Notes: Page numbers in italic indicate a figure and page numbers in bold indicate a table on the corresponding page.

Index

Åarhus Convention 130, 576, 581, 587, 590, 599 – 602, 615 – 617

Accounting for Sustainability 132Acemoglu, D. 189, 227n, 287n, 358, 509, 698,

719, 732, 738actor network theory 434Adding Insult to Injury: How Bad Policy

Decisions Have Amplified Globalizations Costs for American Workers 714

adjusted net savings 43Adler, Mortimer 221advertising and marketing 36; consumption

and well-being and 51; see also producer-created demand

Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic 53African Development Bank 355African Union 313Agenda 21 127, 141, 618Agenda for a Sustainable America 132“Age of Social Transformations,

The” 185Agger, D. 358Aghion, P. 198Agosin, M. 272, 288, 295Agreement for the Establishment of the

Regional Commission for Fisheries, Rome 130

Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, New York 128

Agreement on an International Energy Program 116

Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) 614, 645, 663 – 664; biotechnology provisions 669; food safety

provisions 666 – 669; and TBT 664; and hormones in beef 666 – 669; precautionary principle in 614; text of 689

Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures 645, 651, 682 – 683

Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) 644, 645, 671 – 672, 724; text of 686 – 687

Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 128

Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas, Rome 127

Ahman, M. 698Aiginger, K. 492, 696, 697, 713aircraft 652air pollution: in the European Union

582 – 583; in the United States 112, 532, 539 – 542

Akgün, A. F. 432Alam, M. S. 176, 245Alfredsson, E. 704Alkire, S. 65Allen, T. J. 16allocation branch 63Alperovitz, G. 87, 714, 717Amazon 212Amendment to the Basel Convention on the

Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, Geneva 128

Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, Beijing 130

American Federation of Labor, Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) 280

748 Index

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 387, 729

Amsden, A. H. 509Amsterdam Treaty of 1997 580Anderson, K. L. 504Andersson, K. 133Andes, S. M. 193Andreasen, L. F. 442anthropocentric production 37APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 271Apple 443, 479architectural disrupting innovations 406,

408, 411, 439n, 452, 473, 475 – 476, 479Arner, D. W. 297, 305, 312, 321Arrow, Kenneth 197asbestos 538, 540, 549; WTO panel decision

655, 658 – 662, 668, 678, 701; WTO appellate decision 665 – 666

Ashford, N. A. 55 – 56, 116, 132, 194, 247, 249, 349, 483, 490, 703; on creative use of government 495; on de-constructing growth 382; on the degrowth movement 179; on designing sustainable enterprises 433 – 434; on environmental law 532, 566 – 567; on evolutionary pathway as insufficient 494; on integrating government interventions 486; on regulation 349; on shorter work weeks 731; on the TSCA 551

Ashford, Robert 221 – 224, 236, 240, 484, 717; on binary economics 739 – 741; on binary growth 220, 223 – 225, 735 – 737, 740; on democratization of capital 736; on green growth 737

Asia see China; East Asia; IndiaAsian Development Bank (ADB) 314, 355Asian tigers 509Aslanidis, N. 340Asset Backed Commercial Paper Money

Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility (AMLF) 304

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 9, 271, 274, 313, 638

Atkinson, A. B. 133, 179, 215, 713, 739Atkinson, B. 72Atkinson, R. D. 184, 193automobile exports 652Autor, David 73, 173, 186, 215, 376, 732; on

effects of trade on employment 376; on number of jobs created by technological progress 365; Polanyi’s paradox and 358 – 359; on wage polarization 362

Avelino, F. J. 492Avent, R. 212average compensation 386 – 387Axelrod, R. 603Ayers, C. 349

Ayres, A. 133Ayres, Robert U. 7, 73, 75, 131, 132, 176,

200, 245, 302, 306, 698, 703; on the 20th century as a “special century” 179; Ayres-Warr analysis 172 – 174; on cheap energy and economic growth 196; on coming slowdown in growth 208 – 210, 250

Ayres-Warr analysis of economic growth 172 – 174, 196

Baatartogtokh, B. 411backcasting 502 – 506, 503; participatory

504 – 506Baker, D. 279, 281Banerjee, A. 232banking, and Equator Principles 355Banking on the Biosphere 117Barber, S. 282Barcelona Degrowth Declaration 242Barnes, Peter 229 – 230Barrios, S. 296Bartik, T. J. 383Bartlett, B. 79Basel Convention on the Control of

Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal 126, 608 – 609

Basel Protocol on Liability and Compensation for Damage Resulting from Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, Basel 130

Basic Income/Core Support (BICS) System 236 – 237

Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN) 234Bastola, U. 378Beblavy, M. 186 – 187Bechtel 379 – 380behavior, customer 440Behrens, W. W., III 115Bell, Alexander Graham 477Bell, D. 185Benton, T. 273Berger, S. 375Berkhout, F. 83, 490Bertelsmann Stiftung 277Best Available Demonstrated Technology

(BADT) 544Best Available Technology Economically

Achievable (BAT) 543 – 544, 587Best Conventional Pollution Control

Technology (BCT) 543 – 544Beyond Growth 129Beyond the Limits: Confronting Global Collapse,

Envisioning a Sustainable Future 122, 127Bezdek, R. H. 384 – 385Bhagwati, J. 344, 345, 348Bhopal, India, chemical plant explosion at

428, 547

Index 749

binary economics 41, 49, 85, 88, 187, 220 – 226, 234, 246, 356, 460, 728, 731, 735, 739 – 741

binary growth 220, 223 – 225, 735 – 737, 740biodiversity, preserving 612 – 613biotechnology oversight and regulation

594 – 597, 614 – 615; WTO on 669 – 671Birnie, A. B. 603, 608Bivens, Josh 11, 282, 375 – 376, 714, 717,

729, 739“black box” technological change 169Blair, H. 717, 729Block, F. 372Blostrom, M. 295Blueprint for Survival 115Boeing 652Boisard, P. 55Bolivia 276Bordo, M. D. 299Borel-Saladin, J. M. 244Botta, E. 494bottom-up approaches 314Boulding, K E. 110bounded rationality 534Bowen, A. 383BP Oil 449; gulf oil spill 132, 181n, 543Braungart, M. 130, 219Brazil 278, 287, 291Brender, A. 266, 303, 304 – 305, 306Brenton, P. 369Bretton Woods system 297 – 299, 301; toward

a new 304 – 305Brexit 319, 578Bridge at the Edge of the World: Capitalism, the

Environment, and Crossing from Crisis to Sustainability, The 132

Bringing Energy Back into the Economy 173Brock, D. W. 62Brown, H. 116, 217, 728Brown, L. 116Browne, John 449Brulle, R. B. 64Brundtland, Gro Harlem 134Brundtland Commission 106, 135 – 137, 139Brynjolfsson, F. 11, 133, 179, 180 – 181, 211,

212, 215, 734; on Great Decoupling 363; on the hollowing out of the middle class 186, 233 – 234, 250, 362, 363, 368; on ICTs as general-purpose technology 189; on technological disruption 358, 360, 366, 427, 453; on the upcoming digital revolution 219 – 220; on winner-take-all markets 365

Bubble Economy: Is Sustainable Growth Possible?, The 133, 173, 208

Buckley, R. 297, 305, 312, 321Bush, George W. 612

Caire, G. 677Caldart, C. C. 532; see also Chapters 9 and 10Caldwell, L. K. 113, 139California effect 351, 674Canada 235Canadian tar sands 666Cantner, U. 493capability, individual 66capacity/capability to change 440, 441 – 443,

478, 500Capaldo, J. 277, 280capital 222 – 223; capital account regulations

(CARs) 280; increased access to 735 – 737

capital account regulations (CARs) 310capital control, broad 299Capital Homestead Act 226, 230Capital in the Twenty-First Century 71, 133,

214, 726capitalism 714; approach to development

427; monopoly 379Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy 194, 197capital mobility 297; benefits and perils of

increased 299 – 303; enabled by technology 372 – 374

Caradonna, J. L. 133carbon leakage 700 – 701Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable

Living 127Carrillo-Hermosilla, J. 410Carson, Rachel 108Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal 130, 614 – 615; see also biotechnology oversight and regulation; SPS

Castells, M. 370Castro, Rafael 276Cates, R. S. 229Cato, Scott 281Cefiso 676Center for Economic and Social Justice

(CESJ) 226Center for Equitable Growth 72Center for European Policy Studies 186Cents and Sustainability: Securing Our Common

Future by Decoupling Economic Growth from Environmental Pressure 132, 145

CEPII 277CEPR 277Chandy, R. K. 411Changing Course 127Charles, T. 456, 507, 508, 642Chavez, Hugo 276cheap energy supplies, growth in 173, 196chemical accidents, prevention of 541 – 542;

in the European Union 589 – 590

750 Index

chemical-based statutes 547 – 554; consumer products and 553 – 554; Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA) 547 – 548; Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 552 – 553; Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) 548 – 552

Chemical Safety Information, Site Security, and Fuels Act 130

Chernobyl power station accident 125, 181n, 628

Chesbrough, H. W. 411child labor 59Chile 317China 200, 278, 291; manufacturing in 508;

pollution in 348; rare earths from 653China Investment Corporation 316Christensen, C. 16, 198, 409, 438; on

architectural disrupting innovation 452; on disrupting technologies developed by firms outside 478; on disruptive innovation 411, 440, 446 – 447, 494; on market consequences of technologically disruptive changes 408; on sustaining innovation 471; on value networks 472; on the value networks 413 – 415; see also outsiders; van de Poel, I.

Chua, S. 339, 340, 342 – 343, 348cigarettes 655, 658Citizens Land Bank (CLB) 230 – 231Clark, G. 195Clark, W. C. 133Clarke, S. 434Clean Air Act of 1970 532, 539 – 542;

Amendments (CAAA) 112“Clean Energy Revolution: Fighting Climate

Change with Innovation, The” 698Clean Water Act 533, 542 – 545climate change 85 – 86, 194, 338; greenhouse

gas (GHG) footprint and 217, 218; introduction to 695 – 696; myths on innovation, sustainable development, and the low-carbon economy that need to be dispelled to devise effective strategies for 696 – 702, 700; recommended interventions for 702 – 704

“Climate Finance in 2013 – 14 and the USD 100 Billion Goal” 354

Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology, The 114

clusters in foreign direct investment 294Coase, R. H. 531Cocoyoc Declaration 33, 34, 116, 135 – 136Coenen, L. 492co-evolution of technologies 487 – 488Coffey, W. J. 380cognitive tasks 359Cohen, G. A. 733

Cohen, M. 53, 59, 106, 200, 218, 233, 241n, 440, 506, 733

Colburn, T. 129Cole, M. A. 344 – 345, 345 – 346, 347, 348Collapse 73Commercial Paper Funding Facility

(CPFF) 304Commission on the Measurement of

Economic Performance and Social Progress (CMESPSP) 39

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 345Commoner, B. 114Common Sense Initiative (CSI) 437common wealth trusts 229 – 230comparative advantage, theory of 171, 286,

288 – 290, 367, 509 – 510, 639competitiveness 2 – 3, 9 – 10, 52, 469;

contrasting definitions 2n; diseconomies of scale and 197; and Michael Porter’s diamond 287n, 639n; technological innovation and 191 – 193; and well-being 335

complementary activities and endogenous growth theory 171

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) 117, 125, 546 – 547, 597, 598

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, New York 129

conceptualizations of sustainable development 13 – 17, 14, 15

conditioned response 50Consumer Price Index (CPI) 190Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA)

553 – 554Consumer Product Safety Commission

(CPSC) 553 – 554consumer sovereignty 36n, 52; see also

consumption; producer-created demandconsumption: changing the nature of 733;

crises in 7; effects of trade on, in the developed world 374 – 377; green 436 – 437; overconsumption 34 – 35; sustainable 241 – 242; throughput (or high-waste) society 10, 53, 106; and well-being as human needs 50 – 54

consumption-led growth 241, 382continuous process improvement 430 – 431Convention Concerning Occupational

Health Services, Geneva 125Convention Concerning Occupational Safety

and Health and the Working Environment, Geneva 124

Convention Concerning Protection against Hazards of Poisoning Arising from Benzene 114

Convention Concerning Safety and Health in Construction, Geneva 126

Index 751

Convention Concerning Safety and Health in Mines, Geneva 128

Convention Concerning Safety in the Use of Asbestos, Geneva 125

Convention Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 126

Convention Concerning the Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents, Geneva 127

Convention Concerning the Protection of Workers against Occupational Hazards in the Working Environment Due to Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration 116

Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Land-Based Sources, Paris 116

Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 115

Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, Vienna 125

Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio de Janeiro 127, 138, 577

Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Caused During Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road, Rail and Inland Navigation Vessels, Geneva 126

Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, Vienna 125

Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, Espoo 127

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 115, 613

Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution 117

Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage, Vienna 129

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 117

Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, New York 129

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, Vienna and New York 117

Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 115

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, Paris 127

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons, and on Their Destruction 115

Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, Paris 131

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar) 114

Convention Relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material 114

cooperative economy 733 – 735co-optimization 3n, 25, 37, 201, 424,429, 453,

459, 569, 713Copenhagen Accord 2009 612copyright protection laws 279corporate culture 443corporate environmentalism 427 – 428corporate environmental responsibility

424 – 427, 426corporate social and environmental

responsibility (CSER) 428 – 429corporate social responsibility (CRS)

427 – 429Correa, Rafael 276corruption 347Costantini, V. 494Costanza, R. 2, 127Costa Rica 201, 205 – 208Costa Rica Development – From Good to

Better 205cost-benefit analysis (CBA) 556 – 565,

674 – 675; distinguished from trade-off analysis 556 – 565

cost-cutting strategy 456 – 458countervailing duties as defensive measure

653 – 654Cowen, T. 188CPSA see Consumer Product Safety ActCPSA see Consumer Product Safety

CommissionCradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make

Things 130creative destruction 183, 194 – 196, 498creative interventionist policies 478; see also

regulation-induced innovationcredit rating agencies (CRAs) 315 – 316Crisis in the Workplace: Occupational Disease and

Injury 116Cuba 276cultural fix paradigm 487customer satisfaction and values 437 – 440cybernation revolution 358

Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation 33, 116Dahlman, C. J. 510Daily, G. C. 129Daily, S. C. 129D’Alisa, G. 133, 714, 717Daly, Herman 2, 75, 77, 129, 141, 146, 288;

on environmental costs of growth 346;

752 Index

on focusing on internal markets 356; new economics theory and 237, 243, 244; on protecting labor markets 369; on taxing labor and subsidizing pollution 249; on throughput mentality 697

Damania, R. 347David, Paul 188Davis, L. E. 56“Death of the Washington Consensus? Paul

Krugmans Nobel Prize for Economics Signals the Intellectual Tide Is Turning against Unrestricted Free Trade, The” 200

Dechezleprêtre, A. 700Declaration of Philadelphia 149, 154 – 155de-[constructing] growth 246 – 249Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project

(DDPP) 696deficit spending 20de Geus, Arie 442Degrowth: A Vocabulary for a New Era 133degrowth movement 53 – 54, 133, 179, 233,

238 – 239, 242 – 244, 717deindustrialization 367Delaware effect 351, 674Demaria, F. 133Deming, W. Edwards 442democratizing of ownership 226 – 231; see also

Ashford, Robert; binary economicsdeployment of new technologies 483 – 484Derbyshire, J. 215Dernbach, J. C. 132, 149, 150, 702, 714, 717de Sadeleer, Nicolas 596, 603, 670Desha, C. 132Design of Jobs 56design space 16, 24, 388Despain, H. G. 306determinism 432developed countries: effects of trade on

consumption in 374 – 377; modernization, globalization and employment in 507 – 509; role of government in promoting innovation in 480 – 501; see also industrialized state

Developing 2050 Decarbonization Strategies in the EU: Insights On Good Practice From National Experiences 696

developing countries 200, 246; basic income experiments in 235; capital mobility and 300 – 301, 302; digital divide and 368; effects of trade on 377 – 379; industrial and employment policy in 509 – 510; sustainability in practice in 201 – 208; see also least developed countries (LDCs)

Dewulf, A. 489Diamond, J. 73DiEM25 movement 323 – 324difference principle 61, 67

diffusion deficit 698 – 699diffusion: of international health, safety; and

environmental laws 576; in linear model of technological innovation 406, 407; and lock-in 410; by multinational enterprises 367 – 368; and sustainable development 349, 496, 498 – 499, 500 – 506

digital divide 368Dijkema, G. P. J. 434 – 435direct controls for pollution 528 – 529diseconomies of scale 197dispute resolution under the WTO

645 – 650, 648disrupting innovation 14 – 16, 408;

displacement of a problematic technology by 450 – 452, 451; intrinsic 452; myths about regulation and 699 – 700, 700; types of technological change and sustaining and 471 – 478, 473 – 474, 476 – 477, 479; see also innovation

distancing effect 35, 347, 378distribution branch 63distributive justice 63division of labor, international 366 – 370Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and

Consumer Protection Act 132, 316Dorn, D. 376Do We Consume Too Much? 129Drezner, D. D. 279Driesen, D. M. 569, 571Drucker, P. F. 185 – 186Dryzek, J. S. 82 – 83, 136 – 137, 640Dubos, R. 114Duflo, E. 232Dumanoski, D. 129DuPont 197Durning, A. T. 129Dutch National Environmental Policy Plans

(NEPPs) 449, 490 – 491Dynamic Sustainabilities: Technology,

Environment, Social Justice 132dynamic vs. static efficiency 174, 237, 346,

569 – 571

earning capacity: and wage income distinguished 714, 718 – 720, 723, 725 – 728, 732, 739; see also binary economics

Earth Charter 143Earth Council 127Earth Day 112Earth Summit: critique of 140 – 142; II and III

142 – 143East Asia: ASEAN (the Association of

Southeast Asian Nations) 271, 274; foreign direct investment in 296

Eastman Kodak 197

Index 753

ECHA (European Chemicals Agency) 591 – 593

ecodevelopment 113, 113n, 123, 134 – 135, 155, 506n

eco-imperialism 345Ecological Economics: The Science and

Management of Sustainability 127ecological economics xxvi, 50n, 74n, 80, 127,

174 – 175, 210, 237Ecological Footprint (EF) 42ecological limits 73, 106, 108, 119 – 123ecological modernization 84Ecologist 141economic downturns, job losses during 731economic growth and development:

Ayres-Warr analysis 172 – 174, 196; binary economics and 220 – 226, 234; competitiveness and 2 – 3, 9 – 10; conclusions on 739 – 741; critiques of, and alternatives to, the Northern growth model of 198 – 208; de-[constructing], and decoupling profits from unsustainable production 246 – 249; in developing economies 198 – 208; drivers of 9 – 13; ecological impacts of 73 – 87, 76, 79, 82; end of sustainable growth and 208 – 210; environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and 78 – 81, 79; factor endowments and classification of capital in 165 – 167; future of 208 – 220; global financial crisis of 2008 and 6 – 8; government as active participant in 64; impact on employment and concentration of wealth and income in the developed world 210 – 219, 218; implicit assumptions about technological innovation in neoclassical, environmental, and ecological economics and 174 – 175; increasing the earning capacity of individuals, democratizing credit, and increasing investment in public goods 220 – 232; jobless growth in 368; in Kerala, India, and Costa Rica 201 – 208, 203; long-wave economic cycles 179 – 185, 182, 182, 184; meaning of 164 – 167; measurement of 38 – 50; nature of the next industrial revolution and 219 – 220; neoclassical theory of 168 – 169; new economics and 232 – 246; new growth theory of 169 – 172; Paris Agreement and 177 – 178; peak oil and 175 – 178; policy implications of assumptions in 249 – 250; relationship between environmental quality and 339 – 340; relationship between environment regulation and 340 – 343, 341 – 342; sustaining and disrupting innovation in 14 – 16; technological development and growth theory and

178 – 198, 182, 182, 184, 195; theories and perspectives on 167 – 178; trade and 285 – 292; Washington Consensus 198 – 208, 199; without energy 173

Economic Growth Engine: How Energy and Work Drive Material Prosperity, The 132

Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) 296Economic Policy Institute 276, 282, 375 – 376Economist 240, 305, 320economy-environment interactions 337 – 356;

global investment and 349 – 356, 350 – 351; industrialization and 338 – 343, 341 – 342

economy-work interactions 356 – 381; creation of purchasing power and 371 – 372; effects of trade on the economy and employment and 374 – 379; income inequality and technological displacement in 358 – 366; international division of labor and 366 – 370; multinational enterprises and 379 – 381; technology-enabled capital mobility and 372 – 374

Ecorys 277ecosystem disruption 338Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis 131Ecuador 276Edquist, C. 412n, 418, 455, 508EF (Ecological Footprint) 44Efficiency-seeking (ES) investment 294EFSA (European Food and Safety Authority)

593 – 596, 667n, 670Ehrenfeld, J. R. 133, 438Ehrlich, P. R. 73, 108, 129Ekins, P. 9, 81, 340, 342, 382, 697Electronic Frontier Foundation 280emergence of sustainable development

123 – 149; Earth Summit II and III in 142 – 143; national self-reliance and 123; Our Common Future and the Earth Summit in 134 – 142; Rio+20 and the green economy in 144 – 146; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 146 – 149, 147, 148; timeline 124 – 133; see also ecodevelopment

Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA) 125, 547 – 548

emerging economies see developing countries

emissions leakage 700 – 701employee-ownership see binary economics;

ownershipemployees see laboremployment: conclusions and reflections

on 739 – 741; critical importance of, in sustainable development 149 – 155, 150 – 153; effects of greener economy on 383 – 387; impact of economic growth on concentration of wealth and income

754 Index

in the developed world and 210 – 219, 218; inequality, wages, and earning capacity within the nation-state 725 – 738; innovation to stimulate 452 – 459; and limiting the elimination of jobs during downturns 731; policy implications of, on sustainable development 459 – 460; recessions and recovery in 240 – 241; sustainable 239; technological displacement and 358 – 366; trade, labor standards and 677 – 681; well-being and 54 – 57, 55; see also labor

EMS see environmental management systemendangered species, protection of

biodiversity and 612 – 613Endangered Species Act (ESA) 115, 554 – 555endocrine disrupters 106end-of-pipe approaches 15, 79, 249, 384, 444,

500, 527, 534, 586“end of work” literature 453 – 454endogenous growth theory 170 – 172“Endogenous Technological Change” 172energy: energy returns on energy invested

(EROEI) 173 – 174, 176; estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of 175 – 176; new economics and 245; oil shocks 117; peak oil and economic growth and 175 – 178; see also Ayres, Robert U.; Ayres-Warr analysis of economic growth

Energy Charter Treaty, Lisbon 128energy returns on energy invested (EROEI)

173 – 174, 177enhanced credit lines 316Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility

(ESAF) 126Entropy Law and the Economic Process, The 114environmental, health, and safety law

530 – 536; chemical-based statutes in 547 – 554; comparative summary of U.S. and EU 599 – 602, 600; conclusions on 628; deciding the extent of intervention using 556 – 568; in the European Union 577 – 599; introduction to 536; laws integrating pollution reduction in the federal decision-making 554 – 556; media-based initiatives in 536 – 547; nature of international 602 – 618; polluter pays principle 530 – 531; precautionary principle 531 – 534; preference for pollution prevention and inherently safer production in 534 – 535; principle of extended producer responsibility for product chemicals, and lifecycle considerations in 535 – 536; public’s right to access information and to participate in 615 – 617; recommended interventions for climate change 702 – 704; in the United States 536 – 556

environmental economics 136, 244, 493, 569 – 570; see also ecological economics

environmental footprint 381 – 383environmental impact assessments (EIAs) 502environmental justice 106environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) 78 – 81, 79environmental management system (EMS)

129, 384, 425n, 478environmental movement, U.S. 108 – 112,

109 – 111Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 42Environmental Perspective to the Year 2000 and

Beyond 135environmental principle 64, 568Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 23,

111, 112n, 532environmental quality: adverse effects of free

trade on 345 – 348; positive impacts of free trade on 344 – 345; relationship between economic growth and development and 339 – 340

environmental regulation: effects on trade and the environment 348 – 349; harmonization of 348; micro- and macro-prudential regulation 314 – 318; relationship between economic growth and 340 – 343, 341 – 342

Environmental Research and Management Priorities for the 1980s 124

environmental sustainability 2Environment in 1982: Retrospect and Prospect,

The 118, 124environment-work interactions, effects of

globalization on 381 – 388EPI (Environmental Performance Index) 44equality 65 – 71; neoliberal approach to 68,

69; of opportunities 65; reduced 71 – 73; of wealth 65

Equator Principles 355equilibrium employment 240 – 241Ernst, D. 510Essay on the Principle of Population, as It Affects

the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Goodwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers, The 196

estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of oil 175 – 176

Esty, D. C. 346 – 347, 348EU Commission 194, 276 – 277, 384, 495EU Integrated Product Policy 535Eurofound 54 – 57, 57n, 72, 214, 269n, 365, 508Europe 2020 Strategy 132, 250European-American Business Council 192European Bank for Reconstruction and

Development (EBRD) 127, 355European Central Bank (ECB) 304European Centre for Economic Policy

Research 322

Index 755

European Chemicals Bureau (ECB) 590European Financial Stability Facility

(EFSF) 304European Foundation for the Improvement

of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound) 57

European Union, the 318 – 322, 576, 576 – 577; access to information and participatory rights in 590; comparison of environmental laws in the U.S. versus 599 – 602, 600; environmental law in 577 – 581; environmental liability in 597 – 598; food safety in 593 – 594; Integrated Product Policy 588 – 589; oversight and regulation of biotechnology in 594 – 597; prevention of chemical accidents in 589 – 590; REACH (Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemicals) system 591 – 593; regulation of air pollution, water pollution, waste and 582 – 586; worker health and safety in 598 – 599

Eurozone crisis 318 – 322; see also financial crisis; Varoufakis

European New Deal for 323 – 324; findings on 322 – 323

Everett, T. 339evolutionary change: as enough for

sustainability 448 – 450; or co-evolutionary transformations and customer satisfaction and values 437 – 440; versus revolutionary change 413 – 415, 414, 434, 718

evolutionary economic approach to innovation 484, 486

exergy 173exploitation to exploration learning

strategy 433Exploring New Ethics for Survival: The Voyage of

the Spaceship Beagle 115export credit agencies (ECAs) 353, 354export-processing zones 295external controls on behavior 35Exxon Valdez oil spill 428, 543

Facebook 443factor endowments 165 – 167factor-endowment trade theory 286 – 287,

300, 302, 639factor X 83 – 84, 372, 480fair trade 343Faux, F. 11, 266, 289Faux, Jeff 276FDI: motives for 294; see also foreign direct

investment (FDI)Federal Environmental Pesticide Control

Act 115Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 533

Federal Hazardous Substances Act 553 – 554Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and

Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 552 – 553Federal Reserve 299Federal Water Pollution Control Act

Amendments 115FEEM SI –Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei

Sustainability Index 48Fellner, William 197Fernández-Macías, E. 508Fight for the Future 280financial architecture: establishing new

institutions and governance mechanisms for 312 – 314; rebuilding intellectual foundation of 306 – 308; setting the reduction of imbalances as global imperative and 308 – 310; strategies for changes in globalization, trade, and 738 – 739

financial crisis, 2008 6 – 7, 11, 21, 31 – 32, 72, 132, 192, 214, 297; equilibrium employment and 240 – 241; Global Minotaur report on 303 – 304; inadequate response to 313

financial institutions 297 – 318; benefits and perils of increased capital mobility and 299 – 303; Bretton Woods and its aftermath 297 – 299, 301; micro- and macro-prudential regulation 314 – 318; steps toward a new financial architecture for 306 – 318; toward a new Bretton Woods for 304 – 305

financial sector 6 – 8, 245; Bretton Woods system and 297 – 299

Financial Stability Board (FSB) 315Financial Times 187Firebaugh, G. 371firms: adopting and adapting better,

existing off-the-shelf technologies 444 – 445, 444 – 446; capacity/capability to change in 440, 441 – 443, 478; changes in internal environmental management practices in 443 – 444; development of new technologies and new applications of existing technologies by existing 446 – 448; environmentally oriented technological changes outside existing 443, 450 – 452, 451; environmentally oriented technological changes within existing 443 – 448; evolutionary or co-evolutionary transformations and customer satisfaction and values in 437 – 440; factors in innovation by 411 – 415; foreign ownership of 296; incumbents curse and 411; industrial research laboratories and 416; lock-in problem with 410, 432; low-wage cost-cutting versus innovation driven strategies in

756 Index

456 – 458; opportunity/motivation to change in 440, 441, 478; organizational innovation and learning in 429 – 437; pressures for corporate environmental responsibility on 424 – 427, 426; purposes for innovation by 411; responses to social demands 427 – 429; size of 197 – 198; system change necessitating reorientation or reorganization of 452; willingness to change of 440, 441, 478

Fitoussi, J. P. 39, 42, 67fixed exchange rates 297 – 299flexicurity 57flexitime 57Flourishing: A Frank Conversation about

Sustainability 133Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) 129food safety 553 – 554, 593 – 594, 613 – 614,

666 – 669Ford Motors 212foreign direct investment (FDI) 293;

categorization of 294; centrality for development 293 – 296; effect on GDP 296; effect on the environment 349 – 356, 350 – 351; effects of 295 – 296; four distinct types of 294; Global Sullivan Principles in 352 – 353; motives for 294; policy space and domestic preferences in 296

Forrester, Jay 120 – 121, 210Founex Report 113, 114Foxon, T. 494France 235Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of

the World Economy 132Freeman, Chris 408, 415, 452free trade 9; adverse effects on the

environment 345 – 348; effects on the developing world 377 – 378; as not fair trade 343; positive impacts, on environmental quality 344 – 345; winners and losers in 286 – 289; see also trade

Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) 276

Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) 638, 677; see also General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Frey, C. B. 360Frieden, J. 302, 305, 313Friedman, M. 430Friedman, Tom 78Friend, C. 61Fries, J. 132Fukuda-Parr, S. 68, 70functionings 65 – 66fungibility 174Future We Want, The 53, 144 – 145

G7/G8 313G8 Social Impact Investment Taskforce 229G20 305, 314; ECAs from 355Galbraith, J. K. 50, 51, 197, 200, 302,

306 – 307; on Greece 320Gallagher, K. 200, 272 – 273, 278, 299, 702Gantz, D. A. 680Gao Xiqing 316Gates, Bill 699Geels, F. W. 486, 492, 499Geitner-Summers Plan 304Gender Development Index (GDI) 45Gender Inequality Index (GII) 45General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

(GATT) 643 – 645, 672 – 676; see also World Trade Organization (WTO)

General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) 671

General Electric 197, 212, 239Generally Achievable Control Technology

(GACT) 540General Motors 212general-purpose technologies (GPT) 181, 189General Theory of Employment, Interest, and

Money 221 – 222general will of society 58generative ownership 228genetically modified (GM) foods 439 – 440,

596; WTO on 669 – 671genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

593 – 596, 614 – 615, 637, 669 – 671; and Cartagena Protocol 130, 596, 614, 669; and customer behavior 440; EU regulations on 577, 581, 602, 611n; and food safety regulations 593n; and trade regimes 628, 635, 669 – 671

Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) 43Genuine Savings (GS) 43GEO (Global Environmental

Organization) 627geopolitical impacts of global free trade

agreements 279Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas 50, 73, 114, 238Geradin, D. 346 – 347Germany 298 – 299, 320 – 321gerontocracy 5Gerrard, M. B. 702Getzner, M. 145, 384 – 385, 386Ghisetti, C. 494Gilens, M. 217, 739Gillette, C. P. 82Gilpin, R. 292, 293, 379, 380Gini index 213 – 214, 371Gitterman, D. P. 347Give Directly 235Gladwin, Thomas 430Global 2000 Report to the President 117

Index 757

global climate change see climate changeGlobal Competition Regular 312Global Economic Coordination Council 312Global Environmental Facility (GEF) 127global environmental governance 626 – 627Global Environment and Development

Center (GDAE) 281global financial crisis, 2008 see financial

crisis, 2008Global Financial Regulator 312global governance bodies 312global governance institutions 312 – 313global imbalances, reduction of 308 – 310global investment see foreign direct

investment (FDI)globalization 8 – 9, 31 – 32, 388 – 389; case

of the EU and 318 – 322; core drivers of 268 – 269; debate over 270, 270 – 271; effects on economy-environment interactions 337 – 356; effects on economy-work interactions 356 – 381; effects on environment-work interactions 381 – 388; and the environment 343 – 349; evolution of financial institutions and 297 – 318; government innovation, industrial, and technology policy context of 506 – 507; hyper- 266; industrial 271 – 274; interrelated aspects in 265 – 266; introduction to 264 – 271; modernization, and employment in the industrialized economies 507 – 509; process of 269; rebound effects of 273 – 274; role of multinational enterprises in the international economy and 292 – 296; scale effects of 267; social consequences of 373; strategies for changes in trade, global financial system and 738 – 739; structural effects of 267 – 268; sustainable development and 267; and technology as drivers of change 336, 336, 337, 382; trade regimes and 274 – 285

“Global Minotaur” 301, 302Global Minotaur, The 303 – 304Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) 315Global Social Compliance Programme

(GSCP) 353Global Strategy for Health for All by the Year

2000 124Global Sullivan Principles 352 – 353Global Surplus Recycling Mechanism

(GSRM) 298, 309Global Wage Report 187GMOs see genetically modified organismsGNP see gross national productGoodman, P. S. 240Goodwin, Neva 236 – 237, 729Google 443

Goos, M. 359Gordon, Robert 179, 183, 188 – 189Gore, Al 85governance mechanisms, establishment of

new 312 – 314government: approaches to the pollution

problem 527; capability or capacity to change 500; development of equality and 65 – 71; employment of clusters for attracting foreign direct investment 294; human needs and 36 – 37, 57 – 58, 63; industrial and employment policy in the emerging economies 509 – 510; innovation, industrial, and technology policies of, in context of a globalized economy 506 – 507; interventions by 19 – 20, 247 – 248; introduction to innovation policies of 469 – 471; laws integrating pollution reduction into decision-making by 554 – 556; nature of pollution and justification for intervention by 526; opportunity and motivation to change of 499 – 500; options for achieving sustainability used by 17; policies related to multinational enterprises 293; Rawls on four branches of 63; regulation-induced innovation as alternative pathway to achieving sustainable development by 496 – 500; responsibilities of 20; role in economic development 17 – 22, 165; role in promoting innovation in developed countries 480 – 501; role of, with stakeholders 566, 566; social justice, inequality, and the social contract between the governed and 57 – 73; strategic niche management and transition management and 487 – 493; stronger role for 493 – 496; theories of technological innovation and the role of 484 – 485; types of technological change and sustaining and disrupting innovation and 471 – 478, 473 – 474, 476 – 477, 479; willingness to change of 499; winners picking 699; see also policy

government laboratories 416GPI (Genuine Progress Indicator) 43Grameen bank 231 – 232Great Decoupling 363Great Divergence 195, 195Great Recession see financial crisis, 2008Great Society 298Greece 302, 308, 308n, 319, 319n, 318, 320,

322, 361, 374, 508green consumers 436 – 437Green Economy at Community Scale and Towards

a New, Green Economy 238greener economy effects on employment

383 – 387

758 Index

greenfield foreign direct investment 294, 295green growth 233, 244 – 245, 719, 737greenhouse gases (GHG): footprint 217, 218;

myths on reducing 696 – 697; regulation of 542

Greenpeace 8, 114green protectionism 345Greenspan, A. 188green stimulus programs 385 – 387, 729nGreider, W. 288Grin, M. 489, 491gross domestic product (GDP) 38 – 39,

696 – 697; alternative measures to 42, 43 – 48; degrowth movement and 243; distinguished from GNP 164 – 165; effect of foreign direct investment on growth of 296; environmental footprint and 382 – 383; Great Decoupling and 363; limitations as measure of (human) development 39, 40 – 41; Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) effects on 278

gross national product (GNP) 38 – 39; development measured using 338; distinguished from GDP 164 – 165

growth 469 – 510; economic development distinguished from 164; environmental impact of 338 – 340

Grubb, M. 140, 494GS (Genuine Savings) 43Guardian 200

Hagemann, H. 189Haiti 377Hall, R. P. 132, 483, 486Hall, S. 436Hansen, T. 492Hanson, G. 376happiness 42n, 51, 53, 59, 65, 65n, 66,

88, 734Hardin, Garrett 108, 115hard versus soft law 607 – 608Hargroves, K. C. 132harmonization of environmental standards

348; see also “race to the bottom”; “race to the middle”; “race to the top”

Harris, J. M. 237Harrod-Domar growth model 167 – 168Hawken, P. 130, 527Hayden, A. 56hazardous chemicals, international

regulation of 608 – 611Hazardous Waste Directive 584hazardous wastes: in the European Union

584 – 586; in the United States 545 – 547HDI (Human Development Index) 42, 45,

67 – 68, 371, 625; in Costa Rica 205

health and safety 576 – 577, 576; European Union approaches to 577 – 602; pollution and 530 – 536; principles of law regarding 530 – 536

Heaton, G. R. 349Heckscher-Olin theory 286 – 287, 300,

302, 639hedge fund activism 374Held, D. 269, 270Herrmann, A. 409Hess, D. 499Hickel, J. 213high production volume (HPV)

chemicals 590Hiratuka 295Hirsch, R. L. 176Hirsch report 176Hirst, P. 270 – 271Hobbes, Thomas 58, 60Hochschild, A. R. 55Hoffman, A. J. 133, 427 – 428, 438Hoffmann, U. 146, 273 – 274, 382, 703, 725Holdren, J. P. 74Hoppmann, J. 494Hopwood, A. 132Howitt, P. 198How Much Is Enough? 129Howse, R. 680“How Useful Is the Theory of Disruptive

Innovation” 411HPI (Happy Planet Index) 42, 45Huber, G. 431, 494Hufbauer, G. C. 375 – 376Huffenreuter, R. 486, 495 – 496Hughes, N. 502 – 503human development approach to equality

68, 69, 70Human Development Reports (HDRs) 67 – 68,

625 – 626Human Future Revisited, The 116human needs 32 – 57; advertising and 36;

consumption and well-being 50 – 54; driving economic and democratic political systems 34 – 35, 38; employment and well-being 54 – 57, 55; government and 36 – 37, 57 – 58, 63; measurement of (human) development and 38 – 50

Huntington, Samuel 78Hurley, J. 508Hurrell, A. 628hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) 534, 611Hymer, Stephen 379, 380hyper-globalization 266

IBM 293imbalances, global 308 – 310IMF (International Monetary Fund) 126

Index 759

immigration and population 387 – 388imperfect information 36inadequate investment design 302inclusive growth 216 – 217, 289income: Basic Income/Core Support (BICS)

System 236 – 237; binary economics and 220 – 226, 234; democratizing of ownership and 226 – 231; greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint and 217, 218; impact of economic growth on employment and concentration of wealth and 210 – 219, 218; inequality in 20 – 21, 31, 88, 358 – 366; Malthusian Trap and 195, 195; microfinance and 231 – 232; mobility 36; universal basic income (UBI) 234 – 235

income-redistribution policies 369Inconvenient Truth, An 85“Increasing Returns and Long-Run

Growth” 171incremental innovation 16, 374, 407 – 410,

414, 415, 441 – 448, 470, 499incumbents curse 411Independent Commission on International

Development Issues 117India 200, 291; basic income experiment in

235; Kerala model in 201 – 205, 203; service jobs in 508; solar panels 652 – 653

indirect controls on pollution 529industrial ecology practices 529 – 530industrial globalization 271 – 274industrialization and the environment

338 – 343, 341 – 342industrialized state: role of government in

transforming 18 – 19; selected interventions from perspective of 719 – 725, 720, 721 – 724; signs of saturation or exhaustion in 209; transformation challenges for 713 – 719; unsustainable 3 – 5, 4; utilitarianism in 59; see also developed countries

industrial-networks approach to technological development 484

industrial policy 378; Part III 161, 335 – 336, 348n, 405, 523, 684, 687; and technological change 178

industrial policy versus innovation policy 699industrial research laboratories 416Industrial Revolution 173, 178, 185, 212;

Luddites in 358, 453; Malthusian Trap and 195, 195, 195 – 196; nature of the next 219 – 220

inequality: creating environmental degradation 200 – 201; drivers of 210 – 219; engage in Keynesian spending for labor intensive projects improving infrastructure 729; information revolution and 186 – 187; interventions for addressing, in

employment, wages, and earning capacity 725 – 738; rising 71 – 73, 213 – 214; spreading out existing work over a larger population and 730 – 731; technological displacement and income 358 – 366; transferring wealth or income from capital owners and highly paid workers to those underemployed or unemployed and 728 – 729; see also labor

Inequality adjusted HDI 45Inequality as Pollution, Pollution as

Inequality 200Inequality Reexamined 65Inequality. What Can Be Done? 133, 215information and communication

technologies (ICTs): creative destruction of 183; equivalent historical period for 1930s diffusion of 184; as general-purpose technologies (GPT) 181, 189; globalization and 8; information and postindustrial revolution with 185 – 194; new economics and 233; outsourcing and 367 – 368; policy implications of 249 – 250; potential economic significance of 188 – 189; as source and driver of unsustainability 4, 4

Information Technology and the U.S. Stock Workforce 366

Ingersoll, E. 436inherent safety 535innovation 378 – 379; climate change

and myths on 696 – 702, 700; creative interventionist policies for 478; diffusion/incremental 444 – 446; displacement of a problematic technology by 450 – 452, 451; disrupting (see disrupting innovation); distinguishing singular product and process changes from systemic 481 – 482, 481 – 484; incremental 16, 374, 407 – 408, 415, 441, 443 – 444, 448, 470 – 471, 499; industrial, and technology policy in the context of a globalized economy 506 – 507; institutional 509 – 510; in low-wage, cost-cutting versus innovation driven, quality firm strategy 456 – 458; market structure and 197 – 198; meeting essential human needs in a less expensive and less resource intensive way through 732 – 733; moderate 470, 474; motivating force for 412; national innovation systems for 415 – 418, 419; nature of 412 – 413; nature of technological change and types of 405 – 415, 406, 407, 414, 424; organizational learning and 429 – 437; policy implications of 249 – 250; pressures for corporate environmental responsibility and 424 – 427, 426; process 406 – 407, 455, 472; radical 16, 407, 410n, 411, 411n, 448n, 470 – 471, 492, 496, 503; reconceptualizing

760 Index

the need for, in approaches to employment enhancement 458 – 459; regulation-induced, as alternative pathway to achieving sustainable development 496 – 500; relationship between organizational learning and change and technological 440 – 452; role of government in promoting, and developed countries 480 – 501; static versus dynamic efficiency and implications for promoting 569 – 571; to stimulate employment 452 – 459; sustaining 14, 446 – 447, 472, 474 – 478; theories of system 484 – 486; types of technological change and sustaining and disrupting 471 – 478, 473 – 474, 476 – 477, 479; see also disrupting innovation; technological change; technology

innovation deficit 697 – 698innovation offsets 497 – 498Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth

of Nations, An 164, 170institutional innovation 17, 19, 292, 509 – 510,

698, 718, 726, 732institutional organization of labor 285Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

Directive (IPPC) 586 – 587Integrated Product Policy (IPP) 588 – 589intellectual property laws 279, 671 – 672Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)

314, 355intergenerational equity principles 604 – 607Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC) 126International Agency for Research on Cancer

549 – 550International Conference on Economic

Degrowth for Ecological Sustainability and Social Equity 242 – 243

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and Protocols 115

International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea, London 129

International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation, London 126

International Convention on Salvage, London 126

International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 114

International Council of Scientific Unions 125

International Criminal Court 577international division of labor 285, 366 – 370

international environment agenda 112 – 123, 114 – 117; limits to growth debate and 119 – 123; Stockholm+10 118 – 119

international environmental law: evolving principles of 604 – 607; global governance of 626 – 627; hard versus soft 607 – 608; nature of 602 – 618; polluting the international commons and 611 – 612; regulation of hazardous chemicals by 608 – 611; treaties, customs, and principles as elements of 603 – 604; see also de Sadeleer, Nicolas

International Financial Institutions (IFIs) 296international governmental law, importance

of international institutions for 618 – 626International Institute for Sustainable

Development (IISD) 126International Institute of Environment and

Development (IIED) 117internationalization 271 – 272International Journal of Environment, Workplace

and Employment 383International Labour Organization (ILO)

8 – 9, 12, 149, 154, 275, 618, 620 – 621, 638International Monetary Fund (IMF) 129,

130, 131, 305; new governance rules 312 – 314

International Panel on Climate Change 85International Standards Organization

(ISO) 425International Treaty on Plant Genetic

Resources for Food and Agriculture, Rome 131

International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994, Geneva 124, 128, 131

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) 123

interrelatedness of the economy, the environment, worker health and safety, and employment, and the need to address them together 13 – 14, 15

intrinsic disrupting innovations 408, 452, 477 – 478

Investor-State Settlement (ISDS) mechanism 278 – 279, 283 – 285

“invisible hand” 35, 170, 504I = PAT formula 74, 83Isbell, S. B. 188ISEW (Index of Sustainable Economic

Welfare) 43ISO 14001 129Italy 235

Jackson, T. 132, 212, 237 – 241, 245Jackson and Victor 717, 733Jacob, K. 219, 490Jacobsson, S. 494

Index 761

Jänicke, M. 219, 494Jans, J. 603Jansen, B. 588Japan, innovation in 411 – 412Japan-EU Economic Partnership Agreement

(JEEPA) 271, 275, 285Jevons, William Stanley 84Jevons paradox 83 – 84Johannesburg Declaration 267Johannesburg Summit 142 – 143Johnson, B. 418, 437Johnson, Lyndon 298, 358Johnstone, P. 492 – 493, 495Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent

Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Wastes Management, Vienna 129

Joint Protocol Relating to the Application of the Vienna Convention and the Paris Convention, Vienna 126

Jordan, A. 603Judt, T. 268

Kallis, G. 55 – 56, 77 – 78, 133, 243 – 244, 246, 248, 714, 717; on shorter work weeks 731

Kamien, Morton 197Kant, Immanuel 58, 60Kaplan, J. 358Kaplan, Robert 78Kaplinsky, Raphael 290 – 292Karabarbounis, L. 365Kaus, W. 242Kelly, M. 133, 227, 228, 717, 737Kelso, Louis 220 – 221Kemp, R. 486 – 490Kennan, George 626Kenney, M. 212Kenya 235Kerala, India 201 – 205, 203Kern, F. 489, 492, 496Keynes, John Maynard 221 – 222, 308; on

technological unemployment 358“Keynesian multiplier” effect 386King, A. A. 411Kingsbury, B. 628Kivimaa, P. 496Klare, M. 78Kleiner, A. 210Kleinknecht, A. 456, 507knowledge, accumulation of 171knowledge-based capital 454 – 455knowledge-based work 166, 186, 454 – 455knowledge capital 172knowledge networks and markets (KNMs) 455Kochan, T. 456Kokko, A. 295Kollatz-Ahnen 307

Kondratieff, Nikolai 179 – 180, 183; see also K-waves; long-wave economic cycles

Korten, David 140 – 141, 379Kozluk, T. 494Krier, J. F. 82Kritikos, Mihail 596, 670Krugman, Paul 7, 179, 186, 200, 236Kungl, G. 492Kuralbayeva, K. 383Kuttner, R. 212, 220Kuznets curve 339; see also environmental

Kuznets curveK-waves 180; see also Kondratieff, Nikolai;

long-wave economic cyclesKyoto Protocol 85, 129, 577, 607, 612

labor: accompanying measures for 365 – 366; autonomy of 54; broader implementation of ownership by (see binary economics); consequences of different industrial strategy options for 10 – 13; contingent 36; deficit spending and job creation for 20; employment and well-being of 54 – 57, 55; enforcement mechanisms for trade agreements and 280 – 281; equilibrium employment and 240 – 241; government interventions for 20 – 21; green stimulus programs for 385 – 386; immigration and 387 – 388; increasing productivity of 236 – 238; increasing the productiveness of 726 – 727; institutional organization of 285; international division of 285, 366 – 370; Occupational Safety and Health Act and 532, 536 – 538; outsourcing of 367 – 368; ownership by (see ownership); right to know 12, 459 – 460; role in commercial activities, changes in 731 – 732; sustainability and 3; taxing of 248 – 249; technological disruption effect on 358 – 366; technology and productivity of 239 – 240; worker health and safety, international laws regarding 617 – 618; worker health and safety standards in the European Union and 598 – 599; work hours of 55 – 56, 730 – 731; work-life balance and 54, 57, 730; see also employment; inequality

labor unions 457 – 458Lakner, C. 213Lall, S. 509land and subsurface waters, protection of

545 – 547large-technical-systems approach to

technological development 485Latin America: capital mobility in 301;

foreign direct investment in 295, 296Laurent, Éloi 200 – 201Law of the Sea Convention 577

762 Index

Lazonick, W. 432Leach, M. 132leading-edge economy 456, 508, 642learning, organizational 431 – 433;

relationship between technological innovation and 440 – 452

least developed countries (LDCs) 295; multinational enterprises in 381; WTO policies on 296; see also developing countries

Lee, E. 677Lehner, F. 456, 507, 508, 642lender of last resort 312level of corruption 347Levitt, B. 431Lewis, W. Arthur 168Liability, EU 579, 597 – 598liability statutes and common lawsuits

regarding pollution 529Liagouras, G. 38, 189 – 190, 213liberalization, trade see free tradelifecycle considerations, product 535 – 536life satisfaction 54Limits to Growth, The 73, 108, 115, 131; debate

over 119 – 123Lisbon Strategy 22, 130, 187, 250, 285, 384Living Planet Index (LPI) 44Locke, John 58, 60Locke, R. 456lock-in problem 410, 432, 501long-term unemployment, effects of 55 – 56long-wave economic cycles 179 – 185, 182,

182, 184Loorbach, D. 487, 495 – 496Lorek, S. 145, 241 – 242Lothian, T. 306, 307Lovins, A. 130, 132, 503, 527, 698Lovins, L. H. 130low-carbon transition 489 – 490LPI (Living Planet Index) 44Lu, Z. 375 – 376Ludd, Ned 453Lugard, M. 664Luiten, E. E. M. 484Lundvall, B.-A. 437

Maastricht Treaty of 1992 579 – 580Machado, R. 272Malthus, Thomas 73, 195, 196, 290Malthusian Trap 195, 195Managing Without Growth: Slower By Design,

Not Disaster 132, 237Man and the Biosphere program

(MAB) 114Manning, A. 359Manno, J. 35manual tasks 359March, J. 431

Marchant, G. 702Markard, J. 492, 494market distortions 5, 293market failures 343 – 344, 430market-seeking (MS) investment 294market structure, effects of trade on 289 – 292Marshall Plan 167Marx, Karl 165, 290, 453Maselli, I. 186Maslow’s hierarchy of human need 32Matson, P. 133Maximum Achievable Control Technology

(MACT) 540Max-Neef, M. 63Mazzucato, M. 492, 699McAfee, A. 11, 133, 179, 180 – 181, 211, 212,

215, 734; on Great Decoupling 363; on the hollowing out of the middle class 186, 233 – 234, 250, 362, 363, 368; on ICTs as general-purpose technology 189; on technological disruption 358, 360, 427, 453; on the upcoming digital revolution 219 – 220; on winner-take-all markets 365

McDonough, W. 130, 219McEntire, D. A. 149McGrew, A. 269, 270McMillan, M. 266, 273Meadowcroft, J. 492Meadows, D. H. 73, 115, 121 – 122, 127Meadows, D. L. 115, 127meaningful jobs 56, 57means of delivering satisfaction customers

438 – 439measurement of (human) development

38 – 50media-based initiatives in U.S. regulatory

system 536 – 547; Clean Air Act 539 – 542; Clean Water Act 533, 542 – 545; for land and subsurface waters 545 – 547; Occupational Safety and Health Act 536 – 538; Safe Drinking Water Act 545

Mehmet, O. 371 – 372Meima, R. 433 – 434MERCOSUR (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay,

and Uruguay) 271, 638mergers and acquisitions (M&A) 294Merritt, Giles 320Meyer, H. 282Michaelis, L. 51Micossi, S. 299micro- and macro-prudential regulation

314 – 318Microcredit Summit Campaign 231microfinance 231 – 232middle-skill occupations 359 – 360Milanovic, B. 72, 213Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 42,

130, 148, 149

Index 763

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 131Miller, D. 432 – 433, 436Miller, M. 369Miner, A. S. 432Mitchell, Tom 366modernization: ecological 84; in

industrialized economies 507 – 509Molina, M. J. 116monetary independence 297money: private and public flows of 309;

Special Drawing Rights (SDR) proposal for 310 – 312

monopolies 197 – 198, 650monopoly capitalism 379Monsanto 499, 593, 670Montreal Amendment to the Montreal

Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, Montreal 129

Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer 126, 611 – 612, 624

Moors, E. 484Morales, Evo 276Moravcsik, A. 321Morgan, T. 174, 176, 245, 703multidimensional concept of sustainability

2 – 3, 29, 49; human needs and 32 – 57; social justice, inequality, and the social contract between the governed and the government and 57 – 73

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 45multilateral development banks (MDBs)

353, 355multilateral environmental agreements

(MEAs) 275, 654 – 655multinational enterprises (MNEs) 272 – 274;

as blessing or peril 379 – 381; centrality of foreign direct investment for development of 293 – 296; international economy role of 292 – 296; neoclassical economics and 292 – 293

multinationalization 8, 272; international division of labor resulting from 366 – 370

Mundell equivalency 292Mundell-Fleming “unholy” trinity 297Murphy, C. N. 625Murray, J. H. 228 – 229Musk, Elon 699Mutua, M. 680Myers, J. P. 129“Myth of the Skills Gap, The” 240

Nafziger, E. W. 199Nairobi Declaration 118Najam, A. 379National Academy of Sciences 366national ambient air quality standards

(NAAQS) 539 – 540

National Emission Ceilings Directive 582National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

112, 502, 554 – 555National Environmental Policy Plans (NEPP)

490; see also Netherlands, thenational innovation systems 415 – 418, 419National Institute for Occupational Safety

and Health (NIOSH) 537 – 538National Pollutant Discharge Elimination

System (NPDES) 542 – 543National Research Council 130national self-reliance xxvi, 17, 33n, 123,

136n, 718Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial

Revolution 130natural virtuous circle 344NBIC convergence 180NEPP (National Environmental Policy Plans)

490; see also Netherlands, theNeiman, B. 365Nelson, Richard R. 408, 415, 417, 450Nemet, G. F. 495neoclassical economics 35 – 36; consumption

and well-being in 50; growth theory in 168 – 169; implicit assumptions about technological innovation in 174 – 175; multinational enterprises (MNEs) and 292 – 293; new growth model versus 170; organizational theory and the limitations of 430 – 431; theory of technological innovation 484; view of growing cycles of production and consumption 75, 76

neoliberal approach to equality 68, 69Netherlands, the 235; see also NEPP (National

Environmental Policy Plans)network governance theories 436networks: organizational 433 – 435; social

435 – 437; value 413, 415, 472Never, B. 501new economics 232 – 246; Basic Income/

Core Support (BICS) System and 236 – 237; degrowth movement and 242 – 244; green growth and 233, 244 – 245; universal basic income (UBI) and 234 – 235

Newell, P. 492 – 493new growth theory 169 – 172newly industrializing economies (NIEs) 510new Mercantilism 354New Urban Agenda 133“NEXT Industrial Revolution, The” 219Next System Project 87Next System Project: New Political Possibilities for

the 21st Century, The 714Nike child labor scandal 428Nikolopoulos 42Nilsson, L. 698Nixon, Richard 112, 114, 298No Middle Way on the Environment 129

764 Index

nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) 425, 428, 673; encouraging green technology development 436 – 437; and public participation in environmental, health, and safety matters 615

non-Rawlsian government 567Normann, H. E. 494Norris, T. 698North American Agreement on

Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) 676North American Agreement on Labor

Cooperation (NAALC) 680North American Free Trade Agreement

(NAFTA) 9, 127, 271, 274, 275 – 276, 283, 638; benefits of 375, 676 – 677

North-South: A Program for Survival 117

Obama, Barack 385, 577, 612, 651, 676Ocampo, J. A. 299, 302, 311 – 312, 314,

315, 321Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) 598;

see also TLVs (Threshold Limit Values)Occupational Safety and Health Act 532,

536 – 538Occupy Movement 71OConnor, D. 510OConnor, E. J. 430OECD: Better Life Index Tool 42, 47; on

effects of globalization 267 – 268; Export Credit Group 355; on green growth policy instrument 387; International Conference on Environment and Economics 124; on market failures 344; a new growth theory and knowledge based capital 454 – 455

official development assistance (ODA) 142, 353 – 354

oil: from Canadian tar sands 666; economic growth and peak 175 – 178; oil shocks 117; see also energy

Oil Pollution Act (OPA) 126Only One Earth: The Care and Maintenance of a

Small Planet 114, 115On the Principles of Political Economy and

Taxation 171opportunity/motivation to change 440, 441,

478, 499 – 500optimism, technological 81 – 84, 82organization innovation 17, 19, 292, 698,

718, 726, 732organizational innovation and learning

429 – 437; networks in 433 – 435; organizational learning subfield in 431 – 433; organizational theory and the limitations of the neoclassical model and 430 – 431; relationship between technological innovation and 440 – 452; social networks in 435 – 437

organizational theory 430 – 431Osborne, M. A. 360Osterman, P. 457 – 458Our Common Future 33, 34, 82, 126,

134 – 142, 145Our Common Journey 130Our Stolen Future: Are We Threatening Our

Fertility, Intelligence, and Survival? A Scientific Detective Story 129

outsiders, pressure by 452, 491; see also Christensen, C.; disruptive innovation; van de Poel

outsourcing 367 – 368over-consumerism 372Overworked American, The 55ownership: binary economics and

broadening of 220 – 226; common wealth trusts and 229 – 230; cooperative 733 – 735; democratizing of 226 – 231; extended to poor and middle-class people through competitive market opportunities to acquire capital 735 – 737

Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution 133

Page, B. J. 217, 739Paley Commission 109Pardee Center 280, 299, 302, 310Paris Agreement on Global Climate Change

107, 133, 176 – 177, 289, 490, 501, 510, 612, 695

participatory and political space 17, 25, 711, 725; opening up the 17

Partidario, P. J. 484Pavcnik, N. 266Peaking of World Oil Production 176peak oil and economic growth 175 – 178Pearlstein, S. 220Pelkmans, J. 494People-Centered Development Forum 140perceived needs 32Perez, Carlota 180, 183 – 185, 249, 725Perfect Storm, The 173permissible exposure levels (PELs) 537 – 538pesticides 552 – 554Piketty, Thomas 11, 71 – 72, 133, 200, 713,

726, 728, 737, 739; on basic income 235; concerns about globalization 266, 282; on drivers of inequality 214

Pisani, F. 266, 303, 304 – 305, 306Plan of Action to Combat Desertification

(PACD) 116Polanyi, Michael 358 – 359political drag effect 347Political Liberalism 61political space 388, 739; opening up the 17Pollin, R. H. 386 – 387

Index 765

Pollock, A. M. 671Pollutant Release and Transfer Register

(PRTR) 587polluter pays principle 530 – 531, 604 – 607pollution 107; approaches to problem of

527; choosing instruments of intervention for 528 – 530; deciding the extent of intervention for 556 – 568; direct controls on 528 – 529; encouraging adoption of cleaner and inherently safer technology for 530; European Union regulation of 582 – 586; federal decision-making and laws on 554 – 556; indirect controls on 529; liability statutes and common lawsuits regarding 529; nature of, and justification for government intervention in 526; preference for prevention of, and inherently safer production 534 – 535; principles of environmental, health, and safety law and 530 – 536; subsidizing 248 – 249; toxic 338; U. S. regulatory system regarding 536 – 556; voluntary initiatives regarding 529 – 530

pollution prevention 15, 19, 80, 437, 444, 534 – 536, 537, 555 – 556, 568, 579, 589

Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) 126, 555 – 556Ponting, C. 39Pontoni, F. 494policy 403 – 522, 711 – 745; biotechnology

469; consumption 425, 429, 438, 442, 450, 458, 721 – 722; diffusion, importance of 500 – 501; employment 57, 362, 448, 509 – 510, 621, 718; environmental, health, and safety 248, 337 – 338, 494, 497, 523, 530 – 536, 557, 568; food safety 593 – 594; and globalization 403 – 405, 459, 471, 489, 502, 507 – 509; human rights 606, 717, 724; industrial production 720, 721 – 722; integration 416, 715, 738; international governance 714, 720; labor 427 – 428, 434, 442, 445, 450, 715 – 716, 719, 720, 722 – 724; national policy 554 – 555; natural resources conservation 655 – 658; stakeholder involvement 469, 501 – 506, 720, 721 – 724; strategic niche management 404, 410, 414, 449n, 469, 483, 486, 487 – 493; sustainable development 403 – 522, 711, 713, 715, 717 – 720, 721, 725 – 726; technological innovation, promotion of 671; trade agreements/regimes as constraint on 654 – 672; trade agreements/regimes as tool to advance 672 – 677; transition management 414, 483, 486 – 493, 496, 501

population: control of 246; immigration and 387 – 388; Malthus on food and 196; sound policies for 372

Population Bomb, The 108

Porter, M. E. 287, 293, 349, 497 – 498Porter hypothesis 496 – 499, 498; see also

regulation-induced innovationpositive spillovers 295postindustrial capitalism 189postindustrial revolution 185 – 194POTW (publicly owned treatment works)

542, 544poverty 31, 88; Basic Income/Core Support

(BICS) System and 236 – 237; microfinance and 231 – 232; official development assistance and 353; universal basic income (UBI) and 234 – 235

Prasad, E. 728Prasch, R. 288Precariat-The New Dangerous Class, The 186precautionary principle 177, 279, 531 – 534,

551 – 552, 580, 592 – 596, 604 – 607Presidents Council for Sustainable

Development (PCSD) 127Price, D. 671private sector resistance to sustainable

transformations 248problematic technology, displacement of

450 – 452, 451problem space 19n, 25, 71, 725; opening up

the, 25, 725process changes 472process innovation 41, 145, 173, 194, 387,

406 – 408, 412, 432, 455, 472, 475, 480 – 481, 484, 487, 497, 508, 641, 732

Process Safety Management (PSM) 541producer-created demand 51producer responsibility for products and

chemicals, principle of extended 535 – 536product cycle theory 293product innovation 24, 384, 406 – 409,

411 – 412, 440, 442, 446, 455, 460, 471 – 472, 478, 487, 495, 508, 589; meeting essential human needs through 732 – 733

production: decoupling profits from unsustainable 246 – 249; factors of 166 – 167; globalization effects of 268; preference for inherently safer 534 – 535

productiveness: and distinction from productivity; 10 – 11, 14, 166, 187, 191, 209, 220 – 224, 233, 236, 240, 264, 336, 337, 357, 382, 427, 458, 635, 638, 720, 723, 726, 729, 732, 734, 740

productivity: creative destruction and 183, 194 – 196; defined 222; and distinction from productiveness 10 – 11, 187n, 191, 209n, 222 – 223, 236, 239; effects on costs 458n; impact of economic growth on 211; increasing labor 236 – 240; powers of capital for 222 – 223; and productiveness of labor 726 – 727

766 Index

productivity (Solow) paradox 187 – 188, 190product safety 18, 523, 536, 553, 588, 600; see

also integrated product policyproduct-services 412, 472profits, decoupling production from

246 – 249Progress for a Small Planet 117Prosperity Without Growth: Economics for a Finite

Planet 132, 237Protection of New Varieties of Plants 116Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International

Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969, London 127

Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1971, London 127

Protocol of 1997 to Amend the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as Amended by the Protocol of 1978 Relating Thereto, London 129

Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers to the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters 131

Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment to the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context 131

Protocol Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Marine Pollution by Substances Other than Oil 115

Protocol to Amend the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage, Vienna 129

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes, Sofia 126

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes, Geneva 127

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions, Oslo 128

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Heavy Metals, Åarhus 130

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Long-Term Financing of the

Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP), Geneva 124

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), Åarhus 130

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or Their Transboundary Fluxes by at Least 30 Per Cent, Helsinki 125

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication, and Ground Level Ozone, Gothenburg 130

Public Digital Payments Platform (PDPP) 324public participation in environmental,

health, and safety matters 615 – 617; see also stakeholders

public relations 293purchasing power 371 – 372Pursuing Sustainability: A Guide to the Science

and Practice 133

quasi-evolutionary approach to technological development 485

Quist, J. 504 – 505Quitzow, R. 494

“race to the bottom” 346, 351 – 352, 507, 671, 674

“race to the middle” 351 – 352“race to the top” 279, 351, 581, 674Raja, K. 300Randers, J. 115, 127rare earths 653Ratner, S. 228Rawls, John 9, 58 – 64, 66 – 67; trade-off

analysis and 565 – 568Rawlsian outcome 567R&D 416, 483, 493, 698REACH (Registration, Evaluation, and

Authorization of Chemicals) system 591 – 593Reagan, Ronald 540, 728Realising Long-Term Transitions Towards Low

Carbon Societies 696rebound effects 83 – 84, 273 – 274; see also

Jevons paradoxRedclift, Michael 53, 136, 141, 273redistribution of wealth or income 20 – 21;

universal basic income (UBI) and 234 – 235regulation-induced innovation 496 – 500Reichardt, K. 495Reijnders, L. 345

Index 767

Reinventing Fire: Bold Business Solutions for the New Energy Era 132

renationalization 370Renda, A. 194, 249, 494, 495, 703; on

diffusion or deployment deficit 484renewable technologies 496Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

(RCRA) 116, 530, 533, 545 – 546resource depletion 338; free trade and 347resource-seeking (RS) investment 294Rest, K. M. 566 – 567reverse salients 485revolutionary vs. evolutionary innovation

413 – 415Rewriting the Rules of the American Economy: An

Agenda for Shared Prosperity 714 – 717Ricardo, David 165, 170 – 171, 196, 286, 287,

289 – 290, 292, 639Rifkin, Jeremy 211, 453right to benefit from industrial

transformations 460right to know 12, 459 – 460right to participate 460Rio+20 conference 53, 132, 144 – 146, 627, 718Rio Declaration on Environment and

Development 127, 150 – 153, 155, 604, 605; critiques of 140 – 142

risk-management plans (RMP) 541risks of agenda capture 313Roach, Stephen 187 – 188Robins, N. 379Robinson, W. I. 302robotics and automation 8Rocky Mountain Institute 132Rodrik, D. 198, 199 – 200, 266, 267, 273,

282, 302; on effects of trade in the developing world 377; on gains from domestic financial liberalization 374; on impact of labor standards 677; on industrial employment policy in emerging economies 509 – 510; on lack of labor mobility in Europe 269; on political integration in the US 319; on social spending 373

Rogge, K. S. 489, 492, 493Romer, Paul 169 – 172, 178Roome, N. 434Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 57Rosenberg, Nathan 415, 417Rosendal, G. K. 612 – 613Rostow, Walt W. 167Rotman, D. 212Rotmans, J. 486Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed

Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, Rotterdam 130, 608, 609

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 58, 60, 501Rowland, F. S. 116Royal Dutch Shell 502; Shell Nigeria 428Ruggie, J. 380Runnalls, D. 137

Sachs, J. 200, 696Saez, Emmanuel 72Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 116, 545SAGCI (Sustainability Adjusted Global

Competitiveness Index) 46Sagoff, M. 129Salzman, J. 129Sanders, Bernie 71Sands, P. 603Sanne, C. 51 – 52Sapkota, P. 378Sartorius, C. 410satisfaction, customer 437 – 440Saviotti, P. P. 487Scarcity and Growth Revisited: Natural Resources

and the Environment in the New Millennium 117, 131

scenario planning 502 – 504Scherer, F. M. 197Schmidheiny, S. 127Schmidt, T. S. 495school eclectic theory 293Schor, J. B. 55Schumacher, E. F. 33, 227Schumpeter, Joseph 15 – 16, 169, 183, 185,

211, 386, 449, 456, 508; on creative destruction 194 – 196, 498; on market structure and innovation 197 – 198; waves of technology-based economic development 182

Schwartz, Nancy 197Scoones, I. 132SCORAI (Sustainable Consumption

Research and Action Initiative) 53 – 54Scott, R. E. 375S-curves 82, 82, 180SDR Working Party 310, 311, 313Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and

Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies, The 11, 133, 181, 183, 233, 250, 368, 453

Second Shift, The 55Second United Nations Conference on

Human Settlements 129SEDA (Boston Consulting Groups

Sustainable Economic Development Assessment) 45, 46

SEEA (System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting) 46

Seers, D. 198 – 199, 200Sen, Amartya 39, 42, 65 – 68, 67, 73, 199Seto, K. 486

768 Index

shadow banking 305Shakespeare, R. 737Shandra, J. 56sharing economy 233, 427, 440Shiller, Robert 188shorter workweeks 730 – 731shrimp-turtle dispute 655 – 658Siemens 239Silent Spring 108Simpson, R. D. 131Sinden, A. 348, 376Single European Act of 1986 579sins of commission 560sins of omission 560Sisson, K. 457Sivaram, V. 698slavery 59Slee, Tom 233Sloan Management Review 411Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics as If

People Mattered 33, 135 – 136, 227Smart, M. 664Smil, Vaclav 175 – 176Smink, M. 492Smith, A. 489, 490, 492, 494Smith, Adam 164, 165, 170, 286Smith, M. H. 132, 145Smith, M. R. 50Smith, V. K. 117Smith and Raven 491, 494social change and technological determinism 8social constructivism approaches to

technological development 485social contract 58 – 64; operationalizing the

565 – 568, 566social demands, firm responses to 427 – 429social innovation 17, 19, 292, 496, 698, 718,

726 – 727, 732, 737social insurance 373social justice 154; social contract and 58 – 64social networks 435 – 437Social Progress Index 47social shaping of technology (SST) 434social tipping points 87societal learning and change (SLC) 435 – 436soft versus hard law 607 – 608solar panels 652 – 653Solid Waste Disposal Act 545Solow, Robert M. 74 – 75, 77, 167, 172, 222;

neoclassical growth theory 168 – 169; productivity paradox 187, 190; on resource fungibility 174; on technological innovation 178

Soros, George 51, 266, 316, 318South Africa 352South Centre 266, 295South Korea 200

Sovacool, B. 492“Spaceship Earth, The Economics of the

Coming” 110Spangenberg, J. H. 79, 80, 145, 239,

241 – 242, 717Special Drawing Rights (SDR) proposal

310 – 312Speth, J. G. 132spillover effects 286; of foreign direct

investment 295Srinivas, S. 281SSI (Sustainable Society Index) 48stabilization branch 63Stages-of-Growth Model 167stakeholders 435; government working with

495; involvement of, in the context of sustainable development 501 – 506, 503; learning collaborations with 435 – 437; as outsiders 491; rule of government with 566, 566; strategic niche management and 490

“Standard Economics Is Wrong: Inequality and Unearned Income Kills the Economy” 215

Standing, Guy 186, 234static versus dynamic efficiency in

technological innovation 569 – 571steady-state economy 73 – 78, 76, 122Steiner, Achim 623Steininger, K. 641 – 642Stern, N. 85, 131Stern, R. M. 677Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change

85 – 86, 131Steward, F. 699Stewart, Frances 68Stiglitz, Joseph 7, 39, 42, 67, 132, 179, 200,

220, 249, 302, 714, 715 – 717, 739; criticism of current financial system 306 – 307; criticism of the TPP 281; criticism of “trickle-down” notion 215 – 216; on drivers of inequality 214; on effects of trade in the developing world 377; on effects of trade on employment 376; on the Eurozone crisis 320 – 321; on global governance institutions 312 – 313; on globalization 266; on “intellectual lock-in” 245; on multinational enterprises 379; on niche development 493; on reforms of to the International Monetary System 299; Special Drawing Rights and 311; toward a new Bretton Woods and 304 – 305

Stirling, A. 132, 492Stockholm+10 118 – 119Stockholm Conference 113, 115, 138Stockholm Convention on Persistent

Organic Pollutants, Stockholm 131, 608, 609 – 610

Index 769

Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 115, 149, 150 – 153, 154 – 155

Stopler-Samuelson scheme 287strategic-asset-seeking (SAS) investment 294strategic niche management (SNM)

487 – 493; see also transition managementStratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes:

Chlorine Atom-Catalysed Destruction of Ozone 116

Streeten, Paul 68stringent regulation 315, 348, 352, 410 – 411,

449, 492 – 499, 501, 528, 562, 570n, 699Stringhini, S. 217Strong, Maurice 618 – 619structural lock-in effects 51structural unemployment 240 – 241Subramian, A. 302; on gains from domestic

financial liberalization 374Sub-Saharan Africa, foreign direct

investment in 296subsidies, prohibition against 650 – 653substitutability 74; see also productivity

(Solow) paradox; Solow, RobertSummit of the Americas on Sustainable

Development 129, 276Superfund Amendments and

Reauthorization Act (SARA) 117, 125, 529, 530, 543

supra-organizational networks 436 – 437sustainability 1 – 2; at crossroads 6 – 8;

degrowth movement and 133, 179, 233, 238 – 239, 242 – 244; global financial crisis and 6 – 8; globalization and 8 – 9; governance options for achieving transformation to more 17; green growth and 233, 244 – 245; human needs and 32 – 57; in Kerala, India, and Costa Rica 201 – 208, 203; lessening private sector resistance to sustainable transformations and 248; multidimensional character of 2 – 3, 29, 49; pathway phases in 434 – 435; rationalizing the competing pressures on 87 – 88; social justice, inequality, and the social contract between the governed and the government and 57 – 73; trade-off analysis in the context of 565 – 568, 566; transformation challenges for the industrial state and 713 – 719; unsustainable industrial state and 3 – 5, 4

Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) 315

Sustainability: A History 133Sustainable America: A New Consensus for

Prosperity, Opportunity, and a Healthy Environment for the Future 129

sustainable consumption 53, 241 – 242

Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) 53

sustainable development: and binary economics 735 – 737; capsule definition of 16 – 17; climate change and myths on 696 – 702, 700; components of 106 – 108; conceptualizations of 13 – 17, 14, 15; creation of international environmental agenda and 112 – 123, 114 – 117; critical importance of employment for 149 – 155, 150 – 153; emergence of 123 – 149; employment policy implications for 459 – 460; end of 208 – 210; globalization and 267; importance of diffusion in achieving 500 – 501; interrelatedness of the economy, the environment, worker health and safety, and employment, and the need to address them together in 13 – 14, 15; necessity of solving problems on comprehensive basis for 22 – 23, 23; reformation in terms of tipping points 84 – 87; regulation-induced innovation as alternative pathway to achieving 496 – 500; Sens capabilities approach to 68; simplistic definition of 718; stakeholder involvement in the context of 501 – 506, 503; strategies for developed nation-states 719 – 725, 720, 721 – 724; stronger role for government in 493 – 496; sustaining and disrupting innovation in 14 – 16; transdisciplinary approach to 19; U.S. environment and development agenda and 108 – 112, 109 – 111; way forward for 23 – 25

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 42, 54, 133, 146 – 149, 147, 148; multilateral development banks and 355

sustainable employment 57, 239, 453sustainable livelihood 20, 32, 105, 289, 356;

see also earning capacitysustainable society, characteristics of 335sustaining innovations 472, 474 – 478Swank 373system changes 452, 472; as approach to

pollution problem 527; distinguished from singular product and process changes 481 – 482, 481 – 484; theories of 484 – 486

systems-of-innovation approach to technological development 484

Systems of National Accounts (SNAs) 38 – 39

Tacit Dimension, The 359tailpipe emissions standards 539 – 540, 542Taiwan 200TaskRabbit 212Tatzel, M. 50Tavistock school 459tax breaks 293

770 Index

Taylor, J. C. 56Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement

(TBT) 664, 665 – 666; and asbestos 655 – 656; and harmonization of environmental, health, and safety standards 663; text of 688 – 689

techno-economic network (TEN) theory 434technological change: categorizing 405 – 413,

406, 407; evolutionary versus revolutionary 413 – 415, 414; relationship between organizational learning and change and 440 – 452; sustaining and disrupting innovation and types of 471 – 478, 473 – 474, 476 – 477, 479

technological determinism 8, 181n, 183ntechnological fix ideology 487technological innovation 17, 19, 292, 698,

718, 726, 732technological perspective 335technological unemployment 453technology: “black box” 169; capital mobility

enabled by 372 – 374; characteristics of major complexes in 182; creative destruction and 194 – 196; deployment of new 483 – 484; development and growth theory 178 – 198, 182, 182, 184, 195; and economy-environment interactions 337 – 356; and effects of globalization on economy-work interactions 356 – 381; environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and 78 – 81, 79; and globalization as drivers of change 336, 336, 337, 382; globalization effects on and of 268; growth, and substitution versus a steady-state economy 73 – 78, 76; health and environmental protection using cleaner and inherently safer 530; implicit assumptions about innovations in, in neoclassical, environmental, and ecological economics 174 – 175; income inequality and displacement due to 358 – 366; information or postindustrial revolution 185 – 194; long waves of transition due to 179 – 185, 182, 182, 184; market structure and innovation in 197 – 198; optimism and 81 – 84, 82; policy implications of innovations in 249 – 250; productivity paradox and 187 – 188; purchasing power and 371 – 372; renewable 496; role in multinational enterprise development 293; transnational 417 – 418; see also innovation

Technology, Globalization, and Sustainable Development: Transforming the Industrial state 132

technology diffusion deficit 249technology-geography nexus 371technology options analysis (TOA) 570 – 571

technology push versus market pull 481 – 482, 481 – 483

Tellis, G. J. 411Term Securities Lending Facility (TSLF) 304Terrell, K. 677Tesla 699Thailand and attempt to ban US cigarette

imports 655, 658Thatcher, Margaret 728Theory of Economic Development 197Theory of Justice, A 59, 61, 565, 568Theory of Social Cost, The 531Thompson, G. 270 – 271Three Mile Island nuclear accident 117, 181ntipping points 84 – 87TLVs (Threshold Limit Values) 537 – 538,

597; see also Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs)

Tobin tax 317 – 318Toman, M. A. 131total economic output 38total factor productivity (TFP) 188Towards a Green Economy 145 – 146toxic pollution 338Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) 548Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) 116,

535 – 536, 548 – 552Toyota 239trade: adverse effects on the environment

345 – 348; conclusions and reflections on 739 – 741; constraints on national health safety, and environmental policies and 654 – 672; dispute resolution under the WTO 645 – 650; as driver of growth 638 – 642; economic development and 285 – 292; effects in the developed world 374 – 377; effects in the developing world 377 – 379; effects of stringent environmental regulations on 348 – 349; effects on structure of markets 289 – 292; employment, and labor standards 677 – 681; and the environment 343 – 349; free 9, 286 – 289, 343, 344 – 345, 377 – 378; impact of regulation on 673; myths about 701; new economics and 245; and overview of agreements administered by the WTO 643 – 645; as positive force to improve environmental conditions 672 – 676; positive impacts on environmental quality 344 – 345; strategies for changes in globalization, global financial system 738 – 739; tools to promote advances in international 672 – 677; WTO prohibition against subsidies for 650 – 653

trade barriers 293trade-off analysis: comparative analysis in

561 – 563; in the context of sustainability

Index 771

565 – 568, 566; distinguished from cost-benefit analysis 556 – 565; problem types that can be addressed using 559; static versus dynamic efficiency and the implications for promoting technological innovation 569 – 571; trade-off matrix in 562 – 563

trade regimes 274 – 285; Investor-State Settlement (ISDS) mechanism 278 – 279, 283 – 285; Japan-EU Economic Partnership Agreement (JEEPA) 271, 275, 285; North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 274, 275 – 276; Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) 276 – 283; Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) 276 – 283; World Trade Organization (WTO) 274, 275

“Tragedy of the Commons, The” 108Transatlantic Business Council 194transatlantic economic relations (TERs) 282Transatlantic Economy Report 194Transatlantic Trade and Investment

Partnership (TTIP) 9, 192, 271, 274, 276 – 283, 637, 701

transdisciplinary approach to sustainable development 19

transfer branch 63transformation challenges for the industrial

state 713 – 719transition management (TM) 487; see also

strategic niche managementtransnationalization 8, 274transnational technology 417 – 418Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) 9, 271, 274,

276 – 283, 637transparency 315transportation costs and globalization 268 – 269nTreaty of Lisbon 132Treaty of Rome 578Treaty on the Prohibition of the

Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof 114

triadization of the world economy 271triangle of technical development 451, 451Triffin Dilemma 310Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP) 304Trujillo, E. 703Trumka, Richard 280Trump, Donald 11, 36, 71, 276, 289, 508, 556,

577, 612Tsamis, A. 418Tukker, A. 489, 588Turko, I. N. 244turning point 79, 80, 107, 123, 140; see also

Ayres, Robert U.

Twenty-Ninth Day, The 116two-sector surplus labor model 168Tyfield, D. 491type I error 534type II error 534type III error 534

Uber 212Uganda 235unemployment: and international division of

labor 366 – 370; life satisfaction impact of 54 – 55; structural 237, 240, 290 – 291, 726n; technological 358

Unerman, J. 132Union Carbide pesticide plan explosion 181nunions, labor 457 – 458United Nations, importance of 621 – 622United Nations Commission on Sustainable

Development (UNCSD) 127, 191United Nations Conference on Environment

and Development (UNCED) 105, 127, 137 – 142, 618 – 619

United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development 133

United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 132, 133

United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 113, 115

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 627

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Montego Bay 124

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa, Paris 128

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) 127

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 624 – 626

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 113, 115, 118 – 119, 124, 603, 619, 622 – 623, 627

United Nations Fourth World Conference for Women 128

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 127, 138

United Nations Habitat program 116United Nations Human Rights Council 381United Nations Industrial Development

Organization (UNIDO) 623 – 624United Nations International Conference on

Population and Development 128United Nations Millennium Declaration 143United Nations Norms on the

Responsibilities of Transnational

772 Index

Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights 381

United Nations Regional Seas Programme 619United Nations World Conference on

Human Rights 127United Nations World Summit for Social

Development 128universal basic dividend (UBD) 324universal basic income (UBI) 234 – 235;

protecting labor using 370Universal Declaration of Human Rights 606unsustainable industrial state 3 – 5, 4;

decoupling profits from production in 246 – 249

Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 125

U.S. Chamber of Commerce 375U.S. Council on Environmental Quality and

the Department of State 117useful work 173U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 437,

444, 532, 536; chemical-based statutes 547 – 554; Clean Air Act 112, 532, 539 – 542; Clean Water Act 533, 542 – 545

U.S. National Academy of Engineering 186U.S. National Advisory Board on Impact

Investing 229U.S. regulatory system 536 – 556;

chemical-based statutes in 547 – 554; compared to EU environmental laws 599 – 602, 600; introduction to 536; laws integrating pollution reduction in the federal decision-making 554 – 556; media-based initiatives in 536 – 547

utilitarianism 59Utterback, J. M. 450, 452

Valdez Principles 126value networks 413, 415, 472values, customer 437 – 440value systems 32van Ark, B. 198, 211van den Bergh, J. C. J. M. 243van den Linde, C. 349, 497van de Poel, I. 435, 450 – 452, 491; see also

outsidersVanDeveer, S. 603Varoufakis, Y. 179, 200, 245, 291, 302,

303, 306; on bankruptocracy 304; on the Bretton Woods system 298, 301; on currency unions 319; on the Eurozone crisis 321, 322; on global imbalances 308 – 309

Vehmas, J. 340veil of ignorance 60 – 61Venezuela 276

Vergragt, P. 241, 489, 504 – 505Vestergaard, J. 305, 313Victor, P. A. 132, 212, 237, 238, 245Vienna Convention for the Protection of the

Ozone Layer, Vienna 125Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 603Vietnam 377Vietnam War 298Vivarelli, M. 454Vogel, D. 346 – 347, 577, 672Voigt, C. 53Voigt, D. 344voluntarism 432voluntary initiatives regarding pollution

529 – 530

Waddell, S. 435 – 436Wade, Robert 213 – 214, 305, 313wage polarization 362Wallace, D. 380Wal-Mart 288, 290Ward, B. 114, 115, 117Warr, B. 73, 132, 172 – 174, 176; on cheap

energy and economic growth 196Warren, Elizabeth 278Washington Consensus 198 – 201, 199, 356,

370; least developed countries (LDCs) and 296

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive 585 – 586

Water Framework Directive 583 – 584water quality: in the European Union

583 – 584; in the United States 116, 533, 542 – 545

Weaver, A. 240Weiland, P. S. 113, 139Weiner, Norbert 453Weiss, P. 507Wetlesen, J. 59What Now: Another Development 33 – 34, 116, 136Whitford, J. 272Whose Common Future? 141Why Nations Fail 217Williams, H. E. 424, 425Williamson, John 199 – 200willingness to change 440, 441, 478, 499Wilson, C. 491winds of creative destruction 15 – 16winner-take-all markets 362, 365Winter, R. 603, 655Winter, S. G. 408Woersdorfer, J. 242Wolf, M. 304Wolff, E. N. 187Wood, A. 508Woods, N. 305, 313workers see labor

Index 773

Working Group on Development and Environment in the Americas (GDAE) 266, 295

Working Mother 57work-life balance 54, 57, 730World Bank 116, 305, 355World Business Council for Sustainable

Development (WBCSD) 128World Charter for Nature 124World Commission on Environment and

Development (WCED) 33 – 34, 82, 119, 134 – 135; formation of 124

World Conservation Strategy (WCS) 117, 123, 134

World Development Report (WDR) 116World Economic Forum 72World Environment: 1972 – 1982, The 124world environmental organization (WEO)

627, 635, 638World Food Council 116World Food Programme (WFP) 116World Health Organization (WHO) 124,

617 – 618, 626World Meteorological Organization

(WMO) 117World Meteorological Society 125World Resource Institute (WRI) 124World Summit on Sustainable Development

(WSSD) 131, 626World Trade Organization (WTO) 9, 12,

128, 143, 274, 275, 605, 620, 627, 638; aircraft and 652; on asbestos 658 – 662, 665 – 666; automobile exports and 652; on biotechnology 669 – 671; on Canadian

tar sands 666; on cigarette imports 655; Committee on Trade and Environment (CTE) 654; countervailing duties as a defensive measure and 653 – 654; dispute resolution under 645 – 650, 648; on food safety 614, 666 – 669; General Agreement on Trade in Services 671; on intellectual property rights 671 – 672; labor and employment standards and 678 – 681; overview of agreements administered by the 643 – 645, 644; policies on least developed countries (LDCs) 296; prohibition against subsidies 650 – 653; rare earths China and 653; selected agreements 682 – 689; on the shrimp-turtle dispute 655 – 658; solar panels and 652 – 653; trading standards under 662 – 665; World Trade Report 365

World Trade Report 365World War II 298, 304Worldwatch Institute 116Wren-Lewis 320Wu, J. 184

Xepapadeas, A. 340

Y Combinator 235youth marketing industry 36YouTube 212Yunus, Muhammad 231

Zammuto, R. F. 430Zarsky, L. 272 – 273, 278Zysman, J. 212