India Missile Chronology

RelatedcontentisavailableonthewebsitefortheNuclearThreatInitiative,www.nti.org.

ThismaterialisproducedindependentlyforNTIbytheJamesMartinCenterforNonproliferationStudiesattheMontereyInstituteofInternationalStudiesanddoesnotnecessarilyreflecttheopinionsofandhasnotbeenindependentlyverifiedbyNTIoritsdirectors,officers,employees,oragents.Copyright2011byMIIS.

IndiaMissileChronologyLastupdate:June2012

Thisannotatedchronologyisbasedonthedatasourcesthatfolloweachentry.Publicsourcesoftenprovideconflictinginformationonclassifiedmilitaryprograms.Insomecasesweareunabletoresolvethesediscrepancies,inotherswehavedeliberatelyrefrainedfromdoingsotohighlightthepotentialinfluenceoffalseormisleadinginformationasitappearedovertime.Inmanycases,weareunabletoindependentlyverifyclaims.Henceinreviewingthischronology,readersshouldtakeintoaccountthecredibilityofthesourcesemployedhere.Inclusioninthischronologydoesnotnecessarilyindicatethataparticulardevelopmentisofdirectorindirectproliferationsignificance.Someentriesprovideinternationalordomesticcontextfortechnologicaldevelopmentandnationalpolicymaking.Moreover,someentriesmayrefertodevelopmentswithpositiveconsequencesfornonproliferation.

201226April2012Indiasuccessfullylaunchesitsfirstindigenousradarimagingsatellite.TheRisatIwillorbittheearthatanaltitudeof480km(300mi)andhastheabilitytocollectimagesdespitecloudcoverordarkness,whichisusefulformonitoringcropsandnaturaldisasterssuchasfloodsanddroughts.Althoughthesatelliteissuitablefordefenserelatedsurveillance,IndianSpaceResearchOrganizationChairmanK.Radhakrishnanassertedthatthisisnotaspysatellite.JayMenon,IndiaPutsRisatIintoSpace,AerospaceDaily&DefenseReport,27April2012,www.lexisnexis.com;EarthObservationSatellites,IndianSpaceResearchOrganisation,,www.isro.org;V.Ayyappan,RISATI,FirstMicrowaveRadarImagingSatellite,LaunchedSuccessfully,TheTimesofIndia,26April2012,http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com;NirmalaGanapathy,IndiaLaunchesEyeintheSkySatellite;MeantMainlyforAgricultureandDisasterControl,ItCanAlsoBeUsedforDefenceNeeds,TheStraitsTimes,27April2012,www.lexisnexis.com.20April2012Indiaisdevelopingmultipleindependentlytargetablereentryvehicle(MIRV)technologyforitsAgniVmissile.V.K.SaraswatchiefoftheDefenceResearchandDevelopmentOrganisation(DRDO)statesthattheworkisontoequipIndiaslongestrangemissilewiththecapacitytocarrymultiplewarheadsonasinglemissile.AgniVMaybeEquippedwithMultipleWarheads:DRDOChief,TheEconomicTimes(India),10May2012,http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com;VipinNarangandChristopherClary,CapabilityWithoutStrategy,IndianExpress,22May2012,www.indianexpress.com.19April2012Indiasuccessfullytestsanuclearcapablelongrangeballisticmissile(LRBM),itsmostpowerfulmissiletodate.Thethreestagesolidfueled,roadmobileAgniVisdesignedtoreachtargetsupto5000km,andcancarrya1.5ton



payload.TheDefenceResearchandDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)isresponsiblefortheAgniprogram,andisexpectedtotesttheAgniVseveralmoretimesbeforethemissileisinductedintothecountrysstrategicforcein20142015.V.K.Saraswat,directoroftheDRDO,callsthemissilelaunchagamechanger,assertingthattheAgniVtestindicatesthecountryhastheboostcapabilitytolaunchanantisatelliteweapon.IndiaLaunchesNewGenerationStrategicMissileAgni5,DRDOPressRelease,19April2012,http://drdo.gov.in;AgniVGivesIndiaLongrangeMissileStrikeCapability,TheHindu,19April2012,www.thehindubusinessline.com;IndiaTestFiresAgniVLongRangeMissile,AerospaceDaily&DefenseReport,20April2012,www.lexisnexis.com;CanShowAntisatelliteCapabilityifGovtGivesNod:DRDOChief,IndianExpress,21April2012,www.indianexpress.com.4March2012TheIndianArmysuccessfullytestsaBrahMoslandattackcruisemissile(LACM),signifyingtheoperationalizationofasecondBrahMosregimentintotheIndianArmy.Themissileisdesignedtodestroytargetswithinarangeof290km,andwillbedeployedwithanArmyregimentsomewhereinIndiaswesternsectornearPakistan.ThemissileisaproductofBrahMosAeropspace,acollaborativeventurebetweentheDefenceResearchandDevelopmentOrganisation(DRDO)inIndiaandtheFederalStateUnitaryEnterpriseNPOMashinostroyenia(NPOM)inRussia.SecondBrahMosRegimentOperationalAlongBorder,TimesofIndia,5March2012,http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com;BrahMosCruiseMissileTestFired,IndianExpress,5March2012,www.indianexpress.com;BrahMosCruiseMissileSuccessfullyTestfired,TheHindu,4March2012,www.thehindubusinessline.com.10February2012TheDefenceResearchandDevelopmentOrganisation(DRDO)teststheAirDefenceMissileAAD05.TheAAD05interceptormissiledestroyedamodifiedPrithvimissileatanaltitudeof15kmoffthecoastofOrissaintheBayofBengal.SuccessfulDemonstrationofBallisticMissileDefenceCapability,DRDOPressRelease,10February2012,http://drdo.gov.in;IndiaSuccessfullyTestfiresMissileInterceptor,TimesofIndia,10February2012,http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com.

20111December2011IndiasStrategicForcesCommand(SFC)successfullyperformsatestofthenuclearcapablesolidfueledAgniIballisticmissile,whichhasarangeof700kmandhasalreadybeeninductedintotheIndianArmy.Thelaunchisapracticedrillinordertotraintheuserteam[SFC]tolaunchthemissilefromaroadmobilelaunchersystem.AgniIMissileSuccessfullyTestFiredoffOdishaCoast,TheHindu,1December2011,www.thehindu.com;IndiaCarriesOutYetAnotherFlightTestofAgniIBallisticMissile,DRDOPressRelease,1December2011,http://drdo.gov.in.



15November2011IndiasuccessfullyteststheAgniIVballisticmissile.Thenuclearcapablemissilereachesaheightof900kmafterbeinglaunchedfromWheelerIslandoffIndiaswestcoast,andlandsatitstarget3,000kmawayintheBayofBengal.Thetestisthefirsttouseanewlydesignedrocketmotorandguidancesystem.IndiaTestFiresNcapableAgniIV,IndianExpress,16November2011,http://www.indianexpress.com;IndiaLaunchesNewGenerationStrategicMissileAgni4,DRDOPressRelease,15November2011,http://drdo.gov.in.30September2011IndiaconductsanothertestoftheAgniIIballisticmissile.Thetwostage,solidfueledmissilewasdispatchedfromarailmobilelauncheronWheelerIsland,offtheOrissacoast.AgniIIisamediumrangeballisticmissile(MRBM)abletoreachtargetsupto2,000kmaway,andithasalreadybeeninductedintotheIndianstrategicarsenal.AgniIISoarsinSuccess,TheHindu,30September2011,www.thehindu.com;AgniIILaunched,DRDOPressRelease,30September2011,http://drdo.gov.in.26September2011IndiasuccessfullyteststhePrithviIIshortrangeballisticmissile(SRBM).Themissileistestedfromamobilelauncher,andreachesitstargetintheBayofBengalwithanaccuracyof10m.PrithviIIiscapableofreachingtargetswithin350km,andistestedbythemilitaryasapartofregulartrainingexercises.IndiaSuccessfullyTestFiresNuclearCapablePrithviIIMissile,IndianExpress,26September2011,www.dnaindia.com;AnotherSuccessfulFlightTestofPrithvi(PII),DRDOPressRelease,26September2011,http://drdo.gov.in.24September2011IndiasuccessfullytestfiresthenuclearcapableShourya,ashortrangeballisticmissile(SRBM)witharangeofupto700km.ThisisthethirdsuccessfultestoftheShouryasince2008,andproductionofthemissileforinductionintotheIndianArmyisexpectedtobeginshortly.IndiaTestfiresNukecapableShouryaMissile,TimesofIndia,24September2011,http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com.IndiaSuccessfullyTestfiresShouryaMissile,TheHindu,24September2011,www.thehindu.com.21July2011IndiateststhenewPrahaarshortrangeballisticmissile(SRBM).ThePrahaarhasarangeof150kmandcanbeusedinbattlefieldoperations.Itisunclearwhetherthemissileisnuclearcapable,althoughtheDefenceResearchandDevelopmentOrganisation(DRDO)claimsthemissileiscapableofcarryingdifferenttypesofwarheads.TheDRDOalsocomparesthePrahaartotheU.S.ArmysAdvancedTacticalMissileSystem(ATACMS).PrahaarMissileSuccessfullyTestfired,TheHindu,21July2011,www.thehindu.com;PrahaarNewSurfacetoSurfaceTacticalMissileSuccessfullyLaunched,DRDOPressRelease,21July2011,http://drdo.gov.in.



18July2011DefenseResearchandDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)sourcessaythatthefirsttestoftherapidreaction,shortrange,tacticalmissilePrahaarislikelytobeconductedonJuly21.ThemissilewillbetestedattheIntegratedTestRangeinBalasore,Orissa."FlighttestofPrahaarmissilelikelyonJuly21,"TheHindu,18July2011,www.thehindu.com.

3July2011TheDefenseResearchandDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)developsanewshortrange,tacticalmissilecalledPrahaar.Themissilehasarangeof150kmandissaidtobemoreaccuratethanthecurrentlydeployedunguidedmissiles."NewshortrangemissiletestJulyend,"DeccanChronicle,3July2011,www.deccanchronicle.com.

25June2011IndiaandPakistanexchangeproposalsonnuclearandmissileconfidencebuildingmeasures,includingaproposaltoincorporatecruisemissiletestsintheir2005agreementonPreNotificationofFlightTestingofBallisticMissiles."India,Pakexchangeproposalsonconventional,nuclearCBMs,"IndianExpress,25June2011,www.indianexpress.com.

20June2011TheDefenseResearchandDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)proposesremovingthe3,100mile(4988km)restrictionontherangeofitsmissilestoallowittoproduceanintercontinentalballisticmissilewitharangeofover6,200miles(9977km).TheIndiangovernmentadoptedavoluntaryrestrictiononmissilerangein2006afterthetestoftheAgniIIIballisticmissile,whichhasarangeof1,860miles(2993km).ThefinaldecisiononthisproposalwillbetakenbytheCabinetCommitteeonSecurity."IndiaWeighsDevelopingICBMwith6,200MileReach,"GlobalSecurityNewswire,20June2011,http://gsn.nti.org.

11June2011TheChiefofAirStaff,AirChiefMarshalPVNaikcallsforexpandingIndia'sstrategicmissileforcetoincludeanintercontinentalreach.Naiksaysthat"IndiashouldpursueanICBMprogramtoacquirerangesof10,000kmormore.""AirChiefinfavourofflexingmissilepower,"TheHindustanTimes,11June2011,www.hindustantimes.com.

10June2011ThePrithviIIsurfacetosurfacemissileissuccessfullytestedfromtheIntegratedTestRangeatChandipurinOrissa.Thenuclearcapablemissilehasarangeof350km."PrithviIIsuccessfullyflighttested,"TheHindu,10June2011,www.thehindu.com.

3June2011Dr.VijayKumarSaraswatoftheDefenseResearchandDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)saysthatthe5000kmrangeballisticmissileAgniVwillbetestedforthefirsttimebytheendof2011.Hesays,"ThismissilewouldbebasedontheconceptofreentryvehiclecapableofcoveringwholeofPakistanandChina."RegardingtheAgniIII,



Saraswatstatedthat,"AgniIIIisalreadyinducted.Itsdevelopmenthasbeencompletedandisunderproduction.""IndiatotestfireAgniVbyyearend,"TheHindu,3June2011,www.thehindu.com.

23April2011TheIndianAirForceissuesarequestforinformation(RFI)forlongrangeairtoairmissilesfordeploymentonitsfighteraircraft.Themissileswillallowtheaircrafttoshootdowntargetswithoutaerialcombat.Themissilesareexpectedtohaverangesofover100km."IAFtoProcureLongRangeMissilesforitsFighters,"TheTribune,23April2011,www.tribuneindia.com.

19March2011TheIndiangovernment'sCabinetCommitteeonSecurityclearsinductionoftworegimentsofAkashsurfacetoairmissilesfortheIndianArmy.Themissilehasarangeof25km."25yrsinthemaking,ArmyinductsAkash,"TheTimesofIndia,19March2011,www.timesofindia.com.

15March2011India'ssolidpropelledAdvancedAirDefense(AAD)interceptormissilefailstolaunchduringatesttargetingaPrithvimissile.Initialanalysissuggeststhatthetargetmissile'sdeviationfromitstrajectorycouldhaveleadtocoordinationproblems."India'sMissileDefenseTestFails,"Rediff.com,15March2011,"www.rediff.com.

13March2011BrahMosAerospaceChiefExecutiveOfficerA.SivathanuPillaisaysthatthesupersonicversionoftheBrahMoscruisemissilecouldbedeployedonthefifthgenerationfighteraircraftthatisbeingdevelopedincooperationwithRussia.TheairvariantoftheBrahMoswillbetestedin2012,whilethesubmarineversionofthemissileisscheduledtobetestedbytheendof2011."BrahMosUnderwaterTestFiringbyYearend,"TheHindu,13March2011,www.thehindu.com.

11March2011ThePrithviIInuclearcapableballisticmissileissuccessfullytestfired.Propelledbytwinliquidpropulsionengines,themissilehasarangeof350kmwithapayloadof5001000kg.ADefenseResearchandDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)spokesmansaysthatthemissilefeaturesantiballisticmissilesystemsandhas"achievedsingledigitaccuracyreachingclosetozerocircularerrorprobability.""PrithviII,DhanushTestfiredSuccessfully,"TheTimesofIndia,11March2011,www.timesofindia.com.

7March2011TheDefenseResearchandDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)successfullytestsaninterceptormissileagainstamodifiedPrithviballisticmissile.AccordingtoV.K.Saraswat,ScientificAdvisertotheDefenseMinister,thetestshowsthat"Indiahasallthetechnologiesandbuildingblockswhichcanbeusedforantisatellitemissions.""CapabilitytoNeutralizeEnemySatellitesProved,"TheHindu,7March2011,www.thehindu.com;"InterceptorMissileTestFiredSuccessfully,"TheHindu,7March2011,www.thehindu.com.



5March2011BrahMosAerospaceChiefExecutiveOfficerA.SivathanuPillaisaystrialsfortheairlaunchversionoftheBrahMoscruisemissilewillbeginin2012.AccordingtoPillai,themissilehasbeenmodifiedtofitintoaSukhoifighter,notablytheSu30MKIwhichhastheabilityformidairrefueling.Themissile'sweighthasbeenreducedto2.5tons,andseveralothermodificationsarealsounderwaysuchasfirecontrolandsoftware."TrialsofBrahMosAirversionfrom2012:SivathanuPillai,"TheHindu,5March2011,www.thehindu.com.

25January2011TheUnitedStatesremovesseveralstateownedIndiandefenseorganizationsfromitsEntityListinaneasingofexportcontrolregulations.ThecompaniesincludesubsidiariesoftheDefenseResearchandDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)andtheIndianSpaceResearchOrganization(ISRO).Additionally,theU.S.CommerceDepartmenttransfersIndiatoagroupofcountriesintheExportAdministrationRegulations(EAR)thatarepartoftheMissileTechnologyControlRegime(MTCR).ThismoveacknowledgesIndia'sadherencetotheregime.ChidanandRajghatta,"U.S.RemovesISRO,DRDOfromexportcontrollist,"TheTimesofIndia,25January2011,http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com.

201028November2010SourcesintheDefenseResearchandDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)saythattheK15submarinelaunchedballisticmissileiscurrentlyinproduction.Themissilehasbeenrenamedthe"B05."Additionally,aDRDOmissilescientistsaysthatthe5,000kmrangeAgniVballisticmissileislikelytobetestedforthefirsttimein2011.T.S.Subramanian,"AgniII+launchbeforeDecember10,"TheHindu,28November2010,www.thehindu.com.

26November2010TheStrategicForcesCommandsuccessfullyteststhe700kmrangeAgniInuclearcapableballisticmissileoffthecoastofOrissastate."NukecommandtestsAgniI,"TheTelegraph,26November2010,www.telegraphindia.com.

10October2010TheDirectorGeneraloftheDefenseResearchandDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO),V.K.SaraswatsaysthatamodifiedvariantoftheAgniIInuclearcapableballisticmissile,called"AgniIIPlus,"willbelaunchedin2011.AmrutaByatnal,"AgniIIPlustobeLaunchedin2011:DRDO,"TheHindu,10October2010.

25September2010AtestofthePrithviIInuclearcapableballisticmissileendsinfailure,asthemissilefailstotakeofffromitslauncher.Themissile,whichhasbeeninductedintotheairforce,istestedbypersonneloftheStrategicForcesCommand.Y.Mallikarjun,"PrithviIIFailstoTakeOff,"TheHindu,25September2010.



13September2010TheDirectorGeneraloftheDefenseResearchandDevelopmentOrganization,V.K.Saraswat,saysthattheAgniVintermediaterangeballisticmissilewillbetestedin2011.Eventually,bothseaandlandbasedplatformswillbeabletolaunchthemissile,whichwillhavearangeofatleast5,000km.AnanyaDutta,"Saraswat:AgniVWillBeTestFiredin2011,"TheHindu,13September2010.

6September2010TheBrahMoscruisemissileissuccessfullytestedfromtheIntegratedTestRangeatChandipur.Thisisthemissiles23rdtest.Thetestunveilsanewcapabilityinthemissilethatofasteepdivemode,inwhichthemissiledivesvertically,ratherthandescendingtowardsitstargetinagradualmanner.T.S.Subramanian,"BrahMosTestedinSteepDiveMode,"TheHindu,6September2010;"IndiaTestFiresBrahMosCruiseMissile,"TheTimesofIndia,5September2010.

28August2010AccordingtoDefenseMinisterA.K.Antony,Indiaispreparingtocarryoutthefirsttestofitslongestrange,nuclearcapableballisticmissile,theAgniV,whichisslatedtohavearangeof5,000km.TheAgniVwillbeathreestage,solidfueledmissile."AgniVWillBeTestFiredSoon,SaysAntony,"TheHindu,28August2010;"AgniVReadyforTesting,"TheTribune,28August2010.

26August2010AccordingtotheManagingDirectorofBrahMosAerospaceLimited,A.SivathanuPillai,theBrahMoscruisemissileislikelytobeinductedintotheIndianAirForceby2013,aftercompletionofflighttestsin2012."BrahMosLikelytobeInductedintoAirForceby2013,"TheHindu,26August2010.

24August2010TheIndiangovernmentisconsideringdeployingtwonuclearcapableballisticmissilesystemsonitsnortheasternborderwithChina.Thetwomissilesarethe2000kmrangeAgniII,andthe350kmrangePrithviIII."IndiaMullsDeployingMissilesNearChinaBorderinNorthEast,"TheHindustanTimes,24August2010.

27July2010TheDefenseResearchandDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)successfullytestsanendoatmosphericinterceptormissileaspartofitsmissiledefenseprogram.Theinterceptormissilesuccessfullystrikesthetargetmissile,aPrithvi,15kmabovetheBayofBengal."BullsEye,"TheTelegraph,27July2010.

7June2010Inaboosttoitsfledglingmissiledefensecapabilities,Indiawillacquire"xband"radarsfromaU.S.companywhichcanspotmissilesupto4,600kmaway.CurrentIndianradarcapabilitycantrackobjectsupto600800kmaway.AjayBanerjee,"IndiatoAcquire'xband'Radars,"TheTribune,June7,2010,www.tribuneindia.com.



4June2010TheIndiangovernmentisfinalizingajoint"missilecodevelopmentproject"withFrancetoproduceshortrangesurfacetoairmissilesforthemilitary.ThenewmissiledevelopmentprogramwilladoptthetemplateofthejointIndoRussianBrahMoscruisemissileproject.Themissile,tentativelytitled"Maitri"("friendship"),couldalsobeexported.ManuPubby,"AfterRussiaandIsrael,IndiatoDevelopMissileWithFrance,"TheIndianExpress,June4,2010,www.indianexpress.com.

17May2010Themilitary'sStrategicForcesCommandsuccessfullytestedthe2,000kmrangenuclearcapableAgniIIballisticmissile.ThemissilehasbeeninductedintothearmedforcesandthetestcameafterunsuccessfultestsinMayandNovember2009."NCapableAgniIITestFiredSuccessfully,"IndianExpress,May17,2010,www.indianexpress.com.

14April2010TheIndianArmyhasagreedtoacquiretheAkashmediumrangesurfacetoairmissilefromthepublicsectorBharatDynamicsLtd.Themissilehasaninterceptionrangeof30kmataheightof18,000meters.TheIndianAirForcealreadyplacedordersfortwosquadronsofthemissilein2008andhasnowcontractedforsixadditionalsquadrons.K.V.Prasad,"ArmyAgreestoAcquireIndigenousAkashMissile,"TheHindu,April14,2010,www.thehindu.com.

30March2010TheIndiangovernmenthasconcludedanagreementwithBrahMosAerospaceforsupplyofBrahMoscruisemissilestotheIndianAirForce.ThisisseparatefromadifferentprojecttoequiptheairforcewithasmallervariantofthemissilefortheSukhoiMKIfighteraircraft.Underthelatestagreement,theairforcewillacquiretheBlockIIadvancedvariantofthemissilewhichhasmoreprecisestrikecapabilities.ManuPubby,"BrahMosClearedforAirForce,"TheIndianExpress,March30,2010,www.indianexpress.com.

29March2010TheIndianArmysuccessfullytestedthe700kmrangenuclearcapableAgniIballisticmissileintheBayofBengal.Thetestofconductedaspartofatrainingexercise.Y.Mallikarjun,"HatTrickforMissileTechnologists,ArmedForces,"TheHindu,March29,2010,www.thehindu.com.

28March2010TheStrategicForcesCommandcarriedoutsuccessfultestsoftheshipbasedDhanushandthesurfacetosurfacePrithviIImissiles.ThenuclearcapableDhanush,anavalversionofthePrithvi,hasarangeof350km.ThePrithviIIhasarangeofabout290km.Y.Mallikarjun,"Dhanush,PrithviIITestfiredSuccessfully,"TheHindu,March28,2010,www.thehindu.com.

16March2010Indiandefensescientistsabortedthetestoftheirballisticmissilesystemafterthe"enemy"ballisticmissile,a



modifiedPrithvi,failedtoreachtherequiredheightof110km.Followingthis,theinterceptormissile,termedtheAdvancedAirDefence(AAD)system,wasnotlaunched.Y.MallikarjunandT.S.Subramanian,"SetbacktoBallisticMissileDefenceTrial,"TheHindu,March16,2010,www.thehindu.com.

12March2010TheDefenceResearchandDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)willtestthe5,000kmrangenuclearcapableAgniVmissilein2011,accordingtoaseniorIndiandefensescientist.Thethreestagemissilewillhaveapayloadof1.5tons."AgniVtobeTestfiredWithinaYear,"ExpressBuzz.com,March12,2010,http://expressbuzz.com.

17February2010V.K.Saraswat,scientificadvisertothedefenseministerhasconfirmedthatthattheShauryamissilebeingdevelopedisasubmarinelaunchedcruisemissile.Itwillhavearangeof750kmandcandeliveraonetonnuclearwarhead.AjaiShukla,"ShauryaSurfacesasIndia'sUnderwaterNuclearMissile,"BusinessStandard,February17,2010,www.businessstandard.com.

17February2010AccordingtoaseniorIndiandefenseofficial,thenuclearpoweredsubmarinebeingdevelopedfortheIndianNavy,INSArihant,islikelytobearmedwiththenuclearcapable700kmrangeK15submarinelaunchedballisticmissile.RahulSingh,"Arihanttobearmedwithballisticmissiles,"TheHindustanTimes,February17,2010,www.hindustantimes.com.

16February2010NewDelhiisplanningtodeploysixAkashmissilesquadronsinnortheasternIndiatocounterthepotentialairthreatfromChina.TheAkashisasurfacetoairmissilewithaninterceptionrangeof25km.RajatPandit,"IndiatoDeployAkashMissilesinNorthEasttoDeterChina,"TheTimesofIndia,February16,2010,http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com.

11February2010Thescientificadvisertothedefenseminister,V.K.Saraswat,hassaidthatIndiandefensescientistsmonitoredChina'stestlastmonthofaballisticmissiledefensesystem,whilealsosayingthatBeijingwasbehindinIndiaindevelopmentofmissiledefensetechnology.ManuPubby,"IndiatoTest5,000kmNMissile,"TheIndianExpress,February11,2010,www.indianexpress.com.

11February2010AccordingtoV.K.Sarasawat,scientificadvisertothedefenseminister,theAgniIIIisreadyforinductionintothearmedforces.Healsosaidthatthe3,500kmrangeballisticmissileismoreaccuratethantheChineseDF21missile.Speakingatanewsconference,SaraswatandAvinashChander,theAgniIIIprogramdirector,alsoclaimed



thatthemissile'stechnologycouldbehelpfulindevelopmentofanantisatellitemissile."MissileIndia:MineisBetterThanChina's,"TheTelegraph,February11,2010,www.telegraphindia.com.

8February2010Indiasuccessfullytesteditslongestrangemissile,the3,500kmrangenuclearcapableAgniIII.TheAgniIIIisatwostagemissile.Thetestwascarriedoutbythearmyandthemissileisnowreadytobeinductedintothearmedforces.T.S.SubramanianandY.Mallikarjun,"AgniIIILaunchaCompleteSuccess,"TheHindu,February8,2010,www.thehindu.com;T.S.SubramanianandY.Mallikarjun,"DRDORaisestheBar,SetsItsSightson5,000kimAgniV,"TheHindu,February8,2010.

2February2010AninstallationtestflightoftheBrahMoscruisemissilewilltakeplacein2010fromastealthfrigatethatiscurrentlybeingconstructedfortheIndianNavyinRussia.ThetestwilltakeplaceintheBalticSea.ThreesuchTalwarclassshipsbuiltinRussiawillbearmedwithBrahMosmissiles.T.S.Subramanian,"BrahMosInstallationTestFlightinBalticSea,"TheHindu,February3,2010,www.thehindu.com.

24January2010TheIndiangovernmentisplanningtoswiftlyinducttheBlockIIvariantoftheBrahMoslandattackcruisemissileintothearmy.Thisversioncomeswith"multispectralseekers"enabling"targetdiscriminatingcapabilities,"givingitenhancedaccuracyforsurgicalstrikes.RajatPandit,"ArmyPlansInductionofBrahMosWith'SurgicalStrike'Option,"TheTimesofIndia,January24,2010,http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com.

6January2010TheIndianAirForcewillbeequippedwiththeairlaunchversionoftheBrahMoscruisemissileby2012,accordingtotheheadofBrahMosAerospace,SivathanuPillai.HesaidthatthemissilehasbeendevelopedandtheprocessofintegratingitwiththeSukhoifighteraircraftwasinprogress.Trialsofthemissilewilltakeplacein2011."BrahMosMissiletobeInductedIntoAirForcein2012,"TheTimesofIndia,January6,2010,http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com.

200914December2009TheIndiannavysuccessfullytestedthe350kmrangenuclearcapableDhanushmissile.ThiswasthesixthtestoftheDhanush,thenavalvariantofthePrithvi."DhanushMissileSuccessfullyTestFired,"TheTimesofIndia,December14,2009,http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com.



30July2009TheIndianarmycarriedoutasuccessfultestofthelandattackvariantoftheBrahMoscruisemissileatthePokharantestrangeinRajasthanstate.Accordingtoasource,"withthislaunch,therequirementofArmyforthelandattackversionwithblockIIadvancedseekersoftwarewithtargetdiscriminatingcapabilitieshasbeenfullymetandthisversionisreadyforinduction."ThiswasthefourthtestoftheblockIIvariantthisyear,withthefirstresultinginfailure.ThelandattackBrahMosfirstenteredintoservicewiththeIndianarmyinJune2007.VimalBhatia,"ArmyTestFiresBrahMosAgain,"TheTimesofIndia,July30,2009,timesofindia.indiatimes.com.

27July2009TheindigenouslydevelopedIndiannuclearpoweredsubmarine,INSArihant,whichwaslaunchedforseatrialsonJuly26,andisexpectedtoenterintoserviceinthenextfewyears,willbearmedwiththe700kmrangenuclearcapableK15ballisticmissiles.T.S.Subramanian,"NuclearPoweredSubmarineToBeFittedWithBallisticMissiles,"TheHindu,July27,2009.

19May2009TheIndianArmysuccessfullytestedthe3000kmrange,nuclearcapableAgniIIballisticmissile.Followingthreesuccessfultests,themissileisreadyforproduction."IndiaSuccessfullyTestsNuclearCapableMissile,"PressTrustofIndia,May19,2009,BBCMonitoringSouthAsiaPolitical,LexisNexis.

15April2009TheIndianArmyhassuccessfullytestedanimprovedvariantofitsnuclearcapable350kmrangePrithviIIballisticmissile.Thearmyhasalreadyinductedthismissile."IndiaTestFiresSurfacetoSurfaceMissile,"PressTrustofIndia,April15,2009,BBCMonitoringSouthAsiaPolitical,LexisNexis.

30March2009TheblockIIversionofthelandattackvariantoftheBrahMoscruisemissilewastestedforthethirdtime.Thefirsttest,inJanuary,hadbeenafailure.Thesecondtest,onMarch5,andthemostrecenttest,werebothsuccessful.AccordingtotheDefenceResearchandDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO),themissileisnowreadyforinductionintothearmy.T.S.Subramanian,"BrahMosLaunchSuccessful,"TheHindu,March30,2009.

7March2009IndiasuccessfullytestedamissileinterceptorovertheBayofBengalintheIndianOcean.A"hostile"missilewasdestroyedbytheinterceptorinthethirdsuccessfultrialofcomponentsofIndia'sballisticmissiledefensesystemsince2007."IndiaTestsInterceptorMissile,"TheChinaPost,March7,2009,www.chinapost.com.tw.

5March2009TheblockIIversionofthelandattackversionoftheBrahMoscruisemissilewassuccessfullytestedatPokharan.



Theearliertestofthisvariant,inJanuary,wasafailure.T.S.Subramanian,"NewBrahMosTestSuccessful,"TheHindu,March5,2009.

21January2009TheJanuary20testoftheBrahMoscruisemissilewhichhadbeentermedassuccessful,infact,resultedinthemissilefailingtohitthetarget,accordingtoIndiandefensescientists.ThelatesttestwasthatofablockIIversionofthemissile,whichpossessesadvancedsoftwarethatwouldallowthemissiletoselecttargetsmoreefficiently.OlderblockIversionsofthemissilehavealreadybeendeployedwiththearmy.T.S.Subramanian,"BrahMosMissedtheTarget,"TheHindu,January22,2009.

20January2009IndiahastesteditsBrahMossupersoniccruisemissileatPokharaninthestateofRajasthan.Themissilecancarryconventionalandnuclearwarheads,andhasarangeof290km.Themissileisbeingdevelopedforlaunchfromarangeofplatforms."IndiaTestsMissileAmidTensionsWithPakistan,"Reuters,January20,2009,www.reuters.com.

8January2009IndiahasconductedtalkswithofficialsfromtheUnitedStatesonthepossibilityofacquiringamissiledefensesystem.ThediscussionswereonascientificandtechnicallevelandIndianofficialsalsoviewedcomputersimulationsandattendedlivemissiletests.AccordingtoaU.S.embassyofficialinNewDelhi,"Indiaisapartnerofours,andwewanttoprovideitwithwhateveritneedstoprotectitself...Thisfitsintotheoverallstrategicpartnershipwearebuilding.""IndiaUS'MissileShieldTalks',"BBCNews,January8,2009,news.bbc.co.uk.

200818December2008TheIndianNavysuccessfullytestedtheBrahMoscruisemissilefromanavalshipintheBayofBengal.Thiswasthefirsttestinaverticallaunchconfigurationofthemissilewhichcanalsobelaunchedinaninclinedconfiguration.Theinclinedvarianthasalreadybeeninductedintothenavy."IndiaTestFiresSupersonicCruiseMissile,"PressTrustofIndia,December18,2008,BBCMonitoringSouthAsiaPolitical,LexisNexis.

12November2008Indiasuccessfullytestfiresanewsurfacetosurfacemissilecalled"Shourya",whichcancarrybothnuclearandconventionalwarheads.ItisthelandversionoftheunderwaterlaunchedmissileK15(Sagarika).AccordingtoDr.Selvamurthy,theChiefControllerofDefenceResearchandDevelopmentOrganisation(DRDO),themissilecannotbedetectedbyconventionalsatelliteimaging,sinceitisfiredfromundergroundandishighlymaneuverable.T.S.Subramanian,"Shouryatestfiredsuccessfully",TheHindu,13November2008.



14September2008Indiaholdsflighttrialsofitsfirstindigenouslydevelopedbeyondvisualrange(BVR)airtoairmissile,Astra.TheBVRmissileisintegratedwithSukhoi30MKIandwillbeintegratedwithMirage2000andtheindigenousLightCombatAircraft,oncealltestsaredonetoverifyitsaccuracyindestroyingmaneuveringtargets.Guidedtestfiringsarenotexpecteduntil2010,andserviceentryisstillfiveyearsaway.NeelamMathews,"IndiatestfiresBVRmissileAstra",AerospaceDaily&DefenseReport,16September2008;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,16September2008,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

21August2008TheRussianIndianjointcompanyBrahMosisplanningtoputonthemarketanewgenerationhypersoniccruisemissile,accordingtoBrahMosexecutivedirectorSivathanuPillai.ThecompanyisplanningtoagreetheparametersofacruisemissilewiththeRussianandIndiandefencedepartmentswithinayear.AhigherspeedandbeinglessvisiblewillbethefeaturesoftheBrahMos2missile.Inaddition,BrahMos2willbeabletostartfromvariousplatforms,suchassea,underwater,groundandair."RussiaandIndiadevelopingnewcruisemissile",InterfaxAVNMilitaryNewsAgencywebsite(Moscow),21August2008;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,24August2008,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

8August2008Country'sfirstindigenouslydeveloped3Dradar,"Rohini,"ishandedtotheIndianAirForce(IAF)bythegovernmentownedBharatElectronicsLtd.TheMultifunctionMediumRangeSurveillanceRadariscapableofhandlingmultipletargetssimultaneouslyandalsocalculatingtheheightatwhichprojectilesareflying.TheradarwillgivetheIAFbetterairsurveillancecapabilities,particularlyatlowaltitudes.Operatinginarangeofupto170kilometersandanaltitudeof15kilometers,theradarcantrackmultipletargetslikefighterjetsandmissiletravelingatspeedsofMach3.NeelamMathews,"FirstunitofindigenousIndianradardelivered",AerospaceDailyandDefenseReport,8August2008;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,8August2008,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

56August2008TheindigenouslydevelopedNagmissile,withanantitanktandemwarheadand4kilometerrange,issuccessfullyfiredonstationaryandmovingtargets.AccordingtotheIndianDefenseResearch&DevelopmentOrganization(DRDO),bothtargetsarehit,confirmingsystemcapabilities.NeelamMathews,"India'stestingofNagmissileasuccess",AerospaceDaily&DefenseReport,7August2008;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,7August2008,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

23May2008Indiasuccessfullytestfiresits150250kmrangesurfacetosurface"Prithvi"missile,aspartofauser'strialbytheIndianArmy.Theindigenouslybuiltmissile,developedbytheDefenceResearchDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO),isalreadyinductedinthearmy."Indiatestfiressurfacetosurfacemissile",PTINewsAgency(NewDelhi),23May2008;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,23May2008,http://web.lexisnexis.com.



14May2008Indiasuccessfullytestfiresitsnuclearcapable,intermediaterangeballisticmissileAgniIII.Thisfiringisthesecondsuccessfulfiringinthreetests.AgniIII's3,000kmrangeputsChinesecitiessuchasBeijingandShanghaiwithinstrikingdistance."IndiaconductsthirdtestfiringofAgniIII",Jane'sDefenceWeekly,14May2008;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,14May2008,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

13May2008TheDefenceElectronicsResearchLaboratoryisdevelopingahitechdecoysystemwhichwillbeableto"seduce"missilesawayfromtheirlegitimatetargets.Thedecoy,meantfortheIndianNavy,willbeequippedwiththemostmodernelectronicwarfaresystemandwillprotectaircraft,shipsandotherinstallationsagainstradarguidedmissiles.Beingselfpropelled,thedecoyscanflyfreelytooandcanenticeawayamissilemoreeasilythanatoweddecoy.Thelaboratoryisplanningtocollaboratewithinternationalfirmstodevelopthetechnology."Indianlabdevelopingnewmissiledecoysystemfornavy",TheAsianAgewebsite(NewDelhi),13May2008;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,14May2008,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

6April2008AccordingtothetopDefenceResearchandDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)scientistS.Prahlada,Indiaisreadytoexportmissiletocountrieswhosenamesareclearedbythegovernment.GovernmentisinfavorofexportsofmissilesandDRDOisinapositiontomeetsuchsaleorders.ThoughPrahladadoesnotnamethemissileswhichcanbeofferedinworldmarket,somesourcessaythatIndiacanplaceIndoRussiansupersoniccruisemissileBrahMosandrecentlytestedsurfacetoairAkashforsale."ScientistsaysIndiareadytoexportmissilestoshortlistedcountries",PTINewsAgency(NewDelhi),6April2008;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,5March2008,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

5March2008Indiasuccessfullytestfiresindigenouslydeveloped,nuclearcapablesubmarinelaunchedcruisemissile,Sagarika.TheturbojetpoweredmissilehasbeenunderdevelopmentbyAeronauticalDevelopmentEstablishmentsinceearly1990s.Itissaidtohave700kmrangewith500kgpayload,becapableofachievinghighsubsonicspeedsandcruisingataltitudeof15mto100m.RahulBedi,"IndiatestfiresindigenouslydevelopedSLCM",Jane'sDefenceWeekly,5March2008;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,5March2008,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

26February2008IndiasuccessfullytestfiresitsfirsteverunderseaballisticmissileK15witharangeof700kmandjoinsahandfulofcountries,suchastheUS,Russia,FranceandChina,topossesssuchacapability.TheinductionofK15missileintoIndianarmedforceswillconsiderablyenhancethecountry'snucleardeterrenceassealaunchedmissileswillformcrucialpartofthecountry'ssecondstrikenuclearcapability."Indiatestfiresnuclearcapableunderseamissile",BBCMonitoringSouthAsia,26February2008;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,26February2008,http://web.lexisnexis.com.



9January2008IndiascrapstheIntegratedDevelopmentofGuidedMissileProgramme(IDGMP)andannouncesthedevelopmentandproductionofmostfuturisticweaponssystemstotakeplacewithforeigncollaboration.IDGMPwasinitiatedinearly1980sandunderitsurfacetosurfacelongerrangeAgnigroupofmissiles,shorterrangetacticalbattlefieldmissilesPrithvi,surfacetoairTrishulandlongrangemultipletargetsurfacetoairAkashmissileshavebeendeveloped.TheonlymissileyettobeinductedisthefourthgenerationantitankmissileNag.ThecountriesthatalreadyhaveexpressedtheirreadinesstoworkjointlywithIndiaincludeFrance,Israel,UK,Russia,GermanyandSingapore.AccordingtotheIndia'stopdefencescientistDr.S.Prahlada,longerrangemissiles,undersealaunchedmissilesandfuturisticweaponssystemslikeelectroniccounterwarfaremeasureswouldbe"undertakeninhouse"."Indiascrapsstrategicmissileprogramme",BBCMonitoringSouthAsia,9January2008;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,9January2008,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

200722December2007Inamajortechnologicalbreakthroughthatwilldrasticallyreducetheweightofmissilesandenablethemtoreachlongerrangeswithheavierpayloads,DefenceResearchDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)scientistsdevelopcompositerocketmotorcasings(CRMC).OnlytheUnitedStates,RussiaandaEuropeanconsortiumachievedasimilarfeat.CRMCwillreducetheweightofarocketcasingby40percent,enablingthemissiletotakeheavierpayloadsorflyalongerrange.Inaddition,theCRMCresultincostreductionbyhalfcomparedtometalliccasings,betterperformanceandlongstorageduetononcorrosivenatureofthematerial."Indiandefenceorganizationachieves'majorbreakthrough'inmissiletechnology",TheHindu(Chennai),22December2007;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,22December2007,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

22December2007Aninedaycampaign,involvingthesurfacetoairAkashmissile,radars,mobilelaunchersandsupportsystems,concludeswithamissilefired.SincethebeginningofthecampaignonDecember13,atotalofsixmissilesarefiredondifferentdayswiththefullAkashsystemworkingintandem.Thecampaignisafantasticsuccessandithasinternationalsignificanceinbothtechnologyandoperation."Indiatestfiressurfacetoairmissile",TheHindu(Chennai),22December2007;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,22December2007,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

2December2007Indiatestsaspeciallydevelopedhighspeedinterceptormissile,AdvancedAirDefence(AAD),toexamineitscapabilitytodestroyamissile.TheAADisanewmissileandnotaderivativeoranupdateofanyexistingmissile.ItisspeciallydesignedanddevelopedbyDefenceResearchandDevelopmentOrganisation(DRDO)foritsinterceptorrole."Indiatestshighspeedinterceptormissiledefencesource",BBCMonitoringSouthAsia,2December2007;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,2December2007,http://web.lexisnexis.com.



25October2007Inamajorbreakthrough,India'sindigenousLightCombatAircraft(LCA)'Tejas'successfullytestfiresforthefirsttimeaclosecombatRussianR73airtoairmissile.Hailingitasa"milestone",adefenceministryspokesmansaysthisheraldsthestartoftheweaponisationofTejas.Theinitialoperationalconfigurationforthefighterisexpectedbetween2011and2012andtheaircraftwillbefullyoperationalby2013."IndianlightcombataircrafttestfiresRussianmissile",PTINewsAgency(NewDelhi),25October2007;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,26October2007,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

5October2007IndiatestfiresitsindigenouslybuiltshortrangevariantofAgniballisticmissile,AgniI.Thisisthefourthtestfiringofthesurfacetosurfaceballisticmissile,whichiscapableofstrikingatargetuptoadistanceof700kms."Indiatestfiresindigenousshortrangeballisticmissile",BBCMonitoringSouthAsia,5October2007;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,5October2007,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

5September2007AccordingtotheDefenceMinisterA.K.Antony,submarinelaunchedversionofBrahMossupersoniccruisemissileisready.Theshipandlandlaunchedversionofthemissilearealreadyclearedforinductioninnavyandarmy,afteraseriesofsuccessfulflighttrialslaunchedfromshipsandfromroadmobilelaunchers.Accordingtoexperts,thesubmarinesinthearmoryoftheNavynamelytheGermanHDWseriesandtheRussianKiloclassdonothavethecapabilitytolaunchsuchmissiles."Indiadevelopsmissilecapableoflaunchingfromsubmarine",PTINewsAgency(NewDelhi),5September2007;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,5September2007,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

21June2007PresidentA.P.J.AbdulKalamasksBrahMosteamtoworkondeveloping"MarkII"versionofBrahMoshypersoniccruisemissilesystemandalsoreusableclassofcruisemissiles.FastdeploymentofhypersonicmissilesystemsisnecessarytomaintainIndia'sforcelevelsupremacy.ThepresidentalsoaskstheBrahMosjointventurefirmbetweenIndiaandRussiatoaggressivelymarket"worldclass"productwithamarketshelflifeofnotmorethanfiveyears."Indianpresidentordersworkon'MarkII'versionofBrahMoscruisemissile",PTINewsAgency(NewDelhi),21June2007;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,21June2007,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

21June2007TheIndianarmybecomesthefirstforceintheworldtobearmedwithsupersonicsurfacetosurfacecruisemissile,withtheinductionof290kmrangeBrahMosmissile.TheUS,FrenchandChineseforceshaveonlysubsoniccruisemissilesintheirarmory.Theactualdeliveryofthemissilewillcommencenextmonth,almostayearaheadofthescheduledinductionfixedearlierforJuly,2008."IndianarmyinductssupersonicBrahMoscruisemissile",PTINewsAgency(NewDelhi),21June2007;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,21June2007,http://web.lexisnexis.com.



23April2007AnewregimentoftheIndianArmythatisbeingspeciallyraisedtestfirestheBrahMoscruisemissile,confirmingthattheartillerywingisbeingrestructuredandexpanded.Thisisthethirdmissilegroupthatthearmyisraising.Thefirsttwothe333andthe444wereraisedforthePrithviandtheAgniIImissiles.TheBrahMosisadifferentclassofmissilecruise,notballisticandcallsforaspecialsetofskillsfromtheregimentthatwillberesponsibleforit."India:Armysetsupnewregimenttohandlesupersonicmissile",TheTelegraph(Kolkata),24April2007;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,24April2007,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

30March2007Indiasuccessfullytestfiresitsindigenouslydevelopedbeyondvisualrange(BVR)airtoairAstramissile.ThesuccessisareliefforthescientistsoftheDefenceResearchDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)afterthepreviousfailure.TheobjectiveofthemissileistoprovidetheIndianAirForce(IAF)withanindigenouslydesignedBVRAAMtoequiptheIAFsMirage2000,MiG29,Su30MKIandtheLightCombatAircraft(LCA)."Astratestfiresuccessful",TheStatesman(India),30March2007;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,30March2007,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

9February2007AnIndianpublicsectorundertaking(PSU)andaEuropeandefenceconglomerateareintheprocessofjointlydevelopingamissilewarningsystem,basedonasensorcalledMILDSAN/AAR60.ThesystemwillbeintegratedintotheexistingmultisensorwarningnetworkofIndia'sarmedforcesanditsprimarygoalistoprotectIndianAirForce(IAF)aircraft."IndiatodevelopmissilewarningsystemwithEuropeancompany",PTINewsAgency(NewDelhi),9February2007;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,9February2007,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

5February2007Indiasuccessfullytestfiresitssupersoniccruisemissile,BrahMos.Thelaunchissuccessful,butdatahastobeanalyzedbeforeafinalevaluationcanbemade."SupersonicmissileistestedbyIndia",TheWesternMail,5February2007;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,5February2007,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

200627November2006Inamajorbreakthrough,India'sdefencescientistssuccessfullycarryoutasurfacetosurfacemissileinterceptionovertheBayofBengalbrighteningtheprospectsofdevelopmentofanindigenousantimissileshield.Thesupersonicmissile,labelledonlyasAXO(AtmosphereInterceptSystem),successfullyinterceptsasurfacetosurfacePrithvitargetmissileatanaltitudeof40t050km.AccordingtothetopDefenceResearchDevelopmentOrganisation(DRDO)officials,thisnewmissileisnotpartofcountry'sIntegratedGuidedMissileprogramme.Themissilehasresponsetimeof30secondsandonceitdetectsatargetitcanbelaunchedin50seconds.Ithashigh



maneuverability,terminalhomingwithradarseekersandcanoperateindependentofgroundradarhelp."Indiaunveilsnewindigenousantimissilesystem","Indiaacquiresantimissilecapability",PTINewsAgency(NewDelhi),27November2006;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,27November2006,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

2August2006AccordingtoIndianDefenceMinisterPranabMukherjee,thePrithviandAgnistrategicmissilesystems,aswellastheirvariants,areinductedintothearmedforces.ThedevelopmentoftheAkashandTrishulsurfacetoairmissilesandNagantitankmissileiscompleteandthearmedforcesplacesproductionordersforthesemissiles,aswellasfortheBrahMossupersoniccruisemissile."IndiainductsPrithvi,Agnimissilesintoarmedforces",PTINewsAgency(NewDelhi),2August2006;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,2August2006,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

9July2006IndiatestfiresitsintermediaterangeballisticmissileAgniIII.Thesecondstageofthenuclearcapablemissile,designedtohittargetsatadistanceof3,500km,doesnotseparateanditfallsintotheBayofBengal.Themissilegoesuptoaheightofabout12kmbeforethesnagdevelops.Thesourcesattributetheproblemtoadesignfailure.ThisisthefirstlaunchoftheAgniIII,themostsophisticatedproductoftheIntegratedGuidedMissileDevelopmentProgrammethatstartedin1983.ThetestingofthemissilewasrepeatedlyputoffsinceNovember2004foravarietyofreasons,includingoncefortechnicalproblems."AgniIIItestfails",TheStatesman(India),9July2006;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,9July2006,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

6July2006TheCabinetCommitteeonSecurity(CCS)approvesthepurchaseofthreemoreRussianstealthKrivakclasswarshipsand28submarinelaunchedKLUBlandattackcruisemissiles.AccordingtoPrimeMinisterManmohanSingh,thepurchaseofthethreeRussianfrigatesisafollowupordertothepurchaseofthreeofthesametypeofwarshipsinthelate1990s."IndiancabinetapprovespurchaseofRussianwarships,missiles",PTINewsAgency(NewDelhi),6July2006;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,6July2006,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

11June2006IndiasuccessfullytestfiresPrithvi,itsmostsophisticatedsurfacetosurfacemissile."Indiasuccessfullytestfiressurfacetosurfacemissile",PTINewsAgency(NewDelhi);11June2006;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,11June2006,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

9March2006AccordingtoDefenceMinisterPranabMukherjee,theCabinetCommitteeonSecurity(CCS)clearsproposalforprocurementof54PrithvimissilesfortheIndianArmedForcesfromDefencePublicSectorUnitBharatDynamicsLimited.TheCCSalsoapprovestheacquisitionof12IntermediateJetTrainers(IJTs)fromHindustanAeronauticsLimited,Bangaloreandof11InterceptiveBoatsfortheCoastGuard.



"IndiancabinetapprovesprocurementofPrithvimissiles",PTINewsAgency(NewDelhi),9March2006;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,9March2006,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

6February2006AccordingtoDefenseNews,Israelsignsasecret$350milliondealwithIndiatodevelopandmanufacturethelongrangeBarakantimissileairdefensesystemforbothcountries'militaries.ThedealissignedbetweenIsraelAircraftIndustries(IAI)andtheIndianDefenseResearchandDevelopmentLaboratory(DRDL).IAIwillfinance50percentoftheprojectwhichisscheduledtobecompletedwithinfiveyears.IAIofficialsrefusetoconfirmthisinformation.YaakovKatz,"IsraelIndiasigna$350missiledeal",TheJerusalemPost,6February2006;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,6February2006,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

30January2006Forthethirdtimeinasmanydays,thesurfacetoairmissile"Akash"issuccessfullytestfired."Indiatestfiressurfacetoairmissileagain",PTINewsagency(NewDelhi),30January2006;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,30January2006,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

28January2006IndiatestfirestwiceitssurfacetoairmissileAkash.Thesleek5.6metermissileswitharangeof25kmarefiredfromamobilelauncherwithinagapof5minutes,targetingamovingobjectattachedtoapilotlesstargetaircraft."IndiatestssurfacetoairmissileAkash",BBCMonitoringSouthAsia,28January2006;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,28January2006,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

200521December,2005Indiasignsacontractworth$400millionforpurchaseof24RussianTunguskaM1gunmissileairdefencecomplexes.Eachairdefencecomplexiscomprisedofatracked,armoredvehiclecarryingtwoautomaticcannons,missilesandradardetectionandtargetingequipment.TheTunguskaiscapableofdestroyingenemyaircraftwithinarangeof18kmandcanbeusedfordefendingmilitaryunitsonthemarchandinbattlearrayfrommilitaryaircraftandcruisemissiles.AccordingtoInterfax,SelfpropelledTunguskagunmissilecomplexistheonlyairdefencesystemwithintegratedgunandmissilechannels."$400defencewaredealsignedwithRussia",TheStatesman(India),22December2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,22December2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

8December2005IndiasuccessfullytestfiresitsshortrangesurfacetoairmissileTrishul.ThesolidfuelpropelledmissileispartoftheIntegratedGuidedMissileDevelopmentProgramme(IGMDP),hasarangeof9kmandfliesatsupersonicspeed."Trishultestfired",TheStatesman(India),9December2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,9December2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.



1December2005IndiatestfirestheArmyversionofsupersoniccruisemissileBrahMos.Thisisthesuccessful11thflightofthemissile,jointlydevelopedbyIndiaandRussia.TheAirForceversionistobedevelopedsoonfollowingapprovalbybothgovernments.TheversionwillbeintegratedwiththeSukhoi30MKI.T.S.Subramanian,"ArmyversionofBrahmostestfired",TheHindu,1December2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,1December2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

24November2005AccordingtotheScientificAdvisertotheDefenceMinister,M.Natarajan,aRs.300croresfacilitywillbesetupbytheDefenceDevelopmentandResearchOrganization(DRDO)atNashiktomanufacturepropellantsformissilesandrockets.Itwouldhelpinresearchonprocessengineeringandproductionofpropellantsrequiredfordifferentprogrammes."Nashikfacilitytomakemissilepropellants",TheHindu,24November2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,24November2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

23November2005AccordingtoDrPrahalada,chiefcontrolleranddirectorofIndia'sDefenceResearchandDevelopmentLaboratories(DRDL),theIndiangovernmentagreesinprincipletoallowexportsofAkash,Trishul,Naag,andBrahMosclassofmissiles.Theclearancestowhichcountrytheycanbeexportedisyettocome.Besidesearningforeignexchange,itwouldalsomeanbetterjobopportunitiesforindustriesandemploymentopportunitiesforunemployed.Althoughthereareseveralcountriesdealinginmissiles,IndiashouldbeabletocapturesomemarketasthecoststructureforIndianmissilesiscompetitive."Indiangovernmentagrees"inprinciple"toallowmissileexport",PTInewsagency,NewDelhi,23November2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,23November2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

5October2005Indiasuccessfullytestfiresshortrangesurfacetoairmissile"Trishul".DevelopedbytheDefenceResearchandDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO),"Trishul"hasatriplebattlefieldroleforthearmy,airforceandnavy.Thesolidfuelpropelledmissilehasarangeof9kmandcanbefittedwithfragmentedwarhead."Indiatestfires"Trishul"surfacetoairmissile",BBCMonitoringSouthAsia,5October2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,5October2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

4October2005IndiaandPakistansignaccordsonprenotificationofballisticmissiletestsandsettingupofacommunicationlinkbetweentheIndianCoastGuardandthePakistanMaritimeSecurityAgency.Theagreementonprenotificationofmissiletestsentailsthatbothcountriesprovideeachotheradvancenotificationbeforeundertakinganysurfacetosurfaceballisticmissiletest.AnunderstandingonthiswasreachedbetweenthetwocountriesatthethirdroundofNCBMtalkson5and6AugustinDelhi."Missilesonnoticeforpeaceroute",TheStatesman(India),4October2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,4October2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.



6July2005TheRussianIndianjointventureBrahMosbeginsserialmanufactureofitsnewcruisemissiletoorderfortheIndiannavy.AccordingtoAleksandrMaksichev,theactinggeneraldirectoroftheMashinostroyeniyeassociation,themissilewillnotonlybesuppliedtotheIndianandRussiannavies,butwillbeavailabletoothercountriesaswell."RussianIndiancruisemissilegoesintoproduction",BBCMonitoringFormerSovietUnion,6July2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,6July2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

28June2005IndiaandtheUnitedStatessignanewframeworkfordefencerelationshipforthenexttenyears,providingopportunitiesinareassuchastechnologytransfer,coproductionandresearchanddevelopment.Conductingjointexercisesandexchanges;collaboratinginmultinationaloperations;strengtheningthemilitaries'capabilitiestodefeatterrorism;enhancingthecapabilitiestocombatproliferationofweaponsofmassdestruction;andexpandingcollaborationinmissiledefenceareenvisagedintheframework.ItisalsoagreeduponthattheDefencePolicyGroupshallcontinuetoserveastheprimarymechanismtoguidethebilateralstrategicdefencerelationship.ADefenceProcurementandProductionGroupisalsotobesetup,tooverseedefencetradeandlookatprospectsforcoproductionandtechnologycollaboration.SridharKrishnaswami,"India,U.S.signframeworkfordefencecooperation",TheHindu,30June2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,20June2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

13May2005TheIndianparliamentapprovesabilltopreventtransferofweaponsofmassdestructionandtheirtechnologyfromIndia.Thegovernmentassuresthatthisbillwouldinnowayhinderdevelopmentofdefencecapabilitiesinthecountry.AccordingtotheExternalAffairsMinisterNatwarSingh,theWeaponsofMassDestructionandtheirDeliverySystems(ProhibitionofUnlawfulActivities)Bill,2005,doesnotseektocheckdevelopmentofmissiletechnology,butpreventleakageofthistechnology."Indianparliamentapprovesweaponsofmassdestructionbill",BBCMonitoringSouthAsia,13May2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,13May2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

12May2005IndiatestfiresPrithvi,itsmostsophisticatedsurfacetosurfacemediumrangemissile.ScientistsoftheDefenceResearchandDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)andarmypersonnel,whoconductthetest,describeitasauser'strial."IndiatestfiresnuclearcapablemissilePrithvi",BBCMonitoringSouthAsia,12May2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,12May2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

11May2005AccordingtotheDefenceResearchandDevelopmentLaboratory(DRDL)DirectorPrahlada,theindigenouslybuiltmediumrangesurfacetoairmissileAkashcanbeusedfordisastermanagement.AdvancedcomputersoftwareusedformissiledevelopmentcanhelpcoastalStatespredictnaturalcalamities,liketsunami,andcoordinaterescueoperations.



"Akashcanbeusedindisastermanagement",TheHindu,11May2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,11May2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

16April2005BrahMos,thesupersoniccruisemissilejointlydevelopedbyIndiaandRussia,scoresaperfecttenoutoften.ThisisthefirsttimethatBrahMosisequippedwithalivewarheadandtheflighttakesplaceinthecombatmodeoftheNavy.TheeventsignalsthattheproductionofthemissilefortheNavyhasstarted.BrahMosisaversatilemissilethatcanbelaunchedfromsilosonland,bigtrucks,ships,aircraftandsubmarine.Workhasstartedondevelopingthemissiletobelaunchedfromaircraft.T.S.Subramanian,"BrahmostestfiredoffWestcoast",TheHindu,16April2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,16April2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

24March2005AccordingtotheNagProjectDirector,S.S.Mishra,theaerialversionofantitankNagmissileisunderdevelopment.Nag,anallweather,fireandforgetantitankmissile,isoneofthefivedevelopedbytheDefenceResearchandDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)undertheIntegratedGuidedMissileDevelopmentProgramme(IGMDP).TheothersareAkash,Trishul,PrithviandAgni.Inaddition,IndiaisalsoworkingondevelopingathirdgenerationportableNagmissile.Itisplannedtodevelopthemissileinfourtofiveyears.TheU.S.andIsraelalreadyhavesuchmissiles.Y.Mallikarjun,"AerialversionofNagisbeingdeveloped",TheHindu,24March2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,24March2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

19March2005Thethirdgenerationantitankguidedmissilesystem"Nag"issuccessfullytestfiredinwesternIndianstateofMaharashtra.AccordingtothedirectorofDefenceResearchandDevelopmentLaboratory(DRDL)Prahlada,"Nagisanallweatherdayandnightweaponanditsuniqueguidancesystembasedoninfraredimagingensureshighaccuracyandmainlytargetsabattletankfromthetop.""Indiatestfiresantitankmissile",BBCMonitoringSouthAsia,20March2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,20March2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

24February2005Forthesecondtimeinfourdays,IndiasuccessfullytestfiresitsindigenouslydevelopedmediumrangesurfacetoairmissileAkash."Indiatestfiresmediumrangesurfacetoairmissile",BBCMonitoringSouthAsia,24February2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,24February2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

21February2005IndiasuccessfullytestfiresAkash,itssurfacetoairmissile.Itisthethirdconsecutiveflightinwhichthemissileshowedtotalconsistency.Theproblemsencounteredintheearlierflightareovercomeandthemissiletravelsitsentirerangeof25kmandhitsthepilotlesstargetaircraft"Lakshya."



T.S.Subramanian,"Akashtestfiredsuccessfully",TheHindu,22February2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,22February2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

12February2005Indiacontinuesworkonitsmissileshield(a200sqkmareadefencesystem)thatcanprotectbigcitiesandstrategicfacilitieslikenuclearreactorsandspacelaunchingsitesagainstincomingmissiles.Theprojectbeganabouttwoyearsagoandcouldbefinishedinthenextfiveorsixyears.Thesystemwillcomprisethreeparts.Thefirstpartwillbealongrangetrackingradarthatwillbeabletopickupincomingmissilesmovingatsupersonicspeedsabout600kmaway.ThesecondpartwillbethecreationofaC3Isystemthatwillallowtheregisteringofinformationanddecisionmakingleadingtoaction.Thethirdcomponentwillbethesurfacetoairmissile.Inthepast,IndiahasbeenofferedsimilarsystemsbyRussia(theS300)andIsrael(theArrow,whichhasAmericancomponents),butneitherhasbeenagreedtobyIndiaasyet."Missileshieldheadingforcompletion",TheStatesman(India),12February2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,12February2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

19January2005IndiasuccessfullytestsTrishul,itsmostsophisticatedshortrangesurfacetoairmissile.Themissilefliesatsupersonicspeedandcanbeusedbythearmy,airforceandnavy."Indiatestfiresshortrangesurfacetoairmissile",BBCMonitoringSouthAsia,19January2005;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,19January2005,http://web.lexisnexis.com.

200422December2004DuringavisittotheVelloreInstituteofTechnologytoinauguratethe21stAllIndiaManufacturingTechnologyDesignandResearchConference,theDirectorofIndia'spremiermissiledevelopmentorganization,DefenseResearch&DevelopmentLaboratory(DRDL)Dr.Prahladastatesthathisorganizationisworkingonthedevelopmentofahypersonicvehiclecapableofflyingataspeed10timesthespeedofsound;anddevelopmentwillbecompletedwithinthreeyears.PrahladaalsostatesthatDRDLisalsoworkingonabeyondthevisualrangeairtoairmissileAstra,whichwillbereadywithinfiveyears."Hypersonicairvehiclewillbereadyinthreeyears,"Hindu,www.hinduonnet.com,22December2004.

22December2004IndiatestsalandtolandorArmyversionoftheBrahMossupersoniccruisemissile.Theflighttestedmissilesuccessfullydistinguishesanddestroysapredeterminedbuildingfromwithinaclusterofbuildings.T.S.Subramanian,"BrahMosIIbangontarget,"Hindu,www.hinduonnet.com,22December2004.

13December2004Inanaddresstothe56thconventionoftheAeronauticalSocietyofIndia,theCEOandManagingDirectoroftheIndoRussianjointventurecompanyBrahMosAerospacePvt.Ltd.Dr.SivathanuPillaistatesthatthefirstBrahMossupersoniccruisemissilewillbedeployedonanIndianNavywarshipin2005.BrahMosAerospacehasalready



receivedaletterofintentandmonetaryadvancefromtheNavyonthebasisofwhichproductionofthemissilehasbegun.PillaialsodisclosesthattheAirForceversionoftheBrahMoswillflyontheSukhoi30andwillrequirereconfigurationto"reducetheboosterfortheaircraft."AlthoughthedevelopmenttimefortheAirForcevariantisexpectedtobeaboutfourtofiveyears,PillaiexpressesconfidencethatBrahMosAerospacewillbeabletoachievethetaskwithin"threeyears."TheBrahMoswillbeproducedbyaconsortiumof20Indian(sevenpublicand13privatesector)and10Russiancompanies.TheRussianequityinBrahMosAerspacehasbeenfinancedthroughthediversionofIndianloanrepaymentstoRussia."IAFvariantofBrahMoslikelyinthreeyears,"TimesofIndia,13December2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,13December2004.

9December2004Inawrittenreplytoparliament,IndianDefenseMinisterPranabMukherjeestatesthattheindigenouslydevelopedTrishulandAkashsurfacetoairmissilesandtheNagantitankmissileswillbereadyforusertrialsbyDecember2005.ThePrithviIhasalreadybeeninductedintotheArmyanddevelopmenttrialsoftheAirForceandNavyversionsofthePrithviPrithviIIandDhanushhavebeencompleted.TheBrahMos,AgniI,andIIareintheprocessofinductionintothearmedservices.TheIndiangovernment,Mukherjeestates,isnotconsideringtheexportofthePrithviandAgniballisticmissilesasbothclassesofmissilesaresubjecttointernationalnonproliferationrestrictions.However,certaincountrieshaveshowninterestinpurchasingtheNagandtheBrahMos."Akash,Trishul,Nagmissilestouser,"PressTrustofIndia,9December2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,9December2004.

6December2004IndiaandRussiasignanagreementtoprotectintellectualpropertyassociatedwithRussianmilitarytechnologytransferredtoIndia.IndianDefenseMinisterPranabMukherjeestatesthateffortstodraftaformalagreementwillcommenceinJanuary2005.RussianDefenseMinisterSergeiIvanovindicatesthatRussiaisreadytoincreaseitsinvestmentintheBrahMoscruisemissileprojectinwhichbothcountrieshold50percentoftheshares."IndiaRussiawillsign,"AviationWeek&SpaceTechnology,6December2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,9December2004.

6December2004IndiaandRussiaplanondevelopinganairversionoftheBrahMoscruisemissile.TheairversionwillbeintegratedwithSukhoi30MKIcombataircraft.Theairversionofthemissilewillbedevelopedintwoyears;itwillbelighterthanthenavalversion,butwillhavethesamerange.Theairversionwillalsohaveanimprovedboosterandamodifiedcapnose.TheDefenseResearch&DevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)isalsoplanningtotestalandorArmyversionofthemissilefromamobilelaunchcomplexongroundtowardsalandtarget."IndiaRussiatodevelopairlaunchedversionofBrahMos,"Hindu,6December2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,5February2004.

6December2004India'sPresidentDr.A.P.J.AbdulKalamvisitstheBrahMosAerospaceheadquartersinNewDelhi.Inanaddressto



thecompany'sstaffKalamsaysthatBrahMosisoneofthemostcompetitivemissilesystemsandthrustshouldbegiventomarketingthemissiletofriendlyThirdWorldcountries.Ifthemissileisnotmarketedintime,itwouldfacecompetitionfromothermissilesinthemarket."IndiaRussiatodevelopairlaunchedversionBrahMos,"Hindu,6December2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,5December2004.

6December2004IndiaindicatesinterestinpurchasingtheArrowantiballisticmissilesystemfromIsraelintalkswiththeIsraelidefenseministryDirectorGeneralAmosYaronandIsraelAircraftIndustriesCEOMosheQeret,whoareonavisittoIndiaaspartofIndustryandTradeMinisterEhudQlmert'sentourage."IndiainterestedinbuyingIsrael'santimissilesystem,"BBCMonitoringInternationalReports,6December2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,6December2004.

4December2004RussianPresidentVladimirPutininauguratesajointIndoRussianmilitaryventureinNewDelhitomanufacturetheBrahMossupersonicantishipcruisemissile."PutininauguratesIndianRussianmissilemanufacturingcomplex,"DPA,4December2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,5December2004.

3December2004IndiaconcedesRussia'stwoyearoldrequestforadefensesecrecyagreementtoensurethathighenddefenseequipmentandtechnologyreceivedfromRussiaisnotsoldortransferredtoanothercountry.IndianDefenseMinisterPranabMukerhjeesaysthattheagreementislikelytobenegotiatedwithinthenextfourorfivemonths.SandeepDikshit,"India,RussiaplanonfreshinvestmentfordevelopingBrahMosmissile,"Hindu,3December2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,3December2004.

3December2004IndiaandRussiaagreetotaketheirstrategicpartnershiptoa"higher"technologicallevel,despitedifferencesconcerningtheprotectionofintellectualpropertyrights(IPR)andthemaintenanceanddeliveryschedulesofweaponsystems.RussiawouldlikeIndiatosignanIPRagreementimmediatelysothatadvancedweaponsystemssuchastheBrahMoscruisemissilejointlydevelopedbybothcountriesarenotexportedbyIndiatothirdcountrieswithoutRussia'sconsent.InturnIndiawouldlikeRussiatoprovidestrongcommitmentsonmaintenanceofdeliveryschedulesoncontractedweaponsystems,uninterruptedsuppliesofspares,andlifetimeproductsupport.RussianDefenseMinisterSergeiIvanovsaysthat"we[Russianfederation]arepreparedtotransferfrontiertechnologytoIndiainastrategictieupbasedonanewpatternofdefensecooperation.""India,Russiatomakedefensetiesstronger,"TimesofIndia,3December2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,3December2004.

2December2004RussiaagreestoexpanditsroleinthejointIndoRussianBrahMoscruisemissileproject.RussianDefenseMinisterSergeiIvanovsaysthat"inthecomingdaysexecutiveorderswillbepassedsothattheshareofRussia'ssideinthe



projectwillbescaledup."Headdsthatthe"India,Russiarelationshiphasnowmovedfromabuyersellerrelationshiptojointtechnologydevelopmentofnewprojects.""RussiatoshoreupsupporttoIndiaincruisemissileproject,"AFP,2December2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,3December2004.

2December2004RussianDefenseMinisterSergeiIvanovexpressesskepticismabouttheexportpotentialoftheBrahMossupersonicmissileprojectandtellsreportersthatheis"notenthusiasticabouttheproject.Sofarithasbeenastillbornbaby."Ivanovfuthersays,"TheRussiansideshouldsignagovernmentresolutiontoincreasethechartercapitaloftheRussiancompanyinvolvedintheproject.Iwillhopethiswillhappeninthenearestfuture.""RussianministerskepticalaboutBrahMosmissileprojectwithIndia,"BBCMonitoringInternationalReports,2December2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,2December2004.

2December2004IndiaagreestoparticipateinRussia'sGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem(GLONASS).UnderthetermsoftheagreementsignedwithRussia,IndiawillparticipateintheprogrambylaunchingRussiansatellitesandthetwocountrieswilljointlyoperatethesystem.IndiacouldalsopotentiallygainaccesstothemilitaryapplicationsoftheGLONASSsystem,whichcouldhelpimprovetheaccuracyofIndianmissiles.VladimirRadyuhin,"India,Russiatobuildspacenavigationsystem,"Hindu,2December2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,2December2004.

2December2004IndiaandRussiainkthreeprotocolsconcerningfreshinvestmentsintheBrahMossupersoniccruisemissileprogramafterameetingbetweentheIndianandRussiandefenseministersPranabMukherjeeandSergeiIvanov.UndertheagreementsRussiawilltakeupastakeof50to60percentintheBrahMosproject,whichisexpectedtoprovidetheprojectwithanadditional$50million.AccordingtoRussianofficials,360370BrahMoscruisemissilescouldbeproducedannually.IndiaandRussiaalsoagreetodraftanintellectualpropertyagreementinthenextfourorfivemonthsconcerningintellectualpropertyincollaborativedefenseprojects."India,Russiasignprotocolsforproducingmissiles,"PressTrustofIndia,2December2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,2December2004.

1December2004TheRussianspaceagencysaysthatitwillcontinuecooperationwithIndiainthedevelopmentofanoxygenhydrogenboosterforspacerockets.Theagency'sheadAnatoilyPerminovsays,"InRussia,weareplanningtoinstalltheboosterinthenewpromisingAngararocket.TheIndianprojectisalreadyaheadofourown.Infact,bothRussiaandIndiabenefitfromthat.""Russia,Indiatocontinuecooperationindevelopingspacebooster,"BBCMonitoringInternationalReports,1December2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,1December2004.

30November2004TheDefenseResearch&DevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)usesalivewarheadduringatestoftheAkashsurface



toairmissile.ThisisthefirsttimethemissileistestedwithalivewarheadandaccordingtoDr.Prahlada,DirectorofDRDO'sDefenseResearch&DevelopmentLaboratory(DRDL),theeventrepresents"amilestoneinthehistoryofIndia'sdefenseresearchanddevelopment."

13November2004TheDefenseResearch&DevelopmentLaboratory(DRDL)planstoflighttestagroundtogroundversionoftheBrahMossupersoniccruisemissileinDecember2004.Ithasalsosetupproductionfacilitiesandcandeliveronemissileeverymonth.TheDirectorofDRDLDr.Prahladasays,"theprogram[BrahMos]hasmaturedandcapabilitytotestfireandmanufacturethemasperuserdemandshasbeenachieved.""BrahMos,Akash,Trishultobetestfiredsoon,"BusinessInsight,13November2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,16November2004;"BrahMos,Akash,Trishultobetestfiredsoon,"BusinessLine,13November2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,14November2004.

7November2004India'sDefenseResearch&DevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)conductsthethirdtestoftheDhanush,thenavalversionofthePrithvishortrangeballisticmissile.ThemissileislaunchedusingastabilizedlauncheronthenavalshipINSSubhadra,anchoredoffChandipuratseaontheOrissacoast.TheheadoftheDRDOteamDr.Saraswatsaysthat"allmissionparametersinrespectofaccuracyandrangewerefullymet.""DhanushtestfiredfromOrissacoast,"PressTrustofIndia,7November2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,7November2004;"Dhanushmissilesuccessfullytestfired,"Hindu,8November2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,8November2004.

5November2004Initsannualreport,India'sDefenseMinistrysaysthatthereisthe'threatofuseofnuclearweaponsagainstthecountry."Thereportfurtherstates,"TheIndianarmedforceshavetobepreparedforthefullspectrumofsecuritychallengesfromterrorism,lowintensityconflict,toconventionalwarandthepossibilityoftheuseofnuclearweaponsandmissiles."Alongwithaminimumdeterrent,Indiaalsorequiresabalancedmixoflandbased,maritime,andaircapabilities."Indiarequiresindependentdeterrentcapability:Report,"PressTrustofIndia,5November2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,5November2004.

3November2004ThenavalversionoftheBrahMossupersoniccruisemissileistestedinashiptoshipmode.ThemissileisfiredfromthenavaldestroyerRajputandusedtoattackadecommissionedship.ThisisthefourthtestoftheBrahMosandofficialsfromtheDefenseResearchandDevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)reportthatthemissile"hadaperfecthitonthetargetedship."AccordingtoDr.SivathanuPillai,ChiefExecutiveOfficeroftheBrahMosproject,"themajorachievementsofthetestsweremidcoursemaneuverabilityofthemissileandtheadvancedfirecontrolsystems,whichfunctioned100percent.""Brahmossuccessfullytested,"PressTrustofIndia,3November2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,3November2004;"Brahmosantishipmissiletested,"BusinessLine,4November2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,4November2004.



27October2004IndiatestsanavalversionofthePrithvidubbedPrithviIIIfromtheIntegratedTestRange(ITR)atChandipur.ThemissileanditssubsystemsarebeingdevelopedundertheprojectnameK15andhavebeendesignatedfasttrackprojectsbytheDefenseResearch&DevelopmentOrganization(DRDO).ThePrithviIIIcanbelaunchedfromunderwaterandthiswasthefirsttestofthemissilefromaspeciallydesignedcanisterbaseinsertedinanartificialwaterbody."PrithviIIItestfired,"PressTrustofIndia,27October2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,28October2004.

22October2004RussianDefenseMinisterSergeiIvanovdeniesreportsthatRussiaplanstoleasenuclearsubmarinestoIndia.IvanovsaysthattherewerediscussionswithIndiaconcerningmilitarydeliveriesearlierduring2004,but"therewasnotalkofleasinganysubmarines.""RussiadeniesreportedleaseofnuclearsubmarinetoIndia,"XinhuaGeneralNewsService,22October2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,23October2004.

22October2004ARussianmilitaryindustrysourcesaysthat"MoscowandNewDelhihavesignedacontractunderwhichtheIndianNavywillgetaProject971multirolesubmarineona10yearlease."Thesubmarine,whichisbelievedtobe85percentcomplete,isexpectedtobehandedovertoIndiaby2007.OtherRussianmediareportssuggestthattheconstructionofthetwounfinishedProject971nuclearsubmarines,whichhadearlierbeensuspendedforthelackoffunds,hasresumedattheAmurShipyardsinKomsomolskontheAmurintheRussianFarEast.Indiaisreportedtohavemadeanadvancepaymentof$100milliontowardstheleasecontract.TheProject971submarinescanbeequippedwith28nuclearcapable3000kmrangecruisemissiles;andtheIndianNavyversionsofthesubmarinewilllikelybearmedwiththe300kmrangenuclearcapableClubcruisemissiles.VladimirRadyuhin,"RussiatoleasenuclearsubmarinetoIndia,"Hindu,22October2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,22October2004.

18October2004IndoUSnegotiationsonphaseIIofthe'NextPhaseinStrategicPartnership'(NSSP)entersacriticalstage.Indianofficialssaythat"theUSislookingtodiscusschangesinourdomesticlawstotightenexportcontrols"andwantstoflagtheissueof"humanresources."TheUnitedStatesisconcernedthatIndiannuclearandmissilescientistswouldbeaninvaluablesourcetopotentialproliferatorsbecausetheyaretheonlypooloftalentfamiliarwiththe"startupstage"ofnuclearandmissileprograms.TheIndiangovernmentbelievesthatthecountry'sexistinglegalframeworkofexportcontrolsisrobust.However,Indianofficialsadmitthatthewholeframeworkcanbe"toughened"further."SiddharthVaradarajan,"IndiaUSnegotiationsenteringcrucialphase,"Hindu,18October2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,18October2004.

10October2004IndiaplansontestingtheDhanushtheseaversionofthelandbasedPrithvishortrangeballisticmissileinthe



nearfuture.AtpresenttheIndianNavy'sreservationsabouttheDhanushconcernitssizeandthedifficultiesoflaunchingthemissileinroughseaconditions.Asoftwareproblemthatledthemissiletoloopafterlaunchduringanearliertest,hasreportedlybeenresolved.TheDefenseResearch&DevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)isalsoworkingonasubmarinelaunchedversionoftheBrahMoscruisemissileandtheIndianNavyhasreportedlydesignateditsKiloclasssubmarinesasthelikelyplatformforthesemissiles.ThenavyexpectsthesubmarineversionoftheBrahMostobedevelopedwithinthenextthreeyears."Dhanushtobeputontrialsoon,"Statesman,10October2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,10October2004.

10October2004AccordingtotheCEOandManagingDirectorofBrahMosAerospaceDr.A.SivathanuPillai,the'airlaunch'versionofthecruisemissilewasinthedesignstagewillbedevelopedinanothertwotothreeyears.PillaisaysthatBrahMostrialsagainstseatargetshavebeenverysuccessful."AirlaunchversionsofBrahMosintwotothreeyears,"PressTrustofIndia,10October2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,10October2004.

9October2004TheUSAmbassadortoIndiaDavidMulfordsaysinapublishedinterviewthatIndiaandtheUnitedStateshavegonebeyondmerediscussionsonthemissiledefenseandtheissueunderdiscussionnowisto"figureoutwhich[ballisticmissile]systemisneededwhere."AmitBaruah,"USIndiahavegonebeyondtalkingaboutballisticmissiledefenses,"Hindu,9October2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,9October2004.

5October2004TheIndiangovernmentfloatsanewapproachtoformpartnershipsbetweengovernmentowneddefenselaboratoriesandprivatecompaniestoencouragethelattertodevelopdefenseproducts.Underthenewapproachgovernmentownedcompanyrun(GoCo)theDefenseResearch&DevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)willenterintoventureswithasmallequityandguaranteeprivatesectorcompaniesthatundertaketomanufacturetheproductswithabuybackguarantee.OneofthefirstproposalstobefloatedundertheGoComodelistodevelopservovalvesusesinthecontrolsystemofmissiles."Defenseindustryjointventurefirmsinoffing,"BusinessInsight,5October2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,7October2004.

2October2004TheDirectorofIndia'sleadingmissileresearchanddevelopmentlaboratoryResearchCenterImarat(RCI)Dr.V.K.Saraswatoutlinesthekeypriorityareasforthelaboratoryinthefuture.AccordingtoSaraswat,Indiandefensescientistsaimatdeveloping'smart'missilesthataresmaller,lighter,agile,andcanhomeinontargetswithgreataccuracy.TheRCI'skeyfocusareasincludehypersonicvehicles,miniaturizedmissilesystems,nanotechnology,verylargesystemsintegration(VLSI),andhomingguidance.NewminiaturizationtechnologiesofparticularinteresttoRCIareminiaturizedelectromechanicalsystems(MEMS)andsystemonchip(SOP).Inaddition,thelaboratoryisalsofocusingondevelopinganewrangeofruggedmaterialssuchasceramicsandlightweightcompositesthat



canwithstandtemperaturesofupto4,000C.SaraswatsaysthatfacilitiesatRCIarebeingexpandedtofacilitatedevelopmentoftechnologiesandproductsandthathehopestheprojectswillcometofruitionduringthenextfivetosevenyears."Defensescientistsembarkonmaking'smart'missiles,"BusinessLine,3October2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,3October2004.

30September2004AccordingtotheDeputyProgramDirectoroftheBrahMoscruisemissileprogram,S.Sundararajan,itwilltakeatleastadecadebeforetheramjettechnologydevelopedfortheBrahMosmissilecanbedeclaredmature."BrahMoswillhavetowait,"Hindu,30September2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,30September2004.

18September2004IndiawilldisplaytheBrahMoscruisemissileattheSouthAfricanDefenseExposcheduledtobeginon21stSeptember2004inPretoria."BrahMostobeputondisplay,saleatS.Africandefenseexpo,"PressTrustofIndia,18September2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,19September2004.

9September2004TheIndianAirForce(IAF)isreportedlyincreasingitsarsenalofPrithvishortrangeballisticmissiles.Theairforcerecentlyplacedanorderfor54missiles.TheIAF'stwomissilesquadronsoneofwhichmaybecalledthe2203SquardonarebeingraisedinHyderabad.However,themissileswillbemovedclosertotheborderwithPakistanduringacrisisorwar.SrinjoyChowdhury,"IAFincreasingPrithviarsenal,"Statesman,9September2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,8September2004.

8September2004AccordingtothejointstatementissuedbytheIndianandPakistaniforeignministersattheconclusionofbilateraltalksinNewDelhi,thetwocountrieswillcontinuetoholdexpertlevelmeetingstodiscussthedraftagreementonadvancenotificationofmissiletests."TextofthejointstatementissuedattheconclusionofIndoPaktalksatforeignministers'level,"PakistanPressInternationalInformationServicesLimited,8September2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,10September2004.

6September2004InanaddressbeforetheDelhiPolicyGroup(DPG)inNewDelhi,India'sDeputyNationalSecurityAdvisorSatishChandracriticizestheproliferationsecurityinitiative(PSI)andballisticmissiledefense(BMD)twoUSinitiativesdesignedtocombattheproliferationofweaponsofmassdestruction.ChandraquestionsthelegalityofPSIandsaysthatmissiledefensewas"partoftheparadigmshiftwhereit[UnitedStates]couldconsiderresortingtotheuseofnuclearweaponsinapreemptivemode."Chandraalsolamentsthatinsteadofmovinginthedirectionofnucleardisarmament,theUnitedStateshas"beenadvocatingnewrationalesfortheretentionofnuclearweapons



anddevelopingnewtypesofnuclearweapons."ChandradescribesmeasuressuchasPSIas"adhocinitiatives"andregretsthatIndiahasbeen"atthereceivingendofexistingexportcontrolregimes."Hearguesthatthe"USmovesneedtobeanalyzedcloselywithaviewtoensuringthatthenewsystemsbeingcontemplateddonothurtustheUShasannouncedseveralmeasures,mostnotablythePSIaswellasthecontainersecurityinitiativetoaddressthisthreat.Someofthemeasurescontainedintheseproposalsarecommendablebutsomeotherscouldposeproblems.Foreinstance,thereareobviouslyproblemsoflegalityintheinterdictionsenvisagedunderthePSI.Therearealsoproblemsastowhatwouldtriggertheseinterdictions."Chandraemphasizesthattheinternationalcommunityneedstoundertake"concertedactionsthroughuniversallynegotiatedprogramsandsystems"ratherthan"adhoc,piecemealmeasures."SiddharthVaradrajan,"Indiasignalswarinessonmissiledefense,"Hindu,6September2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,6September2004.

1September2004TheoutgoingchiefofIndia'sDefenseResearch&DevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)Dr.V.K.AatretellsreportersthatIndiawillbecollaboratingwithIsraelandtheUnitedStatestodevelopnanomaterialsandhightechcomponentsneededforelectronicwarfaresystems.AatresaysthatIndiahasdecidedtolaunchjointprogramswithIsraelinthefieldofelectronicwarfare,wherebothcountriesareonanequalfooting."Israelisverystronginsensorsandpackaging,"saysAatre,"wewouldliketoworkonfibreopticgyrosandmicroelectromechanicalsystems."RespondingtoquestionsonIndoUSdefensecooperation,AatresaysthatIndiaandtheUnitedStateshavecollaboratedinthelifesciencesandwouldlaunchjointprogramsintheareasofnanotechnologyandnanoresearch."IndiatotieupwithIsrael,USforewarfaresystems,"FinancialExpress,1September2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,1September2004.

31August2004TheheadofIndia'sDefenseResearch&DevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)Dr.V.K.AatretellsreportersduringhisfarewellpressconferencethatDRDOistrainingtheIndianArmy'smissilegroupinlaunchtechniques,mountingwarheads,andothertechnicalparametersofsurfacetosurfacemissiles.AatreconfirmsthatsomeAgniIandIIballisticmissileshavebeendeliveredtotheArmy."Wehavecompletelydevelopedsystemsforthesetwomissiles,"saysAatre,"andacertainnumberofthemhavebeendeliveredtotheArmy."AatrealsoconfirmsthatIndiawill"soongoinforlaunchofthelongerrange3,000kmversionofthemissileAgniIII.thetechniqueforlongerrangemissilesexists.Weareintheprocessofputtingittogether,"hesays."IndiadeployingAgnimissiles,"PressTrustofIndia,31August2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,31August2004;"AgniIIIlaunchsoon,saysoutgoingDRDOchief,"EconomicTimes,1September2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,1September2004.

31August2004TheheadofIndia'sDefenseResearch&DevelopmentOrganization(DRDO)Dr.V.K.AatredeniesthatIsraelhasalreadyhelpedIndiabuildguidedmissiles.AatresaysIndoIsraelidefensecooperationwasconfinedtoresearchanddevelopmentintheareasofsensorsandfiberopticgyroscopesforthemilitary.



"IndiaplanstobuildlongrangemissileswithIsrael:Official,"AFP,31August2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,1September2004.

29August2004IndiaflightteststheAgniIIballisticmissilefromWheelerIslandintheBayofBengalofftheOrissacoast.ThisisthethirdtestoftheAgniII.ProjectChiefR.N.Agarwalsays,"ThelaunchoftheAgniIIfromitsrailmobilelaunchermetallthemissionobjectives,includingachievingthehighaccuracyinguidingthepayloadtothedesignatedtargetata1,200kilometerrange."Agarwarladds,"Thewhitehotobject(payload)wastrackedbyprepositionednavalshipsconfirmingtheimpactandsuccessofthemission.""AgniIItestfired,"PressTrustofIndia,29August2004;inLexisNexisAcademicUniverse,http://web.lexisnexis.com,29August2004;"Indiatestsnuclearcapableballisticmissil

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India Missile Chronology