dlizs l ;kstuk o"kZ 2005&06 esa izkjaHk dh xbZ FkhA ;ks tukarxZr fodkl[k.M Lrj ij vuqcaf/kr okguksa }kjk izlo ihM+ k ds le; vFkok tfVyrk gksus ij xHkZorh efgyk dks izlo vFkok mipkj gsrq laLFkk esa igq¡pk;k tkrk gSA tuuh ,Dliz sl ;kstuk dk foLrkj o"kZ 2010&11 ls fd;k x;kA ftlds va rxZ r xHkZ orh efgykvksa dks izlo gsrq
fpfdRlky; es a ykus ds vfrfjDr vU; fpfdfRlh; vkdfLedrkvks a dks Hkh fu%'kqYd ifjogu lk/ku miyC/k djkus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA bl ;ktukUrXkZr ,-ih-,y- rFkk ch- ih-,y- fgrxzkgh gh ik= gS aA e/;izns'k jkT; chekjh lgk;rk fuf/k& O;fDr ds thou esa dqN {k.k ,s lsvkrs gSa tc og xEHkhj chekjh ls f?kj tkrk gS fdUrq /ku dh deh mls ekS r dk bartkj
djus ij etcwj dj nsrh gSA ,sls thou o ?kkrd xaHkhj ,oa fpfUgr chekfj;ksa ls ihfM+r xjhch js[kk ds uhps thou;kiu djus okys] lHkh xjhc O;fDr;ksa] tks fd e/;izns'k ds ewy fuoklh gSA bykt gsrq 25]000 :- ls 1]50]000 :- rd dh jkf'k dh lgk;rk e/
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012326
;iz ns'k 'kklu }kjk miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gaSA
lexz LoPNrk vfHk;ku& lexz LoPNrk vfHk;ku izns'k es a lHkh ftyks a es a pyk;k tk jgk gSA vfHk;ku ds varxZr ikfjokfjd LoPN 'kkSspky;ksa ds fuekZ .k gsrq LoPNrk lqfo/kkvksa dh miyC/krk] efgykvksa ds fy, LoPNrk ifjljks a dk fuekZ.k lqfuf'pr djuk ,oa LoPNrk lqfo/kkvks a dk mi;ksx djus gsrq tkx:drk ykus dk lrr~ iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA ftyksa esa vfHk;ku dk fdz;kUo;u ftyk ty ,oa LoPNrk lfefr ds ek/;e ls fd;k tkrk gSA xjhch js[kk ds uhps thou;kiu djus okys ifjokjksa ds fy, O;fDrxr LoPN 'kkSpky;ksa ds fuekZ.k gsrq fgrxzkgh dks foRrh; lg;ksx izks Rlkgu jkf'k ds :Ik esa 25000 :Ik;s jkT;ka'k 700 :- rFkk fgrxz kgh dk va'knku 300 :- lfEefyr gSA lkFk gh
bl ;kstukUrXkZr lkeqnkf;d LoPNrk ifjlj dk fuekZ.k] 'kkykvksa ,oa vkaxuokM+h dsUnzks a esa LoPN 'kkSPkky;ksa dk fuekZ.k] Bksl ,ao rjy dwM+k djdV dk fuiVku] ljy lsusVjh
ekVZ rFkk mRiknu dsUnz ds fy, dsUnz ,oa jkT; rFkk fgrxzkgh ds va'knku dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA bl vfHk;ku ds va rxZ r O;fDrxr ikfjokfjd LoPN 'kkSPkky;ksa ds fuekZ .k ij xjhch js [kk ds uhps thou ;kiu djus okys vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds ifjokjksa ds fy, U;wure 25 izfr'kr /kujkf'k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blh rjg 3 iz fr'kr /kujkf'k fodykax yks xksa ds fy, O;fDrxr ikfjokfjd LoPN 'kkSPkky;ksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, mi;ksx dh tk ldrh gS aA
bl vfHk;ku ds varxZr Hkkjr ljdkj us fueZy xz ke iq jLdkj ;kstuk Hkh ykxw dh gSA ;g iq jLdkj xzke iapk;rksa dks 'kr&izfr'kr~ [kqys es a 'kkSp eq fDr gksus ij fn;k tkrk gSA o"kZ 2005 esa loZ izFke izns'k dks fueZy xzke iqjLdkj izkIr gqvk Fkk ,oa o"kZ 2006&07 esa izns 'k dh 190 xzke iapk;rksa dks fueZy xzke iqjLdkj gsrq p;fur fd;k x;kA tcfd
o"kZ 2007&08 esa vc rd dq y 682 xz ke ia pk;r dks fueZy xzke iqjLdkj gsrq p;fur fd;k x;kA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk o"kZ 2012 rd fueZy Hkkjr cukus dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ FkhA blds ifjizs{; es a e/;iz ns'k 'kklu }kjk lexz LoPNrk vfHk;ku ds vaarxZr o"kZ 2011 rd lEiw.kZ e/;iz ns'k dks fueZy cukus gsrq dk;Z ;kstuk cuk yh xbZ Fkh] ftlds va rxZ r o"kZ2011&12 es a 30 izfr'kr xzke iapk;rks a dks fueZy djus gsrq y{; j[kk x;k FkkA
lexz LoPNrk vfHk;ku ds ;kstukUrxZr y{; ,oa miyfC/k fnlEcj 2008 rd
Ø- ?kVd ifj;kstuk y{; miyfC/k izfr'kr
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e/;izns'k 'kklu iapk;r ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl foHkkx& mi;qDr rkfydk ls Li"V gksrk gS fd fnlEcj 2008 rd O;fDrxr] ikfjokfjd 'kkS pky; ch-ch-,y- ,oa
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012 327
,-ih-,y rFkk lkeq nkf;d LoPNrk ifjlj ds varxZr ,d frgkbZ y{; gh iw.kZ fd;k x;k
Fkk tcfd Ldwy 'kkSpky; ds va rxZ r rhu pkSFkkbZ y{; iw.kZ fd;k x;k FkkA ;kstukUrxZr bl vof/k esa lokZ f/kd y{; dh iwfrZ vka xuokM+h 'kkSpky; ds fuekZ .k esa 95-12 izfr'kr miyfC/k jghA e/;izns'k esa vkt Hkh vusd xz keksa eas 'kkSpky; dh leqfpr lq fo/kk;sa miyC/k ugha gS] vr% vka xuokM+ h ds Unzksa dks cqfu;knh lq fo/kk,W a miyC/k djkus gsrq xz ke ia pk;r ds izfrfuf/k ,oa ljdkj }kjk lfØ; :i ls igy fd;s tkus dh furka r vko';drk gS rkfd izns'k es a lexz LoPNrk vfHk;ku dk y{; 'kr iz fr'kr iw.kZ fd;k
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2- xzkeh.k fodkl dh izeq[k ;kstuk,a ,oa dk;Zdze] egkRek xka/kh jkT; xzkeh.k fodkl laLFkku] tcyiqjA
3- vkxs vk;s a] ykHk mBk;s a] tulaidZ foHkkx] e/;izns'kA
ISSN 0975-4083
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Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds lkfgfR;d lanHkZHkwe.Myhdj.k ds lkfgfR;d lanHkZHkwe.Myhdj.k ds lkfgfR;d lanHkZHkwe.Myhdj.k ds lkfgfR;d lanHkZHkwe.Myhdj.k ds lkfgfR;d lanHkZ¹ t; 'kadj 'kkgh ¹ t; 'kadj 'kkgh ¹ t; 'kadj 'kkgh ¹ t; 'kadj 'kkgh ¹ t; 'kadj 'kkgh
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¹ ,lksfl,V izksQslj] fgUnh foHkkx] ckcw 'kksHkkjke jktdh; LukrdksÙkj dyk egkfo|ky;]vyoj (jktLFkku)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& ledkyhu fo'o dk lokZf/kd izHkko'kkyh Vªs.M* Hkw e.Myhdj.k ( Globalisation ) gS ftlus lkjh nqfu;k dh la Ld`fr&lH;rk&fopkj/kkjk&lkfgR; dks izHkkfor fd;k gS A bldsifj.kkeLo:Ik mÙkj&vk/kqfud ( Post-Modern ) lkfgR; dk l`tu gqvk gSA fgUnh dfork esa Hkh mÙkj&vk/kqfud lanHkksZa dks vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
foxr nks n'kdksa ds vUrjky esa Hkw e.Myhdj.k us lewph nqfu;k dh vFkZO;oLFkk] jktuhfr] lekt] lkfgR;&la Ld` fr&dyk ds {ks = es a Hkw pky yk fn;k gSA fo[;kr lekt'kkL=h tS ls ,l-lh-nq cs1] nhika dj xq Irk 2] ,UFkks uh xhMs Ul 3 rFkk tktZ fjVtj 4 vkfn us Hkw e.Myhdj.k dh ifj?kVuk dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k gSA fo'o&xzke* ds bUnz/kuq "k dk foLrkj gq vk gSA ysfdu bl fo'o xzke dh vo/kkj.kk esa vUrfoZjks/k vkSj fola xfr fufgr gS a ftudk fp=.k lkfgR; esa gqvk gSA oS'ohdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik mÙkj&vk/kq fud lkfgR; dk mn~ Hko gqvk gSA lkfgR; vius dsuokl ij lekt vkS j le; dk izk:Ik fufeZr djrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ledkyhu fgUnh dfork ds egRoiw .kZ gLrk{kj&cnzh ukjk;.k] fnfod jes'k vkSj lat; ia dt dh dforkvksa esa Hkw e.Myhdj.k ls mRiUUk lkaLd`frd ^lqukeh* dk eeZLi'khZ o.kZ u feyrk gSA cnz h ukjk;.k ds dkO;&laxzg ^[kqnkbZ esa fgalk* esa chlohs a lnh ds la dV ij yhikiks rh ugha cfYd mls ,d pqukSrh ds :Ik esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA Hkw e.Myhdj.k ds nkSj esa 'kks"kd dk ps gjk yxkrkj cny jgk gSA fdlh tkus&igpkus vklikl ds O;fDr dk psgjk Hkh 'kks "kd ds psgjs esa rcnhy gks ldrk gS&
^^cnys le; es a gs eksj@cl ukpks ugha@f'kdkfj;ksa dk eu Hkh Hkkaiks ,sls f'kdkfj;ksa dk ftUgsa igpkuuk ugha gS vklku@f'kdkjh gks ldrk gS dksbZ Hkh eksj esjs izk.k---@tc f'kdkfj;ks a dh uLy dk gekjs ikl dksbZ@uD'kk gh ugha gS lkQ rks dgha vkSj dHkh Hkh fey ldrk gs f'kdkjhA** cnz h ukjk;.k dh dfork,¡ Hkwe.Myhd` r jkT; ;k ljdkj ds :Ik esa vk, cnyko
dk lk{; Hkh izLrq r djrh gSA vc ljdkj vkS j cktkj esa Hks n djuk eqf'dy gSA fnfod jes 'k ds dkO; laxzg og Hkh vkneh rks gks rk gS* esa cgqjk"Vªh; rek'ks dh vksj b'kkjk fd;k x;k gS&
^^rq eus ns[kk ugha@'kgj ds ml E;wft;e esa@ba lku dk cpiu fdl rjg@QkWfly cuk ltk gS@ftanxh ls ra x@de mez ds cw <+s ;s cPps@fdrus l/ks gSA** lat; iadt ds dkO; laxzg ^;ofudk mBus rd* es a Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds dkj.k
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012 329
lEiw.kZ lkaLd` frd i;kZoj.k esa rsth ls gksus okyh rcnhyh dk ekfeZd fp=.k feyrk gS&
^^Nw V jgk gS cgq r dqN@lwjt ls izdk'k@/kjrh ls thou@Qw y ls xa/k vyx&vyx gksrk tk jgk gS@phtksa dk vFkZ@cs ekuh gks jgh gSa phts a@
lEcU/kksa dh rjgA**5
oSf'od Lrj ij vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k vk/kkfjr ubZ fo'o O;oLFkk] mPp rduhd] tula pkj dk izlkj] fo'o xzke ds tUur dh gdhdr dks iwjh nqfu;k uo&mifuos'kokn ds :Ik esa igpkuus yxh gSA bl uo&mifuos'kokn ds nks /kqzo gSa& 1- oS'ohdj.k djus okys2- oS'ohd` rA vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k vkS j fo'o cSad us fofHkUUk ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa dks
fu;ksftr dj fy;k gSA cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa us ns'kt] xzkeh.k m|ksx /ka/kksa dks yhy fy;k gSA oS 'ohdj.k us foiUu dkexkj rcdksa dk vekuoh; gkf'k;kdj.k fd;k gSA bu iz o`fr;ksa dk fp=.k cnz hukjk;.k bl iz dkj djrs gSa &
^^ckx [kkyh jg x;k@mM+ x, ifjUns@fgjkeu lqXxs u tkus dgk¡ mM+s pys tk jgs gSa lkja xh ;gk¡ gS vkSj lkjaxh dh vkokt @dgha vkSj tk jgh gS dgk¡ tk jgs gSa ;s yksx Vªs uksa esa dl dj @dksbZ eqEcbZ] dksbZ uks,Mk] dksbZ iatkc ogk¡ ukpsa xs buds lius**6
cnz hukjk;.k dh dfork euq";rk dks fdlh Hkh mi;ksfxrkoknh vo/kkj.kk es a cka/kus esa bUdkj djrh gSA euq"; dks flQZ ,d mi;ksxh izk.kh ds :Ik esa <kyus dk dke iw athokn djrk gS] mldh utj esa izd`fr Hkh flQZ miHkks x ds fy, gS] ftlds lalk/kuks a dk bLrseky dj equkQk dek;k tk ldrk gSA cnzhukjk;.k ekurs gSa fd Hkwe.Myhdj.k vkSj iw athokn us izd`fr vkSj euq "; nksuka s dk 'kks"k.k fd;k gS] bl izfØ;k esa mlus muds LoHkko dks Hkh fod` r fd;k gSA cnzhukjk;.k ds dkO; laxzg [kqnkbZ es a fgalk* esa iz d`fr vkSj euq "; dks ,d
lkFk lekfgr fd;k x;k g SA izd` fr vk Sj eu q"; ds lg&vfLrRo vk Sj Hkw e.Myhdj.k&cktkjhdj.k ls mRiUu gksus okys ladV ds ifjizs{; esa ;s dfork,¡
egRoiw.kZ gSaaA vkt ds cgq :fi;k le; esa dyk] lkfgR; vkSj lÙkk ds lEcU/kksa dk lehdj.k bl dnj cny x;k gS fd&
^^fdUrq ;g vtc lekt Fkk tgk¡ dkO; iFk ij vklhu Fks@dkeh] Øw j] gR;kjsvkSj ujes/k tgk¡ jkT; dh dfork dk lcls yksdfiz ; Nan FkkA**
dfo cnzhukjk;.k dks fpUrk gS fd le; dh /kq jh gh cny xbZ gS] ,slk le; gS ftles a reke ewY;] lius O;FkZ gksrs pys tk jgs gSaA chloha lnh ds vfUre n'kd esa oS'ohdj.k ls tks vis{kk,¡ dh xbZ Fkha] os iwjh ugha gqbZ aA vis{kk,¡ iSnk djus okyh fopkj/kkjkvksa ls eks g Hkax gqvk&
^^ij dqN Hkh ugha gq vk---@chp es a gh VwV x;k liuk @vc D;k jg x;k viukA** cnz hukjk;.k dh dfork dsUnz ds loZ xzklh izlkj vkS j vkf/kiR; ds Hk;kog nkSj esa
xqykc ds cjDl dqdqjeqÙks ds fcEc dks jpus okyh dkO; ijEijk dk foLrkj gSA budh dfork turkfU=d le; esa ,d la oknh ukxfjd gksus dh bPNk dh dfork gSA*7
Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds loZ xz klh vkra d ds lk, esa cnzhukjk;.k dh dfork lekt ds cgqtu dh Fksjh xkFkk gSA os fy[krs gSa &
^^ctrs gSa uxkM+s@pkjksa fn'kkvksa esa @,d uxkM+k ctrk gS equknh ds fy, ,d uxkM+k xksycUnh ds fy, ctrk gS@ctk;k tkrk gS
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'kfDrokuks a dh t; ij ,d uxkM+ k
xM+xM+ djrk gS ,d uxkM+k lks rs dks txkus ds fy,--- rks lquks ,d uxkM+k vk/kqfudrk ds chp Hkh ctrk gS@ e`R;q ds 'kks d es Hkh ctrk gS neu djrs ctrk gS ,d uxkM+k @rks ,d uxkM+k iz frjks/k ds fy, ctrk gS uxkM+ s dh vkoktksa esa Hksn djuk @lh[k esjs eu @i`Foh ds dsUnz ij vktdy ct jgs gSa dbZ uxkM+ s rkaMo u`R; ds lkFkA**8
Hkwe.Myhdj.k] oS'ohdj.k ds cgkus lkezkT;oknh dkyh rkdrksa us lewph rhljh nqfu;k esa Hkh"k.k 'kks"k.k dk rkaMo epk j[kk gS] mlls vke yksxksa dk thou csgn tfVy vkSj mnkl gks x;k gSA fnfod jes'k dh dfork,¡ Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds nkS j esa vkneh dh
gSfl;r ls [kkfjt fd, tk jgs 'k[l dh vkokt gS a&
^^eSa @TkSls ph[krk gw¡@eq >s jksVh pkfg,---@eSa ph[krk gw ¡ eq >s ?kj pkfg,@ysfdu@dksbZ dq N ugha lqurk dhrZ u&lk djrs @lc es jk tki djrs gS a eq >s dfo ekurs gS aA**
lH;rk dk eq[kkSVk yxk, gq, taxyhiu dks dfo dh utj Hkkai ysrh gS& ^^is M+ [kkeks'k gS@fpfM+;k¡ xqelqe ga S@fcfV;k pqi gS ij fxM+fxM+k,a D;ksa\@/kwi @dksbZ xk¡ o dk iz/kku ;k iVokjh rks ugha A**
lat; iadt ds dkO; la xzg ^;ofudk mBus rd* dh dforkvksa esa Hkh Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds izHkkoLo:Ik vk, ifjorZuksa dh ekfeZd vfHkO;fDr feyrh gSA iadt fy[krs gS&
^^fpfM+;ksa dk Qqnduk
pV[kuk dfy;ksa dk f[kyf[ky g¡luk cPpks a dk % [kks jgs gS a lkjs lanHkZviuh&viuh /kM+duksa esa Mwcrs
bfrgkl dh ph[k cu--- thou ^Ýht* gks tk,xk dq N 'kCnks a ds ?ksjs esaA**9
foKku vkSj rduhd dh csrgk'kk o`f¼ vkS j Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds rw Qku ds dkj.k gksus okys ifjorZuks a dks lat; ia dt bl izdkj O;Dr djrs gS a&
^^,d fnu [kRe gks tk,xk
i`Foh dk xq :Rokd"kZ.k i`Foh ugha jgsxh mitkÅ rc vkleku esa Qly mxkus dh fof/k
ubZ bZtkn gks xh vkSj nunukrh vk,a xh Qlysa vkleku ls i`Foh dh vksj---**10
^ek¡ gS rks* dfork esa lat; us ek¡ ds izrhdksa ds ek/;e ls Hkw e.Myhdj.k ds dkj.k mRiUu [krjksa dks eeZLi'khZ vfHkO;fDr nh gS&
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^^ek¡ gS rks
vk¡xu] pw Ygk] pkS dk gS iwtk&vpZu] Qwy&ikr /kwi&nhi gS
Ekk¡ gS rks gqDdk&ikuh] NIij&Nkuh dFkk&dgkuh gSHkksj dh ijkrh] tk¡ rs dk xhr
uhan dh yksjh gS xaxk eS;k] Hkksys&ckck pank ekek gS
uUgha nw c] gjh rqYklh cw<+k ihiy gSvkx] ikuh] ekVh gS
ek¡ gS rks 'kCn] Nan] dfork gS---**11
lat; iadt Hkw e.Myhdj.k tfur ifjorZu ij bl izdkj fVIi.kh djrs gSa& ^^os fpfM+ ;ksa ds ij drj jgs gS a vkSj dg jgs gSa&
^ifjorZu gks jgk gS*
os gfj;kyh fupksM+ jgs gSa vkSj dg jgs gSa&
^izd` fr esa ØkfUr gks jgh gS* os lk¡lksa ij igjsnkjh ok.kh ij ikcanh] ik¡oksa es a tathj vkSj lksp ij vad'k yxk jgs gS a---**12
vr% dfo cnz hukjk;.k] fnfod jes 'k vkS j la t; ia dt dh dforkvks a es a Hkw e.Myhdj.k ls mRiUu lkekftd&vkfFkZd&jktuhfrd&lkaLd`frd ifjn`'; dk iksjVª sV* cuk;k x;k gSA fu"d"kZ %&1- Hkw e.Myhdj.k ls mRiUu nk:.k lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLd`frd rFkk euksoS Kkfud
ifjfLFkfr;ks a dks fgUnh dfork esa vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gSA2- mÙkj&vk/kqfud lanHkksZa dks Hkh fgUnh dh ledkyhu dfork esa mtkxj fd;k x;k gSA3- fgUnh dh ledkyhu dfork,¡ Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds lkfgfR;d nLrkost (Document )
ds :Ik es a ifjyf{kr gksrh gSaA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- Dubey, S.C. - 'Modernization and development" (1988), Vistaar Publications,
New Delhi
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012332
2- Gupta, Dipankar- 'Mistaken Modernity"(2000) Harper Collins, New Delhi
3- Giddens, Anthony- 'Sociology" (1970) Polity Press Association with Black wellPublishers
4- Ritzer, George - ' Post Modern Social Theory" (1997) Mcgraw Hill, Newyork
5- lat; iadt & ^;ofudk mBus rd* (2001)] leh{kk izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B la[;k 846- ^u;k Kkuksn;* (vDVwcj 2007)] Hkkjrh; KkuihB] ubZ fnYyh] i"B la[;k 517- izdk'ku lekpkj (tqykbZ 2010)] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYYkh] i"B la[;k 178- izdk'ku lekpkj (tqykbZ 2010)] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYYkh] i"B la[;k 179- lat; iadt & ;ofudk mBus rd* (2001)] leh{kk izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B la[;k 84&8510- lat; iadt & ^;ofudk mBus rd* (2001)] leh{kk izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B la[;k 7211- lat; iadt & ;ofudk mBus rd* (2001)] leh{kk izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B la[;k 82&8312- lat; iadt & ;ofudk mBus rd* (2001)] leh{kk izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B la[;k 79&80
Please address all Communications -
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Research J ournal Social and Life Sciences
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izkd`frd vkd"kZ.k ,oa xzkeh.k i;ZVu % ckW/kox<+ dk ,d izkd`frd vkd"kZ.k ,oa xzkeh.k i;ZVu % ckW/kox<+ dk ,d izkd`frd vkd"kZ.k ,oa xzkeh.k i;ZVu % ckW/kox<+ dk ,d izkd`frd vkd"kZ.k ,oa xzkeh.k i;ZVu % ckW/kox<+ dk ,d izkd`frd vkd"kZ.k ,oa xzkeh.k i;ZVu % ckW/kox<+ dk ,d
HkkSxksfyd v/;;u HkkSxksfyd v/;;u HkkSxksfyd v/;;u HkkSxksfyd v/;;u HkkSxksfyd v/;;u ¹ ujsUnz flag ifjgkj ¹ ujs Unz flag ifjgkj ¹ ujsUnz flag ifjgkj ¹ ujs Unz flag ifjgkj ¹ ujsUnz flag ifjgkj
¹¹ ch-ih-flag ¹¹ ch-ih-flag ¹¹ ch-ih-flag ¹¹ ch-ih-flag ¹¹ ch-ih-flag
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¹ lgk;d izk/;kid] Hkwxksy] foU/;kapy egkfo|ky;] ftxuk (e-iz-)¹¹ izk/;kid] LukrdksÙkj Hkwxksy foHkkx] 'kkldh; Bkdqj j.ker flag egkfo|ky;] jhok
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& foU/; ioZr J`a[kyk dh lqjE; ?kkfV;ks a ,oa ou vkPNkfnr igkfM+;ks a esa iqjkru ckW /kox<+fdys ds pkjks vksj QS yh gjhfrek ls vkPNkfnr ckW /kox<+ jk"Vªh; m|ku dks vklkuh ds tSo
fofo/krk dk [ktkuk dgk tk ldrk gS e/; izns'k ds pkj uxjks a 'kgMksy] dVuh] jhok rFkk lruk ls yxHkx leku nwjh ij fLFkr izkd`frd ou laink ls le`¼ ;g {ks= oU; izkf.k;ksa dk lqjf{kr vkokl LFky ,oa izd`fr izsfe;ks a ds vkd"kZ.k dk dsUnz gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
gekjk ns'k vkjaHk ls fons'kh i;ZVdksa ds fy;s vkd"kZ.k dk ds Unz jgk gSA bl ns'k esa ^^vfrfFk nsoks Hko** dh ijEijk izkphu dky ls pyh vk jgh gSA vkt ns'kh&fons'kh i;Z Vdksa dks 'kgjh thou 'kSyh ilan ugha vk jgh gS vkS j os 'kksjxq y o iznw"k.k ls nw j xzkeh.k ,oa i;kZoj.kh; i;ZVu dh vks j :[k dj jgs gS aA vc i;ZVUk dk vfHkizk; cMs+ 'kgjksa ds ,s frgkfld LFky ,oa bekjrs a gh ugha cfYd xzkeh.k {ks=ks a dk izkd`frd lkSUn;Z] i'kq &i{kh] xzkeh.k {ks =ksa dh yksddyk;sa ,oa yksd laLd`fr vkSj lkaLd` frd fojklr dks
le>uk Hkh 'kkfey gSA gekjs ns 'k ds xzkeh.k LFky nw ljs ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa lLrs vkSj iz kd`frd lkSUn;Z ls ifjiw .kZ gSaA ;gkW ij gj ekSle esa i;ZVu dk yqRQ mBk;k tk ldrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lknxh] bZekunkjh] [kkfrjnkjh vkSj [kqys fny ls esgekuckth ns [kdj i;Z Vd vius vki xkWoksa dh rjQ f[kpsa pys vkrs gSA ;g Hkh lp gS fd dbZ fons 'kh i;Z Vd 'kka fr vkSj vk/;kfRedrk dh [kkst esa Hkkjr vkrs gSa vkSj ;gkW fd laLd`fr dksviukdj ;gha jp cl tkrs gSa A
xzkeh.k i;ZVu dk egRo& vkt xzkeh.k /kjksgj i;ZVu ,d cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk ds :i esa mHkj jgk gS e/; izns'k ds iOkZrh; o izkd`frd lkSUn;Z ls ifjiw .kZ i;ZVu LFkyksa dh rjQ 'kSykfu;ksa ds vkd"kZ .k dks ns[krs gq;s izns 'k ds nwj&njkt {ks=ks a esa lM+d fctyh] ikuh vkSj lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk rsth ls fodkl fd;k tk jgk gS Tkks Hkkjr fuekZ .k dk thrk
tkxrk mnkgj.k gSA fons'kh i;Z Vdksa ds vkd"kZ.k ds dkj.k dq Vhj m|ksx] gLrdyk m|ksx] d'khnkdkjh o nLrdkjh ds ijEijkxr dkjks ckj dks iqu% c<+kok fey jgk gS] ftlls xkWoksa esa u;s jkstxkjksa dk l`tu gks jgk gSA bu oS dfYid jkstxkjks a ds dkj.k lw[ks o ck<+ tS lh vkinkvksa ls fujk'k dkexkjksa o Jfedksa dk 'kgjksa dh vks j iyk;u :dsxk vkSj xkWo
la iUu gksxsaA izd`fr dk ykM+yk viuk Hkkjr o"kZ ns orkvksa ds fy;s Hkh LIk`gk dk ik= jgk
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gSA fo'o ds lqanjre izkd`frd n`'; vkSj izpqj iz kd` frd la ink fo'o ds yksxksa dks lnSso
eqX/k o {kq C/k djrs gSaA Hkkjr ds vus d n'kZuh; LFkkuksa esa iq .; lfyyk ;eq uk ds nf{k.k vks j dk {ks= viuk fof'k"V LFkku j[krk gSA blh va py esa cka/kox<+ dk {ks = viuh
deuh; n`';koyh dh fo'kkyrk ds fy;s fo[;kr jgk gSA dchj tSls fuLIk g ohrjkxh lar vkS j dyk ds ije vkjk/kd rkulsu Hkh bl {ks= ls izHkkfor jgsa Av/;;u {ks=&
Hkkjr o"kZ ds g`n; LFky ij cls gq;s e/;iz ns'k ds jhok laHkkx ds if'peh Hkkx esa mefj;k ftyk fLFkr gSA mefj;k ftys ds mRrjh Hkkx esa fo'o fo[;kr ckW/kox<+ jk"Vªh; m|ku viuh tSfod la iw .kZrk ds lkFk fo|eku gSA oU; thou ;fn /keZ gS vkSj oU; izseh mlds vuq;k;h rks fuf'pr gh ckW/kox<+ jk"Vª h; m|ku muds fy;s fdlh ea fnj ls de ughaA foU/; ioZr J`a[kyk dh lqjE; ?kkfV;ksa ,oa ou vkPNkfnr igkfM+ ;ksa esa iqjkru ckW/kox<+
fdys ds pkjks vksj QS yh gjhfrek ls vkPNkfnr ckW /kox<+ jk"Vªh; m|ku dks vklkuh ds tSo fofo/krk dk [ktkuk dgk tk ldrk gS e/; izns 'k ds pkj uxjksa 'kgMks y] dVuh] jhok rFkk lruk ls yxHkx leku nwjh ij fLFkr iz kd` frd ou laink ls le`¼ ;g {ks= oU; izkf.k;ksa dk lqjf{kr vkokl LFky ,oa iz d`fr iz sfe;ksa ds vkd"kZ .k dk ds Unz gSA izd`fr us bl {ks= dks vius lkS Un;Z ls uoktus esa dksbZ dlj ugha Nks M+h gSA iwoZ esa ;g {ks= jhok fj;klr dk f'kdkjxkg jgk gSA dkykUrj esa oU; izk.kh la j{k.k ds egRo dks ns[krs gq ;s jhok ujs'k egkjktk ekrZUM flag tw nso ds iz;klksa ls 23 ekpZ 1968 dks rkyk lajf{kr ou {ks= ds 105 oxZ fd-eh- {ks= dks e/; iz ns'k jk"Vª h; m|ku vf/kfu;e 1955 ds rgr
jk"Vª h; m|ku dk ntkZ fn;k x;kA {ks= esa ck?k ds vkn'kZ okl LFky dks ns[krs gq ;s 1993 esa blesa lehiLFk iuiFkk vH;kj.; dks 'kkfey djrs gq ;s ck?k ifj;kstuk (Project
Tiger ) dk ntkZ fn;k x;kA jk"Vªh; m|ku dh fLFkfr 23030* ls 23046* mRrjh v{kka'k o 80011* ls 80036 iw ohZ ns'kkUrj esa e/; gSA leqnz ry ls bldh ÅWpkbZ 440 ls 810 eha ds e/; gSA tSo HkkSxks fyd (Biogeographic ) oxhZ dj.k ds vk/kkj ij ;g {ks= tks u 6E & <Ddu izk;}hi o ds fUnz ; mPp Hkwfe ds varxZr vkrk gSA {ks = esa NksVh cM+h 32
igkfM+;k QSyh gqbZ gS] ftues a ckW /kox<+ o ca/kuh eq[; gSA ;gkW dh ioZ r ekyk;sa ?kkfV;ka rFkk ?kkl ds eSnku fofHkUu izdkj ds okl LFkyksa dks tUe nsrs gS] ftlls fHkUu&fHkUu iz dkj dh ouLIkfr;ks a vkS j oU; thoksa dks fodkl djus dk volj izkIr gksrk gSA ;gka 37 iz tkfr ds LRkuik;h] yXkHkx 250 iztkfr ds i{kh] yxHkx 17 iztkfr ds ljhl`i] 70 iz tkfr dh frrfy;kW o 95 iztkfr dh ?kkW ls ik;h tkrh gSA ckW /kox<+ jk"Vªh; m|ku dk eq[;ky; mefj;k uxj esa fLFkr gSA jk"Vªh; m|ku dk eq[; }kj rkyk dLcs es a gS tcfd
,d izos'k }kj xksguh esa Hkh cuk gSA m|ku {ks= ds varxZr 6 xkW o vkrs gS aa] ftudh tula [;k 1981 ds vkadM+ ksa ds vuq lkj 1551 FkhA foLrkfjr ikdZ {ks= ;k Buffer Zone
ds varxZr 60 xkao vkrs gSAv/;;u dk mn~ns';&
izLrq r v/;;u dk mn~ns '; cka/koax<+ esa izkd`frd rRoksa ij vk/kkfjr xzkeh.k i;Z Vu dh laHkkoukvksa dks mtkxj djuk rFkk i;Z Vu fodkl esa vkus okyh ck/kkvksa dk irk yxkdj Hkkoh fodkl dh j.kuhfr r; djuk gSA
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'kks/k fof/k&
izLrq r fo"k; dk v/;;u ds fy;s izkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d fof/k ls vkW dM+ksa dk la xz g.k fd;k x;k gSA izkd`frd vkd"kZ.kkas dk irk yxkus ds fy;s 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk Lo;a m|ku {ks= esa tkdj losZ{k.k fd;k x;k gSA v/;;u esa izkFkfed vkWdM+ksa ds la xzg.k ds fy;s lk{kkRdkj] loZs{k.k vuqlwph ,oa vuqHkkfod fof/k dks iz;ksx esa yk;k x;k gSA fu"d"kZ gsrq fofHkUu 'kks/k xzaFkksa ,oa ifj;kstuk izfrosnuksa esa iz;q Dr fof/k;ksa dks iz;ks x esa yk;k x;k gSA ckW/kox<+ ds izeq[k izkd`frd vkd"kZ.k&
ckW/kox<+ jk"Vªh; m|ku dk laiw.kZ Hkkx ?kus ouksa ls vkPNkfnr gSA m|ku ds vanj iz d`fr us vuqie lkSUn;Z iz nku fd;k gS bl dkj.k ;gkW ij izkd`frd vkd"kZ.k ij vk/kkfjr xzkeh.k i;ZVu dh laHkkoukvksa us tUe fy;k gSA i;ZVu izeq[k :i ls i;kZoj.kh; izd`fr
ds vkd"kZ.k ls lacaf/kr gSA izkd`frd vkd"kZ.k i;ZVu ds tUe dk izeq[k dkj.k gSA fdlh Hkh LFkku dk izkd`frd lkSUn;Z ekuo eu dks lgt dh vkd "V djrk gSA bl rjg
iz kd` frd dkjdks a ds va rxZ r n`'; lkSS Un;Z] Hkw xkfHkZd la jpukRed Lo:i] tyh; lzksr tyok;q] ouLifr;kW rFkk tho ta rq i;ZVdks a ds vkd"kZ.k dk dsUnz gksrs gSA ckW /kox<+ jk"Vªh; m|ku vius izkd`frd lkSUn;Z ds fy; gh fo'o esa tkuk tkrk gSA jk"Vªh; m|ku dsvkarfjd o mlds fudVorhZ izkd`frd vkd"kZ.kksa dks ge fuEu fcUnqvksa es a oxhZd` r dj
ldrs gS &1- n`'; lkSUn;Z& ckW/kox<+ jk"Vªh; m|ku {ks = esa n`'; lkSUn;Z LFkyks a dh cgqyrk
gSA ?kus ouksa o foLr`r pkjkxkgh {ks=ksa ds e/; esa lery 'kh"kZ okyh NksVh cM+ h 32 igkfM+;k iz d`fr ds ukVd ds fy;s eap iznku djrh gSA ckW /kox<+ o ca/kkuh igkfM+;k]
ls gjk jktcgsjk o fl¼ckck dh ?kkl Hkwfe;kW ] lky o ckal ou vn~Hkqr n`'; mRiUu djrs gsSA ?kus lky ouksa ds ihNs ls lw;ks Zn; o lw ;kZLr ds n`';ksa dk rks dguk dh D;kA2- Hkw&xkfHkZd lajpukRed LOk:i& lhrk e.MIk dk esgjkc] ?kkssM+k nSekvksa
dk ladjk xktZ o Mk;uklksj jkWd i;ZVdksa ds vkd"kZ.k dk izeq[k dssUnz gS & (1) tyh; lzksr& jk"Vªh; m|ku esa vusd ufn;ka] /kkjk;s a] rkykc] >jus o nynyh {ks= tSls neukj unh dk mn~ xe jktcgsjk] lsgjk dk nynyh pkjkxkg] pjuxaxk] va/ksjh
f>fj;k] xksikyiqj rkykc vkfn m|ku ds fudV gh psapiqj ty izikr] cesjk ckW/k] e>kS yh cka/k vkfn vkd"kZ.k ds vU; dsUnz gSA (2) ouLifr;kW& m|ku esa fofo/k ouLifr;kW Hkh i;ZVdksa ds vkd"kZ.k dk dsUnz gS lky o ckal ds ou] nynyh pkjkxkg (lsgjk] jktcgsjk esa fofo/k ouLifr;kW tSls dhV
Hk{kh Mª klsjk] dsrfdgk esa lqxaa f/kr ds oM+k Hkhrjh xqQk {ks= esa vkS"k/kh; ikSa/ks ou i;ZVdks a ds vkd"kZ.k dk dsUnz gSA (3) tho tarq& ckW/kox<+ ftl pht fd fy;s lcls T;knk izfl¼ gS og gS ;gkW ds oU; tho fo'ks "kdj&'ksjA okLro esa vk/ks ls T;knk i;Z Vd cka /kox<+ dsoy 'ks j ns[kus gh vkrs gSA 'ks j dks ns[kuk ;gk ljy gS Ok blds fy;s ou foHkkx }kjk Vkbxj 'kks dk izcU/ku
fd;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr phry] lkaHkj Ukhyxk; vkfn vU; oU; tho Hkh ljyrk ls ns[ks tk ldrs gS aA ;gkW ds izeq[k izkd`frd vkd"kZ .k dks lkj.kh Øa- 01 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
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lkj.kh Øekad& 01
ckW /kox<+ esa iz kd` frd rRoksa ij vk/kkfjr i;Z Vu LFky Øa- i;ZVu d sUnz dk
ukeizeq[k LFkyl s n wjh fd-
eh -
i ze q[k vkd "k Z.k
1 pØ/kkjk rkyk &3 nynyh pkjkxkg] taxyh tkuoj] jax&fcjaxs i{kh] frrfy;kW] ’ ks j dk f’ kdkj djus dk n’ ;
2 fl) ckck rkyk&3] 5 pkjkxkg] OkU; tho tarq] phryksa dk >a qM+] ckuj] eksj vkfn
3 xksikyiq j rkyk &4] 5 rkykc dk lkSUn;Z] ikuh ihrs taxyh tkuoj] ty tho] fofHkUu izdkj ds
izoklh i{kh 4 ds rfdgk rkyk &5 ds oM+k ds o`{k] lqxaf/kr LFky] lq[kn
okrkoj.k 5 Hkhrjh ckg rkyk 3 lqjE; okrkoj.k] Åph &uhph ?kkfV;kW]
LoPN fopj.k djrs OkU; tho 6 lhrk eaMi rkyk 4] 5 vijnu ls cuh esgjkc uqek lqna j
jpuk] eaMi dh vkdfr] lhrk 'ksjuh dk vkokl LFky
7 ?kksMk nseku rkyk&5 xgjk ladjk xktZ] vn~Hkqr o vykSfdd n’; ?kus ou
8 va/ks jh f>fj;k rkyk &5 ?kuk ou] taxyh tkuojks a dk fopj.k 9 jkt cgsjk rkyk &6 ou Hkw fe] lqjE; LFky] nenkj unh dk
mn~xe LFky] oU; thoks a dk oklLFky 10 fDyolZ IokbaV rkyk &4 fo’ kky o{k] o{kks a es aAfyiVh yrk;s a o
csyksa dk vykSfdd n`’;11 lsgjk rkyk &8 ckW/kox<+ QksVZ dk n`’;] lkjl ¼Øsu½
ds tksM+ s dk n’ ;12 Mk;uklks j 'kd rkyk &5 iz kd`frd lkSUn;Z] oU; tho o taUrqvksa
dk fopj.k lz ksr & O;fDrxr loZs{k.k
izeq[k i;ZVu LFky&
(1) pØ/kkjk ( ( ( ( (The Sprawling Meadow ) ) ) ) )& pkjks vks j ls igkfM+;ksa ls f?kjk ;g nynyh pkjkxkg ouLifr;kW o oU; tho nksuks gh n`f"V;ksa ls laiUu gSA [kk| inkFkZ o ikuh dh miyC/krk rFkk ?kus ouksa ds dkj.k ;g oU; i'kqvksa dks ns[kus dk lokZs Rre LFkku gS 'ks j dks ns[kus ds fy;s ;g LFkku lokZf/kd mi;qDr gSA (2) fl¼ ckck ( ( ( ( (The Holy Meadow ) ) ) ) )& ;g nynyh pkjkxkg eq[; xs V ls izos'k djrs gh dqN nwjh ij nkfgus Hkkx esa gSA tks fl¼ ckck dk LFkku ekuk tkrk gSA igkM+h Hkkxksa dh lekfIr o foLr` r ?kkl Hkwfe;ksa ds dkj.k ;gka oU; tho fo'ks"kdj phry o
lkaHkj vklkuh ls ns[ks tk ldrs gSA
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(3) xksikyiqj (A Place for Bird Watching )& pØ/kkjk ls FkksM+k gh vkxs c<+us ij
xksikyiq j rkykc gS SA iwoZ esa ;g xkao vkckn Fkk ysfdu orZeku esa mtM+k gSA ikuh ihrs 'ksj] phry] lka Hkj vkfn dks ;gka ns[kk tk ldrk gSA eNfy;ks a ij /;ku yxk;s lkjl (Stork),
fdaxfQ'kj] fVVgjh (Lapwings) o fLVYV~l (Stilts) ;gka ljyrk ls fn[k tkrs gSA (4) dsrfdgk (Pendanus Point )& rkyk jast dh lhek ls fudV eq [; }kj ls dqN nwjh ij ;g LFkku gS bl ue Hkkx esa lq xaf/kr ikS/kk dsoM+k cgq rk;r esa ik;k tkrk gSA Tkkeq u o vtqZ u o`{kksa ds ?kus dqat ,d lq[kn okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSA (5) Hkhrjh ckg (Tranguility in Wilderness )& dsrfdgk ls dqN gh vkxs c<+us ij ge bl ?kkl Hkwfe esa igq p tkrs gSA eq[; xsV ls izos 'k djus ij yxHkx 1 fd-eh-dh nwjh ij ;g izFke pkjkxkg gSA ?kus taxyksa ds chp lqjE; okrkoj.k eu dks vkfRed 'kkfUr iz nku djrk gSA ;gka igqp dj vkS"k/kh; ikS/ks cp (Archrus Calamus) dks ns[kuk u Hkw ysaA
(5) lhrk e.Mi (Natures Creation)& xksikyiq j o cM+ h xq Qk gksrs gq;s bl LFkku rd igq apk tk ldrk gSA vijnukRed fØ;kvks a ls ;gka ij ,d pV~Vkuh esgjkc dk fuekZ.k gSA ;g ,d e.MIk ds leku fn[krk gSA blfy;s bls lhrk e.Mi dgrs gSa A ;gka dh fo[;kr 'ksjuh lhrk dk ukedj.k blh LFkku ls gqvk FkkA (6) ?kksM+k nseku (The deep Gorge )& HkwxkfHkZd fØ;kvksa ls ;gka ij ,d ladjs o xgjs xktZ dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA izd` fr ds vn~Hkqr u`R; dks lhrk e.Mi ds dqN gh vkxs igaq pdj ns [kk tk ldrk gSA (7) jkeiqj igkM+h (The Photographers Point )& cka /kox<+ jk"Vªh; m|ku dk vn~~Hkqr n`'; bl igkM+h ds 'kh"kZ ls fn[kk;h ns rk gSA ?kks M+k ns eku ls dq N gh nwj ij ;g
fLFkr gSA lky o ckal ouks a ds vn~Hkqr n`'; ds fy;s Qks VksxzkQjks a dk ;g fiz ; LFkku gSA
(8) va/ksjh f>fj;k (Sparkling Stream in the Darkness )& ;g laiw.kZ LFkku vke]vtZq u o lIri.khZ ls f?kjk gqvk gSA ftuds e/; ls ,d ty/kkjk fudyrh gSA ;g LFkku
iz d`fr ds vNwrs lkSUn;Z dk n'kZu djkrk gSA (9) jkt cgsjk (The Bandhani wiew )& cka/kox<+ IkgkM+h o ca/kkuh igkMh ds e/; ls nf{k.k fn'kk es a dqN gh vkxas tkus ij ge neukj unh ds mn~ xe bl nynyh pkjkxkg esa igqp tkrs gSa ;g LFkku if{k;ks a o fgj.kksa ds fy;s vkn'kZ okl LFky gSA lkjl] fx¼] phry] lkaHkj o taxyh lq vj ds >q.M vklkuh ls ns[ks tk ldrs gSA ;gka ls ca/kkuh igkMh dk vR;Ur euks je n`'; fn[kk;h nsrk gSA (10) fDyolZ IokbaV (Climbers Point Naturis beauty )& fo'kkydk; lky o`{kks a esa (Butea Superba ) o (Baulhnia Waltu )dh yrk;s a ,d vn~Hkqr n`'; izLrqr djrh gSA jkt
cgsjk ls dqN gh nwj ;g vn~Hkqr LFkku fLFkr gSA (11) lsgjk (The Fort Wiew )& cka/kox<+ jk"Vªh; m|ku dk ;g lcls cM+ k pkjkxkg gS twu ds eghus esa ;gka lkjl Øsu ds tksMks a dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;gka ij dhVHk{kh ikS/kk Mªkls j Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA (12) Mk;uklksj jkWd (Naturs Wonder )& izd` fr dh ;g vn~ Hkq r dkjhxjh i;ZVdksa dks lgt gh vkd` "V djrh gS ;g vk'p;Z tud LFkku gesa tqjkfld ;qx es a igqpk nsrk gSA fl¼ ckck ds jkLRks vkxs c<+us ij ge bl LFkku rd igqa p ldrs gSA fu"d"kZ& fu"d"kZ ds :i esa ge dg ldrs gS fd ckW/kox<+ jk"Vª h; m|ku esa izkd`frd
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rRoksa ds vkd"kZ.k ij vk/kkfjr xzkeh.k i;ZVu dh izcy laHkkouk;sa gSa fdUrq i;Z Vu laca/kh
vk/kkjHkw r lq fo/kkvksa dk iw .kZ fodkl u gks ikus ds dkj.k ge cM+h la[;k esa fons 'kh i;Z Vdkas dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr ugha dj ik;s gS aA ;gkW ij xzkeh.k i;Z Vu fodkl ds fy;s yksxksaa dks tkx:d djuk gksxk lkFk gh vkokxeu dh lqfo/kkvksa vkokl dh lqfo/kkvksa ] euks jatu] lqj{kk] iz pkj &iz lkj] lqj{kk] cktkj] cSafdx lqfo/kkvks a dk foLrkj djuk gksxkA lkFk gh i;Z Vu foHkkx ou foHkkx LFkkuh; iz'kklu ,oa 'kklu ds lHkh foHkkxksa esa lkeatL; ds fcuk bls vkn'kZ i;Z Vu LFky dk Lo:i ugha iznku fd;k tk ldrkA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- jko] ch-ih- ,oa JhokLro] Ogh-ds-(2006) i;kZoj.k vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh claq/kjk izdk'ku
xksj[kiqjA
3- rkt jkor (2002) i;ZVu fodkl ds fofo/k vk;ke] r{kf'kyk izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyhA4- usxh] txeksgu] i;ZVu ekdsZfVax ,oa fodkl r{kf'kyk izdk'ku ubZ fnYyhA5- diwj] foeydqekj (2009) i;ZVu Hkwxksy fo'oHkkjrh ifCyds'ku ubZ fnYyhA6- flag] foosd (2004) oU; tho {ks= ,oa i;ZVu] ,d Hkwi;kZoj.kh; v/;;uA7- ftyk lkaf[;dh iqfLrdk mefj;k& 2008&09A8. Chaudhari L.K.And SafiA.Khan; Bandhavgarh The fort of Tiger Wildatlas Book
Bhopal.9. Ajit Sonakia (1993) Managment plan for Bandhavgarh National Park.10. SinghA.P. Himalayan EnvironmentAnd Touris Development And Potential,
Chughpub.Allahabad.
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i;kZoj.k f'k{kk ,oa tkx:drk i;kZoj.k f'k{kk ,oa tkx:drk i;kZoj.k f'k{kk ,oa tkx:drk i;kZoj.k f'k{kk ,oa tkx:drk i;kZoj.k f'k{kk ,oa tkx:drk ¹ feysUnz flag ¹ feysUnz flag ¹ feysUnz flag ¹ feysUnz flag ¹ feysUnz flag
¹¹ fdj.k pkSgku ¹¹ fdj.k pkSgku ¹¹ fdj.k pkSgku ¹¹ fdj.k pkSgku ¹¹ fdj.k pkSgku
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¹ vfrfFk O;k[;krk] fof/k foHkkx] MkW- gjhflag xkSj dsUnzh; fo'ofo|ky;] lkxj (e-iz-)¹¹ vfrfFk fo}ku] 'kkldh; LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] ujflagiqj (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& ns'k ds lokZ axh.k fodkl ds fy, viuk;h x;h ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr ds varxZ r viuk;h x;h futhdj.k] mnkjhdj.k ,oa Hkwe.Myhdj.k dh uhfr;ks a ds QyLo:i ns'k esa vkS |ksxhdj.k]uxjhdj.k] ;U=hdj.k ,oa lapkjhdj.k dh izfØ;k rsth ls c<+h gSA ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ÅtkZ dk rhoz nksgu] vkS|ksfxd dpjs dk ufn;ks a es a izokg] rhoz xfr ls lM+dks a dk fuekZ .k] ouks a dh vU/kk/kqU/k dVkbZ] cM+s&cM+s cka/kksa rFkk iqyks a dk fuekZ.k] igkM+ks a dk rksM+k tkuk] ty lzksrksa dqvksa]rkykcksa rFkk ufn;ks a dk leryhdj.k] fo/oald gfFk;kjksa dk fuekZ.k] etnwjksa dk 'kks"k.k rFkk vkfFkZd ,oa {ks=h; fo"kerk vkfn us i;kZ oj.k vlUrqyu dh xfr dks rhoz dj fn;k gS Ans'k esa c<+ jgs vkS |ksxhdj.k] 'kgjhdj.k] ;U=hdj.k rFkk lapkjhdj.k ds fy, cM+s iS ekus ij ÅtkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bu ÅtkZ ds lzksr ikjEifjd gh gS a] ijUrq bldk lcls nq%[kn igyw ;g gS fd buls fudyus okyh tgjhyh xS ls a rFkk /kq,¡ cknyks a es a iznw "k.kdkjh rRo 'kkfey djrs gS aA tks xEHkhj :i ls i;kZoj.k dks nw f"kr dj jgs gS aA gky ds los Z{k.k ls ;g irk py jgk gS fd rktegy tS lh nwf/k;k bekjrks a es a Hkh ok;q iznw "k.k ds dkj.k eS ykiu vk x;k gS rFkk xaxk tS lh ifo= unh dk ty Hkh vkpeu ;ksX; ugha jgkA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
i;kZoj.k ls vfHkiz k; gekjs pkjksa vkSj QSys okrkoj.k ,oa ifjos 'k ls gS tks gesa ?ksjs j[krk gSA izÏfr esa fo|eku leLr tSfod rFkk vtS fod ?kVd feydj i;kZoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA ty] ok;q] Hkwfe] ouLifr] tho&tUrq vkSj ekuo lHkh i;kZoj.k ds ?kVd gSaA i`Foh ij lthoks a ds fuokl {ks = dks thoeaMy dgrs gSa A*i;kZoj.k* 'kCn vaxzs th ds *Environment* dk vuqokn gS] tks nks 'kCnksa *Environ* rFkk *Ment* ls feydj cuk gSA bldk vFkZ Øe'k% ?ks juk rFkk *vkl&ikl* gksrk gS vFkkZ r~ i;kZoj.k dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS] vkl&ikl ls f?kjk gqvk tks dqN Hkh gekjs pkjksa vksj gS ;k ge pkjks a vksj ftu n'kkvks a esa f?kjs gq, gSa ] ogh i;kZoj.k gSA i;kZoj.k dk vFkZ gekjs pkjksa vks j QS ys bl lewps HkkS frd ,oa nSfud O;oLFkk ls gS ftlesa leLr tho/kkjh fuokl djrs c<+rs vkSj iuirs gSaA izÏfr viuh vksj ls bu lalk/kuks a dk vuqikr ges'kk Bhd cuk;s j[kus dh ps"Vk djrh gSAnwljs
'kCnksa esa ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd ekuo thou dk lEiw.kZ vfLrRo i;kZoj.k ij vk/kkfjr gSA tgk¡ i;kZoj.k dk lUrqyu fodkl ds ekxZ dks iz'kLr djrk gS ogha i;kZoj.k dk vlUrqyu O;fDr dks gh ugh lewps lekt ,oa ekuo lalk/kuksa ds fouk'k dk dkj.k cu
tkrk gSA lrr~ fodkl ,oa i;kZoj.k& Hkkjr esa Hkqxrku lUrqyu dks nwj djus rFkk uohu
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vkfFkZ d uhfr viuk;s tkus ds dkj.k ns'k esa bysDVªkfud midj.kksa dk iz;ks x rs th ls c<+k
gSA ;s bysDVªkfud midj.k [kjkc ;k vuq i;qDr gksus ij tek gksrs tkrs gSaA ;g i;kZoj.k ds fy, ty ,oa ok;q iznw "k.k ls Hkh [krjukd lkfcr gks rs gSaA izk;% ;g vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd ,d dEI;wVj esa 38 ikS.M lhlk] QkLQksjl] dSMfe;e vkSj ejdjh tSls ?kkrd rRo fo|eku gksrs gS aA blds vykok eks ckby Qksu] VsyhQks u] jsfM;ks] Vª kaftLVj] lh-Mh-] ykih] bys DVªkfud f[kykSus vkSj vU; midj.k ns'k esa izfro"kZ yxHkx 500 Vu
bysDVªkfud dpjk mRiUu djrs gS a] buls fodykaxrk] dSalj rFkk xHkZikr tSlh leL;k;sa tUe ys jgh gSa A jkT;lHkk esa 2 ekpZ 2007 dks ;g tkudkjh nsrs gq, dsUnzh; i;kZ oj.k ,oa oU; jkT; ea=h us crk;k fd ;sy ls UVj Qkj buok;jesa Vy yk ,.M ikfylh] ;s y fo'ofo|ky; vkSj lsUVj Qkj vFkZlkba l bUQkes Z'ku us VodZ (dksyfEc;k fo'ofo|ky;) }kjk vkfFkZd Qksje vkSj vU; lg;ksx ls iz frikfnr 2005 ,uok;jesa Vy lLVsusfcfyVh
baMsDl 146 ns'kksa ds fy, rS;kj fd;k x;k gS ftlesa Hkkjr dk LFkku 101ok¡ jgk gS] ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd i;kZoj.k gzkl rhu izdkj ls uq dlku igq¡ pkdj izHkkfor dj ldrk gS &1- euq "; ds LokLF; ij nq"izHkko Mkyrk gSA2- ;g vkfFkZd mRiknu ,oa mRikfnrk dks de dj nsrk gSA3- ;g tu lqfo/kkvksa dh miyC/krk dks foijhr :i ls izHkkfor djrk gSA
i;kZoj.kh; tkx:drk ,oa f'k{kk& ikB'kkyk O;oLFkk es a i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk ifj;kstuk ds la ca/k esa igy 1999 esa 'kq : gqvkA bldk mn~ ns '; vkSipkfjd Ldwy@la LFkkuksa esa mfpr 'kS{kf.kd oLrq,a iznku dj i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk dks etcwrh iznku dh tk;A O;kolkf;d ;k izca/ku f'k{kk esa i;kZ oj.kh; fl¼ka rksa dks ykxw djuk ,d ;k vU; /;ku dk dsUnz gSA izca/ku laLFkkuks a AICTE, UGC, m|ksxksa vkSj MoEF ds izfrfuf/k ls feydj
cuh lfefr bu lc eqn~ nks a ij dke dj jgh gSA 11oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds nkSjku i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk iz f'k{k.k vkSj foLrkj dk;ZØe tkjh jgk gSA bles a jkT; ou foHkkx ds iz pkj vkSj tkx:drk ra= dh Hkh lgHkkfxrk gSA yks d ifjogu O;oLFkk tSls js yos] cl vkS j ;gk¡ rd dh gokbZ tgkt dk i;kZ oj.kh; tkx:drk ds fy, O;kid rkSj ij iz;ksx
fd;k tk jgk gSA LFkkuh; i;kZoj.kh; eq n~nks a ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk tks lw puk miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gS mls Hkh jk"Vªh; i;kZ oj.k fuxjkuh dk;ZØe ( NMNH )] ubZ fnYyh vkS j rhu vU; laxz gky; tks fd eSlwj] Hkqous 'oj] Hkksiky esa gSa esa LVsV vkWQ n vkV~lZ f'k{kk vkS j O;k[;kRed jhfr dks ykdj izkÏfrd bfrgkl f'k{kk vkS j tkx:drk esa etcw rh iznku dh tk jgh gSA MoEF us lokbZ ek/kks iq j esa ,d u;s {ks=h; laxzgky; dh LFkkiuk dk fopkj fd;k gS tks fd {ks= ds thou ds jax :iksa ij /;ku ds fUnzr djsxk] bl laca/k es a dk;Z
fd;k tk jgk gSA11oha ;kstuk ds fy, i;kZoj.k ,oa ou lapkyd lfefr us ,d ,dhÏr jk"Vªh;
i;kZoj.k fujh{k.k dk;ZØe (,ubZ,eih) dh lykg nh gS tks fd ikjhra = i;kZoj.kh; la jpuk yks d LokLF; vkS j lkekftd i;kZoj.kh; v/;;uksa ls lacaf/kr gSA bl dk;ZØe ds rgr lkekftd izkla fxd tS o HkkSfrdh ekud vkSj mlds lkekftd izHkko esa gks us okys cnyko vkSj orZeku fLFkfr dk irk yxk;k tk,xkA NEMP ds rgr midk;ZØeksa dks 'kkfey djrs gq, ou vkPNkfnr vkSj ikjhra= lsokvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gS tks fd ok;q vkSj ty iznw"k.k ds vykok gSA bl dk;ZØe dks mu laxBuksa ls tksM+ k tk ldrk
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gS tks 'kS{kf.kd] oSKkfud vkSj lkekftd {ks= ds izkla fxd eqn~nksa ij dk;Z dj jgh gSA
,d fo'ks"k iksVZy tks fd i;kZ oj.k vka dM+ ksa ds fy, gks] rFkk Ldwy vkSj dkWys t fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ifj;kstukvks a ls vkrk gS] dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k esa iz nw"k.k dh jks dFkke rFkk izkÏfrd lalk/kuks a ds la j{k.k ds fy, lcls csgrj mik; gS a i;kZoj.k laca/kh ikjEifjd dkuwuks a rFkk vk/kq fud dkuwuks a dks lfEefyr dj ,d csgrj dkuw u dk fuekZ.kA fdlh Hkh ns 'k ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd ogk¡ ds lhfer lalk/kuks a dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, i;kZoj.kh; lq j{kk ds csgrj mik; fd, tk,a rFkk blds fy, lHkh ldkjkRed ,oa izkla fxd mik;ksa dks viuk;k tk,A tgk¡ rd Hkkjr dk iz'u gS ;gk¡ dsUnz Lrj ij ou ,oa i;kZ oj.k ea =ky; dks uksMy ,tsalh cuk;k x;k gS] tks i;kZoj.k laca/ kh iz ksxzke rFkk uhfr;ksa dks cukus] mUgsa ykxw djus rFkk i;kZoj.k laca/kh eqn~ nksa ij ;ks tukvksa dk fuekZ .k dj mUgsa foLrkfjr djus dk dk;Z djrh gSA ;g dk;Z nwljs dbZ izorZu ,tsafl;ks a
dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tkrk gS] ftUgs a le;≤ ij ou ,oa i;kZoj.k ea =ky; }kjk bl rjg ds dk;Z lkS ais tkrs gSa A KkrO; gS fd fdlh Hkh ns'k ds vkfFkZ d fodkl esa m|ksxksa dh vge Hkwfedk gksrh gSA blds lkFk gh ;g Hkh lR; gS fd iznw"k.k QSykus ds fy, Hkh ;gh
m|ksx gh eq[; :i ls ftEesnkj gksrs gS aA Hkkjr esa ds Unz h; iznw"k.k fu;a =.k cksMZ vkS|ksfxd iz nw"k.k ds fu;U=.k ,oa jksdFkke ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA bls dkuw uh vf/kdkj izkIr gS ,oa ;g ou ,oa i;kZoj.k ea=ky; ds va rxZr dk;Z djrk gSA i;kZoj.k ,oa tufgr ;kfpdk& loks ZPp U;k;ky; }kjk i;kZ oj.k ekeys esa tks nwljk ,izksp viuk;k x;k og tufgr ;kfpdk ij vk/kkfjr gSA fiNys nks n'kdksa esa Hkkjr dh U;k;kikfydk us vius vuqnkjoknh n` f"Vdks.k dks ifjofrZr djds izxfr'khy rFkk mnkjoknh U;k;kikfydk dk :i /kkj.k fd;k gSA oS;fDrd U;k; ds lkFk gh U;k;ikfydk
us ,d ekuoh; n`f"Vdks .k viukrs gq, lekt ds fofHkUu oxks Za ds lkewfgd fgrksa ds fy, fpa rk O;Dr dh gS vkSj lkekftd U;k; dh LFkkiuk ds fy, Lo;a igy dh gSA lkekftd fgrksa ds j{kd dh Hkw fedk fuHkkrs gq, U;k;ikfydk us gj ml {ks= vkS j lewg rd igq¡pkus dk iz;kl fd;k gS tgk¡ 'kks"k.k] vf/kdkjksa dk vfrØe.k vkSj vU;k; dh tkudkjh U;k;ky; ds la Kku esa vk;h gSA okLrfodrk ;g gS fd U;k;ikfydk dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk dsUnz iw jk lekt cu x;k gSA tufgr oknksa ds ek/;e ls i;kZoj.k lq/kkj ds fy, U;k;ikfydk us le;≤ ij cgqewY; funsZ'k fn, gSaA iz nw "k.k ls cpko ls lacaf/kr vusd ekeys tufgroknks a ds ek/;e ls loksZ Pp U;k;ky; ds lkeus yk, x;sA buesa ou uk'ku] ufn;ksa esa iznw "k.k] i;kZoj.k larq yu dk fouk'k ls lacaf/kr cgqr ls egÙoiw.kZ ekeys mBk, x,A U;k;ikfydk us i;kZoj.k rd tufgroknksa dk {ks=kf/kdkj foLr r djus esa ew y
vf/kdkjksa (vuqPNsn 21] 22) rFkk uhfr funs'kd fl¼karksa dks vk/kkj cuk;kA mnkgj.k ds fy, lqHkk"k dqekj cuke fcgkj jkT;1 ds ekeys esa loksZ Pp U;k;ky; us dgk fd vuqPNsn 21 ds varxZ r thou dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gS ftlesa thou dk iwjk lq [k izkIr djus ds
fy, iznw"k.k eq Dr ikuh rFkk iznw"k.k eq Dr gok ikus dk vf/kdkj Hkh lfEefyr gSA vPNs thou dks gkfu igq¡pkus okys ikuh vkSj gok ds iznw"k.k dks lekIr djus ds fy, vuqPNsn 32 dh lgk;rk yh tk ldrh gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; ds le{k fouk'kd xSl VSujht
fofHkUu izdkj ds dkj[kkuksa vkSj QSDVfj;ks a ls mRiUu gks us okys ikuh] gok vkSj /ofu iz nw"k.k ls lacaf/kr cgqr ls ekeys tufgrokn ds :i esa izLrq r fd, x;s gSa A
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012342
i;kZoj.k tkx:drk es a U;k;ikfydk ds dq N egÙoiw.kZ QSlys &mPpre U;k;ky; us
i;kZoj.k ds iz fr tkx`fr ,oa ikfjLFkSfrdh; lUrqyu ds ckjs esa tkudkjh gsrq dbZ ekeyks a esa funs Z'k tkjh fd;k gSA ,e- lh- esgrk cuke Hkkjr la?k 2 ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us fuEu funsZ'k tkjh fd;k &**fl¼kUr ds :i esa ge Lohdkj djrs gSa fd f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls i;kZoj.k ds ckjs esa tkx:drk vkSj iznw"k.k ls lEcfU/kr bldh leL;kvks a ds ckjs esa vfuok;Z fo"k; ds :i esa v/;kiu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A egkU;k;oknh us U;k;ky; dksvoxr djk;k fd dsUnz ljdkj mPp f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr gS vr% fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx Lukrd rFkk LukrdksÙkj v/;;uksa rd gh bls ykxw dj ldrh gSA 'ks "k jkT; dk
fo"k; gSA mUgksaus lgefr O;Dr dh gS fd fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ks x U;k;ky; ds dgus ds vuq lkj Rofjr :i ls leq fpr dne mBkdj fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa i;kZoj.k ij ikB~;&Øe fofgr djsxkA os dkyst Lrj ij bls vfuok;Z fo"k; cukus dh lEHkkouk ij fopkj
djs axsA tgk¡ rd dkWyst Lrj dh f'k{kk dk iz'u gS ge jkT; ljdkj rFkk cksMksZa ls vis{kk djs axs fd os eSfVªdqys'ku rFkk bUVjehfM;sV Lrj ij Js.khc¼ rjhds ls i;kZ oj.k dh vfuok;Z f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djsaA ,s lk bl rjg gksuk pkfg, fd nwljs l= ls bl vis{kk
dk vuqikyu lqfuf'pr gksA** blh iz dkj ,e- lh- es grk cuke Hkkjr la?k 3 ds ckn esa fiVh'kuj us fofHkUu jkT;ksa
vFkok vU; iz kf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk mBk;s x;s dne i;kZ Ir ugha gSa vkSj mPpre U;k;ky; dsvkns'k dh Hkkouk ,oa /;s; ls la xr ugha gS aA mudk rdZ Fkk fd jkT; dsoy izkFkfed
f'k{kk Lrj ij gh ugha cfYd mPp f'k{kk rFkk LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij vfuok;Z fo"k; ds :i esa i;kZ oj.k tkx:drk ij ikB~;Øe cukosaA mudk ;g lq>ko Fkk fd fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ks x] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- vkSj ,-vkbZ-lh-Vh- tks mPp dh ekud dks fofgr ,oa
fu;fU=r djus okys fudk; gSa] mUgs a funsf'kr fd;k tk; fd os iw js ns'k esa ,d:irk gsrq fofHkUu Lrjksa ij v/;kiu gs rq ikB~ ;Øe rS;kj djs aA mPpre U;k;ky; us de ls de o"kZ2004&2005 ls vko';d :i ls ykxw djus (;fn igys ls ykxw u gks rks ) dk funs Z'k fn;k
rFkk izkf/kdkfj;ksa dks funsf'kr fd;k fd os ykxw djus dh fuxjkuh djsa rFkk vuqikyu djus okyh laLFkkvksa ds fo:¼ vuq'kklfud dk;Zokgh lq fuf'pr djsaA mPprj U;k;ky; us ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dks 18&12&2003 dks funsf'kr fd;k fd og ekin.M ikB~;Øe (Module syllabus ) rS;kj djsaA ,d nwljs okn esa ,e- lh- esgrk cuke Hkkjr la?k4 ekeys esa ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- }kjk jkT; ljdkj rFkk vU; iz kf/kdkfj;ks a ls fopkj foe'kZ dj i;kZoj.k ij eki ikB~;Øe d{kk 1 ls ysdj 12oha rd ds Nk=ksa gsrq v/;;u ds fy, mPpre U;k;ky; ds le{k nk;j fd;kA mPpre U;k;ky; us bls Lohdkj fd;k rFkk
jkT;ks a dks funsZ 'k fn;k fd 8 lIrkg ds va rxZ r (22&4&2004 ls) ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh fjiksVZ dks ykxw djsaA fu"d"kZ& ljdkj }kjk dbZ izdkj ds iz;klks a ds ckotwn i;kZoj.k la dV dk dks bZ Bksl funku ugha fey ldk gSA oLrq r% dksbZ Hkh i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe rc rd lQy ugha gks ldrk tc rd mlesa LFkkuh; yksxksa dh ldkjkRed lgHkkfxrk u gksA bu dk;ZØeksa dh lQyrk ds fy, ;g fuf'fpr gS fd yksxksa dks i;kZoj.k la dV ds nq"izHkkoksa ds izfr lpsr fd;k tk,A bldks dk;kZfUor bl izdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd bles a 'kgjh] f'kf{kr ,oa lEiUu O;fDr ds lkFk&lkFk xz keh.k] fu/kZu ,oa misf{kr yksx Hkh lgHkkxh cu lds aA
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences, ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012 343
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lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- ,-vkb Z-vkj- 1991] lq- dks- dslst 4202- ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1992 (1)] lq- dks- dslst 358] i- 3613- ,-vkbZ-vkj- 2004 (1)] lq- dks- dslst 5714- ,-vkbZ-vkj- 2005 (10)] lq- dks- dslst 2175- bf.M;u tuZy vkWQ g~;weu fjys'ku] 2010] okY;we 38] i- 1636- i=&if=dk,¡ % ØkWfudy
RNI No. MP BIL 01034/12/1/2005-TC ISSN 0973-3914
izks- cz txks iky 'kq Dy 41@42] j?kq oa 'k lnu] fcfN;k] jhok (e-iz-)& 486001
Phone - (07662) 255177, 9425186437E-mail - [email protected]@rediffmail.com
ls UVj QkW j fjlpZ LVMht] jhok }kjk
fjlpZ tjuy vkWQ lks 'ky ,.M ykbQ lkbals l ds fo'ks "kka d ds :i es a fuEufyf[kr nks la nHkZ iq Lrdks a dk iz dk'ku ekpZ] 2013
es a fd;k tk jgk gSA
mDr la nHkZ iq Lrdksa es a iz dk'ku gs rq vki viuk rF; ijd ,oa rdZ ;q Dr 'kks/k i= Hks tdj bl vdknfed dk;Z es a lg;ks x dj ldrs gS a A fgUnh Hkk"kk es a 'kks/k i= ,e-,l- oMZ es a QkUV d` frns o 010] djs DVj lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k_
va xz s th Hkk"kk es a VkbEl U;w jks eu QkUV lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k es a Hks ts a A
(vkbZ-,l-ch-,u- 978&81&87364&56&6)
(ISBN 978-81-87364-55-9)
Social Change & Development in India
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jktuSfrd usr`Ro ds fy;s f'k{kk dh vfuok;Zrk jk"Vªh;&pfj= jktuSfrd usr`Ro ds fy;s f'k{kk dh vfuok;Zrk jk"Vªh;&pfj= jktuSfrd usr`Ro ds fy;s f'k{kk dh vfuok;Zrk jk"Vªh;&pfj= jktuSfrd usr`Ro ds fy;s f'k{kk dh vfuok;Zrk jk"Vªh;&pfj= jktuSfrd usr`Ro ds fy;s f'k{kk dh vfuok;Zrk jk"Vªh;&pfj= fuekZ.k esa lgk;d fuekZ.k esa lgk;d fuekZ.k esa lgk;d fuekZ.k esa lgk;d fuekZ.k esa lgk;d
¹ inek ekgs'ojh ¹ inek ekgs'ojh ¹ inek ekgs'ojh ¹ inek ekgs'ojh ¹ inek ekgs'ojh
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¹ lgk;d izk/;kid] jktuhfr foKku] 'kkldh; egkdkS'ky egkfo|ky;] tcyiqj (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& HkkS frdoknh okrkoj.k us O;fDr dh ;FkkFkZ rk ,oa mldh uSlfxZdrk ij vkoj.k Mky j[kk gS a] ftlls fodflr fofHkUu jktuSfrd ny ,oa iztkra=h; la LFkk,s a Hkh vNwrh ugha cph gS]ftlds izeq[k dkj.kks a es a ls ,d gS jktuhfrd okrkoj.k ls uSfrd ewY;ksa dk vn`'; gks tkukA
ukxfjdks a ,oa jktusrkvksa ij gh vkn'kZ jkT; fodflr djus dk mRrjnkf;Ro gksrk gS A mUgsa izkFkfed jktuhfr ,oa uS frd bdkbZ ekuk x;k gS A tks pht uSfrd nf"V ls xyr gS og jktuhfrd n`f"V ls lgh gks gh ugh ldrhA blhfy;s jktuhfr fcuk uhfr'kkL= ds viw.kZ gS A uS frdrk f'k{kk ls gh gk¡ fly dh tk ldrh gS A f'k{kk og Kku gS ] tks 'kqHk&v'kqHk] mfpr&vuqfpr rFkk vPNs&cqjs esa rkfdZd] ckSf¼d ekinaM dk vkn'kZ izLrqr djrk gS vkS j ;g vkn'kZ gh vkpj.k ds fu;e gS a tks dkykUrj es a uS frd ew Y;ks a ds uke ls tkus tkrs gS aA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
jk"Vª esa bruk dke gks jgk gS] jktuhfr ds fy, lefiZr usrk bl jk"Vª dks mRd`"V cukus ds fy;s fujUrj dk;Z dj jgs gSa] fQj Hkh jktuhfrd fodkl esa ck/kk,Wa vk jgh gS] D;ksa\ ew Y;ghu ,oa laLd`fr fofgu f'k{kk ;k vf'k{kkA ge yksx ges 'kk bl rjg dh ckr
lkspus ds vknh gksrs gSa] vH;Lr gks x;s gSa fd esjk ns'k esjs fy;s D;k dj jgk gSA eSa D;ks a bl ns 'k dh ls ok d:a\ tc ;g ns'k esjk u /;ku j[krk gS] u esjs fy;s dq N djrk gSA bl leL;k dk lek/kku nks O;fDr ds ikl gS] ,d eSa ] vkSj ,d vkiA lc ;fn vki vkSj eSa bl ckr dk ladYi djsa fd gekjs ns'k ds le{k mifLFkr iz R;sd iz'u dk lek/kku djuk gS] rks oks fnu nwj ugha] fd gekjk ns 'k 'kh"kZLFk gks xk] mRd`"V gksxk vkSj Js "Bre gksxkA
Hkkjr dks xq yke cukus dh lkft'ksa jph tk jgh gSaA vkt ge vius vkidks Lora= dgrs gSaA ,d jk"Vª ds uke ls vius ns'k dks lacksf/kr djrs gS a] fdUrq ] vHkh N% n'kd ugha chrs gS a] gekjs dqN fopkjd 'kadkyq gks x;s gSa vkSj ,slk dgus yxs gS a fd gekjh vktknh dqN gh fnu dh jg x;h gSA os dgrs gSa fd gekjs ns 'k ij lkjs la Lkkj dh fuxkgs a yxh gSa ] blls cM+ k cktkj dgha feysxk ughaA blls cM+h tula [;k dgha feysxh ughaA phu dks
NksM+dj nw ljk gekjk ns'k gS lalkj esa ftldh lcls cM+h la[;k gSA bruh cM+h /kjrh] brus ikuh ls f?kjs gq , izns 'k dgha feysxs ughaA bruh le`¼ ;gka dh laink gSA ;gkaW ds [kfut] o`{k] ikuh dgha ugha feys xkA blfy;s lkjs lalkj dh utjsa ge ij yxh gSA ge vktkn gks x;s] dbZ 'kghnksa us dqckZuh nhA egkRek xka/kh tSls yksxks a us vfgalk] lR; vkSj /keZ ds ekxZ dk vuqlj.k djrs gq;s bl ns 'k dks vktkn djokus ds fy;s viuk thou lefiZr dj fn;kA bl ns 'k dks dSls vius fu;a=.k esa fy;k tk;s vU;= jk"Vªksa dh lkft'ksa py jgh
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gSA jktuhfr es a Hkz"Vkpkj iui jgk gSA uS frd ew Y;ksa ds vHkko ls thou izokg vo:¼
gks jgk gSA HkkSfrdoknh okrkoj.k us O;fDr dh ;FkkFkZrk ,oa mldh uSlfxZdrk ij vkoj.k Mky j[kk gSa ] ftlls fodflr fofHkUu jktuSfrd ny ,oa iz tkra=h; laLFkk,sa Hkh vNw rh ugha cph gS] ftlds iz eq[k dkj.kksa esa ls ,d gS jktuhfrd okrkoj.k ls uSfrd ewY;ksa dk vn` '; gks tkukA ukxfjdksa ,oa jktusrkvks a ij gh vkn'kZ jkT; fodflr djus dk
mRrjnkf;Ro gks rk gSA mUgsa izkFkfed jktuhfr ,oa uSfrd bdkbZ ekuk x;k gSA tks pht uSfrd n` f"V ls xyr gS og jktuhfrd n`f"V ls lgh gks gh ugh ldrhA blhfy;s jktuhfr fcuk uhfr'kkL= ds viw.kZ gSA uSfrdrk f'k{kk ls gh gk¡fly dh tk ldrh gSA f'k{kk og Kku gS] tks 'kq Hk&v'kqHk] mfpr&vuqfpr rFkk vPNs&cqjs esa rkfdZd] ckSf¼d ekinaM dk vkn'kZ izLrqr djrk gS vkS j ;g vkn'kZ gh vkpj.k ds fu;e gS a tks dkykUrj esa uSfrd
ewY;ksa ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSa A
vkt jktuS frd us r`Ro esa ,slh uS frd ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk dk iru gqvk gS] Hkz"Vkpkj vkt cM+ h fpa rk dk dkj.k gSA Lora= Hkkjr es a Hkz"Vkpkj ds lanHkZ esa usg: ds nkSj es a
fczVsu es a rRdkyhu mPpk;q Dr oh-ds- d`".kesuu dk uke thi ?kksVkys esa fy;k x;k FkkA rRdkyhu for ea=h Vh-Vh- d`".kekpkjh dk uke HkwanM+k ?kksVkys esa vk;k FkkA dsUnzh; ea=h ds-Mh- ekyoh; dk uke mM+hlk ds fljktq nnhu ?kksVkys esa mNyk FkkA 1960 ds n'kd dsvafre o"kksZ es a lkoZtfud thou esa bZekunkjh dk rs th ls iru gq vkA ftlds rgr ikafMpsjh
ykbZ ls al ?kksVkys dk.M] cksQkslZ ?kksVkyk] gokyk dk.M] >kj[k.M eqfDrekspkZ dsl] fcgkj esa ?kksVkys] lkaln fj'or dk.M vkS j orZ eku es a 2th LisDVª e ?kksVkyk] dks;yk ?kksVkyk] xksok dk ykSg v;Ld ?kksVkykA ;g dSlk us r` Ro] dSlk jktuhfrd fodkl] ns'k dh vkt n;uh; n'kk ds fy;s jktuhfr dk vijk/khdj.k vkSj Åaps inksa ij cSBs yksxksa dk Hkz"Vkpkj
ftEes nkj gSA Lora=rk ds ekSds ij 15 vxLr 1947 dks MkW a- loZ iYyh jk/kkd`".ku us ns'k dks ;g dgrs gq , psrkouh nh Fkh fd ^^vxj geus Åaps inksa ij Hkz"Vkpkj [kRe ugha fd;k rks gesa cqjs fnuks a dk lkeuk djuk iMs +xk (vkS j) ^^lRrk^^ ;ks X;rk dks ihNs NksM+ nsxhA
Xkka/kh th us Hkh dgk Fkk fd ^Hkz "Vkpkj ds dS alj^^ ij fu;a=.k ugha ik;k x;k rks ;g lc dqN cckZn dj ns xkA jktuhfr ls jk"Vª ds HkkX; dk fu/kkZ j.k gksrk gSA lS¼kfUrd n`f"V ls Hkkjr esa jktuhfr eq[;r% jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj ns'k dh ,drk dks cuk;s j[kus dh jktuhfr gSA ;g dk;Z jktusrkvksa dk gks rk gSA blfy;s usrk ds pfj= vkSj Kku dh Nki jk"Vª dh jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd ,oa /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa ij iM+rh gS vkS j muds R;kx] cfynku] la?k"kZ laos nuk] dYiuk] lkgl vkSj bPNk 'kfDr dk ijkorZu Hkh bu laLFkkvksa ls gks rk gSA blhfy;s vko';d gS fd Hkkjr esa lkekftd] vkfFkZd iz 'kklfud ,oa U;k; iz.kkyh es a
ifjorZu yk;k tk;s rFkk fxjrs jk"Vªh; pfj= dks cpk;k tk;sA fo|ky;ksa es a NksVs ckydksa dks i<+k;k tkus okys uSfrdrk ,oa lPpfj=rk dk ikB ns 'k ds usrkvksa ] tu izfrfuf/k;ksa ] ukSdj'kkgksa ,oa O;kikjh oxZ dks i<+ kuk gks xkA iz fl¼ fopkjd] nk'kZfud vkSj f'k{kkfon tku ykWd us f'k{kk dks ln~xq .kksa vkSj vPNs ikyu iks"k.k dk ,oa O;ogkj dk fl¼ka r crk;k gSA f'k{kk og gS tks yksxksa dks lkspuk fl[kk;sA lkspuk vius vki ls 'kq: gks] tS lk fd iqjkuh dgkor es a dgk x;k gS a] ^^vius vkidks tkuksA^^ f'k{kk ,d ,sls o`{k ds leku gS ftlds tM+ksa esa lR;] lqUnjrk] i;kZoj.k] euq"; vkS j Lo;a ds izfr vknj gS vkSj ftldh 'kk[kk&iz'kk[kkvksa ls [kqykiu] ,dkRedrk] lqUnjrk] fujis{krk] vkuUn vkSj lks p ds
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vk;keksa dh lq[kn Nk;k iSnk gks rh gSA IysVks us Hkh vius vkn'kZ jkT; ds fy;s ftl
nk'kZfud jktk dh dYiuk dh Fkh mlds fy;s f'k{kk ij tksj fn;k Fkk D;ksa fd mldk ;g ekuuk Fkk fd f'k{kk ls gh U;k; ,oa uSfrdrk] lnkpkj ,oa vuq'kklu gkfly fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkt jktuSfrd fodkl ds fy;s t:jr gS fd usrkvksa esa Hkkjrh;] laLd`fr] uSfrdrk] vuq'kklu] ewY; ,oa ns'k isze vkSj viuRo okyh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksA ;g f'k{kk ls gh gkfly gks ldrk gS D;ks afd f'k{kk {kerk] ;ksX;rk ;k 'kfDr dk gh iz rhd ugha gS] oju~ f'k{kk esa 'kka fr dh miyfC/k gS] f'k{kk es a ,d lPps euq"; vkS j euq";rk dh miyfC/k gSA gekjs ;gkW a ^^;Fkk jktk] rFkk iz tk^^ dk fl¼kar ykxw gksrk gS jkT; dk pfj= mlds O;fDr;ks a dk pfj= gks rk gSA vUr esa le; jgrs tkx`r gksuk gksxk D;ksafd fdlh 'kk;j dh dgha ;s ia fDr;kWa ;kn vkrh gS fd &
ckny bruk cjl jgs gSa ] ikS/ks fQj Hkh rjl jgs gS aA
ekyh dks vpjt gksrk gS] ikuh dgkaW pyk tkrk gSAA ^^eqefdu gh ugha dksbZ ?kM+h ,slh cuk nsA
Tkks chrs gq, oDr ds ?k.Vksa dks cpk nsAA**¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- f'k{kk esa uofpUru] jes'k n soA2- vijk/k vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dh jktuhfr] fueZy dqekj flagA3- Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds u;s vk;ke] MkW a- (Jherh) jkts'k tSuA4- Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dh izofRr;kW a] MkW a- egkohj izlkn eksnhA5- iapk;rh jkt ds u;s vk;ke] MkW a- (Jherh) ljkst eksnhA
6- dksfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa lRrk ,oa jktuhfr] jtuhdkar ik.Ms;A7- Hkkjrh; x.kra= fpjk;q gS] if=dk bf.M;k VqMsA
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fiz&Ldwy izos'k ds le; ckyd dh lkekU; fLFkfr dk v/;;u fiz&Ldwy izos'k ds le; ckyd dh lkekU; fLFkfr dk v/;;u fiz&Ldwy izos'k ds le; ckyd dh lkekU; fLFkfr dk v/;;u fiz&Ldwy izos'k ds le; ckyd dh lkekU; fLFkfr dk v/;;u fiz&Ldwy izos'k ds le; ckyd dh lkekU; fLFkfr dk v/;;u ¹ lhek ipkSjh ¹ lhek ipkS jh ¹ lhek ipkSjh ¹ lhek ipkS jh ¹ lhek ipkSjh
¹¹ ouekyk cqpds¹¹ ouekyk cqpds¹¹ ouekyk cqpds¹¹ ouekyk cqpds¹¹ ouekyk cqpds
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¹ 'kks/kkFkhZ¹¹ O;k[;krk] ljkstuh uk;Mw egkfo|ky;] Hkksiky (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& fiz&Ldwy ,d ,slk LFkku gS ] tgk¡ cPpk 3 ls 6 o"kZ dh mez es a vkrk gS vkS j f'k{kd dsfuns Z'ku es a nks&rhu ?kaVs dk le; O;rhr djrk gS A ;g ,d ,slk LFkku gS ] tgk¡ cPpk Lor=a rk dk igyk Lokn p[krk gS ] D;ks afd orZeku le; esa vf/kdrj ekrk,W a Hkh dk;Z jr gS a] blfy, Hkh fiz&Ldwy cPps ds thou dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx gS A fiz&Ldwy es a cPps dks lh[kus ds fy;s
fofHkUu ,DVhfoVh djkbZ tkrh gS a] ftlls fd og 'kh?kz gh lsYQ bafMis aMsa l dh vksj c<+rk gSA fiz&Ldw y dh vk/kkjHkwr fo'ks"krkvksa es a cPpks a dks Lo&lgk;rk] ftles a Lo;a [kkuk] Lo;a diM+siguuk] Lo;a lQkbZ dk /;ku j[kuk vkfn gSaA blds vykok fiz&Ldwy cPpksa ds ekufld]'kkjhfjd] lkekftd] laosxkRed rFkk Hkk"kk fodkl es a fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ks a }kjk lgk;rk iznku djrk gS A fiz&Ldw y dk ,d izeq[k y{; cPpksa dks fu;fer fo|ky; ds fy;s rS ;kj djuk gksrk gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
fiz&Ldwy izos'k iwoZ rS;kjh& tc cPps viuk izFke Ldwy ;k fdaMjxkVu esa izos'k djrs gSa] rc muds fy, ;g igyk volj gksrk gS tc og vius ekrk&firk ls dqN le; ds fy;s vyx gksrk gS] tgkWa mudk lkeuk dqN vifjfpr yks xksa ls gksrk gSA ;g cPps ds fy;s dfBu le; gksrk gSA tgk¡ iz kja Hk ds dqN fnuksa esa cPpkas dks lek;kstu dh leL;k vkrh gS] ijUrq ;fn cPpksa dks Ldwy esa izos'k iwoZ dq N 'kkjhfjd] laosxkRed o ekufld
rS ;kjh djk yh tk;s] rks mlds izFke Ldwy dk vuqHko mlds fy;s lq[kn gks ldrk gSA bl rS;kjh esa fuEufyf[kr ckrsa lfEefyr gksrh gSa%&¹ cPpksa dks lkekftd fodkl esa lgk;rk iz nku dh tk;sA mldks nwljs cPpks a vkSj
iM+ksl esa jgus okys cPpksa ds lkFk [ksyus fn;k tk;sA [ksy ds }kjk mles a lg;ksx dh Hkkouk vkSj usrRo {kerk vkfn dk fodkl gksrk gSA ftruk cPpk vius fe=ksa ds lkFk [ks ysxk] mruk gh cPps dk Ldwy esa lek;kstu es a de le; yxs xkA [ksy ds }kjk gh cPps esa Ldwy ds izfr mRlqdrk fodflr gksxh rFkk og Ldwy tkus ds fy;s vkjkenk;d vuqHko djsxkA
¹ cPpksa dks ;fn ;g le>k;k tk;s fd Ldw y ,d ,s lk LFkku gS] tgkWa ij vkidks u;s&u;s nksLr feys axsa] ftuds lkFk vkidks [ks yuk gS] lkFk gh cPpksa dks ;g crk;k tk;s fd Ldw y es a cPpksa dks fofHkUu vkd"kZd [ksy lkexzh Hkh nh tk;sxh] rks bu lc ckrks a dk cPpksa ij ldkjkRed fizkko iM+rk gS rFkk og Ldwy tkus ds fy;s ekufld :i ls rS;kj gks rk gSA
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¹ cPpksa dks vkjaHk es a ,d ?kaVs ds fy;s Ldw y NksM+k tk;s] fQj /khjs&/khjs le; esa
o`f¼ dh tk;s] rks blls cPpks a dks vfHkHkkod ls vyx jgus dh vknr /khjs&/khjs fodflr gksrh gSA ;fn cPpk la;qDr ifjokj dk gS] rks cPps dks nknk&nknh ds ikl Hkh NksM+k tk,A
¹ Ldwy tkus ds iwoZ cPpksa dks fofHkUu okrkoj.k esa jgus] tSls xkMZu esa] fpfM+ ;k?kj es a] E;wft;e es a] nksLr ds ?kj dh tkudkjh gksuk pkfg,A ftruk vki cPpksa dks ckgj ds fofHkUu okrkoj.k ls ifjfpr djk;s axsa] cPpk mruk gh de Ldwy tkus es a Mjs xkA
¹ Ldwy esa izos'k iz fØ;k ds mijkar cPps dk nks&rhu ckj Lo;a ds lkFk Ldwy dk Hkze.k djkuk pkfg;s] ftlls fd og le> lds fd Ldwy ,d ,s lk LFkku gS] tgk¡
mlds vk;q lewg ds cPps [ksyrs o i<+rs gSa] tgk¡ ij muds euksja tu ds fy, fofHkUu
[ks y lkexz h gSA¹ Ldwy esa iz os'k iwoZ rS ;kjh esa cPpksa dks viuk csx iSd djuk Hkh vkuk pkfg,] ;g
Hkh Ldwy izfØ;k dk gh ,d Hkkx gSA¹ ;fn cPps ds lkekftd fodkl ds fy;s mls mi;q Dr o i;kZIr okrkoj.k o volj
iznku fd;s tk;sa] rks og Ldw y ds lek;kstu esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrk gSA fiz&Ldwy ckyd dh fo'ks"krk,Wa&¹ vge % fiz&Ldw y es a i<+us okyk cPpk eq[;r% ;g lksprk gS fd og vius ifjokj
dk o vius vklikl dh iwjh nqfu;k dk ds Unz gSA mls ;g yxrk gS fd vklikl dk lc dq N mlds vklikl gh ?kwerk gS vkSj lHkh dks ml ij gh /;ku dsfUnzr djuk pkfg;sA
¹ Lora=rk %& fiz&Ldw y dk cPpk Lo;a gh vius dk;Z dks djuk pkgrk gS o Lo;a gh vius diM+s iguuk pkgrk gS] viuh :fp ds vuqlkj f[kykS uksa dk p;u djuk pkgrk gSA mldks Lo dk;Z ds fy;s izsfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
¹ lkekftdrk %& fiz&Ldw y dk cPpk u;s nksLr cukuk pkgrk gSA muds lkFk [ksyuk pkgrk gS o dq N dYiukRed [ks yks a dks Hkh fodflr djrk gS] dq N jksy Iys Hkh djrk gSA fiz&Ldwy vkids cPps dks ,d vk'p;Z tud ekSd+ k nsrk gS fd og dqN lkekftd dkS 'ky dks lh[k ldsA
¹ lquuk %& fiz&Ldwy cPps nw ljs dh ckrksa dks lquus es a :fp ysrs gS a vkSj mu ij bldk fizkko Hkh iM+rk gSA vfHkHkkod dks pkfg, fd og Hkh mlds fnu Hkj eq[;r% Iys Ldwy ds izfrfnu ds vuqHko ds ckjs esa lq us] blls u flQ+Z mldh fpa ru 'kfDr dk
fodkl gksrk gS] cfYd mldh Hkk"kk dk Hkh fodkl gksrk gSA¹ fØ;kRed dkS'ky %& fiz&Ldwy ds cPpks a esa fØ;kRedrk dk fodkl gks jgk gks rk
gSA og pyuk] dw nuk] p<+uk vkfn lh[k jgs gksrs gSaA muesa bu lHkh fØ;kvksa dks djus ds fy;s iw.kZ volj feyuk pkfg;sA Iys Ldw y esa fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa dh O;oLFkk cPpksa ds fØ;kRed dkS 'ky dks fodflr djus ds fy;s dh tkrh gSA
¹ Hkk"kk fodkl %& fiz&Ldwy ds cPpksa dh vk;q lkekU;r% Ms<+ ls rhu o"kZ rd dh gksrh gSA blfy, dqN cPps ;gkWa vkdj gh cks yuk lh[krs gSa o u;s&u;s 'kCnksa dk mPpkj.k djuk lh[krs gSaA og ;g lh[krs gSa fd gesa muds Hkk"kk dkS 'ky dk fdl
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rjg ls o dc mi;ksx djuk gSA
¹ okLrfodrk o dYiuk'khyrk%& vfHkHkkodks a dks pkfg, fd og cPpks a dks okLrfodrk o dYiuk'khyrk esa varj dks Li"V djsa o mUgsa lgh o x+yr dk Kku djk;saA
¹ laosx %& bl vk;q es a cPpksa dks dqN la osx ns[ks tkrs gSa A cPpksa esa Øks/k] Hk; vkfn eq [; :i ls ns[ks tkrs gSa o u;s yksxks a dks ns[kdj Mj dk iz n'kZu djrk gS o mldh bPNkuq lkj dk;Z u gksus ij Øks/k iznf'kZ r djrk gSA
ifjokj dk fizkko& ifjokj thou dh ,d vk/kkjHkw r laLFkk gSA blds Åij lEiw.kZ lkekftd la jpuk fuHkZj gSA ifjokj O;fDr;ks a dk ,d lew g gS] tks ,d gh Nr ds uhps jgrs gSa] ewy rFkk jDr laca /kh lw =ksa ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSa A ,slk x` gLFk lewg ftlesa ekrk&firk o larku jgrs gSa] og ,dkadh ifjokj dgykrk gS rFkk ftlesa ekrk&firk] larku] pkpk] pkph] nknk] nknh o ppsjs HkkbZ&cfgu jgrs gSa] og la ;qDr ifjokj dgykrk gSA fiz&Ldw y
ds cPpksa ds fodkl ij ifjokj dk vR;kf/kd fizkko iM+rk gS] tks cPps la;qDr ifjokj esa jgrs gS a] mudk u flQ+Z lkekftd fodkl gh rhoz xfr ls gks rk gS] cfYd Hkk"kk fodkl Hkh 'kh?kz gksrk gS] D;ksafd bl ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k vf/kd gks rh gS] o cPpksa dks
lkekftd o Hkk"kk fodkl ds fy;s vuqdwy okrkoj.k feyrk gSA ?kj esa nknk] nknh cPpks a dks lekt ds lkfgR;] jhfr fjokt+] fu;e] ijEijkvks a vkfn dk Kku iznku djrs gSaA ,dkadh ifjokj esa flQ+Z ekrk&firk gh jgrs gS a vkS j vkt ds ;qx esa nksuks a gh dk;Z djus okys gksrs gS a] rks cPpksa dk ikyu&iks"k.k ukSdj ij fuHkZj gks tkrk gS] ftlls fd cPps dk 'kkjhfjd] ckSf}d] laosxkRed] lkekftd o Hkk"kk fodkl fizkkfor gks rk gSA la;qDr ifjokj esa gh lnL; fofHkUu /kkfeZ d mRloksa dks mRlkg ds lkFk eukrs gSa] ftlls fd ckyd dks vius /keZ dk egÙo irk pyrk gSA ifjokj euksjatu dk Hkh ,d eq[; lk/ku gSA
ifjokj tSlk euks jatu vU; lk/ku iznku ugha dj ldrk] D;ksafd la;qDr ifjokj esa nknk] nknh jgrs gS a] ftuds ikl vf/kdrj le; gksrk gS] ftlls fd cPpksa esa lnxq.kks a dk fodkl djus ds fy;s i;kZIr ekxZ n'kZu ns ldrs gSaA blfy, ifjokj dks ekuohdj.k djus okyh la LFkk dgk tkrk gSA la;qDr ifjokj esa jgdj cPpksa esa iz se] lg;ks x o feytq ydj jgus dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA la;qDr ifjokj ds brus lkjs ykHk gks us ds ckotw n Hkh orZeku ;qx es a ,dkadh ifjokj gh vf/kdrj ns[ks tkrs gSaA ,dkdh ifjokj ds cPpksa esa vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk jgrh gSA ;fn ekrk&firk dk;Z djus okys gSa ] rks cPpks a ds ykyu&iks"k.k
ij vf/kd /;ku ugha ns ikrs gS a] ftlls fd muesa dqN O;ogkjkRed leL;k,W a Hkh ns[kh tkrh gS aA tUe Øe dk izHkko& fofHkUu v/;;uksa ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd igyk cPpk
xaHkhj] fjyk;cy] ijokg djus okyk] Vhe Iys;j] vkRe fu;a f=r o ldkjkRed izo`fRr dk gksrk gS o nwljksa dk vknj djrk gS o dqN gn rd vkRe dsfUnzr Hkh gksrk gSA lcls NksVk cPpk vf/kd lkekftd] esgurh] /kS;Z oku] /;ku dsfUnzr djus okyk laosnu'khy o vkRefo'oklh gksrk gSAv/;;u dh fof/k& fiz&Ldw y ds cPpksa dh 'kkjhfjd o ekufld fLFkfr tkuus ds
fy;s ,d LofufeZr iz'ukoyh dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA bl iz'ukoyh esa dqy iz'uksa dh la[;k yxHkx 20 gS] ftlesa 3&4 fodYi fn;s x;s gSa] muesa ls ,d fodYi dk pquko djuk gSA blds mijkar izkIr vka dM+ ksa ds }kjk blls fu"d"kZ fudkys x;sA
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rF;& fiz&Ldwy ,d ,slk LFkku gS] tgk¡ cPpk 3
ls 6 o"kZ dh mez esa vkrk gS vkS j f'k{kd ds funsZ 'ku esa nks&rhu ?kaVs dk le; O;rhr djrk gSA ;g ,d ,slk LFkku gS] tgk¡ cPpk Lor=ark dk igyk Lokn p[krk gS] D;ksafd orZeku esa vf/kdrj ekrk,Wa Hkh dk;Zjr gSa] blfy, Hkh fiz&Ldwy cPps ds thou dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA fiz&Ldwy ckyd dh ekufld o 'kkjhfjd fLFkfr dk v/;;u yxHkx 134 cPpks a ij fd;k x;k] mlds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr vkadM+ksa dk la dyu fd;k x;k& fu"d"kZ& LofufeZr iz'uokyh }kjk tks vkdaM+ksa
dk ladyu fd;k x;k] mlls fuEukuqlkj fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS %&1- fiz&Ldwy es a izos'k djrs le; 55ø cPps
yM+ ds o 44ø cPps yM+fd;k gSaA2- izos'k ds le; 50ø cPpks a dh vk;q 3 o"kZ]
49ø cPpksa 4 o"kZ rFkk 1&5 o"kZ gSA3- 61ø cPps ,dkdh ifjokj ls o 38ø cPps
la;qDr ifjokj ls gSa A4- lEiwjd vkgkj 87ø cPpksa dks 6 ekg dh
vk;q esa ] tcfd 13ø cPpksa dks 9 ekg dh
vk;q esa izkjaHk fd;k x;kA5- v/;;u es a ik;k x;k fd 38ø cPps ckWVy
QhfMax djrs gSa vkSj 61ø cPps ugha djrs gSaA
6- 82ø cPps Vsyhfot+u ns [krs gSa o 18ø cPps Vsyhfot+u ugha ns[krs gSa A
7- 78ø cPps vius vfHkHkkodks a ds iz fr iz s eHkko dks iz nf'kZr djrs gSaA
8- Hkk"kk dk fodkl 68ø cPpks a dk lkekU; gS o 31ø cPpksa dk Hkk"kk fodkl vHkh gks
jgk gS o dqN cPpksa es a Hkk"kk la ca /kh nks"k ik;s x;s gSa A
lq>ko& ckyd ds Ldw y ds iz os'k dh ;fn ekufld o 'kkjhfjd rS;kjh djk yh tk;s] rks Ldwy lek;kstu esa ckyd dks fdlh izdkj dh dfBukbZ dk lkeuk ugha djuk iM+s xk vkSj ;fn laHko gks rks la; qDr ifjokj esa ckyd dk ykyu&ikyu gks uk pkfg, ftlls mlds O;fDrRo
T A B L E - 1
S e x
A g e ( i n Y e a r s )
T
y p e o f
B i r t h
B i r t h O r d e r
T y p e o f
F a mi l y
S u p p l e m e n t s
F o o d
( i n
M o n t h )
B o t t l e
F e e d i n g
W a t c h i n g T .V
B e h a v i o u r Wi t h
P a r e n t s
T o i l e t
T r a i n e d
C l e a r
S p e e c h
Male
Female
3
4
5
Normal
Cesarean
Younger
Elder
Joint
Nuclear
6
9
1 2
Yes
No
Yes
N o
Agg ress ion
Normal
Loving
Yes
No
Yes
No
N u m
b e r s
7 4
6 0
6 8
6 1
0 5
6 0
7 4
5 6
7 8
5 2
8 2
1 5
1 5
0 2
5 1
8 3
1 1 0
2 4
0 4
2 5
1 0 5
1 0 1
3 3
9 2
4 2
% a g e
5 5 %
4 4 %
5 0 %
4 9 %
1 %
4 4 %
5 5 %
4 1 %
5 8 %
3 8 %
6 1 %
1 3 %
1 3 %
1 %
3 8 %
6 1 %
8 2 %
1 7 %
0 3 %
1
8 %
7 8 %
7 6 %
2 4 %
6 8 %
3 1 %
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ij ldkjkRed fizkko iM+ rk gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- ßgjykWdÞ& cky euksfoKku 2- ßoekZ fizfrÞ & cky euksfoKku ,oa cky fodkl 3- ßdqyd.khZ T;ksfrÞ& lkekU; o mipkjkRed iks"k.k 4- ßxqIrk jkeckcwÞ & cky euk sfoKku 5- dsEicsy ch lqtkd & chgsfo;j izkCye bu fiz Ldwy fpYMªu 6- Fkkelu fyUMk & Children in Pre-School
7- QkLVj tkslsQkbu & ulZjh Ldwy 8- ,yu jks'k & Leading practice among mother of Pre-School Children
9- OgkbV ,y cVZu& Rosing, a happy child.
ISSN 0975-4083
A Registered Reviewed Research JournalSix monthly Bi -lingual Journal (English /Hindi Editions)
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lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls lekt esa c<+rk lEizs"k.k ,oa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls lekt esa c<+rk lEizs"k.k ,oa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls lekt esa c<+rk lEizs"k.k ,oa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls lekt esa c<+rk lEizs"k.k ,oa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls lekt esa c<+rk lEizs"k.k ,oa uohu rduhdh ;qx dh 'kq:vkr uohu rduhdh ;qx dh 'kq:vkr uohu rduhdh ;qx dh 'kq:vkr uohu rduhdh ;qx dh 'kq:vkr uohu rduhdh ;qx dh 'kq:vkr
¹ nhik 'kekZ¹ nhik 'kekZ¹ nhik 'kekZ¹ nhik 'kekZ¹ nhik 'kekZ
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¹ O;k[;krk] oSfnd dU;k ih-th- egkfo|ky;] jktkikdZ] t;iqj] jktLFkkuA
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& vkt bysDVªkW fud] lwpuk izkS |ksfxdh vkS j lapkj ek/;eks a dk lkekftd] vkfFkZd]O;kikfjd] 'kS f{kd] /kkfeZd vkS j jktuhfrd {ks=ks a es a tcZ nLr izpyu vk/kqfud ;qx dh vuqie nsu gS tks /kjrhokfl;ks a dks xxu ds u{k=ks a vkSj czg~eyksd ds njoktksa dks csckd [kksydj u;s
Hkkjr vkS j u;s fo'o dh jpuk es a egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
izLrkouk& Hkkjrh; lw puk izkS |ksfxdh tfur lsokvksa (vkbZ-Vh&vkbZ-Vh-bZ-,l-) ds bfrgkl esa 2012 dk o"kZ ,d ;qxkUrjdkjh o"kZ ds :Ik esa ;kn fd;k tk;sxkA bl o"kZ bl m|ks x dk dqy jktLo ,d [kjc vesfjdh MkWyj ls Hkh vkxs pyk x;k tks fiNys o"kZ dh rqyuk esa 14 izfr'kr vf/kd gSA 69 vjc vesfjdh MkW yj ds lkFk fu;kZr (gkMZos;j dks NksM+dj) dk va 'k 78 iz fr'kr jgk tks 2011 ds fu;kZr ewY; ls 16 izfr'kr vf/kd jgkA ?kjsyw jktLo (gkMZos ;j lfgr) ds 2011 ds eqdkcys 9 iz fr'kr dh o`f¼ vFkkZr~ 32 vjc MkWyj rd igqapus dh vk'kk gSA fu%lUnsg] vkbZVh] vkbZVhbZ,l m|ks x dk Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa lcls xfr'khy {ks=ksa esa izeq [k Hkwfedk jgh gSA iwjs fo'o esa lkV ikoj ds :Ik
esa Hkkjr dh lk[k c<+h gSAvkbZVh{ks = ds fujUrj fodkl ls ns'k esa vlk/kkj.k lEifRr dk l`tu gqvk gS vkSj fu;kZ r ,oa jkstxkj ds <s +jks a volj izkIr gq, gSA lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds{ks= esa gqbZ iz xfr ds dkj.k dEI;wVj ds lkeus cSBs &cSBs gh fo'o dh fdlh Hkh dksus ls
[kjhnnkjh djuk ;k olwyh ] foKkiu rFkk /kujkf'k dk LFkkukUrj.k vkfn egRoiw.kZ O;kolkf;d dk;Z cMh vklkuh ls gks jgs gSA vc rks O;fDr viuh ?kjsyw vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dh [kjhnnkjh ?kj cSBs gh dj ldrk gSA lCth] diM+s] bys DVªkWfud lkeku vkfn ?kj cSBs eaxok ldrk gSA vkt ge dbZ iz dkj ds 'kCn tS ls& bZ&esy] bZ&fctusl] bZ&cSafdx] bZ& xoZusl] bZ&pSV] bZ&dS'k] bZ&dkelZ] bZ&dalYVsV] bZ&QSDl] bZ&izksD;ksjes aV] VsfyesfMflu vkfn lqurs jgrs gSA oLrqr%lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ,d ,slk {ks= gS tgk¡ izfrfnu u;s vkfo"dkj
gksrs jgrs gSA jks t ubZ izk|kS fxdh cnyrh jgrh gS ftlds dkj.k ge fur u;h lqfo/kkvka s
ls lEiUu gksrs tk jgs gSA bZ&dkWelZ& lwpuk iz kS|ksfxdh ,oa mUur dEI;wVj us Vodks ± ds mi;ksx ls O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksa dks bZ&okf.kT; ds mi;ks x ls dk;Zdq'ky cuk;k tk ldrk gSA bZ&dkelZ u dsoy dkxtks a dks foLFkkfir dj bysDVª kWfud Lo:i nsrk gS] oju~ cgq r lkjh vuko';d xfrfof/k;ksa dks gVkdj O;kikj dks bysDVªkW fud okrkoj.k iznku djrk gSA blds dkj.k O;kikj djus ds rjhdksa esa iw .kZ :i ls ifjoZru vk tkrk gSA lp rks ;g gS fd oLrqvksa ;k
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lsokvkas dks bVa jusV ij [kjhnuk ;k csapuk ;k foKkiu }kjk mRikndks a dh lw puk,a xzkgdks
rd igqapuk gh bZ dkeW lZ gSA dEI;wVj usVodksZa baVjus V oYMZokbM osc ls ys dj bZ chch (bysDVªkWfud cqysfVu cksMZ)] bZ,QVh (bys DVªkWfud QaM Vªka lQj) vkfn mi;ksxh rduhdks a dks lekfo"V dj O;kikfjd dk;Zdykiksa dks laikfnr djus esa bZ&dkelZ ,d egRoiw.kZHkwfedk vnk djrh gS aA bZ&dkWelZ dk izknqHkkZo& nq fu;k esa bZ&dkelZ dh 'kq:vkr lu~ 1970 es a gqwbZ Fkh dqN dEifu;ksa us viuh dEI;wVj vk/kkfjr lwpuk iz.kkfy;ksa ds fy, futh dEI;wVj usVodksZ lsvius O;kikfjd lg;ksfx;ksa ,oa vU; lEcfU/kr dEIkfu;ks a dks Hkh lwpuk iz.kkfy;ks a ds fy,
futh dEI;wVj usVodksZ dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA mUgkus mu usVodksZ ls vius O;kikfjd lg;ks fx;ks a ,oa vU; lEcf/kr dEifu;ksa dks Hkh lwpukvksa ds ysu&ns u gsrq tksM+k A ;g izFkk ckn esa bZ-Mh- vkbZ ds :i esa fodflr gqbZA bZMhvkbZ }kjk dkxth dk;Zokgh dks de djus
dh n`f"V ls rFkk ekuotfur xyfr;ksa dks de djus dh n`f"V ls rFkk ekuo tfur xyfr;ksa dks djus ds fy, ekud bysDVª kWfud QkeksZ a }kjk O;kikfjd nLrkos tks a dk vknku iz nku dEI;w Vj us Vodks ± ij gks us yxkA bl O;oLFkk ls bZMhvkbZ us vk'kkrhr lQyrk izkIr dh rFkk O;kikfjd [kpksZ esa dVkSrh djds dk;Zdq 'kyrk esa Hkh c<ksRrjh dh bl iz dkj bysDVªkW fud dkelZ dk izkjEHk gqvkA bysDVªkfud MkVk baVjpsat& fofHkUu O;kikfjd O;kolkf;d rFkk okf.kfT;d lw pukvks a dks bys DVªkWfud MkVk baVjpsat (bZMhvkbZ) dgrs gSaA ;s lwpuk,a Ø; vkns'k chtd] vfxz e /kujkf'k vFkok lkexzh ds ifjogu dk C;ksjk Hkh gks ldrh gSA oLrqr% bysDVªkW fud MkVk bUVjpsa t bZ dkelZ dk gh :i gSA blds ek/;e ls fcuk dkxt ds gh lw pukvks a dk vknku iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA bZ dkeZl dk lapkyu djus ds fy,
QS Dl] bZ &es y] bysDVª kW fud cqysfVu cksMZ] bZ&dS'k] bysDVª kW fud QaM Vz ka lQj] fofM;ks VsLV]vkW uykbu MkVkcsl vkfn dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bZ&dkWelZ ds ykHk& bZ dkeZ l us O;kikfj;ksa rFkk dEifu;ksa ds vykok miHkksDrkvksa ds le{k Hkh vufxur fodYi izLrqr fd, gSA vr% bZ&dkWelZ ls dEifu;ksa ] foØsrkvksa ,oa xzkgdks tks ykHk iz kIr gksrs gSa ] oks bl iz dkj gS&1- oka fNr oLrq vksa o lsokvks a ds p;u esa lqfo/kk 2- mRiknks a dh fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj ewY;ksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u djuk vklkuA3- oLrq vksa dh [kks tchu gsrq ckj&ckj cktkj tkus&vkus esa yxus okys le; dh cprA4- cktkjksa dh le; lhek o HkkS xksfyd lhekvksa dk foLrkj A5- fdlh Hkh le; [kjhnnkjh djus dh lqfo/kkA
6- bysDVªkW fud Hkqxrku dh lqfo/kkA foØsrkvksa o dEifu;ksa dks gksus okys ykHkks dh lwph&1- O;kikj pØ dh xfrfof/k;ks a es a rhozrkA2- mRikndksa] forjdksa o vU; O;kikfjd lg;ksxh ls O;kikfjd lwpukvksa dk vknku
iznku ,oa O;kikfjd [kpks Z esa dehA3- u;s cktkjksa o xzkgdksa rd igq¡ pus esa vklkuhA4- oLrq vks a] mRiknksa o lsokvksa dh vf/kd tkudkjh iz nku djus dh {kerk dk
fodklA
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5- xzkgd ls csgRrj lac/k rFkk dkxt dh cpr rFkk Mkd [kpZ esa deh D;ksafd lapkj
dEI;wVj ek/;e ls gksus ds dkj.kA bZ&xousZal& Hkkjr ljdkj us 17 vDVwcj 2000 dks lw puk izkS|ksfxdh vf/kfu;e dks ykxw djds bZ&dkelZ ,oa bZ&xous Zal dks oS/krk iznku dh rkfd dsanzh; rFkk jkT; ljdkjks a }kjk bZ xous Zl ds {ks= esa fd;s tk jgs dk;ksZ ds iz;ksx dh tkudkjh ,d= ,oa izlkfjr dh tk ldsA bZ&xousZ l dh lgk;rk ls tgk¡ ljdkjh iz'kklfud dk;ksZ esa ikjnf'kZ rk vk jgh gSa ogha lHkh ukxfjdks dks rhoz xfr ls lwpuk miyC/k djk;h tk jgh gSA iz'kklfud izHkkfodrk esa lq/kkj ds lkFk ifjogu] fo|qr] ty] LokLF;] lqj{kk] uxj ls okvksa esa lq /kkj fd, tk ldsaxs aA vkt cM+s&cM+ s 'kgjksa ds vkl&ikl cls xkaoks rd es a Hkh dEI;w Vj dsUnzksa dh Hkjekj gks xbZ gS tgkW a yksx dEI;w Vj f'k{kk xzg.k djds viuk Hkfo"; lq/kkj jgs gSA
bZ&xoZusZl ds ykHk&1- vxj fdlh O;fDr dks jk'ku dkMZ cuokuk gks rks vkW uykbu vthZ Mky ldrs gS
,oa oLrqfLFkfr tkudj jk'ku dkMZ dk fiza VvkmV ys ldrs gSA2- blh izdkj isa'ku] Hkfo";fuf/k vkfn ds ckjs esa rFkk ikuh] fctyh vkfn ds fcyks
ds Hkqxrku dh tkudkjh ba VjusV ij fey tkrh gSA3- baVjusV ij vke vkneh dh iWagqp cukus ds fy, txg &2 futh {ks=ks dks lapkj
<+kcs [kksyus ds volj izkIr gksaxs] tgkWa lkekU; 'kqYd nsdj gh fuj{kj yksxks dks Hkh okafNr lwpuk izkIr gks tk,xhA
,e&iz'kklu (eksckby iz'kklu)& ,e iz'kklu ukxfjdksa vkSj O;olkf;;ksa dks ljdkjh lwpuk vkS j lsokvksa dks eks ckby Qksu ds tfj;s miyC/k djkus dh uhfrxr
O;oLFkk gSaA Ekksckby lfoZlst fMyhojh xsVos (,e ,l Mhth)& ,e ,l Mhth cukus dk eq[; m¼s'; ljdkjh <ka pkxr lqfo/kkvks a vkSj lsokvks a ds ckjs esa leLr tkudkjh iz nku djus dk eap rS ;kj djuk gS aA ,e ,l Mhth fofHkUu ljdkjh foHkkxksa ds chp eksckby vk/kkfjr lsokvks a ds ijLij vknku&iznku c<+kus esa enn djsxkA lsok iznku djus dk ek/;e&
1- ,e-,l-,l- &(y?kq lans'k ls ok)2- vkbZ oh vkj &(ba Vj,fDVo ok;Wl fjLikal f}i{kh; laokn)3- MCY;w,lih &( ok;jysl ,Iyhds 'ku izksVksdkWy cs rkj vuqiz;ksx i}fr)
Mh-vkbZ-Vh- (lwpuk izk|ksfxdh foHkkx) ,e iz'kklu dks c<kok nsus ds
fy, egRoiw.kZ dne mBk,xk& Mh vkbVh vFkok mldh vU; dksbZ fufnZ"V ,sts alh] ljdkj m|ksx txr] iz cq ¼ lekt tS ls lHkh la cfU/kr i{kks a vkSj ykHkkfFkZ ;ksa ds chp eksckby ds iz;kl dks yksdfiz; cukus vkSj mls miyC/k djkus ds fy, psruk vfHk;ku pyk,xh vkSj {kerk fuekZ .k dk dke djsa xhA Lkkekftd ehfM;k& orZeku le; esa Qslcqd] xwxy vkSj fV~oVj tSls usVofdZ ax LFkyksa ls tqM+s lkekftd ehfM+;k iz ;ksDrk igys ls c<+s gq , ?kjsyw bZ&okf.kT; cktkj dks etcw rh iznku djsa xs aA fiNys o"kZ bles a 50]000 djksM+ :i;s rd dk dkjks ckj gq vk FkkA bl le; vkWu&ykbu dkjksckj djus okys 15 djksM+ Hkkjrh;ksa dh la[;k baVjus V dk
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iz ;ksx djus okyh phuh vkS j vejhdh yksxksa ds ckn rhljs uEcj ij gSA baVjus V vkS j
eksckby ,lks f'k,lu ds v/;;u ds vuqlkj 5 djksM+ yksx Qs lcq d ij vkSj 30 yk[k yksx V~ foVj ij dke djrs gSA bl rjg lkekftd ehfM;k dk iz;ksx 6 djksM+ 30 yk[k yksx dj jgs gSA Qslcq d] fV~oVj vkS j xwxy tSls lkekftd usVofd±x LFky ,s ls cM+s la lk/ku ,oa ek/;e iz ekf.kr gq , gS tks gtkjks ehy nwj njkt ds ,oa ,d egk}hi ls nwljs egk}hi ds yksxks ds ikl ykuas] tksM+us] mues a ckrphr djkus] ijLij le>us] fj'rs tksM+ us ,oa xyrQgfe;ksa dks nw j djus vFkok utnhd ykus dh dfM+;k¡ vFkok jkgsa miyC/k djkrs gSA ,d ckj lfp±x vkSj pSfVax djus ds eu es a dbZ ckj ;g ykylk iS nk gksrh gS fd D;ksa u bZ&esy] ,l,e,l vFkok Rofjr dkWy Hkstdj dqN vkSj le; fcrk;k tk;s ;k [kkus ij cqykdj ;k fdlh lkekftd dk;ZØe es a feydj iz xk<rk esa u;s jax Hkjs tk,A Ekksckbyksa dk izpyu orZeku esa bl dnj c<+ x;k gS fd xkWa o&xkWo esa yks xks dks eksckbyks a
dks dkuksa ls lVkdj ?kaVks ckrphr djrs ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g bysDVª kWfud ØkfUr dh nsu gSA jk"Vªh; lwpuk foKku dsUnz& ;g dk;kZ y; bysDVªkWfudh vkSj lwpuk izkS |ksfxdh foHkkx dk lac/k dk;kZy; gSa A;g ljdkj vkSj vke vkneh dks leku :i ls bZ&iz'kklu lsok,W a miyC/k djkus esa vxz.kh gSA jk"Vªh; lwpuk& foKku dsUnz us bZ&'kklu ifj;ks tukvksa ds fMtkbu cukusa mudk fodkl vkSj lapkyu djus dh dbZ egRoiw.kZ igy dh gSAjk"Vªh; lwpuk foKku ds Unz dk jk"VªO;kih dEI;wVj vkSj lapkj usVodZ gS] ea =ky;ks a] foHkkxksa vkSj ns'k ds lHkh 35 jkT;ks a 616 ftyksa dks la idZ miyC/k djkus ds fy, vk/kqfudre usVodZ iz kS|ksfxdh dks dke esa ykrk gSA lkbcj lqj{kk& lkbcj lqj{kk ({ks=) dh dksbZ lhek vkSj Nksj ugha gSa A lkbcj Lisl esa
Nn~e ;k xqeuke ls vPNs cqjs lHkh rjg ds dke fd, tk ldrs a gSaA fojks/kh vFkok nq'eu ;k fQj vkardoknh Hkh vijk/kiw .kZ dk;Zokfg;ks a ds fy, lkbcj Lisl dk uktk;t bLrseky djus ls ckt ugh vkrsA os rjg &rjg ds gFkdM+s viukdj rFkk T;knk lQkbZvkS j gks 'k;kjh ls dke ysdj vf/kd ls vf/kd uqdlku iWagqpkus esa fyIr jgrs gSA bl rjg
os vke ukxfjdksa ds fy, gh ugh] O;kikj] okf.kT; o ljdkj dks uqdlku iW agqpkus ds fy, u;s& u;s rkSj rjhds viukrsa gSA bu c<rsa [krjks dks ns[krsa gq, lkbcj lqj{kk ds fy, lkbcj dkuwu cukA ladV ekspu& dEI;w Vj dh lq j{kk dks [krjsa esa Mkyus okyh tc Hkh dksbZ ?kVuk ?kVrh gS rks mldh rqajr jksdFkke ds fy, lVZ &bu* uke ls ,d jk"Vªh; uksMy ,tsa lh cuh gqbZ gSa A ;g laLFkk viuh osclkbV ls lw puk izlkfjr dj lqj{kk ls tqM+ h lHkh ckrks a ds ckjs
esa tkudkjh nsrh gSA lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dkuwu 2000] bZ &okf.kT; vkSj bZ& iz'kklu dks lq fo/kktud cukus rFkk dEI;wVj lEcU/kh vijk/kks a ls fuiVus ds fy, cuk;k x;k FkkA lkbcj dkuwu& lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dkuw u 2000] bZ& okf.kT; vkSj bZ&iz'kklu dks lqfo/kktud cukus rFkk dEI;wVj la ca/kh vijk/kksa ls fuiVus ds fy, cuk;k x;k FkkA lkbcj vijk/kksa ds u;s&u;s :iks a esa fuiVus ds fy, o"kZ 2008 esa dkuwu esa dqN la'kks/ku fd, x, tks dkQh dkjxj fl} gks jgs gSaA djksa dk Hkqxrku& oSls rks lwpuk izkS |ks fxdh dk egRo fnu ij fnu c<+ rk tk jgk gSa vkS j ;g ns 'k dh vFkZ O;oLFkk dks etcwr cukus es a viwoZ lg;ksx ns jgk gSA vk;dj fjVuZ
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(C;kSjk) vkWuykbu rS;kj djus vkSj is'k djus] djksa dk Hkqxrku 32 ,ts alh cSadks ds ek/
;e ls djus djnkrkvksa ds cSa d [kkrksa ls lh/ks /ku okilh dh bysDVª kWfud eatw jh ds fy, bZlh,l lqfo/kk vkS j VhMh,l (lko/kh tek) fjVuZ dks bysDVª kWfud :i ls Hkjdj nsus dh bZlh,l lq fo/kk vc ns 'kHkj esa miyC/k gSaA fu"d"kZ& oS ls rks lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dk egRo fnu ij fnu c<+rk tk jgk gS vkS j ;g ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks etcw r cukus esa viw oZ lg;ksx ns jgk gS blls ns'k dh vk;&O;; ds chp c<+rh [kkbZ dks ikVus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks udkjk ugha tk ldrkA vk;dj fjVuZ (C;kSjk)vkWuykbZu rS;kj djus vkSj is'k djus] djks a dk Hkq xrku 32 ,ts alh cSadksa ds ek/;e ls djus] djnkrkvksa ds cSad [kkrks a esa lh/ks /ku okilh dh bysDVª kWfud eatw jh ds fy, bZ- lh-,l- lqfo/kk vkS j Vh-Mh-,l- (lkof/k tek) fjVuZ dks bys DVªkWfud :Ik ls Hkj dj nsus dh bZ-lh-,l- lqfo/kk ns'k Hkj esa miyC/k gSA bu mik;ksa ls djnkrk vk;dj dk;kZ y;ks a esa
tk;s fcuk dj laca /kh viuh ftEesnkfj;ka iw jh dj ldrs gS aA la{ksi es a dg ldrs gS fd vkt bys DVª kW fud] lw puk iz kS |ks fxdh vkS j la pkj ek/;eksa dk lkekftd] vkfFkZ d] O;kikfjd]
'kS f{kd] /kkfeZ d vkSj jktuhfrd {ks=ksa esa tcZnLr izpyu vk/kqfud ;qx dh vuq ie ns u gS tks /kjrhokfl;ksa dks xxu ds u{k=ks a vkS j czg~eyksd ds njoktks a dks csckd [kks ydj u;sHkkjr vkSj u;s fo'o dh jpuk esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1 'kSf{kd izkS|ksfxdhdk fo'odks'k] 'kSf{kd izkS|ksfxdh ds ckjs esa ys[kks a ds fy, ,d O;kid
lalk/ku] 'kSf{kd izkS|ksfxdh foHkkx ds }kjk izdkf'kr] lSu fM,xks jkT; fo'ofo|ky; 2- feJk] ih-,aM dksgyj] ,e-ts- (2006)rduhdh 'kS{kf.kd Kku lkexzh% f'k{kd Kku esa
,dhdj.k iz kS |ks fxdh ds fy, ,d :ijs [kk] f'k{kdksa ds dkW ys t fjdkMZ] 108 (6)] 1017&10543- Cywe ch-,l- (1956) VSDlkukWeh vkWQ ,tqds'kuy vkWctsdfVOl] gSaMcqdA n dkWfXu'ku
Mksesu U;w;kWdZ% MsfoM eSdds daiuh bad 4- eSdsath] tWeh (2008) fMftVy dk ;qx D;k gS\5- eksukgu] Vksfju (2005) oS'ohdj.k] rduhdh ifjorZu vkSj lkoZtfud v/;;u U;w;kWdZ
:Vyst ISBN 0-415-95103-8
6- ;kstuk o"kZ 2012 ekg flrEcj
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f'k{kk rFkk lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh f'k{kk rFkk lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh f'k{kk rFkk lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh f'k{kk rFkk lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh f'k{kk rFkk lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ¹ ikratfy feJk ¹ ikratfy feJk ¹ ikratfy feJk ¹ ikratfy feJk ¹ ikra tfy feJk
¹¹ lUrks"k jru ik.Ms; ¹¹ lUrks"k jru ik.Ms; ¹¹ lUrks"k jru ik.Ms; ¹¹ lUrks"k jru ik.Ms; ¹¹ lUrks"k jru ik.Ms;
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¹ O;k[;krk] f'k{kd ladk;] ts-ih- f'k{kk egkfo|ky;] jhok ¹¹ f'k{kd
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& lwpuk izkS |ksfxdh us ekuo thou ds leLr i{kksa dks izHkkfor fd;k gS A f'k{kk Hkh blls vNw rh ugha jgh gSA f'k{kk ds fy, miyC/k cqfu;knh <kW ps] d{kk ds vkdkj v/;kidks a dh miyC/krk ,oa muds izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk vkfn dks ns[krs gq, f'k{kk ds reke y{;ksa dks izkIr djuk eqf'dy gS A ;gh ugha vf/kdka 'k v/;kid O;k[;ku fof/k dk mi;ksx djrs gS a] ftlesa
f'k{kk ds fofHkUu y{;ksa es a ls vf/kdka'k dks iwjk djus dh {kerk ugha gS A f'k{kk ds y{; cgqvk;keh gSa] blfy, mUgs a izkIr djus ds fy, fofHkUu fof/k;ksa dks lefUor :i ls bLrseky esa ykuk t:jh gS A lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh vkt blesa dqN ennxkj lkfcr gks ldrh gSA ;g ckr rksloZfofnr gS fd ,d Hkh v/;kid ,slk ugha gS ] tks vius fo"k; esa iw.kZ vkSj v|ru lw puk,W nsldsA lwpuk izkS |ksfxdh bl deh dks iwjk dj ldrh gS D;ks afd ;g lwpuk ds fofHkUu lzksrks a rd igqW p vklku cuk nsrh gS ] ;g fofHkUu :iksa es a vkSj fofHkUu mnkgj.kks a ds lkFk lgh&lgh lwpuk,W foLr`r :i es a miyC/k djk ldrh gS A lw puk izkS|ksfxdh fo"k;oLrq dks izLrqr djus esa bruh fofo/krk ds volj iznku djrh gS ] fd lh[kus okys dks fo"k; ij /;ku dsfUnzr djus esa enn feyrh gS lkFk gh os fo"k; dks csgrj rjhds ls le> ldrs gS a] tks vU;Fkk laHko ugha gS A lh[kus okyks a dks fdlh u;s fo"k; ij vU; ns'kks a ds mlh fo"k; ds ftKklqvksa ds lkFk dke djus
dk volj izkIr gksrk gS A lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ls f'k{k.k vf/kxe izfØ;k esa xq.kkRed lq/kkj ykusesa Hkh enn feyrh gS A ;gh dkj.k gS] fd ,sls fo|ky;ks a ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk vf/kxe Lrj vis{kkd`r vf/kd gS] tgkW ij lwpuk izkS |ksfxdh lefFkZr f'k{kk nh tkrh gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
izLrkouk& lwpuk iz kS|ksfxdh us ekuo thou ds leLr i{kksa dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA f'k{kk Hkh blls vNwrh ugha jgh gSA f'k{kk ds fy, miyC/k cqfu;knh <kWps] d{kk ds vkdkj v/;kidksa dh miyC/krk ,oa muds izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk vkfn dks ns [krs gq, f'k{kk ds
reke y{;ksa dks izkIr djuk eqf'dy gSA ;gh ugha vf/kdka'k v/;kid O;k[;ku fof/k dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] ftlesa f'k{kk ds fofHkUu y{;ks a es a ls vf/kdka'k dks iwjk djus dh {kerk ugha gSA f'k{kk ds y{; cgq vk;keh gSa] blfy, mUgsa izkIr djus ds fy, fofHkUu fof/k;ks a
dks lefUor :i ls bLrseky esa ykuk t:jh gSA lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh vkt blesa dqN ennxkj lkfcr gks ldrh gSA ;g ckr rks loZ fofnr gS] fd ,d Hkh v/;kid ,slk ugha gS] tks vius fo"k; esa iw .kZ vkS j v|ru lwpuk,W ns ldsA lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh bl deh dks iw jk dj ldrh gS] D;ksa fd ;g lwpuk ds fofHkUu lzksrksa rd igqWp vklku cuk nsrh gS] ;g fofHkUu :iks a es a vkSj fofHkUu mnkgj.kksa ds lkFk lgh&lgh lwpuk,W foLr`r :i es a miyC/k djk ldrh gSA lw puk izkS|ksfxdh fo"k;oLrq dks iz Lrqr djus esa bruh fofo/krk ds volj
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iz nku djrh gS fd lh[kus okys dks fo"k; ij /;ku dsfUnzr djus esa enn feyrh gS lkFk
gh os fo"k; dks csgrj rjhds ls le> ldrs gSa] tks vU;Fkk laHko ugha gSA lh[kus okyksa dks fdlh u;s fo"k; ij vU; ns 'kksa ds mlh fo"k; ds ftKklq vks a ds lkFk dke djus dk volj izkIr gksrk gSA lw puk izkS|ksfxdh ls f'k{k.k vf/kxe izfØ;k esa xq.kkRed lq/kkj
ykus es a Hkh enn feyrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS] fd ,sls fo|ky;ksa ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk vf/kxe Lrj vis{kkd`r vf/kd gS] tgkW ij lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh lefFkZr f'k{kk nh tkrh gSA
'kks/k v/;;u ds mn~ns';& vkt lEiw .kZ fo'o Kku ds gj {ks= es a vR;a r rhoz xfr ls iz xfr dh vksj vxzlj gks jgk gSA thou ds gj {ks= es a ubZ&ubZ [kkstksa ds lekpkj lquus dks fey jgs gS aA ;s lwpuk,a O;ofLFkr :i ls izkIr djus] muds ladyu] fo'ys"k.k o iqu% iz kIr djus dh ,d izHkkoh rduhd gSA dEI;wVj ds ek/;e ls tc ls lkjs dk;Z lEiUu fd;s tk;s rks ;g v/;;u lwpuk rduhdh dgykrh gSA vkt lwpuk rduhdh dk mi;ks x
cM+s iSekus ij f'k{kk ds {ks= esa fd;k tkus yxk gS] ftldk Nk=ksa ds vf/kxe Lrj ij ldkjkRed izHkko iM+ jgk gSA 'kks/kkFkhZ dk eq[; mn~ns'; Nk=&Nk=kvks a ds vf/kxe Lrj ij lwpuk iz kS|ksfxdh ds iM+us okys izHkko dk v/;;u djuk gS rFkk f'k{kk ij lwpuk iz kS|ksfxdh dh izHkko'khyrk] mikns;rk ,oa okLrfodrk dks izdV dj blds mn~ns'; iwfrZ esa viuh lgHkkfxrk iznku djuk Hkh gSA bl 'kks/k v/;;u ds fuEufyf[kr egRoiw.kZ mn~ ns'; gS &1- f'k{kk es a lwpuk izkS |ks fxdh ds mi;ksx ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds vf/kxe Lrj ij iM+us
okys izHkko dk ewY;ka du djukA2- fo|ky;ksa esa xq.kkRed f'k{kk gsrq miyC/k vk/kqfud lalk/kuksa dh okLrfod fLFkfr
dk v/;;u djukA
3- f'k{kk ,oa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds chp lg&lEca/k dk ewY;kadu djukA4- fo|ky;ksa esa lwpuk rduhdh ds mi;ks x lEca /kh f'k{kdksa ,oa Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh
{kerk dk ew Y;kadu djukA5- fo|ky;ks a es a lwpuk rduhdh ds mi;ksx gsrq 'kklu }kjk la pkfyr izksRlkgu
;ks tukvksa ds izHkko dk ewY;kadu djukA 'kks/k v/;;u dh vko';drk ,oa egRo& 'kks/k dh fo"k; oLrq Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds vf/kxe Lrj ij lwpuk iz kS|ksfxdh ds izHkko ds ewY;kadu ds izFke mn~ns'; dh iw frZ ij yf{kr gSA vr% ;g 'kks/k dk;Z fuEukafdr n`f"V ls vko';d ,oa egRoiw.kZ gS&1- f'k{kk esa lwpuk iz kS|ksfxdh ds mi;ksx dh izklkafxdrk dk ewY;kadu gks ldsxkA2- f'k{kk esa lw puk iz kS|ksfxdh ds mi;ksx dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy;s 'kklu }kjk fd;s
tk jgs O;; ,oa ykHk ds e/; larq yu gsrq ;kstuk izLrqr dh tk lds xhA3- Hkfo"; es a f'k{kk es a lwpuk izkS |ks fxdh dh vko';drk ,oa Lo:i ij ;kstuk izLrqr
dh tk lds xhA4- f'k{kk esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds mi;ksx ,oa lapkyu esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa dh
tkudkjh izkIr gks xhA5- Nk=&Nk=kvks a ds vf/kxe Lrj ij lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds izHkko dh okLrfod
tkudkjh izkIr gks lds xhA6- f'k{kk es a lwpuk izkS |ks fxdh dks vkS j vf/kd izHkkoh cukus gsrq lq>ko izLrqr fd;k
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tk ldsxkA
'kks/k ifjdYiuk& f'k{kk es a lwpuk izkS|ks fxdh dk mi;ksx ,d 'kSf{kd uokpkj gS] ftlds varxZr lw puk izkS|ksfxd }kjk f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls Nk=&Nk=kvks a ds vf/kxe Lrj esa o`f¼ djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u ds la nHkZ es a 'kks/kkFkhZ dh ifjdYiuk bl izdkj gS& ^f'k{kk es a lwpuk iz kS|ksfxdh ds iz;ksx ls Nk=&Nk=kvks a dsvf/kxe Lrj ij ldkjkRed izHkko iM+ rk gSA*
'kks/k fof/k& 'kks/kkFkhZ us vius 'kks/k v/;;u gsrq jhok ftys ds d{kk 8oha esa v/;;ujr dqy 400 Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks U;kn'kZ esa p;fur fd;k gS ftlesa ls 200 Nk= ,sls fo|ky;ksa ls gSa ] tgka ij lwpuk iz kS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk iz nku dh tk jgh gS rFkk 200 Nk= ,sls fo|ky;ksa ls gSa] tgka ij ijEijkxr rjhds ls f'k{kk iz nku dh tk jgh gS ,oa f'k{kk esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx ugah fd;k tk jgk gSA 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk lHkh U;kn'kksZa dk
p;u nSo&fun'kZu fof/k ls fd;k x;k gSA 'kks/kkFkhZ us vius 'kks/k v/;;u esa 'kks/k midj.k ds :i esa LofufeZr Nk=&ijh{k.k i=d dk mi;ksx fd;k gS rFkk blh Nk= ijh{k.k i=d dk iz'kklu U;kn'kZ esa p;fur Nk=&Nk=kvksa ij djds iznRrksa dk la xzg.k fd;k gS rFkk iz kIr iznRrksa ds lkj.kh;u fo'ys "k.k ,oa O;k[;k }kjk oLrqfLFkfr dh tkudkjh iz kIr dh ftldk fooj.k bl izdkj gS &
rkfydk Øeka d&1Ø- ikIrkad d{kk 8oha e v/;;ujr Nk=&Nk=kvk dk vf/kxe Lrj
lpuk izkS|ksfxdh d ek/;e ls f'k{kkizkIr Nk=&Nk=kvks dk vf/kxe Lrj
ijEijkxr ek/;e ls f'k{kk ikIrNk=&Nk=kvks dk vf/kxe Lrj
l[;k izfr'kr la[;k izfr'kr
1- 0 vad ls vf/kd fdUrq 40 vad ls de ¼U;w ure vf/kxe Lrj dh
izkfIr ugha½
17 8-50 41 20-50
2- 40 vad ls vf/kd fdUrq 60 vad ls de ¼U;w ure vf/kxe Lrj dh izkfIr½
136 68-00 143 71-50
3- 60 vad ls vf/kd fdUrq 80 vad ls de ¼n{krk dh vks j vxzlj½
36 18-00 14 7-00
4- 80 vad ls vf/kd fdUrq 100vad ls de ¼n{krk dh iz kfIr½
11 5-50 02 1-00
fo'ys"k.k ,oa O;k[;k& mijksDr rkfydk ls Li"V gksrk gS fd U;kn'kZ esa p;fur 200 Nk=&Nk=kvks a ftUgsa lwpuk izkS |ks fxdh ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk iznku dh tk jgh gS esa ls17 Nk= U;w ure vf/kxe Lrj dh izkfIr ugha dj lds] tcfd 136 Nk=&Nk=kvksa us
U;wure vf/kxe Lrj dh izkfIr dj yh gS rFkk 36 Nk=&Nk=k,¡ n{krk dh vksj vxzlj gS
,oa U;kn'kZ es a p;fur 11 Nk=&Nk=kvksa us n{krk dh izkfIr dj yh gSA bl izdkj lwpuk iz kS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk izkIr 8-50 izfr'kr Nk=&Nk=k,¡ U;wure vf/kxe Lrj dh iz kfIr ugha dj lds tcfd 68 iz fr'kr Nk=&Nk=kvksa us U;wure vf/kxe Lrj dh izkfIr dj yh gS] rFkk 18 iz fr'kr Nk=&Nk=k,¡ n{krk dh vks j vxzlj gS ,oa 5-50 iz fr'kr Nk=&Nk=kvksa us n{krk dh izkfIr dj yh gSA blh izdkj ls U;kn'kZ esa p;fur dqy 200 Nk=&Nk=kvksa ftUgsa ijEijkxr ek/;e ls f'k{kk iznku dh tk jgh gS esa ls 41 Nk=&Nk=k,¡ U;wure vf/kxe Lrj dks izkIr ugha dj lds] tcfd 143 Nk=&Nk=kvksa us U;wure vf/kxe Lrj dks izkIr dj fy;k gS rFkk 14 Nk=&Nk=k,¡ n{krk dh vksj vxzlj gS ,oa ek= 02
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Nk=&Nk=k,¡ gh n{krk dh izkfIr dj lds gSA bl izdkj ijEijkxr ek/;e ls f'k{kk iz kIr
20-50 izfr'kr Nk=&Nk=kvksa us U;w ure vf/kxe Lrj dks iz kIr ugha fd;k tcfd 31-50 iz fr'kr Nk=&Nk=kvks a us U;wure vf/kxe Lrj dks izkIr dj fy;k gS] tcfd 7-00 izfr'kr Nk=&Nk=k,¡ n{krk dh vksj vxz lj gS ,oa ek= 1-00 izfr'kr Nk= gh n{krk dh izkfIr dj ldsA 'kks/k fu"d"kZ& izLrq r 'kks/k v/;;u ds fu"d"kZ bl izdkj gS& lw puk iz kS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk izkIr 8-50 iz fr'kr Nk=&Nk=k,¡ U;w ure vf/kxe Lrj dh izkfIr ugha dj lds gS aA tcfd 68 izfr'kr Nk=&Nk=kvksa us U;wure vf/kxe Lrj dh iz kfIr dj yh gS rFkk 18 izfr'kr Nk=&Nk=k,¡ n{krk dh vksj vxzlj gS ,oa 5-50 izfr'kr Nk=&Nk=kvks a us n{krk dh izkfIr dj yh gS blh izdkj ls ijEijkxr ek/;e ls f'k{kk izkIr 20-50 iz fr'kr Nk=&Nk=k,¡ U;wure vf/kxe Lrj dks izkIr ugha dj lds gS a tcfd 71-50 izfr'kr
Nk=&Nk=kvksa us U;w ure vf/kxe Lrj dh izkfIr dj yh gS rFkk 7-00 izfr'kr Nk=&Nk=k;s a n{krk dh vksj vxzlj gS ,oa ek= 1-00 iz fr'kr Nk= gh n{krk dh izkfIr dj ldsA mijks Dr rkfydk Øekad&1 ds fo'ys "k.k ,oa O;k[;k ds vk/kkj ij ;g rF;ksn~ ?kkVu gks rk gS fd lwpuk izkS |ks fxdh ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk iz kIr Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk vf/kxe Lrj ,oa ijEijkxr ek/;e ls f'k{kk izkIr Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds vf/kxe Lrj ls cgqr vf/kd gSA bl iz dkj ;g fl¼ gksrk gS] fd ^^f'k{kk esa lwpuk iz kS|ksfxdh ds iz;ks x ls Nk=&Nk=kvksa dsvf/kxe Lrj ij ldkjkRed izHkko iM+k gSA**
lq>ko& f'k{kk es a lwpuk izkS |ks fxdh ds iz;ksx vkSj vf/kd izHkkoh cukus gsrq 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk fn;s x;s lq>ko bl iz dkj gS &1- f'k{kk esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li"V fd;k tk;sA
2- le;≤ ij f'k{kdksa dks lwpuk iz kS|ksfxdh ds mi;ksx dk izf'k{k.k fn;k tk;sA3- fo|ky;ksa dks lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk gsrq i;kZIr lalk/ku miyC/k
djk;s tk;sA4- fo|ky;ksa esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk gsrq vPNk okrkoj.k rS ;kj
fd;k tk;sA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- dYiuk jktk jke (2004)& Hkkjr esa foKku izkS|ksfxdh % LisDVªe cqDl izk0 fy0 tudiqjh]
ubZ fnYyhA2- fprys jatuk (2001)& baVjusV [kksts viuk dSfj;j] jkstxkj vkSj fuekZ.k 14 fnlEcj 2000
3- luluoky Mh- ,u- (2001)& lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh vkSj mPp f'k{kkA4- xkSM+ izdk'k (1999)& dEI;wVj vuqiz;ksx] jkstxkj vkSj u;s vk;ke] jkstxkj vkSj fuekZ.k] 14
vDVwcj 1999A5. Hathi, Urmil H. (1994) - A study of the audio visual aids in secondary schools of the univ.
guide : Dr. J.I. Jani, (I.E.A. Vol. 1 (1), Jan. 2001)6. Chandra, Arvinda and Pandya, Reameshari (1996) : How effective are video films for
imparting legal education? The progress of education, vol. LXXI (4), 90-92 & 96.7. Joshi, Anuradha and Mahapatra, B.C. (1995) - Effectiveness of computer software in
terms of higher mental ability in science. Indian journal of psychometry and educationvol. 26 (2), 105-108.
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mPp f'k{kk esa xq.koÙkk% pqukSrh ,oa laHkkouk, mPp f'k{kk esa xq.koÙkk% pqukSrh ,oa laHkkouk, mPp f'k{kk esa xq.koÙkk% pqukSrh ,oa laHkkouk, mPp f'k{kk esa xq.koÙkk% pqukSrh ,oa laHkkouk, mPp f'k{kk esa xq.koÙkk% pqukSrh ,oa laHkkouk, ¹ ,-ds- tSu ¹ ,-ds- tSu ¹ ,-ds- tSu ¹ ,-ds- tSu ¹ ,-ds- tSu
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¹ izk/;kid] vFkZ'kkL= foHkkx] 'kkldh; LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] chuk (e-iz-)
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& gekjs ns'k esa tks v/;kid gS os 'kks/k ugha djrs vkS j tks 'kks/k djrs gS os i<krs ugha gS A** vkt lkekU; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk >qdko m|ksxks a] laLFkkvks a dh rjQ gh gS] u fd mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuks a dh vksjA mPp f'k{kk esa xq.kkRedrk u gksus ds dkj.kksa ij ;fn ge fopkj djrs gS rksdbZ rF; mHkj dj lkeus vkrs gS A fdlh Hkh laLFkku dh 'kfDr ogka dh ;ksX; QS dYVh gksrk gS A ysfdu vkt laLFkkvks a eas QS dYVh dh vi;kZIrk gksuk ,oa tks dk;Z jr gS mues a Hkh vf/kdka'k uohure 'kks/k] v|ru Kku ,oa ifjorZuksa ls vufHkK gS A ,slh fLFkfr esa xq.koRrk iw .kZ f'k{kk dh vis{kk dS ls iw.kZ gks\ vkt fo|kFkhZ ikB~; iqLrd ,oa lanHkZ xzaFkks a ds LFkku ij ';ksj lhjht]20 iz'u] xkbM dk lgkjk ysus yxs gS A ;g izo`fRr xq.kkRed fodkl ds ekxZ dks vo:¼ dj jgh gS A QS dYVh ds i'pkr vkt fopkj.kh; ;g gS fd i<k;k tkus okyk ikB~;Øe D;k vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj dh vk;ksftr ijh{kkvksa ds vuq:i ,oa Hkfo"; dh pqukS fr;ksa vkSj laHkkoukvksa dk lkeuk ,oa gquj mRiUu djus okyk gS \ mles a le; ds vuq:i ifjorZu gks jgk gS A bu lc rF;ksa ij fopkj vko';d gSA mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuks a es a Nk=ks a dh fu;fer mifLFkfr dh izo`fÙk ?kVrh tk jgh gS A viO;;rk] vuq'kklu ghurk ,oa QS'ku ijLrh ds rRo f'k{k.k ra= dksuqd'kku igqapk jgs gS A orZeku le; es a f'k{kk cqf¼ vkS j Je dk lkeatL; mRiUu ugha djrk ftlls vkt yksx ijthoh vkS j Je dk 'kks"k.k djus okys curs tk jgs gS A ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
O;fDrRo ds lokZa xh.k fodkl dk vk/kkj ,oa lekt dk niZ .k f'k{kk gSA ;g ns'k dh mUufr vkSj fodkl dk laokgd ,oa izR;sd egRokdka{kh lekt dh loksZPp izkFkfedrk gSA lh- ih- Luks ds vuqlkj f'k{kk dk eq[; mn~ ns'; euq "; dh ml {kerk dks c<+ kuk gksrk gS] ftlls gj leL;k ds gy dh vksj gj pq ukSrh ds lkFk pyus dh ;ksX;rk gksA fdlh Hkh xfr'khy lekt esa mPp f'k{kk dh vo/kkj.kk ml lekt dh uSfrdrkvksa vkn'kZoknh vis{kkvksa] csgrj thou ewY;ksa vkSj O;ogkfjd thou dh ekaxks a ls tksM+ dj x<+h tkrh gSA
fodflr ns'kksa dh laiUurk] vkfFkZd fodkl dk izeq[k dkj.k ogka ds O;fDr;ksa dh dk;Z dq'kyrk ,oa dk;Z{kerk vf/kd gksuk gSA bl ckr ds i;kZ Ir iz ek.k ekStwn gS fd fodkl iz fØ;k es a HkkSfrd iw ¡th dh rqyuk es a ekuoh; iw¡ th dk vf/kd ;ksxnku jgrk gSA fo'o cSad
ds ,d losZ ds vuqlkj jk"Vªh; laink esa HkkS frd iw¡th dk 16 izfr'kr ekuoh; laink dk 20 izfr'kr vkSj izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dk 64 izfr'kr ;ks xnku gksrk gSA izfl¼ fpard
ekvksRlsrqa x us dgk Fkk fd ^^fdlh ns'k dh egkure lEifRr ogka dh turk gSA** rsth ls cnyrh nq fu;k es a Kku foKku ds lHkh {ks =ksa esa vk jgs Økafrdkjh cnykoksa] la pkj] lw puk vk/kkfjr ,oa Kku vk/kkfjr ;qx esa dkS'ky ,oa n{krk dh vgfe;r c<+ x;h gSA vc ;fn
ns'k dks fodkl ds ekxZ ij rhoz xfr ls vxzlj ,oa fo'o ds vU; ns'kksa ds lkFk dne
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rky djuk gS rks dq 'ky ,oa ;ks X; ;qokvks a dh QkSt rS ;kj djuk gks xh vkSj ftls mPp
f'k{kk ds ds Unz ksa esa xq.koRrk iz/kku f'k{kk miyC/k djk dj gh iz kIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ns'k ds mPp f'k{k.k laLFkku fo'oLrjh; ugha gSA gky gh esa izdkf'kr lekpkj ds vuqlkj fo'oLrjh; 200 f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa Hkkjr dk ,d Hkh fo'ofo|ky; ugha gSA fodflr ns'k vesfjdk dks tks vkt fo'o esa 'kh"kZ LFkku izkIr gS] og ogka ds O;kid fuos'k dk urhtk gS] vkt iwjh vFkZ O;oLFkk dks Kku vFkZ O;oLFkk esa cnyuk vko';d gSA ;g le>uk egRoiw.kZ gksxk fd Kku dk izlkj dSls gksrk gS vkSj fodkl dks rst djus ds fy, fdl iz dkj ds Kku dh vko';drk gS vkSj ml Kku dks izkIr djus ds fy, orZ eku 'kS{kf.kd <kapsa esa D;k cnyko visf{kr gS\ iz/kku ea=h ds lw puk rduhdh lykgdkj jk"Vªh; Kku vk;ksx ds iwoZ v/;{k lSefi=ksnk ds vuqlkj ^HkkS frd] jlk;u] xf.kr tS ls ikajEifjd fo"k;ksa dks i<us dk ;q x lekIr gks x;k vc gesa jpukRedrk] leUo;]
yhMjf'ki] Xykscy ,oa izksQs'kuy fo"k;ksa dks i<us rFkk lwpuk rduhdh ds tfj;s i<kbZ ij iw .kZ /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA baVjusV] osclkbV] lks'ky usV ofdZax dk tekuk gS vkt iwjh f'k{kk izfØ;k myV xbZ gSA** orZeku ifjn`';& vkt ns'k esa mPp f'k{kk esa ukeka fdr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la [;k yxHkx 10 izfr'kr gS ysfdu vR;Ur lkspuh; rF; ;g gS fd mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ls fudyus
okys Nk=ksa dk ckS f¼d Lrj] n{krk dkS'ky dk Lrj bl Lrj dk ugha gS fd os m|ks x O;kolkf;d txr dh vis{kkvksa ij [kjs mrj lds aA lcls egRoiw .kZ rF; ;g gS fd mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa eas v/;kiu djkus okyh QSdYVh mPp Lrj ds iz kIr ugha gks jgs gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd orZeku esa fofHkUu laLFkkvks a esa yxHkx 50 izfr'kr in fjDr iM+ s gq, gSA Kku vk;ksx ds iwoZ v/;{k lSefi=ksnk dk ;g dguk gS fd ^^gekjs ns'k esa tks v/;kid gS os
'kks/k ugha djrs vkS j tks 'kks/k djrs gS os i<krs ugha gSA** vkt lkekU; fo|kfFkZ;ks a dk >q dko m|ksxksa] laLFkkvksa dh rjQ gh gS] u fd mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh vksjA mPp f'k{kk esa xq.kkRedrk u gksus ds dkj.kks a ij ;fn ge fopkj djrs gS rks dbZ rF; mHkj dj lkeusvkrs gSA fdlh Hkh la LFkku dh 'kfDr ogka dh ;ksX; QSdYVh gksrk gSA ysfdu vkt
laLFkkvksa eas QSdYVh dh vi;kZ Irk gksuk ,oa tks dk;Zjr gS muesa Hkh vf/kdka'k uohure 'kks/k] v|ru Kku ,oa ifjorZuksa ls vufHkK gSA ,slh fLFkfr es a xq.koRrk iw.kZ f'k{kk dh vis{kk dS ls iw .kZ gks\ vkt fo|kFkhZ ikB~; iqLrd ,oa lanHkZ xzaFkksa ds LFkku ij ';ksj
lhjht] 20 iz'u] xkbM dk lgkjk ys us yxs gSA ;g izo`fRr xq.kkRed fodkl ds ekxZ dksvo:¼ dj jgh gSA QSdYVh ds i'pkr vkt fopkj.kh; ;g gS fd i<k;k tkus okyk
ikB~;Øe D;k vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj dh vk;ks ftr ijh{kkvksa ds vuq :i ,oa Hkfo"; dh
pq ukSfr;ksa vkS j laHkkoukvksa dk lkeuk ,oa gquj mRiUu djus okyk gS\ mlesa le; dsvuq:i ifjorZu gks jgk gSA bu lc rF;ksa ij fopkj vko';d gSA mPp f'k{k.k la LFkkuksa
esa Nk=ks a dh fu;fer mifLFkfr dh izo`fÙk ?kVrh tk jgh gSA viO;;rk] vuq'kklu ghurk ,oa QS'ku ijLrh ds rRo f'k{k.k ra = dks uq d'kku igqapk jgs gSA orZeku le; esa f'k{kk cq f¼ vkSj Je dk lkeatL; mRiUu ugha djrk ftlls vkt yksx ijthoh vkSj Je dk 'kks"k.k djus okys curs tk jgs gSA vkt f'k{k.k dh i¼fr esa vkew y&pw y ifjorZu gqvk gS ysfdu fdrus ,sls mPp f'k{k.k laLFkku gS ftuesa n`'; JO; lk/ku] bUVjusV] ifj;kstuk dk;Z] iksLVj] pkVZ ys[ku] v/;kiu bR;kfn f'k{k.k ds lfØ; vax cus gq, gSA v/kkslajpuk
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ds varxZr v/;kiu ,oa izk;ksfxd d{k] vkMhVksfj;e] [ksy ifjlj] bZ ykbczsjh] fo|qr dh
lrr vkiwfrZ] bUVjusV bR;kfn lekfgr gS budh i;kZIr miyC/krk ugha gSA lrr ewY;kadu i¼fr] 'kks/k izdk'ku] leqfpr iz'kklfud iz ca/ku bR;kfn vusd dkjdksa dk Hkh mPpf'k{kk ds {ks = dh xq.koRrk esa ijks{k izHkko iMrk gSA vkt gekjs ns'k esa xq.koRrk ds {ks= eas mDr lHkh vojks/k pqukSrh cus gq,s gS] ftudk lek/kku vko';d gSA laHkkouk,a ,oa lq>ko& Hkkjr vius ;qokvks a dh fo'kky la[;k ds dkj.k nqfu;k dh ,d lcls cM+h dk;Z dkjh 'kfDr cu ldrk gS] blds fy, gesa viuh f'k{k.k iz.kkyh esa lq /kkj vkSj foLrkj dh vko';drk gSA tokgjyky usg: dk dguk Fkk fd gekjs f'k{k.k laLFkkuks a esa loksZ Rd`"V es?kk ds oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh lEiUu yksx fudys tks vius 'kks/k vkSj fodkl dk;ks Z ds tfj;s ns'k dks viuh rduhdh t:jrksa ds fygkt ls vkRe fuHkZ j cukus es a ennxkj gksA mPpf'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds 'kS{kf.kd <ka psa esa vkew y&pw y
ifjorZou dh vko';drk gSA oS'ohdj.k vkS j eqDr cktkj ds bl nkSj es a tgka iz fr;ksfxrk gh izfr;ksfxrk] n`f"Vxr gks jgh gS gj rjQ xq.koRrk ;qDr phtksa dh ekax gks] ,slh fLFkfr esa mPp f'k{kk dSls vNw rh jg ldrh gS\ vkt ns'k es a fo'o Lrjh; f'k{kk ds Lo:i dh vko';drk gSA vkt lq>koks a dh deh ugha gS] pqukS rh gS mu lq>koksa ds fØ;kUo;u ,oa
ifj.kkeksaUeq[kh cukus dhA lcls egRoiw.kZ foUnq ;g gS fd tc 'kklu] lekt] f'k{kd] fo|kFkhZ lHkh xq.koRrk pkgrs gS] fQj Hkh] og gesa izkIr ugha gks ik jgh gSA blfy, vkt bldh ctg ij vR;Ur xgjkbZ ls fpUru dh vko';drk gSA dgrs gS fd tc lHkh dksbZ liuk ns[krs gS rks og lkdkj gks tkrk gS ;fn vkt iw jk ns'k xq.koRrk dk liuk ns[krk gS vkS j ml vksj iwjk lekt d`rladYi gks rk gS rks fu%la nsg vkt gekjk ns'k fodflr ns'kks a ls Hkh vxz.kh gksxkA bf.M;k VqMs esa fy[kk Fkk fd xq.koRrk ds fy, bu rRoks a dh Lok;Ùkrk
vko';d gS fd fdls i<kuk gS \ fdu ds }kjk i<k;k tkuk gS vkS j D;k i<k;k tkuk gSA mPp f'k{kk esa xq.koRrk gsrq dqN lq >koksa ij esa fopkj ea Fku fd;k tk ldrk gS& ikB~;Øe& f'k{kk dk ikB~;Øe Hkfo"; dh vkdka{kkvksa ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS] vr% mlesa ifjorZu ,oa uohuhdj.k lrr gksuk pkfg, vkSj ikB~;Øe ds vuq:i ikB~ ; lkexzh dh miyC/krk lqfuf'pr gks rFkk ikB~;Øe ds fuekZ.k esa m|ksx ls ok txr ds lkFk Nk=ks a dh lgHkkfxrk gksA f'k{k.k& v/;kiu es a ubZ&ubZ rduhdks a dks fodflr djuk bySDVªkWfud ,oa lapkj lqfo/kkvksa dk vuqiz;ks x vko';d gSA f'k{kdks a dks vU; la LFkkuksa esa O;k[;ku ,oa vuqHko iz kIr djus HkstukA fjÝslj] odZ'kkWi ,oa vU; vdknfed xfrfof/k;ksa] 'kks/k laxks"Bh vkfn esa layXu jguk gksxk mUgsa viuk Kku dk izdk'k iqat ges'kk izTtofyr j[kuk gksxkA
tkWu Mhdh ds'ko ds 'kCnksa esa ifj"dkj & ifj"dkj vkSj fujUrj ifj"dkjA ewY;kadu& lrr O;kid ewY;kadu i¼fr ,oa ijh{kk i¼fr dh fofo/krk ls fo|kFkhZ fo"k; lkexzh dks xgurk ls v/;;u dj vkRelkr djsaxsA ewY;kadu esa ikjnf'kZrk ,oa LoewY;ka du dh Hkh O;oLFkk gks uh pkfg,A le;≤ ij f'k{k.k dk;ksZ dk ew Y;kadu fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa }kjk djk;k tkuk pkfg,A 'kks/k ,oa izdk'ku& 'kks/kdk;Z mPp f'k{kk dh xq .koRrk gs rq lathouh ds leku gSA bls izks Rlkfgr djus gsrq fofHkUu mik; fd;s tkus pkfg,A f'k{kd dks 'kks/k gsrq vuqdw y okrkoj.k miyC/k gks] lkFk gh Nk=ks a dks Hkh 'kks/k gs rq ftKklq cukuk gksxkA fo'o Lrjh;
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'kks/k ls f'k{kd ,oa fo|kFkhZ fujarj lfØ;rk ls tqM+ sA
iqLrdky;& iqLrdky; Kku ds vtlz lz ksr gSA blfy, iqLrdky;ks a dks lEiUu] lqn`<] lq O;ofLFkr ,oa vk/kqfud rduhdh ls ;qDr gksuk vko';d gSA bZ&ykbcz sjh ds fy, lHkh ;Fkksfpr midj.k gksuk ,oa izR;s d fo|kFkhZ dk ,d ihfj;M ykbczs jh dk gks uk mi;ksxh jgsxkA ekud i=&if+ =dk,a ,oa tuZy dh lrr miyC/krk okaNuh; gSAv/kkslajpuk& v|ks lajpukRed fodkl ds fcuk xq .koRrk iw .kZ f'k{kk ds y{; dks
iz kIr djuk nq"dj dk;Z gSA i;kZ Ir v/;kiu d{k] iz;ksx 'kkyk] [ksy ifjlj] LokLF; lqfo/kk,a] fte] xkMZ u] laxhr d{kk,a] ds UVhu iz lk/ku d{k] lsehukj gky] dkeu :e bR;kfn lHkh lqfo/kk, fo|kFkhZ ds pgqaeq[kh fodkl gsrq vko';d gSA Nk=&dY;k.k& xq.koRrk ds ds Unz esa fo|kFkhZ gh gSA muds fy, Nk=o` fRr] ½.k lqfo/kk dh tkudkjh ,oa fu/kZ u lgk;rk miyC/k gksA ,ulhlh] ,u,l,l] izkstsDV]
bUVuZf'ki] esMhdy psd vi] jkstxkj ,oa dSfj;j ekxZn'kZu dsUnz vkfn O;oLFkkvksa ds lkFk Nk=ksa dh lrr mifLFkfr vko';d gSA vku ykbu iz os'k izfØ;k] bZ&ikB~; oLrq] bZ&iqLrdky; vko';d gSA iz'kklfud izca/ku& iz os'k ,oa izos'k 'kq Yd tek djus dh ljy izfØ;k] xSj 'kS{kf.kd deZpkfj;ksa dk le;≤ ij izf'k{k.k] csclkbV viMs'ku vko';d gSA f'k{kdksa dks dk;kZy;hu dk;ksZ ls eq Dr j[kuk pkfg, ftlls og viuk iw jk /;ku v/;;u&v/;kiu ij ns ldsaA ,ulhlh ds fy, i`Fkd O;fDr gksuk pkfg, tks dsoy mlh
dk;Z esa layXu jgsA tuHkkxhnkjh lfefr dh f'k{k.k la LFkkvksa ds fodkl es a vge Hkw fedk gSA Nk=
f'k{kd&vuqikr vkSfpR;iw.kZ gksuk vko';d gSA dkS 'ky fodkl] n{krk] {kerk ;g lHkh
y{; dsoy xq.koRrk iw.kZ f'k{kk }kjk gh vftZr fd;s tk ldrs gS blfy, vkt vko';drk ;g gS fd ;ks X; QS dYVh] v/kkslajpukRed fodkl ,oa lw puk rduhdh dk vuqiz;ksx cBkus ,oa xq .koRrk iw .kZ f'k{kk gsrq la dfYir iz;kl vko';d gS D;ksafd f'k{kk
gh og lacy ek/;e gS tks vius ukxfjdks a dks ns 'k oknh ugha ] vfirq fo'o dk vkn'kZ ukxfjd lQy ,oa ;ks X;re O;fDr] oS Kkfud] vFkZ 'kkL=h fpfdRld ;ksX; us rk] ba thfu;j] lekt'kkL=h] f'k{kk 'kkL=h ,oa O;kolkf;d cuk ldrh gSA Kku fijkfeM ds 'kh"kZ ij fLFkr mPp f'k{kk ls lekt ,oa jk"Vª etcwr gksrk gSA orZeku ifjizs{; esa mPp f'k{kk dh n'kk ,oa fn'kk ds vuq'khyu ds mijkar ;g fuf'pr gS fd ns 'k dks fodkl ds jkLrs ij igqW pkus dk izeq [k gfFk;kj xq.koRrkiw .kZ f'k{kk gSA vr% bl gs rq ges a lkFkZ d iz ;klks a dh vko';drk gSA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh orZeku leL;k,a& johUnz vfXugks=h 2- jpuk & f'k{kk fo'ks"kkad ebZ&tu 20123- uo vkfFkZdh & tqykb Z&fnlEcj 20104- Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vkSj mldh leL;k,a & ih-Mh-ikBd 5- ;kstuk&ekfld if=dk 6- tulRrk&nSfud lekpkj i=
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7- Lekfjdk& pUnz'ks[kj vktkn 'kkldh; LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky;] lhgksj Qjojh 2011
8- vkjksg&la{ksfidk i-e-o- xqtjkrh okf.kT; egkfo|ky;] bUnkSj Qjojh 20119- la{ksfidk& f'k{kk foHkkx MkW-gjh flag xkSj fo'ofo|ky;] lkxj 27 flrEcj] 2012
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iqLrdky; dh laxBukRed lajpuk iqLrdky; dh laxBukRed lajpuk iqLrdky; dh laxBukRed lajpuk iqLrdky; dh laxBukRed lajpuk iqLrdky; dh laxBukRed lajpuk ¹ dj.k flag ckefu;k ¹ dj.k flag ckefu;k ¹ dj.k flag ckefu;k ¹ dj.k flag ckefu;k ¹ dj.k flag ckefu;k
¹¹ nhIrh yksnoky ¹¹ nhIrh yksnoky ¹¹ nhIrh yksnoky ¹¹ nhIrh yksnoky ¹¹ nhIrh yksnoky
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Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks izkjEHk djus ls iw.kZ mldk laxBu dj ysuk ije vko';d gksrk gSA ;fn fdlh iqLrdky; dh lsok,a lqlaxfBr gS rks ml iqLrdky; ls ikBd okafNr ykHk vftZr dj ik;sxs aA ,d detksj laxBu vPNs iqLrd laxzg rFkk v/;;u lkexz h dks feV~Vh esa feyk nsxkA fdUrq ,d vPNk la xBu fdlds ikl vis{kkd`r de vPNh v/;;u lkexzh rFkk iqLrd la xzg gSa ] viuh lsokvksa ls ikBdks a dks iw.kZ ykHk igqa pk ldrk gSA bl izdkj iqLrdky; tSlh laLFkk es a laxBu dk vR;f/kd egRo gS aA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
fc[kjh gq bZ 'kfDr;kWa feydj tc ,d iw.kZ bdkbZ ds :Ik esa dk;Z djrh gS rks mls laxBu dgrs gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ ekuo 'kjhj es a NksVs&NksVs Hkkx gksrs gS rFkk iz R;sd Hkkx dk ,d fu;r dk;Z gksrk gSA tSls& gkFkks a dk dk;Z [kkuk idkuk] eq[k dk [kkuk] isV dk ipkuk] Vkaxksa dk pyuk] vkWa [kksa dk ns[kuk] dku ,oa ukd dk Øe ls lq uuk rFkk law?kuk bR;kfnA fdUrq bu fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds vfrfjDr ekuo 'kjhj ds efLr"d es sa ,d dsUnz h; foHkkx Hkh gks rk gS tks leLr fØ;kvksa dk fu;kstu djrk gS] fofHkUu Hkkxksa dk funsZ'ku
,oa lapkyu djrk gS rFkk mu ij Ik;kZIr fu;a=r j[krk gSA fofHkUu foHkkxks a esa izHkkoiw.kZ leUo; LFkkfir djus dh dyk dks gh laxBu dgrs gSA ekuo ds lokZa xh.k fodkl ds fy, iq Lrdky; }kjk Kku ,oa lwpuk iznku djuk cgq r vko';d gksrk gSA iq Lrdky; dk dk;Z Kku ,oa lwpukvksa dks ,df=r djuk] mUgsa lqjf{kr j[kuk] budksa rduhdh fof/k }kjk laxfBr djuk] rFkk Kku ds Hk.Mkjksa dks ikBdksa ds le{k izLrqr djuk gSA iq Lrdky; laxBu ds vUrxZr ge iq Lrdky; ds leLr lk/kuksa dks O;ofLFkr djrs gSA iz R;sd iq Lrdky;k/;{k dk eq [; n`f"Vdks.k ;g jgrk gS fd og iqLrdky; lsokvkssa dks bl iz dkj vk;ksftr djs fd mlls mldh dk;Z&{kerk esa vf/kd ls vf/kd o`f} gks rFkk vf/kd ls vf/kd ikBdks a dks iqLrdky; lsokvks a ls vuqdwyre ykHk fey ldsA
iqLrdky; laxBu dk vFkZ& iqLrdky; esa fdlh fuf'pr mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ ds
fy, dqN O;fDr;ksa }kjk feydj ;ks tukc¼ dk;Z djus dh izfØ;k dks iqLrdky; laxBu dgrs gSA iqLrdky; dk lapkyu dSls rFkk fdl uhfr ,oa fu;eksa ds vuqlkj gks] iq Lrdky; foKku ds fl¼kUr] iqLrdky;ksa ds Hksn] fHkUu&fHkUu ns'kksa ds iq Lrdky; fu;e ,oa uhfr;k¡] iqLrdky;] lfefr vkS j mlds dk;Z] iqLrdky; lkt&lkeku] fQafVx] LVkQ dh fu;qfDr] vkla x iz.kkyh] miLdj] Hkou fuekZ.k dh ;kstuk la ca/kh fu.kZ; vkfn ckrs iq Lrdky; laxBu ds vUrxZr vkrh gSA
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iqLrdky; laxBu dk egRo& fdlh Hkh iqLrdky; dk laxBu mlds dk;kZs a ds
vk/kkj ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA tS ls& ikB~;&la xzg dk fodkl] rduhfd lafØ;k] ikBdksa dh iqLrdky; lsok,¡ bR;kfnA iqLrdky; lsok,¡ ikBdks a dks iznku djus gsrq fo"k; ,oa {ks= dks fdlh izdkj pyk;k tk, ,oa mRikn rFkk lsokvksa bu lHkh dks feykdj ,df=r
djuk gh laxfBr djuk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ& ,d iqLrdky; fdl izdkj vius ikBdks a ds fy, fo"k;kuqlkj iqLrd la xzg dks la xfBr djrk gS] tSls& e/;izns'k lkekftd 'kks/k laLFkku] mTtSu dk iqLrdky; dsoy lkekftd foKku fo"k;ksa ij gh iqLrd la xzg fodflr djrk gSA ,d vU; mnkgj.k }kjk ;g fn[kk;k tk jgk gS fd fdlh izdkj ,d iqLrdky; mRikn ls ok,¡ rS;kj dj jgk gS] tSls & bUlMkWd] fnYyh ds dq N foHkkxksa }kjk Indian Science
Abstracts (mRikn) ,oa MkW D;w es UV lIykbZ (lsok) Hkh miyC/k djok;h tk jgh gSA iq Lrdky; laxBu es a iqLrdky; ds dk;ksZa dks lEikfnr djus ds fy, vko';d lalk/kuksa
dks O;ofLFkr dj muesa ijLij laca/k LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA iqLrdky; laxBu ds mn~ns';& iqLrdky; la xBu dk mn~ns'; lew fpr Kku ,ao lw puk lkexzh mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks miyC/k djuk rFkk Kku o` f¼ ds fy, gjla Hko lgk;rk djuk gSA bl iz dkj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd iqLrdky; laxBu og rRo gS ftldh lgk;rk ls iqLrdky; lsokvksa dk lapkyu] leUo; rFkk fu;a=.k gksrk gSA vPNs laxBu ls iqLrdky; ds mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr dh tk ldrh gS rFkk lk/kuksa dk vf/kd ls vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk iqLrdky;ksa dks vk/kqfud :Ik ls fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA iqLrdky; laxBu ds fl¼kUr& iqLrdky; fdlh Hkh izdkj dk gks] tSls& jk"Vªh;] lkoZ tfud] 'kS{kf.kd ,oa fof'k"V fdUrq blesa deZpkfj;ksa ds nkf;Ro fuf'pr
djus rFkk muls leqfpr ek=k esa dk;Z ysus ds i;kZIr mi;q Dr la xBu dh O;oLFkk djuk vko';d gksrk gS la xBu dk;Z ds dqN fl¼kUrks a dks mYys [k vizR;{k <ax ls igys ls gh
fd;k tk pqdk gSA bl [k.M esa ge mu fl¼kUrksa dk foospu djs axs] tks ijLij la ca /k j[krs gS vkSj ,d dq'ky laxBukRed lajpuk ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;rk djrs gSA ;s fl¼kUr fuEu gS%&1- ;kstuk dk fl¼kUr& ftl izdkj fdlh dk;Z dks djus ls igys mldh
;ks tuk cukuk vko';d gSa mlh izdkj iq Lrdky; laxBu dh ;ks tuk cukuk Hkh vko';d gksrk gSA iqLrdky; laxBu dh ;kstuk cukus ls rkRi;Z laxBu dh
lajpuk cukuk ls gksrk gSA2- ljyrk dk fl¼kUr& iqLrdky; laxBu dh lajpuk ljy ls ljyre gksuk
pkfg, rFkk iqLrdky; ds okafNr mn~ ns ';ks a dks izkIr djus esa feRkO;;h ,oa izHkkoiw.kZ lk/ku iz nku djus okyh gksus pkfg,A
3- leUo; dk fl¼kUr& iqLrdky; ds leUo; fl¼kUr dk vk'k; ;g gS fd iqLrdky; ds fofHkUu foHkkxksa esa ] lHkh deZ pkfj;ksa esa rFkk dk;ks Za esa leUo; gks uk pkfg,A
4- lUrqyu dk fl¼kUr& iqLrdky; dh mRre la xBu O;oLFkk ogh gksrh gSA bles a O;fDr;ksa es a dk;Z dk foHkktu larqyu LFkkfir djrs gq , djuk pkfg,A
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xzFkky; laxBu lajpuk dks izHkkfor djus okys ?kVd&
¹ laxBu ds mn~ns';& vkj- lh- Msfol ds vuq lkj lajpuk dk vk/kkjHkwr fu/kkZjd ?kVd gS la LFkk ds mn~ ns';A la xBu lajpuk Lo;a esa dbZ mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr djus dk ,d lk/ku gSA
¹ xzaFkky; dk vkdkj& xz aFkky; dk vkdkj Hkh la jpuk dks izHkkfor djrk gSA ;fn xza Fkky; dk vkdkj NksVk gS rks dsUnzh;d`r O;oLFkk viukbZ tk ldrh gSvkSj cM+k vkdkj gks us dh n'kk esa vf/kdkjksa dk izR;k;kstu ;k fodsUnzh;dj.k
fd;k tk ldrk gSA¹ foHkkxhdj.k& foHkkxhdj.k ds vusd vk/kkj gks ldrs gSA tSls & iqLrd]
ikBd] HkkS xksfyd {ks=] izfØ;k vkfnA vkSj izR;s d vk/kkj iz R;{k :Ik ls laxBu lajpuk dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
¹ in&lerk& blls vk'k; ;g gS fd leku dk;Z djus okys O;fDr;ks a ds in ,oa vf/kdkjksa esa lerk cuh jguh pkfg;s] ftlls ijLij laca/kks a es a dVqrk iS nk u gks vkSj
e/kqjrk cuh jgsA izeq[k iqLrdky;k/;{k
| iqLrdky; lfefr
|
rduhdh lsok,¡ iqLrdky; rFkk izys[k lsok,¡
LVSd v/;;u d{k
vf/kxzg.k fuR;deZ izfØ;kdj.k ns ;&vkns; oxhZ dj.k] izlwphdj.k lkfgR; [kkst
xz aFklw ph lanHkZ lsok
fp=&1% Nks Vs iqLrdky;] egkfo|ky; iqLrdky; rFkk 'kks/k iz;ksx'kkyk ds lac¼ iqLrdky; dk lajpukRed pkVZ
fu"d"kZ& iqLrdky; laxBu iqLrdky; izca/k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA vius
fof'k"V vFkZ esa fdlh lkoZtfud lsok dks pykus ds fy, vko';d drZO;ksa rFkk fØ;kvks a dk fu/kkZj.k gh laxBu gSA laxBu dh vko';drk rc gksrh gS] tc mDr lsok dks xfr nsus ds mn~ns'; ls mlds leLr lk/kuksa dks lefUor fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fufoZokn lR; gS fd fdlh Hkh lkoZtfud lsok ls rHkh iw.kZ ykHk mBk;k tk ldrk gS tc og mfpr <+x ls laxfBr gksA vr% fdlh izdkj ds xazFkky; ds mn~ns'; dks iwjk djus ds fy, mldh laxBukRed la jpuk bl izdkj gksuh pkfg, ftlesa ykspiw .kZ rk gks] ftlds dkj.k mles a vko';drkuqlkj ifjorZu fd;k tk ldsA xz aFkky; ,oa xz aFkky; lsok dh lQyrk mlss d
izHkkoh ,oa lqn` <+ laxBu ij vk/kkfjr gSA vFkkZr ftl xzaFkky; dh la xBukRed lajpuk
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lqn`<+ ,oa LFkk;h gksxh og xz aFkky; lQyrkiw.kZd viuh lsok,¡ ikBdks a dks iznku djs xkA¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lanHkZ xz aFk lw ph&1- xqIrk] MkW- vkj- lh-] izca/k ds fl¼kUr -& vkxjk % lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'kUl] 2010] i- 162- O;kl] ,l- Mh-] iqLrdky; laxBu ,oa izca/k -& f}rh; laLdj.k -&t;iqj % iap'khy
izdk'ku] 2004 i`- 13- O;kl] ,l- Mh-] iqLrdky; izca/k -& r`rh; laLdj.k -&t;iqj % iap'khy izdk'ku] 2011 i-
22] 25 o 294- lgxy] vkj- ,y- % iqLrdky; laxBu ,oa iz'kklu -& f}rh; laLdj.k -& ubZ fnYyh% ,l-
,l- ifCyds'ku] 1998] i`- 14
RNI No. MP BIL 01034/12/1/2005-TC ISSN 0973-3914
iz ks- cz txks iky 'kq Dy 41@42] j?kq oa 'k lnu] fcfN;k] jhok (e-iz-)& 486001
Phone - (07662) 255177, 9425186437E-mail - [email protected]@rediffmail.com
ls UVj QkW j fjlpZ LVMht] jhok }kjk fjlpZ tjuy vkWQ lks 'ky ,.M ykbQ lkbals l
ds fo'ks "kka d ds :i es a fuEufyf[kr nks la nHkZ iq Lrdks a dk iz dk'ku ekpZ] 2013 es a fd;k tk jgk gSA
mDr la nHkZ iq Lrdksa es a iz dk'ku gs rq vki viuk rF; ijd ,oa rdZ ;q Dr 'kks/k i= Hks tdj bl vdknfed dk;Z es a lg;ks x dj ldrs gS a A fgUnh Hkk"kk es a 'kks/k i= ,e-,l- oMZ es a QkUV d` frns o 010] djs DVj lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k_
va xz s th Hkk"kk es a VkbEl U;w jks eu QkUV lkbt 14] Mcy Lis 'k es a Hks ts a A
(vkbZ-,l-ch-,u- 978&81&87364&56&6)
(ISBN 978-81-87364-55-9)
Social Change & Development in India
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e/;izns"k 'kklu ds [ksy ,oa ;qod dY;k.k foHkkx dh foHkkxh; e/;izns"k 'kklu ds [ksy ,oa ;qod dY;k.k foHkkx dh foHkkxh; e/;izns"k 'kklu ds [ksy ,oa ;qod dY;k.k foHkkx dh foHkkxh; e/;izns"k 'kklu ds [ksy ,oa ;qod dY;k.k foHkkx dh foHkkxh; e/;izns"k 'kklu ds [ksy ,oa ;qod dY;k.k foHkkx dh foHkkxh; lajpuk ,oa mlds nkf;Ro lajpuk ,oa mlds nkf;Ro lajpuk ,oa mlds nkf;Ro lajpuk ,oa mlds nkf;Ro lajpuk ,oa mlds nkf;Ro
¹ iou dqekj ipkSjh ¹ iou dqekj ipkSjh ¹ iou dqekj ipkSjh ¹ iou dqekj ipkSjh ¹ iou dqekj ipkSjh ¹¹ vydk voLFkh ¹¹ vydk voLFkh ¹¹ vydk voLFkh ¹¹ vydk voLFkh ¹¹ vydk voLFkh
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¹ foHkkxk/;{k] 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk foHkkx dqyHkkLdj vkJe ih0th0 dkyst] bykgkcknA¹¹ 'kks/kkFkhZ] fla?kkfu;k fo'ofo|ky;] ipsjh cjh tuin >qu>quw] jktLFkkuA
Research Journal of Social and Life Sciences
ISSN 0973-3914, Vol.-13, Year-07, Dec., 2012
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lkjka'k& jkT; es a [ksydwn dh xfrfof/k;ks a ds fodkl ,oa muds leqfpr izpkj izlkj gsrq 1vDVw cj 1975 dks [ksy ,oa ;qod dY;k.k foHkkx dh LFkkiuk 'kklu }kjk dh xbZA ;g foHkkx
viuh leLr xfrfof/k;ka e/;izns'k jkT; ØhM+k ifj"kn ds funs Z'kkuqlkj djrk gS A bl ifj"kn ds eq[; dk;Z gS a &jkT; es a [ksydwn rFkk LokLF; ds pgqW aeq[kh fodkl gsrq ;kstuk,a cukuk vkSj mUgsa dk;kZfUor djus gsrq lg;ksx iznku djukA jkT; ds ;qod ;qofr;ksa es a [ksy fo"k;d izksRlkgu nsrs gq, mues a pfj= fuekZ .k [ksy Hkkouk dk fodkl rFkk vuq'kklukRed izo`fRr tkxr djukA jkT; dh [ksydwn laLFkkvks a ,oa laxBuks a rFkk [ksydwn foHkkx ds chp lkeatL; cukukA ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
[ks y vkSj ;qok dY;k.k foHkkx }kjk izns'k esa [ksy vkSj ;qok dY;k.k xfrfof/k;ks a dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, eq[; :i ls fuEu xfrfof/k;ka lapkfyr dh tkrh gS& jkT; esa [ksydwn dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds fodkl ,oa muds leqfpr izpkj iz lkj gs rq 1 vDVwcj 1975
dks [ksy ,oa ;qod dY;k.k foHkkx dh LFkkiuk 'kklu }kjk dh xbZA ;g foHkkx viuh leLr xfrfof/k;ka e/;izns 'k jkT; ØhM+k ifj"kn ds funsZ'kkuqlkj djrk gSA bl ifj"kn ds eq[; dk;Z gS a &1- jkT; esa [ksydwn rFkk LokLF; ds pgqW aeq[kh fodkl gsrq ;kstuk,a cukuk vkSj mUgsa
dk;kZfUor djus gsrq lg;ksx iznku djukA2- jkT; ds ;qod ;qofr;ksa esa [ks y fo"k;d izksRlkgu nsrs gq, muesa pfj= fuekZ.k [ks y
Hkkouk dk fodkl rFkk vuq 'kklukRed izo`fRr tkx`r djukA3- jkT; dh [ksydwn laLFkkvksa ,oa laxBuks a rFkk [ks ydw n foHkkx ds chp lkeatL;
cukukA4- ,d ijke'kZnk=h lfefr ds :i esa jkT; dh [ksy laLFkkvksa ,oa [ksy laxBuksa dks
ekU;rk iznku djuk vkS j iqjLdkjks a] izfr;ksfxrkvksa ds vk;kstuksa rFkk [ksy ,oa f[kykM+ h fo"k;d dY;k.kdkjh lq >koks a ds izfr jkT; 'kklu dks la Lrqfr;kWa iz nku djuk vkfnA
5- jkT; ds Hkks iky] tcyiqj] lkxj] mTtSu] bankSj rFkk Xokfy;j vkfn egkuxjksa es a LFkkfir [ksy iz f'k{k.k dsUnzksa dk lapkyu djukA
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[ksy ,oa ;qod dY;k.k foHkkx dh foHkkxh; lajpuk %
foHkkxh; lajpuk
[ksy ,oa ;qod dY;k.k foHkkx ds v/khuLFk dk;kZy;& [ksy vkS j ;qok dY;k.k lapkyuk;y ds v/khu 4 ftyk dk;kZ y; Øe'k% ns okl] 'kktkiqj] lkxj ,oa jktx<+ esa {ks=h; [ks y vkSj ;qod dY;k.k vf/kdkjh f}rh; Js.kh] 6 ftyk dk;kZ y; dVuh] ujflagiq j] jhok] eUnlkSj] fofn'kk ,oa Hkksiky esa laHkkxh; [ks y vkS j ;qod
dY;k.k vf/kdkjh r`rh; Js.kh inLFk gSa] 'ks "k 38 ftyksa esa ftyk [ksy ,oa ;qod dY;k.k vf/kdkjh (r` rh; Js .kh) inLFk gSaA ftyk [ksy vkSj ;qod dY;k.k vf/kdkjh inLFk ftyksa
ds dk;kZ y; iz eq[k ,oa vkgj.k&la forj.k vf/kdkjh lacaf/kr ftys ds iqfyl v/kh{kd gSaA tcfd ftu ftyksa esa {ks =h; ;k laHkkxh; [ksy ,oa ;q od dY;k.k vf/kdkjh inLFk gSa mUgsa dk;kZy; izeq[k ,oa vkgj.k&laforj.k ds vf/kdkj iznRr gSa A Hkksiky esa gkW dh] tw Mks] dq'rh] Vsful] ftEukfLVd rFkk ujfla giqj esa ckyhokWy ds Nk=koklksa dk la pkyu fd;k tk jgk gSA blh izdkj cM+h >hy Hkksiky fLFkr tyØhM+k dsUnz esa ikyukSdk;u] jksbax ,oa D;kfda x&dSuksbax dk fu;fer izf'k{k.k ,oa tyØhM+k dsUnz ij gh us 'kuy ls fyax Ldw y
lapkyd & 1 in
mi lapkyd & 1 in
iz”kklu vf/kdkjh& 1in
[ksy vf/kdkjh& 1in
;qok dY;k.k vf/kdkjh&1in
{ks =h; [ks- ,oa;q- dY;k.k
vf/kdkjh & 4in
v/kh{kd & 1 in LVsuksxzkQj & 1 in
izf”k{kd & 8 in
okMZu&1 in
laHkkxh; [ks- ,oa;q- dY;k.k
vf/kdkjh & 7 in
ftyk [ks- ,oa ;q-dY;k.k
vf/kdkjh&7in
vkfMVj & 8 in
ys[kkiky& 5 in
lgk-xzsM&[email protected] & 15 in
lgk- xzsM&3
50 in
xz km.M eSu& 2 in
n¶rjh & 1 in
okgu pkyd & 2 in
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dk lapkyu fnukad 8 vxLr 2006 ls ;kW fVa x ,lksfl,'ku vkWQ bf.M;k ,oa Hkkjrh;
ukSlsuk ds lg;ksx ls fd;k tkjgk gSA ujflagiqj ds Nk=kokl dk lapkyu iqfyl v/ kh{kd] ujfla giqj ds iz'kklfud o foRrh; fu;a=.k esa fd;k tk jgk gSA fnukad 01 tq ykbZ2006 ls Xokfy;j esa efgyk gkW dh vdkneh dk lQyrkiwoZd la pkyu fd;k tk jgk gSA
fnukad 01 tq ykbZ 2007 ls Hkksiky esa 5 ,dsMeh dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gS tks fuEukuq lkj gS&1- 'kw fVa x ,ds Meh 2- ?kqM+ lokjh ,dsMeh 3- iq#"k gkWdh ,dsMeh 4- ek'kZ y vkVZ ,dsMeh (twMks] djkrs] rkbDokaMks] ckWfDlax] QS fla x] dq 'rh ,oa ow'kq)5- okVj Liks VZ ~l (lS fyax] jksba x ,oa dSuksbax&D;kfdax)
[ks y ,oa ;qod dY;k.k foHkkx ds nkf;Ro % [ksy vkSj ;q ok dY;k.k foHkkx }kjk iz ns'k esa [ks y vkSj ;qok dY;k.k xfrfof/k;ksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, eq [; :i ls fuEu xfrfof/k;ka lapkfyr dh tkrh gS& (d) [ksy ls lacaf/kr xfrfof/k;kWa&1- [ks y eSnkuksa ,oa vU; [ksy lqfo/kkvksa ds fodkl@lq /kkj ds fy, miyC/krkuqlkj
vkfFkZd lgk;rkA2- lfØ; [ks y la LFkkvks a dks pS fEi;uf'ki@izfr;ksfxrk,a vk;ksftr djus ds fy,
vuq nkuA3- mRd`"V f[kykfM+;k sa dks [ks y o`fRrA4- loksZ Rrd`"V f[kykfM+;ksa dks iqjLdkjA
5- vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ds HkwriwoZ f[kykfM+;ks a dks lEeku fuf/kA6- vUrjkZ"Vªh; ind izkIr f[kykfM+;ks a dks vkfFkZd lgk;rkA7- xzkeh.k [ksydwn izfr;ksfxrkvksa dk vk;kstuA8- efgyk [k sydwn izfr;ksfxrkvksa dk vk;kstuA9- jk"Vª h; [ksyks a@pS fEi;uf'ki esa Hkkx ysus okys e/;izns 'k ds f[kykfM+ ;ksa] iz f'k{kdksa
dks izksRlkguA10- xzh"edkyhu [ksy izf'k{k.k dk vk;kstuA11- [ks y Nk=kokl dk lapkyu 12- p;fur f[kykfM+;ksa dk fo'ks"k izf'k{k.kA13- vkfnoklh [ksy izfrHkk [kks t p;u dk;ZØe ,oa iz f'k{k.kA
14- fØdsV iz frHkk [kkst dk;ZØe ,oa izf'k{k.kA15- tyØhM+k dsUnz dk lapkyuA16- la Hkkxh; eq [;ky;ksa ds 2 'kkldh; fo|ky;ks a esa iwy xs e dk lapkyuA17- ey[kEc [ks y dk izf'k{k.kA18- [ks y vdknfe;ks a dk lapkyuA19- [ksy xzke dh LFkkiukA20- foHkkxh; [ksy v/kks la jpuk dk mUu;uA21- [ks y fnol ij [ksy iapk;r dk vk;kstuA
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([k) ;qok dY;k.k ,oa lkgfld xfrfof/k;ka&
1- Cykd] ftyk] laHkkx ,oa jkT; Lrj ij pqus gq, [ksyksa esa xzkeh.k izfr;ksfxrkvksa dk vk;kstuA
2- jk"Vª h; ;q ok iqjLdkj gsrq vkosnu&i=ksa dk vkea=.k] ijh{k.k ,oa vuq 'ka lkA3- izns 'k esa fofHkuu Lrjksa ij ;qok mRloks a dk vk;kstu rFkk jk"Vª h; ;qok mRlo esa
izns'k ds ny dk p;u ,oa lgHkkfxrkA4- lkgfld [ks y ,oa ,drk f'kfojks a dk vk;kstuA5- lkekftd dqjhfr;ks a] tSls&ngst] cky&fookg] u'kk[kksjh vkfn ds mUewyu ds fy,
dk;Z djrs gq , ;q okvksa dks jk"Vªh; fuekZ.k dh n`f"V ls jpukRed dk;ksZa ds fy, izsfjr djukA
6- tyØhM+k] iSjklsfya x] Vªs fdax] jkWd DykbfEcax vkfn lkgfld [ks y xfrfof/k;ksa dk
vfHk;ku ds ek/;e ls lapkyuA7- ;qokvks a ds fy;s jkstxkjksUeq[kh izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds vUrxZ r ,uhes'ku ,oa Vwj ,.M
VªsoYl] ,oa lkSUn;Z ,oa fQVusl ds dkslsZl dk la pkyuA8- izfr ftys esa 2&2 xzkeh.k ;qok ds Unzksa dk la pkyduA9- izns 'k ds 21 vkfnoklh ftyksa esa xzkeh.k ;qok dsUnz ksa dk lq n`<+hdj.kA10- ;qok fodkl ds {ks= esa dk;Zjr v'kkldh; la LFkkvks a ds vkosnu i=ks a dk ijh{k.k
,oa vuq'kalkA [ksy ,oa ;qod dY;k.k foHkkx ls lEcfU/kr lkekU; tkudkjh& [ksy vkS j ;qok dY;k.k foHkkx }kjk ftu ;kstukvksa dk lapkyu fd;k tkrk gS] mudh vfr la f{kIr tkudkjh fuEuor izLrqr gS a %&
1- f[kykfM+ ;ksa dks izf'k{k.kA2- xzkeh.k [ksydwn iz fr;ksfxrkA3- efgyk [ksydw n iz fr;ksfxrkA4- jkT; Lrjh; la?kksa ,oa vU; laLFkkvksa dks fofHkUu izfr;ksfxrkvksa ds vk;ks tu gsrq
vuq nkuA5- e/;iz ns'k ØhM+k ifj"kn dks vuq nkuA6- f[kykfM+;ks a dks izks RlkguA7- [ks y lkexz h dk Ø;A8- vfHk;ku@;q ok laf/k dks vuq nkuA9- ew yHkwr lqfo/kkvks a ds fuekZ .k@fodkl gs rq vuqnkuA
10- ,l-ih-Mh-,- dks vuqnkuA11- Liks VZ ~l ,oa ;wFk gkWLVy fuekZ.k gsrq vuqnkuA12- ;qok vfHk;ku ds vUrxZr xzkeh.k [ksy izfr;ksfxrkvksa dk vk;kstuA13- 4000 ls 14000 vkcknh okys xkaoks a esa [ks y eS nkuksa dk fuekZ.kA14- vkfnoklh va py es a [ksyks a ds izksRlkgu dh fo'ks"k ;kstuk ds vUrxZr izfrHkk p;uA15- xzkeh.k ;q ok dsUnzksa dh LFkkiukA16- la fonk [ksy iz f'k{kdksa dh O;oLFkkA17- fofHkuu [ksy vdknfe;ksa dk lapkyuA
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18- fØdsV iz frHkk [kkst dk;ZØe ,oa izf'k{k.kA
19- ey[kEc [ksy dks jkT; [ks y dk ntkZA20- la Hkkxh; eq[;ky;ksa ds nks 'kkldh; fo|ky;ks a esa iwy xse lapkfyrA21- tyØhM+k dsUnz dk la pkyuAvfHkuo ^;qok vfHk;ku** xzkeh.k [ksyksa dk vk;kstu& foHkkx dh ,d
egRoiw.kZ ;ks tuk ^^;qok vfHk;ku** tks o"kZ 2003 esa rhu [ks yksa esa izkjEHk dh xbZ Fkh] rRi'pkr vkxkeh o"kksZa esa ikap [ks yksa esa vk;ksftr dh tk jgh gSA bl dk;ZØe esa flQZ xz ke es a fuokljr f[kykM+ h gh Hkkx ys ldrs gSA blesa fotsrk xzke dks jkf'k #- 2-00 yk[k] mifotsrk dks #- 1-00 yk[k] r`rh; LFkku iz kIr djus okys xz ke dks #- 50 gtkj dk uxn iqjLdkj fn;k tkrk gSA vU; izksRlkgu iqjLdkjksa esa izR;s d [ksy ds fotsrk xz ke ds ljiap dks #- 15000@& izFke] #- 10000@& f}rh; ,oa #- 5]000@& rrh; ds uxn
iq jLdkj fns;s tkus dk iz ko/kku gSA xzh"edkyhu [ksy izf'k{k.k f'kfoj& xz h"edky dk lnqi;ksx [ksy ds ek/;e ls djus o lekt dks [ksyksa ds izfr vkdf"kZr djus ds mn~ns'; ls xzh"edkyhu vodk'k esa rd [ksy iz f'k{k.k f'kfojksa dk vk;kstu ftyk eq[;ky;ks a ij fd;k x;kA blesa izns'k Hkj esa yxHkx 56]000 ls 70]000 ckyd&ckfydkvksa }kjk Hkkx fy;k tkrk gSAvkfnoklh vapy esa [ksyksa ds izksRlkgu dh fo'ks"k ;ks tuk % izns'k ds vkfnoklh cgqY; {ks =ksa
esa [ksyksa dks iz ksRlkfgr djus] vkfnoklh izfrHkkvksa dks ryk'kus ,oa rjk'kus ds mn~ns '; ls feuh eSjkFku] gkWdh] okVj Liks VZ~ l ,oa ckfDlax [ks ykss a esa fd;k tk jgk gSA
e/;izns 'k esa [ks yksa gsrq dk;Zjr fofHkUu 'kkldh; laLFkku
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e/;izns'k 'kklu dh vfHkuo ;kstuk [ksy xkao lrx<+h Hkksiky dk ekLVj Iyku
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STATEMENT ABOUT OWNERSHIP AND OTHER PARTICULARS ABOUT
RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL & LIFE SCIENCES
AS REQUIRED UNDER RULE 8 OF REGISTRATION OF
NEWSPAPERS (CENTRAL) RULES 1956
Gayatri Shukla
Signature of Publisher
FORM IV
(See Rule 8)
1. Place of Publication : 41/42, Raghuwans Sadan,
Bichhiya, Rewa
2. Periodicity of its Publication : Twice a year
3. Printer's Name : Nazma Begum(Whether citizen of India ?) : Yes
(If foreigner, state the country
of origin) : N.A.
Address : Ghoghar, Raniganj, Ghoghar
Rewa - 486 001 M.P.
4. Publisher's Name : Gayatri Shukla
(Whether citizen of India ?) : Yes
(If foreigner, state the country
of origin) : N.A.
Address : 41/42, Raghuwans Sadan,
Bichhiya, Rewa - 486 001 M.P.5. Editor's Name : Prof. Braj Gopal Shukla
(Whether citizen of India ?) : Yes
(If foreigner, state the country
of origin) : N.A.
Address : 41/42, Raghuwans Sadan,
Bichhiya, Rewa - 486 001 M.P.
6. Names and address of : Gayatri Shukla
individuals who own the Prop. Gayatri Publications
newspapers and partners 41/42, Raghuwans Sadan,
or shareholders holding Bichhiya, Rewa - 486 001 M.P.
more than one percent of
the total capital.
I, Gayatri Shukla, hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to
the best of my knowledge and belief.
Rewa
31 December, 2012