IndiaIndia

Changes over TimeChanges over Time

Europeans ArriveEuropeans Arrive

Portugal controlled India for years because Portugal controlled India for years because they wanted to control the spice tradethey wanted to control the spice trade

Later the British challenged the Later the British challenged the PortuguesePortuguese

trade began to growtrade began to grow an alliance between local rules & GB was an alliance between local rules & GB was

formedformed Local leadership for strong for awhileLocal leadership for strong for awhile

British East India CompanyBritish East India Company

British Gain TerritoryBritish Gain Territory

Negotiated treaties with kingdoms – Negotiated treaties with kingdoms – company stationed troops & collect company stationed troops & collect taxes in return for protectiontaxes in return for protection

By entering disputes between princesBy entering disputes between princes Annexing the areas because of no Annexing the areas because of no

dominant central powerdominant central power Trade diversified Trade diversified British Government – began to British Government – began to

question authority of the companyquestion authority of the company

British Crown RuleBritish Crown Rule

GB built infrastructure – roads, bridges, GB built infrastructure – roads, bridges, railroads, telegraph lines, irrigation railroads, telegraph lines, irrigation systemssystems– Extracted raw materials and sent them to Extracted raw materials and sent them to

Great Britain to be processedGreat Britain to be processed– Established market for manufactured goodsEstablished market for manufactured goods

What is nationalism?What is nationalism?

a feeling of pride, a feeling of pride, loyalty, and devotion loyalty, and devotion to a countryto a country

Tensions begin to build…Tensions begin to build…

1885 – Indian National Congress is 1885 – Indian National Congress is formedformed– Reform movement 1Reform movement 1stst calling for moderate calling for moderate

change then independence & freedom – change then independence & freedom – tired of being second class citizenstired of being second class citizens

Divided into moderate and extremist Divided into moderate and extremist groups groups – Widespread protests, British goods Widespread protests, British goods

boycotted, attacks on British officials, boycotted, attacks on British officials, extremist leaders were jailedextremist leaders were jailed

Muslim LeagueMuslim League

Formed to work for the rights of Formed to work for the rights of Muslims in India – Muslims in India –

Did not want to be controlled by a Did not want to be controlled by a Hindu state Hindu state

WWI & WWIIWWI & WWII Up to a million Indian soldiers served Up to a million Indian soldiers served

in WWI (Contributed large amounts in WWI (Contributed large amounts of food and ammunition)of food and ammunition)

Fighting for freedom when they Fighting for freedom when they didn’t have freedomdidn’t have freedom

After the war – increased nationalism After the war – increased nationalism resulted in more Indian participation resulted in more Indian participation in the government at a local levelin the government at a local level

INC did not support WWIIINC did not support WWII

Most important political & spiritual leader Most important political & spiritual leader in achieving independence for India was in achieving independence for India was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi—The Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi—The Mahatma (The Great Soul). Mahatma (The Great Soul).

Led the INCLed the INC Believed in nonviolence or civil Believed in nonviolence or civil

disobediencedisobedience Indians participated in mass protestsIndians participated in mass protests Gandhi led nonviolent protests, marches, Gandhi led nonviolent protests, marches,

and boycotts of British goodsand boycotts of British goods

Gandhi’s efforts continue…Gandhi’s efforts continue…

Appealed for national unityAppealed for national unity Many protests successfulMany protests successful Was jailed several times and his popularity Was jailed several times and his popularity

increasedincreased GB became convinced it was impossible to GB became convinced it was impossible to

maintain controlmaintain control Some conflicts begin between the Indian Some conflicts begin between the Indian

congress and the Muslim leaguecongress and the Muslim league

•In 1948, at the age of 78, while on his way to a prayer meeting, in New Delhi, Gandhi was assassinated. •A high-ranking Brahman, who feared Gandhi’s program of tolerance for all creeds and religions, shot him three times.

Gandhi’s legacyGandhi’s legacy

His beliefs and actions have inspired His beliefs and actions have inspired civil rights movements across the civil rights movements across the globe. globe.

He is an icon of world peace. He is an icon of world peace. His birthday, 2His birthday, 2ndnd October, is October, is

commemorated worldwide as the commemorated worldwide as the International Day of Non-International Day of Non-Violence.Violence.

After withdrawl…After withdrawl…

Increasing amounts of Hindu vs. Muslim violence Increasing amounts of Hindu vs. Muslim violence occurredoccurred

1947 – Great Britain announces it will leave the 1947 – Great Britain announces it will leave the Indian Subcontinent by June 1948Indian Subcontinent by June 1948

July 15, 1947 – Britain announces that in one month July 15, 1947 – Britain announces that in one month two independent countries of India and Pakistan will two independent countries of India and Pakistan will be establishedbe established

Partition of India and Partition of India and PakistanPakistan

Boundaries had to be drawn in a monthBoundaries had to be drawn in a month Assets had to be dividedAssets had to be divided Some 10 million South Asians fled their Some 10 million South Asians fled their

homes – fearing they would soon be in homes – fearing they would soon be in a country that did not support their a country that did not support their beliefsbeliefs– Hindus and Sikhs fled from Pakistan to into Hindus and Sikhs fled from Pakistan to into

IndiaIndia– Muslims moved from India to PakistanMuslims moved from India to Pakistan

Many died in the violence that resultedMany died in the violence that resulted

India & Pakistan gained India & Pakistan gained independence in August 1947independence in August 1947

East & West Pakistan become East & West Pakistan become Pakistan and BangladeshPakistan and Bangladesh

India’s PartitionIndia’s Partition

South Asia TodaySouth Asia Today

India and Its NeighborsIndia and Its Neighbors

India’s CultureIndia’s Culture• secondsecond most most

populated country populated country (over 1.1 billion (over 1.1 billion people)people)

• Most Indians live…Most Indians live…– in rural areas.in rural areas.– in the North.in the North.– along the coast.along the coast.– in extended in extended

families.families.– in castes.in castes.

• Hindi Hindi and and EnglishEnglish are official languages.are official languages.

• Most Indians practice Most Indians practice Hinduism.Hinduism.

India’s India’s GovernmentGovernment

• World’s largest World’s largest democracydemocracy ( (federal republicfederal republic))• Government structure:Government structure:

– Prime Minister (runs the country)Prime Minister (runs the country)– President (little power)President (little power)

– ParliamentParliament

India’s EconomyIndia’s Economy• Although India is Although India is

one of the world’s one of the world’s highest GDPs, highest GDPs, many of its people many of its people live in live in poverty.poverty.

• Most Indians work Most Indians work in in agriculture.agriculture.

• There is an There is an increasing increasing numbersof numbersof high high techtech and and industrialindustrial jobs.jobs.

• Currency is the Currency is the rupee.rupee.

Issues and Challenges Issues and Challenges Facing IndiaFacing India• Urbanization:Urbanization:

– high population high population density density (overcrowded)(overcrowded)

– povertypoverty– educational educational

inequalityinequality• caste systemcaste system• gender inequalitygender inequality

– environmental environmental issuesissues• deforestationdeforestation• Asian Brown Asian Brown

CloudCloud• water pollutionwater pollution

India & Pakistan India & Pakistan TodayToday• The partition of India The partition of India

originally left both originally left both countries countries devastateddevastated..

• Since their division, Since their division, two two warswars have been have been fought between the fought between the countries.countries.

• conflict over the area conflict over the area of of KashmirKashmir

• terrorism and terrorism and nuclear weaponsnuclear weapons