Upload
buidang
View
257
Download
5
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
/l-aminolevulinc acid dehydratase, 293
I, I ,I-trichloroethane: steam stripping, 487
I, I, I-trichloroethane: supercritical fluid oxidation, 529
I, I ,2,2-tetrachloroethylene: supercritical fluid oxidation, 529
I, I ,2-trichloroethane: steam stripping, 487
I,I-dichloroethane: steam stripping, 487
I,I-dichloroethylene: steam stripping, 487
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene: steam stripping, 487
supercritical fluid oxidation, 529
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: carcinogenic class, 271
1,2-dichlorobenzene: steam stripping, 487
1,2-dichloroethane: steam stripping, 487
1,2-dichloropropane: steam stripping, 487
1,2-dinitro-4-cholorobenzene, 85
1,2-ethylene dichloride: supercritical fluid oxidation, 529
1,2-trans-dichloroethlyene: steam stripping, 487
1,3-dichlorobenzene: steam stripping, 487
1,3-dichloropropylene: steam stripping, 487
1,4-dichlorobenzene: steam stripping, 487
2,4-dinitrophenol, 89 2,4-D: TCLP, 51 2,4-dinitrotoluene: supercritical
fluid oxidation, 529 2,4D: physicochemical
parameters, 292 2-Naphthylamine:
carcinogenesis, 274 2-Naphthylamine: carcinogenic
class, 271 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine:
carcinogenic class, 271 3,4'-dichlorobiphenyl, 86
3-chlorobenzoate: biodegradation, 561
3M Company, 358 4,4-dichlorobiphenyl:
supercritical fluid oxidation, 529
4-Dimethylaminoazo-benzene: carcinogenic class, 271
4-chloro-3-cresol, 89 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, 89 40 CPR Parts 264 and 270,
440
abandoned sites, 67 abiotic losses, 585
in situ bioremediation, 602 abrasion resistance: geotextiles,
807 absorption, 10I, 183
into bloodstream, 854 mechanisms, 230 rate, 855 acid gas removal, 762 impact on toxicity, 233 pharmacokinetics, 228, 229 stabilization, 648
abundance: toxicological end point, 287, 288
acceptable accuracy: acceptable daily intake, 258,259
acceptable risk, 865 use in remedial objectives,
1010 access: audits, 321 acclimation, 569
microbes, 578 accountability: management
audits, 345 accounting, 317 Accreditation Board for
Engineering and Technology: Code of Ethics, 29
accumulation in tissue, 285 acetaldehyde: combustion
characteristics, 726 acetate, 87, 561 acetic acid: heat value, 712 acetone, 707, 728
combustion characteristics, 726
indicator chemical, 878
INDEX
landfill leachate, 145 acetophenone, 85 acetyl-cholinesterase
inhibitors, 242 acetylaminofluorene:
carcinogenesis, 275 acetylcholine, 301 acetylcholine esterase-see
also ACLE acetylcholinesterase, 301
inhibition, 243 acetylene: combustion
characteristics, 726 acid anhydrides: toxicity, 246 acid
extractables, 89 gas control, 776 gas removal, 761, 770 gases, 758 incineration, 744 recovery process, 388
acid regeneration, 407 acid/clay method: waste oil
refining, 407 acidic oil clay residue, 407 acidic waste, 394 acids
clay liners, 809 stabilization agents, 652
acids: toxicity, 246 acoustic velocity: borehole
geophysics, 914 acquisitions: audits, 319 acquisitions: property audits,
351 action plan: audits, 344 action specific ARARs, 58 activated sludge, 582
system, 584 activation energy, 122 active systems, 992 activity coefficient, 101
steam stripping, 492, 503 acute effects: toxicological
profiles, 263 acute exposure, 237 acute toxicity, 245, 247 acute toxicity tests, 289 acute: risk, 866 acyl chlorides: toxicity, 246 adaptation, 562 additive effects, 299 additive model, 282 additive models: risk
1103
1104 INDEX
amyl acetate: combustion anthropogenic act adenosine diphosphate, 558 aggregates, 182 chemical oxidation, 513
assessment, 864 aggregate kilns, 743 biodegradation, 563 characteristics, 726 anthropogenic rell
adenosine triphosphate, 558 agriculture, 3 synthesis, 568 amylene: combustion antibodies: role i adiabatic system, 110 characteristics, 726 carcinogene administered dose, 229, 853 air breathed, 855 class, 271
AIDS virus, 267 alkyl halogenides: carcinogenic anabolic pathways, 562 antigens: role in
Adolph Coors Co., 396 air emissions: landfills, 135, alkyl sulphonates: anabolic process, 557 carcinogene: adrenal medullary tumors, 254 798 anaerobic, 582 266biodegradeability, 559 adsorbate, 476 air film, 449 anaerobic conditions: in situ antimony: priority alkylbenzene: in situ adsorbed organics: in situ air in-leakage, 775 bioremediation, 597 API separator slu(bioremediation, 602
bioremediation, 592 air knife, 386 anaerobic degradation, 194 land treatment, allergic reaction, 242 adsorbent, 476 air monitoring: landfills, 827 contaminant transport, 167 waste ciassifie<extropolation, 254 adsorption, 102, 476 air pathways: land treatment, anaerobic fermentation: effect Applicable or Rei
allowable level: risk organically modified ciays, 618 on pH, 567 and Approp
assessment, 863 anaerobic processes, 564 Requiremen812 air photo interpretation, 895 alluvial sediments: remediation
sorption by organophilic air pollution control anaerobic reductive applicable requireexample, 1004
dehalogenation, 565 also ARAR!clays, 659 equipment, 388 alluvium and sand: resistivity, stabilization, 649 incineration, 760 anaerobic systems, 591 applicable require
906transport through monitors, 773 analgesics, 231 in remedial
allyl alcohol: combustion analysis of alternatives, 1001, 1008geomembranes, 814 Air Quality Control Regions, characteristics, 726 1019 appropriate requir use in metal recovery, 408 62 alternate water supply: analysis for common fuels, in remedialadsorption coefficients, 592 air scouring: activated carbon, remediation objectives, 1008adsorption theory, 476 476 713
1010 analysis, pre-shipment, 414 aquatic birds:DDl adsorption zone, 482 air spargers: storage tanks, 755 alternative analysis, 1001 analytical chemistry: impact aquatic ecosystemadvection, 847 air sparging system, 461 alternative carbon sources, 570 on policy, 8 aquatic life prote< alternatives, remedial: defining,
contaminant transport, 162, air stripping, 447 analytical laboratories: small aquatic organism~167 air to water ratio: air stripping,
1019landfill liners, 817 449 quantity generators, 21 302 alternatives: remediation, 1013 anaphylactic shock, 242 aquatic toxicity 0liner effectiveness, 812 air-to-blood partitioning: alumina, 743, 744, 747 soil vapor extraction, 462 inhalation, 231 Andrews kinetics, 578 301 alumino-silicates: pozzolanic anemia, 244, 247, 252 aquatic toxicolog:
materials, 655 advective flow: vertical airborne pollutants, 202
arsenic toxicity, 242 aqueous treatmefil advective transport, 167 Alabama: PBBs, 5
barriers, 972 AIRSTRIP Program, 459 alumino-silicious material, 655 aqueous waste, 3~
adverse health effect, 858 Alberta, 445 anesthetics, 231
aluminum oxide: pozzolanic incineration, 7, adverse health effects, 248, alcohols, 395 materials, 655
angiosarcoma, 274 angiosarcoma of the liver, 268, aqueous waste no
251, 263 aluminum: cation exchange, aquifer, 147273 aerial surveys: GIS, 946 aldehydes: chemical oxidation, 191
stabilization agents, 652 angle of internal friction monitoring, 93
aerobic, 582 alveolar macrophages, 231 confined, 934, slope stability, 824 aerobic batch reactor systems, aldrin, 90, 301 alveolar uptake: inhalation,
513 use in stabilization, 682 unconfined, 93
aquitard, 147aniline, 85 aerobic degradation: algae alveoli, 232
590 landfill leachate, 145 231 ARARs, 58, 61
contaminant transport, hydrocarbon toxicity, 300 American Nuclear Society aniline production: waste
classification, 12 use in remedi 167 Leach Test, 671 animal experiments, 254 1008
affected population, 841 toxicity, 299 american oyster: sublethal sublethal effects, 303
animal products: food chain, area source, 135 affinity between carcinogen alicyclics, 82 effects, 303 aromatic amines:1007
and receptor, 272 aliphatic acids: mobility Ames' test: carcinogenesis, anion exchange membranes, class, 271 aflatoxin: natural carcinogens, enhancement, 197 276 aromatic compou530
284 aliphatic chemicals, 82 amines,86 anion selective membrane: biodegradatio aflatoxins: carcinogenic class, biodegradation, 559 amino acids: enzymes, 557 electrodialysis, 532 chemical oxi
aromatic hydroc anisole, 85 Africa, 66, 71, 73 aliphatic hydrocarbons: combustion, 718
271 persistence, 560 ammonia anisotropic aquifers: vertical stabilization a
barriers, 967 supercritical fIage/class structure: supercritical fluid combustion characteristics, toxicological end point, oxidation, 529 726 annelida: metal toxicity, 297 529
toxicity, 299 annual cost, 368 age: factor in toxicity, 252 compatibility in storage, nutrient requirements, 567
288 alkali cleaners: waste combustion constant, 714 aromatics, 82, 8
age: impact on toxicity, 246 417 ammoniacal etchants: annubars, 772, 777
Arrhenius equati Agency for Toxic Substances alkaloids, 231 classification, 15
ANS 16.1,671 antagonistic effects, 299 arsenic, 280
and Disease Registry, carcinogenic class, 271 amphoteric metals antagonistic interactions, 282 adsorption by 261 alkanes, 82 land treatment, 618 Antarctic penguins: DDT, 4 binding to re
agenda: audits, 328 alkene, 83 solubility, 192 anthropocentric view, 28 239
amyl acetate: combustion characteristics, 726
amylene: combustion characteri sties, 726
anabolic pathways, 562 anabolic process, 557 anaerobic, 582 anaerobic conditions: in situ
bioremediation, 597 anaerobic degradation, 194
contaminant transport, \67 anaerobic fermentation: effect
on pH, 567 anaerobic processes, 564 anaerobic reductive
dehalogenation, 565 anaerobic systems, 591 analgesics, 231 analysis of alternatives, 100I,
1019 analysis for common fuels,
713 analysis, pre-shipment, 414 analytical chemistry: impact
on policy, 8 analytical laboratories: small
quantity generators, 21 anaphylactic shock, 242 Andrews kinetics, 578 anemia, 244, 247, 252
arsenic toxicity, 242 anesthetics, 231 angiosarcoma, 274 angiosarcoma of the liver, 268,
273 angle of internal friction
slope stability, 824 use in stabilization, 682
aniline, 85 aniline production: waste
classification, 12 animal experiments, 254 animal products: food chain,
1007 anion exchange membranes,
530 anion selective membrane:
electrodialysis, 532 anisole, 85 anisotropic aquifers: vertical
barriers, 967 annelida: metal toxicity, 297 annual cost, 368 annubars, 772, 777 ANS 16.1,671 antagonistic effects, 299 antagonistic interactions, 282 Antarctic penguins: DDT, 4 anthropocentric view, 28
anthropogenic activities, 294 anthropogenic releases, 299 antibodies: role in
carcinogenesis, 266 antigens: role in
carcinogenesis, 266
antimony: priority metals, 761 API separator sludge
land treatment, 615, 620 waste classification, 12
Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements, 58
applicable requirements-see also ARARs
applicable requirements: use in remedial objectives, 1008
appropriate requirements: use in remedial objectives, 1008
aquatic birds:DDT, 4 aquatic ecosystems, 304 aquatic life protection, 302 aquatic organisms, 285, 296,
302 aquatic toxicity of pesticides,
301 aquatic toxicology, 291, 870 aqueous treatment, 408, 410 aqueous waste, 394
incineration, 743 aqueous waste nozzles, 743 aquifer, 147
monitoring, 933 confined, 934, 936 unconfined, 934
aquitard, 147 ARARs, 58, 61
use in remedial objectives, 1008
area source, 135 aromatic amines: carcinogenic
class, 271 aromatic compounds
biodegradation, 559 chemical oxidation, 513
aromatic hydrocarbons stabilization agents, 652 supercritical fluid oxidation,
529 toxicity, 299
aromatics, 82, 84, 89 Arrhenius equation, 122 arsenic, 280
adsorption by zeolites, 811 binding to reactive groups,
239
INDEX 1105
carcinogenesis, 270, 274 carcinogenic class, 271 carcinogenic potencies, 281 concentration in soil, 182 enzyme inhibitor, 242 indicator chemical, 878 landfill leachate, 144 priority metals, 761 stabilization, 645 stabilization agents, 652 TCLP,51 toxic effects, 244 toxicity, 252
arsenic compounds: toxicity, 245
arsenic wastes: early episode, 8
arsenical wastewater: waste compatibility in storage, 417
arsenite: lethal dose, 247 arthropoda: metal toxicity, 297 Article VI, U.S. Constitution,
43 artificial risk, 866 aryl sulphonates:
biodegradeability, 559
asbestos carcinogenesis, 274 carcinogenic class, 271 effect of exposure route,
232 lung cancer, 282 treated through vitrification,
666 ash, 741
content, 738, 743 fusion, 738 incinerator, 751
asphalt: stabilization, 663 aspirin, 243
lethal dose, 247 assessment end points, 287 assistance grants: host
communities, 436 assumptions
Lackawanna refuse site, 879 risk assessment, 852, 864
asthmatic breathing, 56 ASTM D1814-55 Inverted
Cup Method, 813 atmospheric dispersion: ground
level concentration, 209 atmospheric stability, 203, 206 atmospheric transport, 200 atmospheric washout, 294 atomic absorption
spectrophotometers, 737
I
.
,
1106 INDEX
biomarkers: toxicolo Ber! Saddles, 450, 451atomic charge difference: axial flow impeller: biological behavior point, 288 Bernoulli equation, 154 effect on biodegradation, slurries, 607 ethical, 26 biomass, 585 beryllium559 azeotropic distillation, 394 toxicological end point, 288 toxicological end allergic reactions, 242 atomizers, 737, 738 azeotropic mixture, 394 behavioral: classification of biomass calculations carcinogenic class, 271atomizing nozzles, 737, 743, azo dyes: carcinogenic class, toxins, 243 biomass recycle, 581priority metals, 761760 271 Belgium, 72 biomass retention tilBest Available Pollution attached-growth systems, 588 bell-shaped form, 247 biotic vs. abiotic losControl Technology, 62 attainment, 62 bench-scale testing: biological bioremediatiorBest Available Technology, 61attapulgite: cation exchange backfill design: cutoff walls, systems, 632 biotransfonnation, 5 best management practices, capacity, 191 978 benefit cost ratio, 371 effect on toxic ac424attenuation, 180, 192, 879 backfill placement: cutoff benign tumors, 264 biphenyl: supercriti( "best" remedy, 1001 walls, 981 bentoniteprocesses, 192 oxidation, 529Bhopal, India, 29, 55, 56 backfill: cutoff walls, 978 clay liners, 810 contaminant fate, 181 bipolar membrane: bias: limitations, 253 background conditions: use in cutoff walls, 979 fate of contaminants, 180 electrodialysisbill, 36 remedial objectives, landfill liners, 796, 818 Atterberg limits: stabilization bird populations: DIbinary fission, 571 1008, lOll monitoring wells, 932 tests, 675 birth defects: PCBs,bio-polymer slurry trench, 994, background carcinogenesis, benzene, 117, 395, 710 attorney work product, 323 bis-(chloromethyl)el 995283 combustion characteristics, carcinogenic , attorney-client privilege, 323 bioaccumulation, 868 background information: site 726attribution: audits, 331 bis-(2-chloroethyl)sbioassay: use in ecotoxicology, characterization, 893 stabilization, 658 carcinogenicatypical cells: cancer, 265 288background risk, 838, 863 adequacy of toxicology bis-(2-chloroethyl)~audit planning, 320 bioavailability, 853 baffle systems: biological data, 256 carcinogenicaudit protocol, 327 bioavailable, 870 slurries, 607 biodegraqation, 594 bis-(2-chloromethyaudit team, 320 biochemical oxygen demand, baghouse, 762 biotransformation, 234 cancer, 268audit: waste minimization, 362 559, 568 baghouse dust, 388 carcinogenesis, 274 bis-2-ethyl hexyl ~auditor training, 319 biochemical properties, 868 balanced reaction, 128 combustion constant, 714 843auditors, 325 biochemical reaction: toxic bank loans, 373 EPA 33/50 program, 360 bis-chloromethyl-eauditory, 859 action, 239 bankrupt facilities: epidemiological studies, carcinogenesaudits, 392 biochemistry: use incontaminated sites, 8 253 bitumen: stabilizat at TSDFs, 424 toxicology, 254 banks: audits, 346 heat value, 712 bituminous grout, at TSDFs, 423 bioconcentration, 871barium human exposure data, 253 black lung diseasedefined, 318 bioconcentration factor, 99, cation exchange, 191 in supercritical water, 527 assessment,environmental, 317 292indicator chemical, 878 landfill leachate, 145, 146 Blackburn, Englarmanagement committment, biodegradable substances, 579 priority metals, 761 nomenclature, 85 bladder cancer, 2(320 biodegradation, 194 TCLP,51 sorption in soil, 188 known causes, augers: site investigation, 915 fate of contaminants, 180 landfill leachate, 144 steam stripping, 487 bladder tumors, 2Austria, 65, 66, 71, 72 laboratory studies, 632 barrier layer TCLP,51 blast furnace slag authority: management audits, biodegradation rates: clay liners, 808 toxicity, 245, 251, 300 materials, 6 345 automated respirometry, use in landfills, 793 benzene ring: persistence, 560 blending, 417 auto ignition temperature, 728 633base neutrals, 89 benzenesulfonic acid, 85 blending fuels, 4(automatic cutoff devices, 771 biofilm, 588 base-pair substitution: role in benzidine: carcinogenesis, 274 block diagram: UIbiogeochemical cycling, 294 automatic cutoff: incineration, cancer, 269 benzlyl chloride: combustion 326biogeochemical pathways, 868 772 Basel Convention, 73 characteristics, 726 block displaceme Biokinetics, 572, 578 automobile maintenance baseline conditions, 852 benzo(a)anthrarene: biological barriers, 99biological membranes, 231shops: small quantity baseline ecology, 869 treatment, 609 blockage of AChbiological monitoring, 234 generators, 21 bases: clay liners, 809 benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide: 243biological oxidation-reduction, autonomous growth: role in bass: sublethal effects, 303 carcinogenesis, 268 blood chemistry 194carcinogenesis, 266 batch charge: incineration, 757 benzo(a)pyrene blood pressure, 2 biological response, 293 autonomous nervous system, batch culture, 571 biological treatment, 609 blood-brain barriBiological treatment, 555 242 batch dumps, 390 biotransformed to a toxin, impact on toxaqueous waste treatment, autotrophic: microorganisms, batch feed incinerator, 752 235 Bloom's syndror 410556 batch process, 116, 117 carcinogenesis, 269 blower/Vacuum , conventional, 583, 584 auxiliary fuel, 742, 744 batch processes: biological carcinogenic class, 271 blowers: air poll systems classification, 582 average daily intake, 856, 876 treatment, 590 metabolic activation, 268 765biological uptake avian poisoning, 306 batch reactors, 123 natural carcinogens, 284 blowing debris: contaminant transport, 167avian toxicology, 305, 870 batch sequencing, 392 risk assessment, 866, 875 bluegill sunfish: fate of contaminants, 180 awards: waste minimization, bathing duration, 855 benzo(b)fluoranthrene: body size basis: biomagnification, 100, 294 391 battery-recycling plant, 1014 biological treatment, 609 248biomarker, 235, 247, 291awareness-building, 392 bed-depth service time, 483 benzoic acid, 85
Bed Saddles, 450, 451 Bernoulli equation, 154 beryllium
allergic reactions, 242 carcinogenic class, 271 priority metals, 761
Best Available Pollution Control Technology, 62
Best Available Technology, 61 best management practices,
424 "best" remedy, 1001 Bhopal, India, 29, 55, 56 bias: limitations, 253 bill, 36 binary fission, 571 bio-polymer slurry trench, 994,
995 bioaccumulation, 868 bioassay: use in ecotoxicology,
288 bioavailability, 853 bioavailable, 870 biochemical oxygen demand,
559, 568 biochemical properties, 868 biochemical reaction: toxic
action, 239 biochemistry: use in
toxicology, 254 bioconcentration, 871 bioconcentration factor, 99,
292 biodegradable substances, 579 biodegradation, 194
fate of contaminants, 180 laboratory studies, 632
biodegradation rates: automated respirometry, 633
biofilm, 588 biogeochemical cycling, 294 biogeochemical pathways, 868 Biokinetics, 572, 578 biological membranes, 231 biological monitoring, 234 biological oxidation-reduction,
194 biological response, 293 Biological treatment, 555
aqueous waste treatment, 410
conventional, 583, 584 systems classification, 582
biological uptake contaminant transport, 167 fate of contaminants, 180
biomagnification, 100, 294 biomarker, 235, 247, 291
biomarkers: toxicological end point, 288
biomass, 585 toxicological end point, 288
biomass calculations, 587 biomass recycle, 588 biomass retention time, 569 biotic vs. abiotic losses: in situ
bioremediation, 602 biotransformation, 555, 868
effect on toxic action, 234 biphenyl: supercritical fluid
oxidation, 529 bipolar membrane:
electrodialysis, 532 bird populations: DDT, 4 birth defects: PCBs, 5 bis-(chloromethyI)ether:
carcinogenic class, 271 bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide:
carcinogenic class, 271 bis-(2-chloroethyl)amine:
carcinogenic class, 271 bis-(2-chloromethyl)ether: lung
cancer, 268 bis-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate,
843 bis-chloromethyl-ether:
carcinogenesis, 274 bitumen: stabilization, 663 bituminous grout, 986 black lung disease: risk
assessment, 866 Blackburn, England, 629 bladder cancer, 269
known causes, 274 bladder tumors, 275 blast furnace slag: pozzolanic
materials, 655 blending, 417 blending fuels, 408 block diagram: use in audits,
326 block displacement: horizontal
barriers, 991 blockage of ACh hydrolysis,
243 blood chemistry changes, 298 blood pressure, 248, 250 blood-brain barrier, 231
impact on toxicity, 233 Bloom's syndrome, 266 blower/vacuum unit, 470 blowers: air pollution control,
765 blowing debris: landfills, 798 bluegill sunfish: copper, 298 body size basis: toxic dose,
248
INDEX 1107
body surface area: probability distribution, 874
body weight, 855, 873 probability distribution, 874
boiler and industrial furnace regulations, 736
Boltzmann equation, 96 bomb calorimetry, 711, 737 bone marrow: toxicity, 245 boring log, 949 bottoms, 407 botulinum toxin, 231 Bourdon tube gauges, 772 BP Oil Alliance Refinery: land
treatment, 620 brain damage, 250 brain: toxicity, 245 branched structure: effect on
biodegradation, 559 breakthrough time: vertical
barriers, 972 breakthrough
adsorption, 482 contaminant transport, 164
breast cancer, 268 Bridgeport, New Jersey, 406 British House of Lords, 65 bronchitis, 244 bronchospasm, 56 brook trout: copper, 298 brown bullhead catfish: copper,
298 BTU value: incineration, 758 bubble cap columns: air
pollution, 765 bubblers, 772 bulk density, 675, 676 bulk liquids, 416
transport to TSDFs, 416 bulk liquid treatment, 1004 bulk storage, 756 bulk unit weight, 676 bulk waste storage, 413 bulk waste: incineration, 756 buoyancy: atmospheric
transport, 202 Burkitt's lymphoma, 266 burning time: impact of droplet
size, 739 business development
corporations, 373 butadiene, 84
absorption, 232 butadiene epoxide:
carcinogenic class, 271 butane: combustion constant,
714 butanone, 88
:
1108 INDEX
characterization pricepidemiological studies, butene: combustion calvert collision scrubber, 765 promotion, 267 shipment, 414253characteristics, 726 Canada, 66,70,71, 305 carcinogenic effects:H charcoal broiled stelcaustic baths: classification, 15butyl acetate, 395 cancer extropolation, 254 .! risk assessment, I caustic scrubber, 770 combustion characteristics, arsenic toxicity, 242 carcinogenic PAHs natural carcinoge caustic wastes, 394 726 DDT exposure, 4 biological treatment, 611 charring: supercritic cavitation: liquid incineration, butyl alcohol: combustion defined, 264 degradation rates, 611 oxidation, 528738characteristics, 726 effect of benzene, 251 carcinogenic risk, 861 checklist: audits, 32celery: natural carcinogens, butyl cellosolve: combustion known causes, 274 carcinogenic risk assessment, chelating agents, 23283characteristics, 726 in children, 266 284 cell destruction: toxic action, chelation: mobility
butyl rubber: geomembranes, of the scrotum, 268 carcinogenicity studies, 254 enhancement,239804 risk assessment, 859, 866 carcinogenicity tests: size of cell division, 275, 572 chemfix: stabilizatic
butylated hydroxyanisole: risk in smokers, 268 test groups, 274 Chemical Absttaet : cancer, 265 carcinogenesis, 275 cancer-see also carcinogenic carcinogenicity: testing, 274 Registration tocell growth, 571by-products: source of waste, capital costs, 1029 carcinogens, 264-284, 858
cell membrane, 231, 257 26220 capillary blood flow, 231 effect of exposure route, osomotic rupture, 567 chemical activity, 2capital costs, 365 232 toxic action, 239 activated caroon captive facility, 407 known, 273 toxin receptor, 239 chemical analyses, cadmium hydroxide, 126 carbamates, 301 potential, 273
cell synthesis, 557 chemical compatibicadmium toxicity, 245 carbohydrates, 558 carcinomas, 264 cellular activity: effect of geomembran€cadmium-bearing sludges: carbon adsorption, 476 cardiovascular system, 859
temperature, 565 chemical data: indiwaste compatibility in aqueous waste treatment, carrier gas, 730 cellular differentiation, 860 toxicity, 247storage, 417 410 cartographic layers: geographic cellular dynamics, 280 chemical equilibriu cadmium carbon contactor, 477, 478 information systems, 944 cellular membranes: chemical incompalaccumulation in kidneys, carbon dioxide cascade re-use, 396
pharmacokinetics, 229 cutoff walls,233 combustion constant, 714 case history: GIS, 946 adsorption by zeolites, 811 electron acceptor, 564 Case Law, 36 cement chemical nomenc1l carcinogenic class, 271 incineration, 775 case studies: stabilization, 645, reactions, 653 chemical oxidatior
stabilization, 651 chemical oxidatiOiconcentration in soil, 182 carbon disulfide: combustion 695 cement hydration, 654 520EPA 33/50 program, 360 characteristics, 726 case-control studies, 251, 252 cement kiln dust: pozzolanic chemical oxidatiOlimpact on kidney, 264 carbon monoxide, 63, 775 catabolic enzymes, 559
materials, 655 fate of contalandfill leachate, 144 combustion characteristics, catabolic pathways, 562 cement kilns, 408, 743 chemical plants: topriority metals, 761 726 catabolic process, 557 cement-based: stabilization 18
agents, 652 stabilization, 645, 655 combustion constant, 714 catabolic reactions, 563, 568
chemical productsstabilization agents, 652 incineration, 757, 774, 776 catalase: in situ bioremediation, cement-bentonite cut-off walls, waste, 20
973,983TCLP,51 carbon monoxide emissions, 597
Chemical Release toxic effects, 244 778 catalysis, 557 centrachidae: metal toxicity, chemical-specific
297toxicity, 296 carbon regeneration, 482 catalysts: poisoning, 731
chemical spills, 8,toxicity criteria, 304 carbon source: catalytic incineration, 730 central nervous system, 246, chemical stability
859 calcium alumino-silicate: microorganisms, catastrophe planning: audits,
stabilization, 651 556 319 807 centralized waste treatment calcium deposition: DDT, 4 carbon sources, 570 catastrophic exposure, 251 chemical storage,
facility, 374 calcium hydroxide: carbon tetrachloride Categorical Imperative, 27 chemical structuI1 centrifugal fan, 777 stabilization, 656 damage to liver tissue, 257 catfish: copper, 298 sorbent proper centrifugal separation: calcium hypochlorite, 508 dermal absorption, 232 cation exchange, 186 chemical test melparticulate removal, 761calcium: cation exchange, 191 carbon tetrachloride cation exchange capacity chemical treatme centrifugation: use in solvent calculation of free energy, 513 EPA 33/50 program, 360 clay liners, 810 pretreatmel1
recovery, 407 calculation procedure: steam stripping, 487 clay minerals, 191 biological,CERCLA,54non-carcinogenic risk, TCLP,51 fate of contaminants, 190 chemical waste, ICERCLA-see also Superfund 263 toxicity, 245 cation exchange membranes, term for hazarCERCLA: remediation, 963 calculation: carcinogenic risk, vertical barriers, 972 530 chemical-receptoCERCUS, 23 861 carbon: combustion constant, cation exchange selectivity, effect on 11ceruloplasmin, 296 calibration of models, 852 714 191 234cesium: cation exchange, 191calibration carbonate: stabilization, 650 cation selective membrane: chemicals and alchabazite: landfill liners, 822 ground water model, 178 carbonless paper: PCBs, 5 electrodialysis, 532 industry: g chalk deposits: surface water instrumentation, 772 carcinogen potency factor, causal association: toxicity, NJ and PAcontrol, 967 California business plan, 347 278, 279 252 chemistry, 81chalk: seismic velocition, 908 caliper: borehole geophysics, carcinogen potency factor-see causal relationship: chemistry advanchannel flow, 147914 slope factor carcinogens, 273 policy, 8 characteristics: waste, 49 caloric levels, 758 carcinogenesis, 265, 268 cause and effect relationship:
epidemiological studies, 253
caustic baths: classification, 15 caustic scrubber, 770 caustic wastes, 394 cavitation: liquid incineration,
738 celery: natural carcinogens,
283 cell destruction: toxic action,
239 celJ division, 275, 572
cancer, 265 cell growth, 571 cell membrane, 231, 257
osomotic rupture, 567 toxic action, 239 toxin receptor, 239
cell synthesis, 557 cellular activity: effect of
temperature, 565 cellular differentiation, 860 cellular dynamics, 280 cellular membranes:
pharmacokinetics, 229 cement
reactions, 653 stabilization, 651
cement hydration, 654 cement kiln dust: pozzolanic
materials, 655 cement kilns, 408, 743 cement-based: stabilization
agents, 652 cement-bentonite cut-off walls,
973, 983 centrachidae: metal toxicity,
297 central nervous system, 246,
859 centralized waste treatment
facility, 374 centrifugal fan, 777 centrifugal separation:
particulate removal, 761 centrifugation: use in solvent
recovery, 407 CERCLA,54 CERCLA-see also Superfund CERCLA: remediation, 963 CERCUS, 23 ceruloplasmin, 296 cesium: cation exchange, 191 chabazite: landfill liners, 822 chalk deposits: surface water
control, 967 chalk: seismic velocition, 908 channel flow, 147 characteristics: waste, 49
characterization prior to shipment, 414
charcoal broiled steaks risk assessment, 866 natural carcinogens, 284
charring: supercritical water oxidation, 528
checklist: audits, 328 chelating agents, 231, 297 chelation: mobility
enhancement, 197 chemfix: stabilization, 645 Chemical Abstract Service
Registration Number, 262
chemical activity, 285 activated carbon, 479
chemical analyses, 50, 414 chemical compatibility:
geomembranes, 803 chemical data: indicator of
toxicity, 247 chemical equilibrium, 114 chemical incompatibility:
cutoff walls, 982 chemical nomenclature, 81 chemical oxidation, 506 chemical oxidation of cyanide,
520 chemical oxidation-reduction:
fate of contaminants, 180 chemical plants: New Jersey,
18 chemical products: source of
waste, 20 Chemical Release Report, 321 chemical-specific ARARs, 58 chemical spills, 846 chemical stability: geotextiles,
807 chemical storage, 391 chemical structure, 81
sorbent properties, 187 chemical test methods, 674 chemical treatment:
pretreatment for biological, 585
chemical waste, 68 term for hazardOUS waste, 1
chemical-receptor complex: effect on toxic action, 234
chemicals and allied products industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18
chemistry, 81 chemistry advances: impact on
policy, 8
INDEX 1109
chemolithotrophic: microorganisms, 556
children: impact of toxicity, 260
chlordane, 90, 91 chlordane production: waste
classification, 12 chlordane
physicochemical parameters, 292
sublethal effects, 303 TCLP,51
chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons
biodegradation, 631 F-wastes, 13
chlorinated aliphatics: biodegradation, 562
chlorinated aromatic compounds: biodegradeability, 559
chlorinated dioxins, 280 chlorinated hydrocarbons:
anaerobic treatment, 591 chlorinated organic
compounds: toxic effects, 244
chlorinated pesticides, 89 chlorinated polyethylene:
.geomembranes, 804 chlorinated solvent, 336, 391 chlorinated VOCs: chemical
oxidation, 506 chlorinated water: risk
assessment, 866 chlorine, 519 chlorine dioxide, 519
chemical oxidation, 509 chlorine emissions:
incineration, 776 chlorine equilibria:
combustion, 716 chlorine
chemical oxidation, 509 incineration, 744
chlorobenzene, 85, 710, 843, 856
combustion characteristics, 726
landfill leachate, 145 steam stripping, 487 TCLP, 51 toxicity, 300
chlorobenzoate: biodegradation, 561
chloroethane: steam stripping, 487
chlorofluorocarbon, 381
I
1110 INDEX
chlorofonn, 843, 861 EPA 33/50 program, 360 landfill leachate, 145 phannacokinetic modeling,
237 risk assessment, 866 steam stripping, 487 TCLP,51
chlorophenol: adsorption by organophilic clays, 658
chlorophyll damage, 305 chlorophyta: metal toxicity,
297 chloroquine: toxicity, 245 chlorosis, 305 Chlorosulphonated
polyethylene: geomembranes, 804
chlorpyrifos: physicochemical parameters, 292
chlorine: combustion release, 709
chrome reduction: aqueous waste treatment, 409
chromium, 393 allergic reactions, 242 chemical reduction, 509 effect of exposure route,
232 EPA 33/50 program, 360 impact on kidney, 264 land treatment, 618 landfill leachate, 144 oxidation states, 193 priority metals, 761 reduction, 192 stabilization, 645, 655 stabilization agents, 652 TCLP,51 toxic effects, 244 toxicity criteria, 304 use of RID, 264
chromium(VI): carcinogenic class, 271
chromium, hexavalent: carcinogenesis, 274
chromosome breaks: role in cancer, 269
chromosomes, 244 role in cancer, 269
chronic daily intake, 855, 862 chronic effects
history, 4 toxicological profiles, 263
chronic exposure, 237, 860 chronic health hazard, 840 chronic illness, 245 chronic studies, 298 chronic toxicity tests, 291
chronic risk, 866 uncertainty factor, 260
chrysophyta: metal toxicity, 297
cigarette smoking, 839, 1110 cirrhosis: risk assessment, 866 cis-l,2-difluorobutene, 84 citizen suits, 44 civil law, 37 civil penalties, 48, 321 class A carcinogens, 859 class B2 carcinogens, 859 classes of carcinogens, 273 classification of biological
treatment systems, 582 classification of mineral grains
in soil, 182 classification of toxic actions,
243 classification of treatment
systems, 582 classification system, 15 clastogenic effects
(chromosome breaks), 276
clay, 181 clay liner: landfills, 795 clay-water-electrolyte system:
clay liners, 810 clay
cation exchange capacity, 190
cutoff walls, 979 hydraulic conductivity, 160 seismic velocition, 908 soil classification, 182 resistivity, 906
Clean Air Act, 62, 706 Clean Air Act Amendments
384, 706 ' Clean Harbors, Inc., 434 Clean Water Act, 61, 302 clean-up program, 67 cleaning frequency, 392 cleaning materials, 386, 388 cleaning operations, 391, 396 cleanup of process equipment:
source of waste, 20 cleanup program, 54 cleanup standards: use of risk
assessment, 840 clinical chemistry data:
indicator of toxicity, 247 clods: clay liners, 808 closed system, 102 closure, 425, 826
remediation example, 1004 closure costs, 425
closure plan, 425 closure requirements: in
pennits, 441 co-carcinogens, 272 co-solvation: fate of
contaminants, 180 coal gasification wastes:
anaerobic treatment, S91 coal mine: risk assessment,
866 coal tar: composting, 627 coal: pulverized, 741 coarse sand: retention capacity
for fuels, 186 cobalt: essential element, 29S Code of Federal Regulations,
40 codeine sulfate, 231 codes of conduct: corporate,
29 codes of ethics, 26, 29 coefficient of penneability,
540 coefficient of water
penneation, 540 cohesion: slope stability, 824 cohesionless soils: slope
stability, 824 cohesive soils: slope stability,
825 cohort studies, 251 collection and transport, 70 collision diameter, 96 collision integral, 96 column tests: adsorption, 482 combustion processes:
atmospheric transport, 202
combustion, 113, 706, 711 combustion air, 740, 742, 749,
757 combustion calculation, 707,
719 combustion characteristics:
fuels, 713 combustion efficiency, 725,
773,775 combustion gas flow, 777 combustion products, 737 combustion reactions, 707 combustion temperature, 742 combustion-see also
incineration combustors(burners), 741 cometabolism, 561, 562, 579 cometabolism: contaminant
transport, 167 cometabolite, 562
aeration teetTi...commercial facilities % waste composting degr8dIdIhandled, 16
626waste generation, 18 Comprehensive Env., commercial facility, 407
Compensation ·1commercial hazardous waste Liability Act-.industry, 406 Superfund
common law, 37 compressibility: slllli common risks, 838
tests, 675Commons, The Tragedy of compressors, 469TLC, 28 computer search: leicommunication skills: audits,
41325 concentration gradiccommunication contaminant tJ;
risk, 867 166site remediation, 1002 cOIlCentration polari:communications industry:
membrane p1'Clgeneration in NJ and PA, 54318 concept design: rescommunications: management alternatives, 1
audits, 345 conceptual layout: community, 286
alternatives. 1community concerns, 11 conception: impact community participation, 58
260Community Right-To-Know, concordant animal55 concrete sweating. community type: toxicological condenser: steam Iend point, 288
489community: role in siting, 435 conditioning: pretrcompacted clay: liner biological, 5effectiveness, 817 conductivity sensecompacted clays: landfill conductivityliners, 807
clay liners, 81~compaction, 808 site characteriz comparative negligence, 38
cone penetromete' compatibility chart for storage, confidence in go\'418 confidentiality, ~ compatibility of waste, 417,
audits, 322, 33789 confined aquifier, compatibility: clay liners, 813
confining layer, 1competitive advantage, 359 confining stress: complete carcinogens, 269,
penneabili~276 conflict among ncomplete mixing, 582
theories, 2~completeness review, 443 conflict of intel'elcomplexation management Icontaminant transport, 167
Code of Ethicfate of contaminants, 180 confounding fae mobility enhancement, 197
limitations,compliance, 47, 345 congeners, 272life cycle evaluation, 383 coning: plume ~ compliance at TSDFs, 424
pattern, 20compliance audits, 318 conjugating agelcompliance history, 326
toxic actiocomponent diagram: remedial consequences 01alternatives, 1021 consequentialistcomposite cut-off walls, 973,
27988,989 conservative as:composite liners: landfills, 796
in remedi j composting, 615, 624
commercial facilities % waste handled, 16
waste generation, 18 commercial facility, 407 commercial hazardous waste
industry, 406 common law, 37 common risks, 838 Commons, The Tragedy of
TLC,28 communication skills: audits,
325 communication
risk, 867 site remediation, 1002
communications industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18
communications: management audits, 345
community, 286 community concerns, 11 community participation, 58 Community Right-To-Know,
55 community type: toxicological
end point, 288 community: role in siting, 435 compacted clay: liner
effectiveness, 817 compacted clays: landfill
liners, 807 compaction, 808 comparative negligence, 38 compatibility chart for storage,
418 compatibility of waste, 417,
789 compatibility: clay liners, 813 competitive advantage, 359 complete carcinogens, 269,
276 complete mixing, 582 completeness review, 443 complexation
contaminant transport, 167 fate of contaminants, 180 mobility enhancement, 197
compliance, 47, 345 life cycle evaluation, 383
compliance at TSDFs, 424 compliance audits, 318 compliance history, 326 component diagram: remedial
alternatives, 1021 composite cut-off walls, 973,
988,989 composite liners: landfills, 796
j composting, 615, 624
aeration techniques, 624 composting degradation rate,
626 Comprehensive Env. Response
Compensation and Liability Act-see Superfund
compressibility: stabilization tests, 675
compressors, 469 computer search: regulations,
41 concentration gradient:
contaminant transport, 166
concentration polarization: membrane processes, 543
concept design: remedial alternatives, 1021
conceptual layout: remedial alternatives, 1021
conception: impact of toxicity, 260
concordant animal data, 276 concrete sweating, 391 condenser: steam stripping,
489 conditioning: pretreatment for
biological, 585 conductivity sensors, 772 conductivity
clay liners, 813 site characterization, 908
cone penetrometer test, 920 confidence in government, 434 confidentiality, 344
audits, 322, 331 confined aquifier, 934 confining layer, 147 confining stress: triaxial
permeability, 685 conflict among rules: ethical
theories, 26 conflict of interest
management audits, 345 Code of Ethics, 30
confounding factors: limitations, 253
congeners, 272 coning: plume diffusion
pattern, 205 conjugating agents: effect on
toxic action, 234 consequences of action, 26 consequentialist ethical theory,
27 conservative assumptions: use
in remedial objectives,
INDEX 1111
1010 conservation of energy, 102 conservation of mass, 102 conservatism: estimated risk,
873 conservative perspective: risk
assessment, 864 consistency: audits, 329 consolidation: use in
stabilization, 683 consolidometer: cutoff walls,
980 constant head boundaries:
finite difference method, 176
Constitution: U.S., 43 constructability
landfills, 825 remedial alternatives, 1026
construction costs, 1029 construction scenario: risk
assessment, 851 construction
cutoff walls, 980 landfills, 825
consumer boycotts, 361 container residue: source of
waste, 20 container unloading, 412 containerized liquids: transport
to TSDFs, 416 containerized waste:
incineration, 756 containerized: liquid wastes, 2 containers, 756
storage, 338 containment, 963-1000
remedial alternatives, 1023, 1024
cutoff walls, 978 storage areas, 338
containment plume: vertical barrier, 968
contaminant level: remediation objectives, 1012
contingency: in cost estimates, 1028
contaminant intake calculation, 855
contaminant migration, 846 through compacted clay,
817 contaminant release, 135, 846
mechanisms, 849 contaminant transport, 133,
167, 169 landfills, 795 liners, 812 vertical barriers, 968
I
:
:
I
:
,
1112 INDEX
contaminants of interest: site characterization, 893
contaminated runoff, 965 contaminated sites, 22
New Jersey, 24 contaminated soil, 758, 780
pre-treatment at TSDF, 419 transport to TSDFs, 416 758 incineration, 756 soil vapor extraction. 461
content: clay liners, 808 contingency: in cost estimates,
1028 contingency plan, 52, 338, 347
in permits, 441 continuity equation, 152, 170 continuous flow reaction, 123 continuous flow stirred tank
reactor, 123 continuous-flow system, 582,
585 continuous process, 116 continuous source: contaminant
transport, 164 contours
ground water, 945, 954 topographic, 945
contribution, 39 contributory negligence, 38 control systems, 774
fish toxicity, 296 land treatment, 618 landfill leachate, 144 removal in clay liners, 811 stabilization, 645, 655 toxicity, 297 toxicity criteria, 304
corporate codes of conduct, 29 corrective action, 47, 343 correlations among variables:
risk assessment, 873 correlations: limitations, 253 corrosion storage tanks, 755 corrosion: steam stripping, 506 corrosive, 49 corrosive agents
dermal absorption, 232 toxicity, 246
corrosive wastes, 50 corrosiveness: characteristics,
12 cosmic rays, 284 cosolvation: fate of
contaminants, 196 cost accounting, 392 cost estimate
site characterization, 894 site investigation, 903, 904
cost recovery, 54 cost
remedial alternatives, 1027,
creosote oil: biological slunies, 608
creosote waste: stabilization, 645
cresol m- or p-: combustion characteristics, 726
indicator chemical, 878 TCLP.51 anaerobic treatment, 591
Criner. Oklahoma, 1004 cresyI phosphate: toxicity, 246 criminal law, 37 criminal violations, 47 criteria combination method of
siting, 429 criteria pollutants, 62 criteria
siting, 428, 430 environmental and health,
261 water quality, 302
criterion, defined, 430 critical constants: table, 523 critical point, 522 cross-sectional studies, 251
toxicity, 252 crotonaldehyde: combustion
characteristics, 726 crustaceans: metal toxicity,
297 curing time: cement reactions,
toxicity, 245 use of RID, 264 waste compatibility in
storage, 417 stabilization agents, 652
cyano group: persistence, 560 cycasin: carcinogenic class,
271 cyclamate: carcinogenesis, 275 cycle, thermodynamic, 108 cyclohexane, 128
combustion characteristics, 726
supercritical fluid oxidation, 529
cyclohexanone: combustion characteristics, 726
cyclones: particulate removal, 761
cyclopropane: combustion characteristics, 726
cyhexatin: physicochemical parameters, 292
cymene: combustion characteristics, 726
cyprinidae: metal toxicity, 297 cytochrome, 293 Cytoxan (endoxan):
carcinogenic class, 271
physicochemical parameters, 2
sublethal effects supercritical ftui
529 lethal dose, 247
de-ionized water, : death phase: cell g death: toxicologic~
288 Dechema series, 4' dechlorinating bac
562 dechlorination, 5()l decision makers:
assessment, decision making, I
remedial action decision making p
assessment, product life cy(
decision quality: assessment,
decontamination c decreased 1Q, 250 deed restrictions, d ~p soil-mixed v
986 deep well injectio deep-sea squid: D defense mechanis
control risk, 866 risk perception, II
controlled air incinerator, 751 controlled releases, 135, 141 controls: limitations, 253 conventional biological
treatment, 582, 583 conventional liquid-phase
treatment, 583, 584 coolers and condensers: air
pollution control, 767 cooling flue gases, 760 cooling water, 387, 391 cooling: acid recovery, 407 copper carbonate complexes:
toxicity, 297 copper hydroxides: toxicity,
297 copper smelter
risk assessment, 865 toxicity, 252
copper cation exchange capacity,
191 chemical reduction, 509 distribution, 298 essential element, 295
1029 use in developing
alternatives, 1016 use in selecting alternatives,
1022 waste disposal, 358
cost-effectiveness, 57 cost-effectiveness analysis. 371 cottonseed oil: combustion
characteristics, 726 coupled flow, 161 court decisions, 37 covalent bonds, 101 cover system performance:
landfills, 800 cover systems: landfills, 797 crabs
relative toxicities, 302 sublethal effects. 303
cradle-to-grave, 7, 16, 44. 52, 59
credible scenario, 863 credible worst-case, 864 creep resistance: geotextiles,
807 creosote, 780
land treatment, 615 waste classification, 12
653 current density, 537 current efficiency, 537 current reversal:
electrodialysis, 544
current site conditions: use in remedial objectives, 1010
currently generated waste, 7 currently operating TSD
facilities: cleanup programs, 23
cutoff wall, 969 cement, 983 clay, 979 vibrating beams, 984
cutting oils: classification, 15 cyanide baths in metal plating,
391 cyanide destruction, 409, 519 cyanide
chemical oxidation, 506, 509
early episode, 8 EPA 33/50 program, 360 landfill leachate, 144 toxic mechanism, 242
0006, 13 daily cover, 789, 790 dairy products: PBBs, 5 dampers, 772 Darcy's experiment: finite
difference solution, 176 Darcy's law, 149 data collection: risk
assessment, 852 data logging, 771 data sensitivity, 896 database search: regulations,
41 database tracking: use in
audits, 334 databases: toxicological, 261 datum: Darcy's experiment,
155 DCE: dehalogenation, 565 DDD,90
biomagnification, 293 DDE biotransformation end
product, 235 DDT, 89 91, 301
biotransformed to a toxin, 235
history, 4
233 deficiencies
risk assessmen storage, 338
defining the prob assessment,
defining altemati' definition: hazard
71 international, ~
degradation, 879 degradation kine!
treatment, ( degradation of 01
556 degradation prod degradation rate
575 degradation: lan(
620 degreaser: waste
in storage, degreasing: F-Wl
degree of hazm degree of toxic degrees of freed dehalogenation:
biodegrad:
toxicity, 245 use of RID, 264 waste compatibility in
storage, 417 stabilization agents, 652
cyano group: persistence, 560 cycasin: carcinogenic class,
271 cyclamate: carcinogenesis, 275 cycle, thermodynamic, 108 cyclohexane, 128
combustion characteristics, 726
supercritical fluid oxidation, 529
cyclohexanone:. combustion characteristics, 726
cyclones: particulate removal, 761
cyclopropane: combustion characteristics, 726
cyhexatin: physicochemical parameters, 292
cymene: combustion characteristics, 726
cyprinidae: metal toxicity, 297 cytochrome, 293 Cytoxan (endoxan):
carcinogenic class, 271
D006, 13 daily cover, 789, 790 dairy products: PBBs, 5 dampers, 772 Darcy's experiment: finite
difference solution, 176 Darcy's law, 149 data collection: risk
assessment, 852 data logging, 771 data sensitivity, 896 database search: regulations,
41 database tracking: use in
audits, 334 databases: toxicological, 261 datum: Darcy's experiment,
155 DeE: dehalogenation, 565 DDD,90
biomagnification, 293 DDE biotransformation end
product, 235 DDT, 89 91, 301
biotransformed to a toxin, 235
history, 4
physicochemical parameters, 292
sublethal effects, 303 supercritical fluid oxidation,
529 lethal dose, 247
de-ionized water, 396 death phase: cell growth, 571 death: toxicological end point,
288 Dechema series, 492 dechlorinating bacterium, 561,
562 dechlorination, 564 decision makers: risk
assessment, 864 decision making, 839
remedial action, 1001 decision making process: risk
assessment, 867 product life cycle, 25
decision quality: risk assessment, 867
decontamination of trucks, 416 decreased IQ, 250 deed restrictions, 851 d ~p soil-mixed walls, 973,
986 deep well injection, 411, 828 deep-sea squid: DDT, 4 defense mechanisms: storage,
233 deficiencies
risk assessment, 864 storage, 338
defining the problem: risk assessment, 867
defining alternatives, 1019 definition: hazardous waste, I,
71 international, 71
degradation, 879 degradation kinetics: land
treatment, 622 degradation of organic waste,
556 degradation products, 844, 849 degradation rate constant, 574,
575 degradation: land treatment,
620 degreaser: waste compatibility
in storage, 417 degreasing: F-wastes, 12 degree of hazard, 13, 70 degree of toxic effect, 248 degrees of freedom, 116, 524 dehalogenation:
biodegradation,
INDEX 1113
559 dehydration: fuel blending,
408 delayed effects: toxicity, 245 delayed toxic reactions, 245 demographic information: risk
assessment, 850 Denmark, 65, 66, 68, 70-72 Denmark: cleanup programs,
72 dense non-aqueous phase
liquids, 170, 982, 463, 990
density of microbial colonies. 604
density stratification: contaminant transport, 167
density: supercritical fluids, 525
deoxyribonucleic acid-see DNA
Department of Defense: cleanup programs, 23
Department of Energy: cleanup programs, 23
dependent variables, 874 deposition of dust, 853 deposition: atmospheric
transport, 214 deregulation, 55 dermal contact, 232, 853, 861 dermatitis, 244 desiccation: cutoff walls, 982 design considerations
adsorption, 481 air stripping, 456 incineration, 743, 760
design life, 368 design: remedial alternatives,
1021 desorption, 604
biological slurries, 605, 607 fate of contaminants, 184 transport through
geomembranes, 814 destruction and removal
efficiency, 709, 753, 778 detailed instruction checklist:
audit protocol, 329 detectable: risk, 866 detection limits: risk
assessment, 864 detection: impact on policy, 8 detention time, 569 deterministic methods: risk
assessment, 872 detoxification mechanisms,
275
, I'
1114 INDEX
212waste classification, 12detoxification of aqueous dichlorophenol: adsorption by dimethyl phthalate, 87 draft permit, 442waste compatibility in
wastes, 408 organophilic clays, 658 reverse osmosis, 534 dragout, 386 storage, 417 detoxification: stabilization, dieldrin, 91, 30I dimethylnitrosamine: drain boards. 386distillation column, 128
650 physicochemical carcinogenic class, 271 drain tile collection distillation method: waste oil developed countries, 65 parameters, 292 dinitrotolulene 993refining, 407 developer: role in siting, 435 dielectric constant: in toxicity, 300 drainage: geotextile distillation residue developing countries, 72 supercritical water, 526 TCLP,51 DRE: permit requwF-wastes, 12development, 291 diesel fuel: retention capacity dioxane: combustion
classification, 15 drilling methods, 91 development of human of various soil types, 186 characteristics, 726
distillation: steam stripping, in situ tests, 918 embryo, 266 diet soda: risk assessment, 866 dioxin, 272, 778
488 site investigatio~ developmental anomalies, 30 I diet biodegradation, 630
distribution coefficient, 528 drills, 424 developmental effects: factor in toxicity, 252 carcinogenesis, 270
liner effectiveness, 814 drinking water riskimpact on toxicity, 246 history, 4 classification of toxins, retardation factor, 199 remediation ediethyl selenide: combustion lethal dose, 247 245 sorption, 187 1006characteristics, 726 Love Canal, 6 developmental exposures RID: distribution drinking water weidiethylnitrosamine: species toxicity, 255 impact of toxicity, 260 impact on toxicity, 233 assessment, 8 carcinogenic class, 271 Times Beach, 7 developmental toxicity, 859 pharmacokinetics, 228 drip pans, 338diethylstilbestrol: toxicity, 255 dewatering: aqueous waste disulfoton: sublethal effects, drip tanks, 386carcinogenesis, dioxins: stabilization, 645treatment, 410 303 droplet size 274 diphenylnitrosamine, 87cutoff walls, 978 diurnal sequence, 205 liquid incinerati dieting: release of stored direct blue 6: carcinogenicvertical barriers, 967 diversity, 869 liquid injection substance, 233 class, 271dextrose: supercritical fluid DNA,558 739differential balances, 116 direct contact: risk assessment, oxidation, 529 reparr, 266, 276, 283 drum storage, 391differentiation: role in 870diamino groups: persistence, synthesis, 276 drum unloading &promotional cancer, 267 disbenefits, 371560 target of carcinogens, 265 drum-reconditionildiffusion, 166, 847 discretionary siting criteria, diaphragm cut-off walls, 973, toxicity tests, 276 diffusion coefficient, 95 430 waste comp:984 toxin receptor, 239 use in transfer rate, 450 disk harrow: land treatment, storage, 417 diaphragms, 772 DNA mutations: effect on vadose zone, 464 615 drumsdiatomaceous earth, 532 carcinogensis. 266
diffusion coefficient-see also dispersion, 846 opening, 421document review: audits, 333, diatoms: metal toxicity, 297 Appendix A dispersion analysis, 769 incineration, 7:diazinon, 91, 30 I 341diffusion dispersion in impoundments: storage, 338dibenz(a,h)acridine: documentation, 334 clay liners, 813 tidal currents, 845 dry cleaners: smamanagement audits, 345 carcinogenic class, 271 contaminant transport, 166, dispersion generators.dosage and intake: risk dibenz(a,h)anthracene: 167 atmospheric, 201 dry lime injectiOiassessment, 855 carcinogenic class, 271 fate of contaminants, 183, atmospheric transport, 201, removal, 7~dibenzofurans: biodegradation, dose, 247 184 202 maximum tolerated, 255 dry scrubber, 762630 landfill liners, 796 contaminant transport, 163, dose fractionalization, 238 acid gas remo'dibrom: sublethal effects, 303 liner effectiveness, 812 165, 167 dose of toxin, 248 dry storage areas dichloroethylene: landfill pharmacokinetics, 230 fate and transport, 199 dose-effect relationship, 248 drying: stabilizati leachate, 145 soil vapor extraction, 462 dispersivity: in situ dose-mortality curve, 289 due diligence. 31dichlorethane, 88 transport through bioremediation, 601 dose-response model: due diligence au!dichlorobenzene geomembranes, 814 disposal facilities, 52, 405, 406 linearized multistage, DuPont, 358combustion characteristics, diffusive flow: vertical barriers. contaminated sites, 9
860 DuPont's Charnt 726 972 disposal needs: remedial dose-response relationships, 586landfill leachate, 145 diffusive transport, 167 alternatives, 1021
246, 276, 858 durability test: 51TCLP,51 diffusivities: supercritical disposal options, 840 classification of toxins, 244 688toxicity, 300 fluids, 525 disposal: remediation example, extrapolation, 254, 261 durability: geotedichloroethane, 843 digestive system, 296 1004
dosimetry, 275 durable goods iTindicator chemical, 878 dilatometer test, 921, 923 dissolution channels: in situ double-bonded carbons: waste genElandfill leachate, 145 dilution bioremediation, 601
persistence, 560 duration of expcTCLP,51 contaminant transport, 163 dissolution: fate and down fired combustor, 742 dichloroethylene stabilization, 692 contaminants, 180, 197 dursban: subleth downgradient wall: vertical combustion characteristics, dimethyl amine: persistence, dissolved air flotation, 396 dust: deposition
barrier, 968 726 560 dissolved solids: effect on dye studies, 388downwash: atmospheric TCLP,51 dimethyl formamide: biodegradation, 567 dyes, 393dispersion, 213 dichloromethane combustion distillation, 395, 407 dyestuff: clas5if downwind receptors: EPA 33/50 program, 360 characteristics, distillation bottoms Dynamic Leach atmospheric dispersion,
landfill leachate, 145 726 fuel blending, 408
waste classification, 12 waste compatibility in
storage, 417 distillation column, 128 distillation method: waste oil
refining, 407 distillation residue
F-wastes, 12 classification, 15
distillation: steam stripping, 488
distribution coefficient, 528 liner effectiveness, 814 retardation factor, 199 sorption, 187
distribution impact on toxicity, 233 pharmacokinetics, 228
disulfoton: sublethal effects, 303
diurnal sequence, 205 diversity, 869 DNA, 558
repair, 266, 276, 283 synthesis, 276 target of carcinogens, 265 toxicity tests, 276 toxin receptor, 239
DNA mutations: effect on carcinogensis, 266
document review: audits, 333, 341
documentation, 334 management audits, 345
dosage and intake: risk assessment, 855
dose, 247 maximum tolerated, 255
dose fractionalization, 238 dose of toxin, 248 dose-effect relationship, 248 dose-mortality curve, 289 dose-response model:
linearized multistage, 860
dose-response relationships, 246, 276, 858
classification of toxins, 244 extrapolation, 254, 261
dosimetry, 275 double-bonded carbons:
persistence, 560 down fired combustor, 742 downgradient wall: vertical
barrier, 968 downwash: atmospheric
dispersion, 213 downwind receptors:
atmospheric dispersion,
212 draft permit, 442 dragout, 386 drain boards, 386 drain tile collection systems,
993 drainage: geotextiles, 806 DRE: permit requirement, 441 drilling methods, 915
in situ tests, 918 site investigation, 914
drills, 424 drinking water risks:
remediation example, 1006
drinking water wells: risk assessment, 852
drip pans, 338 drip tanks, 386 droplet size
liquid incineration, 739 liquid injection incineration,
739 drum storage, 391, 756 drum unloading & storage, 413 drum-reconditioning waste:
waste compatibility in storage, 417
drums opening, 421 incineration, 756 storage, 338
dry cleaners: small quantity generators, 21
dry lime injection: acid gas removal, 762
dry scrubber, 762 acid gas removal, 762
dry storage areas, 756 drying: stabilization, 667 due diligence, 319 due diligence audit, 351 DuPont, 358 DuPont's Chambers Works,
586 durability test: stabilization,
688 durability: geotextiles, 807 durable goods manufacture:
waste generation, 20 duration of exposure, 853 dursban: sublethal effects, 303 dust: deposition, 214 dye studies, 388 dyes, 393 dyestuff: classification, 15 Dynamic Leach Test, 672
INDEX 1115
E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. see DuPont
Earth Day, 28 earthworms: land treatment,
616 ecological effects, 868 ecological exposure
assessment, 870 ecological risk, 868 ecological risk characterization,
872 econometric model, 366 economic analysis, 365 economic factors, 9 economics of waste
management, 391 ecosystem function, 868 ecosystem response, 868 ecosystems, 285
risk assessment, 869 ecotoxicity, 285
risk assessment, 870 ecotoxicology, 284, 868, 869 ectroplating operations:
D-waste,13 education program, 391 educational institutions: small
quantity generators, 21 effect of exposure route, 232 effective diffusion coefficient:
liner effectiveness, 813 effective diffusivity: use in
stabilization, 686 effective dose, 229 effective stack height: ground
level concentration, 211 effective stress: aquifer, 161 effectiveness: use in selecting
alternatives, 1022, 1023 effluent limitations, 61 egg products: PBBs, 5 egg shells: DDT, 4 elasticized polyolefin:
geomembranes, 804 electric arc furnace dust, 19 electrical and electronic
machinery industry: generation in NJ and PAPA,18
electrical and gas services industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18
electrical attraction, 101 activated carbon, 479
electrode potential, 510 electrodialysis, 530, 537
design restrictions, 543 use in metal recovery, 408
,
1116 INDEX
electrokinetic soil endangered species: risk Environmental Manager, 330 decontamination, 996 assessment, 869 environmental monitoring, 424
electromagnetic conductivity: Endangerment Assessment environmental plans: use in site characterization, 908 Handbook, 840 audits, 326
electrostatic forces: sorption in endogeneous decay constant, environmental risk soils, 186 575 audits, 344
electron acceptor, 557, 563 endogenous decay, 586 remedial alternatives, 1027 electrophoretic paints: endogenous phase: cell growth, enzyme activity: effects of
ultrafiltration, 537 571 temperature, 565 electroplating, 386 endogenous respiration, 572 enzyme production: biological
waste compatibility in endrin, 51 treatment, 579 storage, 417 energy balance, 102 enzyme systems: effects of
electrodialysis, 530 energy costs, 366 temperature, 565 operations D-waste, 13 energy coupling cycle, 558 enzyme/substrate complexes, reverse osmosis, 534 energy dispersive microscopy: 557 rinse water classification, 15 use in stabilization, 678 enzymesF-wastes, 12 energy of formation, 121 non-carcinogens, 257
electrostatic precipitator, 762 energy potential, 154 role in progression, 267 particulate removal, 761 energy recovery: supercritical EP Toxicity Test, 50
electrowinning: use in metal fluid oxidation, 522 EPA acceptable risks, 865 recovery, 408 energy source: EPA approach, 859
elevation head, 155 microorganisms, EPA identification numbers, 50 elimination kinetics, 238 556 EPA IRIS database, 260 elimination: pharmacokinetics, energy: Gibbs free energy, 114 EPA Method 9090, 805
228 ENFLEX/lNFO,41 EPA's 33/50 program, 360 ellimination: effect on toxic enforcement, 47 EPA
action, 234 enforcement ability: role in enforcement, 47 embryo, 245 public opposition, 434 Office of Solid Waste, 44
development in human, 265 engineering design: remedial risk assessment, 839 emergency condition: alternatives, 1021
target risks, 866 incineration, 753 engineering profession: Code epidemiologic studies, 250, emergency control systems, of Ethics, 30
859774 engineering property tests, 675 epidemiological data, 273 emergency coordinator, 424 enthalpy, 107, 121 epidemiological investigations, emergency plan, 424 enthalpy of combustion gases,
268emergency planning: at 721 epidemiological studies, 252, TSDFs,421 entrainment separator, 768
282emergency procedures, 392 air pollution control, 767 limitations, 253 emergency responses: audits, entrainment: atmospheric
epigenetic, 268, 280 334 transport, 201 epigenetic carcinogens, 269 eminent domain: use in siting, entropy, 108, 121 epithelial cells: 437 environmental audit, 317
emission control dust: environmental characteristics, pharmacokinetics, 229classification, 15 841
emission factor, 140 environmental compliance epithelial linings: emission monitors, 773 audit, 322 pharmacokinetics, 229 emission rate: atmospheric environmental consequences: epithelium, 275
dispersion, 211 product life cycle, 25 epoxides emissions: risk basis, 778 environmental consulting carcinogenic class, 271 emphysema, 56 market, 3 persistence, 560 employee participation, 392 environmental ethics, 25, 28 toxicity, 246 employee training records, 343 Environmental Health Criteria, equalization, 569 enclosed reactor system: 261 pretreatment for biological,
composting, 626 environmental impact, 376 585 enclosure: land treatment, 618 remedial alternatives, 1021 equation of continuity, 152, end point, 243, 247 environmental journalism, 7 170
: ecotoxicology, 287 environmental law: U.S., 35 equation of state, 106 end products: process environmental management: equilibrium, 104, 115
modifications, 386 future, 25 air stripping, 455
equilibrium constant, 114, 115, ethyl formarc:" charac~120
ethyl isopropyl ...combustion, 716 Equilibrium Leach Test, 672 ethyl lactate: com'"
characteri_equilibrium state, 104
ethyl nitrite: comIIIIiequipment breakdown reports, characteristiali
392 ethyl parathion: sub equipment changes, 365 effects, 303 ,~ equipment costs, 1029 . ethyl propyl ethetdequipment needs: remedial ethylbenzene~ 126> ~
alternatives, 1021 air stripping, ~ equipment records, 392 in situ bioremedi
process modifications, 385 indicator cbel8isl equipotentials, 173 stearn strippin&>"
two dimensional flow, 158 toxicity, 300 )erosion ethylbenzene air III
fate and transport, 139 ethylene, 120 i landfills, 798, 801 ethylene dichloride
erythrocyte protoporphyrin, biodegradation.247 combustion cbaJ
dose-response relationship, 726 249 in situ bioreme(
escort issues: audits, 331 ethylene glycoll1l4 ethane, 82 toxic effect,
combustion characteristics, ethylene glycol . 726 composting, 62
combustion constant, 714 dose-response I degradation product, 565 ethylene oxide, 1~
ethanol elimination, 236 carcinogenic cI lethal dose, 247 combustion chi
ether (diethyl): combustion 726 characteristics, 726 reaction with I
ethers, 87, 89 ethylene propylel Ethic of the Future, 27 geomembra ethical standards, 25 ethylene ethical test, 26 combustion et ethical theories, 26 726 ethics, environmental, 25 combustion Cl
professional codes, 29 ethylenimine: C81
ethyl acetate, 395 .. class, 271 combustion charactenstlcs, etiology of canCl
726 European Comm ethyl alcohol, 395 .. European Parlial
combustion charactenstlcs, evacuation: Tim4 evaluation: audi.726
combustion constant, 714 evaporation, 141 use in solven heat value, 712
evaporation pon ethyl benzene biodegradation, 594 evapotranspirati
landfills, 798 landfill leachate, 145 excavation andethyl bromide: combustion excavation tech!characteristics, 726 excavation: cullethyI cellosolve: combustion
particulate eJcharacteristics, 726 remediationethyl chloride: combustion
excess air, 710,characteristics, 726 combustion,ethyl ether: combustion
excesS air CalClcharacteristics, 726
equilibrium constant, 114, 115, 120
combustion, 716 Equilibrium Leach Test, 672 equilibrium state, 104 equipment breakdown reports,
392 equipment changes, 365 equipment costs, 1029 equipment needs: remedial
alternatives, 1021 equipment records, 392
process modifications, 385 equipotentials, 173
two dimensional flow, 158 erosion
fate and transport, 139 landfills, 798, 801
erythrocyte protoporphyrin, 247
dose-response relationship, 249
escort issues: audits, 331 ethane, 82
combustion characteristics, 726
combustion constant, 714 degradation product, 565
ethanol elimination, 236 lethal dose, 247
ether (diethyl): combustion characteristics, 726
ethers, 87, 89 Ethic of the Future, 27 ethical standards, 25 ethical test, 26 ethical theories, 26 ethics, environmental, 25
professional codes, 29 ethyl acetate, 395
combustion characteristics, 726
ethyl alcohol, 395 combustion characteristics,
726 combustion constant, 714 heat value, 712
ethyl benzene biodegradation, 594 landfill leachate, 145
ethyl bromide: combustion characteristics, 726
ethyl cellosolve: combustion characteristics, 726
ethyl chloride: combustion characteristics, 726
ethyl ether: combustion characteristics, 726
ethyl formate: combustion characteristics, 726
ethyl isopropyl ether, 87 ethyl lactate: combustion
characteristics, 726 ethyl nitrite: combustion
characteristics, 726 ethyl parathion: sublethal
effects, 303 ethyl propyl ether, 87 ethylbenzene, 126,710
air stripping, 456 in situ bioremediation, 602 indicator chemical, 878 steam stripping, 487 toxicity, 300
ethylbenzene air stripping, 456 ethylene, 120 ethylene dichloride
biodegradation, 589 combustion characteristics,
726 in situ bioremediation, 601
ethylene glycol monomethyl: toxic effect, 248
ethylene glycol composting, 627 dose-response curve, 258
ethylene oxide, 120 carcinogenic class, 271 combustion characteristics,
726 reaction with DNA, 268
ethylene propylene: geomembranes, 804
ethylene combustion characteristics,
726 combustion constant, 714
ethylenimine: carcinogenic class, 271
etiology of cancers, 268 European Community, 65 European Parliament, 65 evacuation: Times Beach, 7 evaluation: audits, 328 evaporation, 147,965
use in solvent recovery, 407 evaporation ponds, 1004 evapotranspiration, 147, 965
landfills, 798 excavation and disposal, 996 excavation techniques, 976 excavation: cutoff walls, 976
particulate emissions, 140 remediation example, 1004
excess air, 710, 711, 724, 725 combustion, 708
excess air calculations, 725
INDEX 1117
excess air temperature curve, 713
excess air vs. temperature, 723 exclusive list, 12 exit interview: audits, 342 exogenous microorganisms: in
situ bioremediation, 602 expanded analysis checklist:
audit protocol, 329 experimental animals, 254 expert assessments: compared
to public opinion, 10 expert panels: use in
toxicology, 254 expiration date, 389 explosions, 424
combatibility in storage, 418
explosive limits, 728 explosive wastes: incinerator,
758 explosives: composting, 627 exponential-growth phase: cell
growth, 571 export, 66, 73 exposure assessment, 844
Lackawanna refuse site, 879 exposure conditions, 263 exposure duration: impact of
toxicity, 260 Exposure Factors Handbook,
840 exposure interval, 238 exposure medium, 845 exposure pathway, 226, 845 exposure period, 237 exposure point, 845, 852
concentrations, 872 exposure route, 226, 853
impact on toxicity, 233 exposure scenarios, 850
use in remedial objectives, 1010
exposure to toxins, 251 exposures: ecological data, 870 extensive properties, 104 extinction: toxicological end
point, 287 extracellular complexes, 557 extracellular enzymes, 556 Extraction Procedure, 50, 669 extraction wells
soil vapor extraction, 461 vertical barrier, 968
extraction leaching tests, 667 supercritical fluid, 521
extrapolating animals to humans: uncertainty
1118 INDEX
freeze/thaw durabiJiquench, 760 factor, 259 fate of substances: toxicology, financial institutions: audits, stabilization, ~ temperature, 758 acceptable daily intake, 258 228 346 freeze/thaw: stabiJizmetals, 719 extrapolation, 871 fatty tissue deposits, 306 financial reporting: property 675fluid bed incinerator, 744, 750 extrapolation error: toxicity fatty tissues: DDT, 4 audits, 351 freezing and thawin
fluid hearth, 747 models, 280 feasibility analysis: pollution financial strength: TSD audits, walls, 982 fluidized bed reactor: extrapolation of animal data: prevention, 362 346 freezing: stabilizati(
biological treatment, 589 risk assessment, 860 feasibility study, 54, 57, 888, financing: pollution prevention, frequency of detectifluidized-bed incinerators, 747 extrapolation of dose-response, I DO I 373 frequency of grossf1uoranthrene: biological 281 objectives, 964 fine sand toxicological,
treatment, 609 extrapolation fecundity: toxicological end retention capacity for fuels, 288fluorene: biological treatment, high-to-Iow dose, 261 point, 288 186 frequency of mass:
Federal Administrative hydraulic conductivity, 160 609 toxicological ' toxicity data, 864 Procedures Act, 40 fingerprint analysis, 737 fluorideExxon Corp., 394 288
accumulation in bone, 233 Federal Emergency finite difference, 175 frequency of toxicExxon Valdez oil spill, 29 lethal dose, 247 Management Agency: Finland,68eye: toxicity, 245 246
Love Canal, 6 fire prevention at TSDFs, 417 flux freshwater fish, 291 Federal Register, 40, 49 fire protection, 423 Darcy, 170 Freundlich isotherr
Darcy velocity, 151federal regulation: early fire water runoff, 417 non-linear adsorF-wastes, 12 history, 8 fire: combatibility in storage, fly ash Froude No.: use itfabric filter, 762
federal statutory law, 36 418 landfill liners, 812, 819 correlations,fabricated metal industry Federal Tort Claims Act, 39 first law of thermodynamics, pozzolanic materials, 655 fruit flies: toxicityclassification, IS Federal Water Quality Act, 103 flying: risk assessment, 866 fuel blending, 407generation in NJ and PA, 18
706 first order reaction, 122 FMC Corporation, 388 fuel in subsurfacefacilities feed systems: incineration, fish kills, 285 foam, 720 distribution,contaminated sites, 9
755, 756 fish tissue, 286 foliar damage, 305 fuel oil, 713 land disposal, 411 feedback: audits, 340 fish Food and Agriculture fuel/oil storage: npublic participation, 434 feedstock taxes, 55 hydrocarbon toxicity, 300 Organization, United 330treatment, storage, and feedstocks, 365 non-predaceous, 285 Nations, 261 fugitive dust, 139disposal, 52 feral mammals, 305 relative toxicities, 302 food chain, 285, 294, 305, 965facility audits, 346 feral plants, 305 toxicity, 299 306, 868 deposition, 21' facility description: in permits, feral species, 285, 305 fishing, 851 predators, 286 generation, 84'441 ferrocyanide, 520 fixation, 642 remediation example, ID07 fugitive emission:facility development, 405 ferrous sulfate: chemical stabilization, 689 risk assessment, 852 fume incineratio~Facility Manager, 330 reduction, 509 fixed hearth incinerator, 747, food: biomass ratio, 585 fumigationfacility operations, 405 fetal toxicity, 859 748 foreign laws, 64 atmospheric d facility standards: incineration, fetotoxicity, 245 flame temperature, 724 formaldehyde, 126 plume diffusic 709 fetus: development in humans, flares, 730 formate, 87 fundamental carnfacility types, 405 266 flexible membrane liner: use in fossil fuel combustion, 299 Ethics, 30 facility: defined, 405 fiber drums, 756 landfills, 793 four-stage process: risk furfural: combusfacility needs assessment, 425 Fick's law, 95, 464 flood-forming organs: effect of assessment, 839 characterisl
factor of safety liner effectiveness, 813 benzene, 251 fractured bedrock: resistivity, furniture and fix!cutoff walls, 976 field testing, 898 flooding: air stripping, 457 generation906slope stability, 825 film transport: activated flow chart: mass balance, 116 18fractured media, 168failure mechanisms: landfills, carbon, 479 flow control, 68 fractured media flow: 822 filter cake flow diagram fully integrated contaminant transport, fair: risk, 866 classification, 15 facility, 411 gamma: borehol 167familiar: risk, 866 cutoff walls, 973 flow lines, 173 914fractured rock: vertical fanning: plume diffusion filter: use in landfills, 793 two dimensional flow, 158 garbage, 44barriers, 973 pattern, 205 filtration flow net, 158, 173 gas collection: I fracturing: in situfans and blowers: air pollution aqueous waste treatment, flow-through toxicity test, 290 gas constant, HIbioremediation, 601control, 765 410 flow gas velocities, 7 frameshift mutation: role in Faraday's law, 537 fate of contaminants, 180, control in incineration, 772 gas velocity: in,cancer, 269 fate and transport, 133 192 steady, 172 gas-law constar France, 66, 68, 71, 72 risk assessment, 849 geotextiles, 806 transient, 172 gaseous emissit frank malignancy, 267 fate and transport analyses: particulate removal, 761 unsteady, 172 gases: transpol1free energy, 510 risk assessment, 841 use in solvent recovery, 407 flowchart, 117 geomemb
free product, 592 fate information: toxicological final disposal, 359 flue gas, 710, 751, 747, 753, gasoline (varial biodegradation, 593 profiles, 263 financial assurance at TSDFs, 768 charactenvolatilization, 195fate of contaminants, 133, 180 425 analysis, 778
quench, 760 temperature, 758 metals, 719
fluid bed incinerator, 744, 750 fluid hearth, 747 fluidized bed reactor:
biological treatment, 589 fluidized-bed incinerators, 747 fluoranthrene: biological
treatment, 609 fluorene: biological treatment,
609 fluoride
accumulation in bone, 233 lethal dose, 247
flux Darcy, 170 Darcy velocity, 151
fly ash landfill liners, 812, 819 pozzolanic materials, 655
flying: risk assessment, 866 FMC Corporation, 388 foam, 720 foliar damage, 305 Food and Agriculture
Organization, United Nations, 261
food chain, 285, 294, 305, 306,868
predators, 286 remediation example, 1007 risk assessment, 852
food: biomass ratio, 585 foreign laws, 64 formaldehyde, 126 formate, 87 fossil fuel combustion, 299 four-stage process: risk
assessment, 839 fractured bedrock: resistivity,
906 fractured media, 168 fractured media flow:
contaminant transport, 167
fractured rock: vertical barriers, 973
fracturing: in situ bioremediation, 601
frameshift mutation: role in cancer, 269
France, 66, 68, 71, 72 frank malignancy, 267 free energy, 510 free product, 592
biodegradation, 593 volatilization, 195
freeze/thaw durability: stabilization, 688
freeze/thaw: stabilization tests, 675
freezing and thawing: cutoff walls, 982
freezing: stabilization, 667 frequency of detection, 844 frequency of gross mortality:
toxicological end point, 288
frequency of mass mortality: toxicological end point, 288
frequency of toxic end point, 246
freshwater fish, 291 Freundlich isotherm, 479
non-linear adsorption, 189 Froude No.: use in Onda
correlations, 453 fruit flies: toxicity tests, 276 fuel blending, 407, 408 fuel in subsurface: phase
distribution, 593 fuel oil, 713 fueVoil storage: role in audits,
330 fugitive dust, 139, 846, 854,
965 deposition, 214 generation, 849
fugitive emissions, 135 fume incineration, 706 fumigation
atmospheric dispersion, 214 plume diffusion pattern, 205
fundamental cannons: Code of Ethics, 30
furfural: combustion characteristics, 726
furniture and fixtures industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18
gamma: borehole geophysics, 914
garbage, 44 gas collection: landfills, gOO gas constant, 106 gas velocities, 751 gas velocity: incineration, 777 gas-law constant, 106 gaseous emission, 294 gases: transport through
geomembranes,816 gasoline (variable): combustion
characteristics, 726
INDEX 1119
gasoline stations, 48 gasoline-contaminated soils: in
situ bioremediation, 594, 596
gasoline: retention capacity of various soil types, 186
gastric mobility, 231 gastro-intestinal tract, 231
impact on toxicity, 232 gastrointestinal absorption, 231 gastrointestinal system, 853 gastrointestinal tract
absorption of toxins, 234 pharmacokinetics, 229
gatehouse, 412, 413, 416 gauge pressure, 155 Gaussian diffusion model, 852 Gaussian dispersion:
atmospheric transport, 207
Gaussian distribution: atmospheric transport, 206
GC/MS, 737 gene transfer, 562 general instruction list: audit
protocol, 329 general response actions, 1013,
1015 generalized mass balance
equation, 115 generation of hazardous waste,
14, 17 generator, 49
liability of TSDF, 416 generators, 14, 50, 59
responsibility, 44 small quantity, 52 source reduction, 356
generic site: remedy selection, 1004
genetic changes: carcinogens, 265
genetics: impact on toxicity, 246
genotoxic, 244, 268 genotoxic action, 280 genotoxic agents, 267 genotoxic carcinogens, 268,
860 genotoxic influence, 283 genotoxic mechanism, 275 geographic information
system, 944 use in siting, 428
geogrid: use in landfills, 793 geologic profile: example, 950 geological cross section:
Lackawanna refuse site,
I
1120 INDEX
hemoglobin, 247,monitors, 776 Henry's constant. 879 cutoff walls, 979 habitat: alteration, 285 removal, 770 Henry's constant geomembrane, 803 hydraulic conductivity, 160 hair: allergies, 242 ./health and safety, 900
Appendix Jcutoff walls, 988 retention capacity for fuels. Haldane equation, 578 plan, 61 Henry's law, 93liner effectiveness, 814 186 half-life, 238 site characterization, 894
soil vapor exl!properties, 804 seismic velocition, 908 calculation, 236, 582 training, 61 hepatotoxic comluse in landfills, 793 slope stability, 824 half-velocity constant, 573, health consequences: product heptachlor, 90 geophysical interpretation, 913 soil classification, 182 575 life cycle, 25
TCLP,51geophysics, 905-913 gravimatric survey, 911 halides: stabilization agents, health concerns: use in heptane, 395, 391geosynthetic clay liner: gravity separation, 761 652 developing alternatives,
landfills, 795 ground level concentration, halogen combustion et1016 726geosynthetics: test methods, 209,210 combustion, 716 health effects, 251
heptane penneati 805 ground penetrating radar, 911 incineration, 744 Health Effects Assessment liners, 809geotextile, 806 ground water, 845 halogenated aliphatics Summary, 261
herbicides, 89, 3llandfill liners, 799 calibration, 178 degradation by H2~ +UV, health of public: Code of relative toxiciluse in landfills, 793 land treatment, 618 518 Ethics, 29
heterogeneity: ingerm cells, 244 horizontal barriers, 989 supercritical fluid oxidation, health risks: remedial media, 168Germany, 65, 66, 68, 71, 72, remediation objectives, 529 alternatives, 1027
heterogeneous: S'305 1012 halogenated aromatics: health status 149cross boundary shipment, use in potable water, 146 supercritical fluid factor in toxicity, 252
heterotrophic me70 vertical barriers, 969 oxidation, 529 impact on toxicity, 246 in situ bioremediation, 595 ground water modeling, 178, halogenated compounds: hexachloro-I,3-thealth-see also risk
TCLP,51use of "hazardous", 8 180 biodegradation, 564 assessment hexachlorobenezgerminal cells, 283 ground water monitoring halogenated derivatives, 559 heaping, 615
biodegradeabtoxin receptor, 239 in permits. 441 halogenated ethers: heart disease: risk assessment, gestation, 266 role in audits, 330 carcinogenesis class, 271 steam strippil 867
TCLP,51impact of toxicity, 260 ground water pathways: risk halogenated hydrocarbons: heart function: arsenic toxicity, toxicity, 245 assessment, 848 stabilization agents, 652 hexachlorobutad242
landfill leachGibbs free energy, 114, 115, grouping chemicals by halogenated solvents, 407 hearth-type incinerators, 744, 120 toxicity, 393 classification, 15 steam strippi 745
hexachlorocyclcGibbs free energy-see also grout curtains, 973 F-wastes, 12 heat, 103 biologicalAppendix C vertical barriers, 967, 973 land treatment, 620 heat of condensation, III
gills, 285 grout: monitoring wells, 932 halogenation: effect on hexachlorocyclclatent heat of fusion, III copper, 298 grouted liner system, 991 biodegradation, 559 supercriti<latent heat of vaporization,
glacial till growth,291 hammer provisions, 45 oxidation,III hexachloroeth31cutoff walls, 979 toxicological end point, 288 hamster: LDso for dioxin, 255 specific heat, 110
steam strippiin situ clay, 810 growth factors: development in hardness: effect on toxicity, heat balances, 364 TCLP,51glassmaking: stabilization, 666 humans, 266 302 heat capacity, 109 . ..
hexane, 386, 3~global ecosystems, 3 growth kinetics, 571, 572 Hartley method, 467 heat generation: combatlblhty glucuronic acid: conjugating growth rate: effect of hazard,839 combustion'in storage, 418
726agent, 234 temperature, 566 communications, 347 heat of combustion, 113, 738 glycol ethers: toxic effect, 248 growth yield coefficient, 573, index, 862 combustion,heat of formation, 112
hexanone: indi(glycols: stabilization agents, 574 indices, 263 heat of reaction, 112 878652 guanine in DNA: hazard identification, 841 heat of vaporization, 112
goals carcinogenesis, 268 Lackawanna Refuse Site, hexavalent chr<heat recovery, 758 D-waste, 13audits, 321 guidance, 1032 878 catalytic incinerator, 731
remediation, 1007 guidance documents, 40 Hazard Ranking System, 55 reduction, I'heat release, 752, 756, 777 good management practices, guidelines for testing of Hazardous Air Pollutants, 62, hierarchy: waslincinerator, 707
336,338 chemicals, 254 63 357heating value, 711 good operating practices, 356 guidelines Hazardous and Solid Waste high ash wasteheavy metals, 231
high intensity gradient: hydraulic, 150 risk assessment, 840 Amendments, 45 binding to reactive groups, grain size distribution, 676 use in remedial objectives, hazardous material inventory: high molecul81239
301cutoff walls, 978 1008 use in audits, 326 excretion in bile, 234 soil vapor extraction, 463 toxicological testing, 254 hazardous waste legislation: high slump co stabilization agents, 652
granite: seismic velocition, 908 guinea pig: LDso for dioxin, history, 4 high-density pHeight Equivalent Theoretical granular activated carbon, 476 255 hazardous waste manifest, 53 (HOPE):Plate, 499
803,8().jgrate type incinerators, 745 Gunn, A.S., 28 hazardous waste: definition, I, HELP model, 141 gravel pack: monitoring wells, 44,49,68 high-energy rrlandfills, 80 I
932 HCI slurries,hematocrit, 298 gravel habitat loss, 305 emission, 778
INDEX 1121
monitors, 776 ( removal, 770
,j health and safety, 900 plan, 61 site characterization, 894 training, 61
health consequences: product life cycle, 25
health concerns: use in developing alternatives. 1016
health effects, 251 Health Effects Assessment
Summary. 261 health of public: Code of
Ethics. 29 health risks: remedial
alternati ves, 1027 health status
factor in toxicity, 252 impact on toxicity. 246
health-see al so ri sk assessment
heaping, 615 heart disease: risk assessment,
867 heart function: arsenic toxicity,
242 hearth-type incinerators, 744,
745 heat, 103
heat of condensation, III latent heat of fusion, III latent heat of vaporization,
III specific heat, 110
heat balances, 364 heat capacity, 109 heat generation: combatibility
in storage, 418 heat of combustion, 113. 738 heat of formation, 112 heat of reaction, 112 heat of vaporization, 112 heat recovery. 758
catalytic incinerator, 731 heat release. 752. 756, 777
incinerator, 707 heating value, 711 heavy metals, 231
binding to reactive groups, 239
excretion in bile, 234 stabilization agents, 652
Height Equivalent Theoretical Plate, 499
HELP model, 141 landfills, 80 I
hematocrit. 298
hemoglobin, 247. 298 Henry's constant. 93. 451 Henry's constant-see also
Appendix A Henry's law, 93
soil vapor extraction. 465 hepatotoxic compounds, 862 heptachlor, 90
TCLP,51 heptane, 395, 398
combustion characteristics, 726
heptane permeation: clay liners, 809
herbicides, 89, 301 relative toxicities, 302
heterogeneity: in porous media. 168
heterogeneous: stratum in soil, 149
heterotrophic metabolism, 556 hexachloro-I,3-butadiene:
TCLP,51 hexachlorobenezene
biodegradeability, 558 steam stripping, 487 TCLP,51
hexachlorobutadiene landfill leachate, 145 steam stripping, 487
hexachlorocyclohexane: biological slurries, 613
hexachlorocyclopentadiene: supercritical fluid oxidation, 529
hexachloroethane steam stripping, 487 TCLP,51
hexane, 386. 395 combustion characteristics,
726 combustion constant, 714
hexanone: indicator chemical, 878
hexavalent chromium O-waste, 13 reduction, 192
hierarchy: wastes management, 357
high ash wastes, 743 high intensity burner, 740, 741 high molecular weight PAHs,
301 high slump concrete, 976 high-density polyethylene
(HOPE): geomembranes, 803, 804
high-energy mixers: biological slurries, 607
high-viscosity wastes: incineration, 755
higher explosive limit, 725, 729
highly branched chemicals: persistence, 560
histogram carcinogenic risk, 877 risk val ues, 873
histology, 296 history, 3 hollow stem auger, 915 home accidents, 838 homeostasis, 291 homogeneous: stratum in soil,
149 Hooker Chemical Co.: Love
Canal,S hoppers, 416 hormone
role in carcinogenesis, 266 toxin receptor, 239
host community, 443 role in siting, 435
host fees: use in siting, 439 House Health and Environment
Subcommittee, 56 household hazardous waste, 22 housekeeping, 387
changes, 364 practices, 391
How clean is clean?, 59,840, 1001
Huber AER, 706 human activity patterns, 850 human behavior: impact on
cancer, 283 human embryo, 265 human epidemiological data,
274 human equivalent doses, 232 human health data, 263 human health protection, 58 human populations:
toxicological data, 250 human welfare: Code of
Ethics, 30 humic matter: fate of
contaminants, 183 hydrated bentonite: cutoff
walls, 973 hydrated lime: stabilization,
656 hydraulic barriers, 963-997
in situ bioremediation, 601 hydraulic conductivity, 150,
160, 808, 925 clay liners, 810 cutoff walls, 976, 978
1122 INDEX
incineration, 705in situ, 925 in situ treatment, 516 imminent danger, 48 waste handled, 16landfill liners, 807, 822 UV light, 508 immiscible, 168 in industrial kilns, 408stress dependent, 980 hydrogen sulfide immiscible fluids: mobility history, 706 use in stabilization, 684 combustion characteristics, enhancement, 198 liquid injection, 736 vertical barrier, 969, 970 727 immiscible phase: fate of
incineration-see alsohydraulic connection: : combustion constant, 714 contaminants, 180 combustionremediation example, hydrogen immiscible phase partitioning:
inclusive list, 121004 combustion characteristics, contaminant transport, inoc'edoI_incomplete combustion, 713hydraulic controls: in situ 727 167 increase in plasma levels: bioremediation, 600 combustion constant, 714 immune system, 242
dose-effect, 248 hydraulic fracturing: horizontal hydrogeologic models, 852 effect of benzene, 251 incremental risk, 838, 863barriers, 991 hydrogeology: in situ role in carcinogenesis, 266 indemnification, 39, 65hydraulic gradient, 150, 151 bioremediation, 601 immunity, 39 independent variables, 874 hydraulic head, 154 hydrologic cycle, 147 immunological effects: dose
hydraulic ram feeder: Hydrologic Evaluation of response relationships, India, 66, 71 incineration, 757 Landfill Performance: 261 indicator chemicals
Lackawanna Refuse Site, hydraulic retention time, 570, landfills, 80 I immunosuppressants, 267 575,585 hydrology, 147 immunosuppression, 268 878
risk assessment, 841 suhydraulic transport: landfill hydrolysis of acetylcholine, impaction separator: air liners, 796 243 pollution control, 768 indicator species: risk o
assessment, 869 inorganichydrazines hydrolysis: fate of impaction: particulate removal, indices of toxicity, 870 clcarcinogenic class, 271 contaminants, 180, 194 761
inorganica: ' indiscriminate disposal: early natural carcinogens, 283 hydrometallurgy, 408 impaired learning, 250 insecticides,laws, 8
indiscriminate dumping, 8 insomnia:hydrocarbon air mixtures, 725 hydrophilic compounds: implementability, 57 hydrocarbon destruction, 751 pharmacokinetics, 230 remedial alternatives, 1025
indoor fumes: Love Canal, 6 inspection, .hydrocarbon emissions: hydrophobic character of use in developing audits,induced draft fan, 753
industrial groups: waste incineration, 776 PAHs,301 alternatives, 1016
inspectionhydrocarbon saturation: effect hydrophobic compounds: use in selecting alternatives, classification, 12 TSDF-«lon adsorption, 480 pharmacokinetics, 230 1022
hydrocarbon vapor, 757 hydrophobic organic implementation time: remedial Industrial Revolution, 3 institutiOlW CIII,' industrial solvent: toxic effect, developil!l
hydrocarbon waste, 713 compounds: sorption, alternatives, 1027 1016 ,_ hydrocarbon, 82, 285 185 import of wastes, 66, 73 248
industrial sources: PA and NI, instrument dillcombustion, 716 hydrophobicity: sorbent impoundments, 416 instrumentm.18aquatic toxicity, 299 properties, 187 in situ biological treatment, incineratioo,industrial waste: term for
hazardous waste, 1 instrumentatiolleffect on birds, 306 hydroxide precipitation, 92 582
hydrochloric acid, 710 hydroxide sludges: in situ bioremediation, 592 generaticinequities: role in public combustion release, 709 stabilization, 649, 650 in situ bioremediation system, 18opposition, 434 removal, 762 hydroxides solubility, 192 596
insurance, 360infectious waste: exluded from stabilization agents, 652 hyperkeratosis: arsenic in situ clay formations, 810 audits, 319hazardous, 2 hydrodynamic dispersion toxicity, 242 in situ mixing liability, 49infiltration, 147, 965 contaminant transport, 163 hysteresis effect: sorption, 184 remediation example, 1004
intake dose. Zlandfills, 798 inflation analysis, 369
land treatment, 620 stabilization, 689 intake: chroDilhydroflouric acid in situ remediation: soil vapor intalox saddle,information sources: site
information, 892 integral ba1IIIlremoval, 762 ice: seismic velocition, 908 extraction, 468 electrodialysis, 532 ideal gas, 106 in situ tests: drilling, 918
information 'systems: use in Integrated RiIstabilization agents, 652 ideal site, 433 in situ vitrification, 664 audits, 334 SYStem8hydrogen bonding, 101 ignitability: characteristics, 12 in-drum mixing: stabilization,
infra-red incinerator, 780 Integrated RiIenzymes, 557 ignitable, 49 689 System-ingestion, 853 of surface soils, 873 integrated tIel
sorption, 186 ignitable wastes, 49 in-plant changes, 357 sorption in soils, 184 ignition temperature, 749 in-plant vitrification: 422pharmacokinetics, 230 stabilization, 649 illicit dumping, 423 stabilization, 666
hydrogen chloride: illite: cation exchange capacity, inadequate facilities: risk assessment, 870 Intel Corp" 3 intelligence: 1 ingestion route, 231 intensive JllOI
incineration, 776 191 contaminated sites, 22 inhalation, 853
pharmacokinetics, 230 hydrogen cyanide: combustion illuminating gas (coal incentives: pollution interactions 8
characteristics, 727 gas): combustion prevention, 359 remedilinhaled particles, 232 hydrogen peroxide, 516 characteristics, 727 incident prevention, 416 1032inhibition, 560 biological treatment, 577
chemical oxidation, 509 immediate effects: toxicity, at TSDFs, 421 interactions I
in situ bioremediation, 596, 245 incident prevention measures, 286toxic action, 239 597,602 immigration, 868 423
incineration, 705 waste handled, 16 in industrial kilns, 408 history, 706 liquid injection, 736
incineration-see also combustion
inclusive list, 12 incomplete combustion, 713 increase in plasma levels:
dose-effect, 248 incremental risk, 838, 863 indemnification, 39, 65 independent variables, 874 India, 66, 71 indicator chemicals
Lackawanna Refuse Site, 878
risk assessment, 841 indicator species: risk
assessment, 869 indices of toxicity, 870 indiscriminate disposal: early
laws, 8 indiscriminate dumping, 8 indoor fumes: Love Canal, 6 induced draft fan, 753 industrial groups: waste
classification, 12 Industrial Revolution, 3 industrial solvent: toxic effect,
248 industrial sources: PA and NI,
18 industrial waste: term for
hazardous waste, 1 inequities: role in public
opposition, 434 infectious waste: exluded from
hazardous, 2 infiltration, 147, 965
landfills, 798 inflation analysis, 369 information sources: site
information, 892 information 'systems: use in
audits, 334 infra-red incinerator, 780 ingestion, 853
of surface soils, 873 pharmacokinetics, 230 risk assessment, 870
ingestion route, 231 inhalation, 853
pharmacokinetics, 230 inhaled particles, 232 inhibition, 560
biological treatment, 577 toxic action, 239
inhibitory effects: biodegradation, 569
initial site characterization, 890
initiation, 283 initiation of cancer, 265 initiators, 276
carcinogenic, 864 injection wells % waste
handled, 16 innocent landowner defense,
348 inorganic aqueous waste:
classification, 15 inorganic carcinogens, 270 inorganic salts
effect on steam stripping, 504
supercritical water oxidation, 529
inorganic sludges/solids: classification, 15
inorganics: incineration, 751 insecticides, 301 insomnia: arsenic toxicity, 242 inspection, 47,391,423,424
audits, 335, 336, 341 inspection and maintenance: at
TSDFs, 421 institutional concerns: use in
developing alternatives, 1016
instrument diagrams, 364 instrumentation, 773
incineration, 771 instrumentation industry:
generation in NI and PA, 18
insurance, 360 audits, 319 liability, 49
intake dose, 229, 853 intake: chronic daily, 862 intalox saddle, 451 integral balances, 116 Integrated Risk Information
Systems, 858 Integrated Risk Information
System-see IRIS integrated treatment processes,
422 Intel Corp., 373 intelligence: lead toxicity, 250 intensive properties, 104 interactions among criteria:
remedial alternatives, 1032
interactions among chemicals, 286
INDEX 1123
interest rate, 368 interlocks, 773 internal energy, 103 internal mix atomizer, 739 International Agency for
Research on Cancer, 275 international law, 64 interstate commerce clause,
17,43 interview: audits, 331, 332 intracellular enzymes, 557 intraparticle diffusion:
activated carbon, 479 intuitive site selection, 428 inventory control, 48 inventory records, 364 inversion: atmospheric
dispersion, 213 invertebrates, 286
hydrocarbon toxicity, 300 toxicity, 299
investigation plan, 892 investigatory tests: leaching
tests, 668 invitational process: facility
siting, 437 involuntary risk, 866
perception, 11 ion exchange
contaminant transport, 167 fate of contaminants, 180,
183, 190, 191 land treatment, 617 use in metal recovery, 408
ion-selective membranes: electrodialysis, 530
ionization: fate of contaminants, 180, 197
IQ decrease, 250 Iraq: mercury poisoning, 5 IRIS, 261 IRIS database, 260, 858 iron oxide: pozzolanic
materials, 655 iron sulfate: redox reactions,
192 iron
cation exchange capacity, 191
effect on hydrogen peroxide, 597
essential element, 295 oxidation states, 193 oxidation to promote
precipitation, 192 stabilization, 655
irreversible effects: toxicity, 245
irrigation, 845
1124 INDEX
isobutyl alcohol: combustion characteristics, 727
isokinetic sampling, 769 isolation of waste, 392 isopac,951 isopentane: combustion
characteristics, 727 isopropyl acetate: combustion
characteristics, 727 isopropyl alcohol, 395
combustion characteristics, 727
isopropyl: persistence, 560 isotherm constants, 480 isotropic: stratum in soil, 149 Italy, 66, 71, 72
Japan, 65, 66, 71, 72 mercury poisoning, 5 PCBs, 5
job descriptions: audits, 332 joint and several liability, 39
TSD audits, 346 juvenile fish, 291 juvenile life stages, 291
KLa-see transfer rate constant
K-wastes, 12 kaolinite
cation exchange capacity, 191
cutoff walls, 979 sublethal effects, 303
kepone: sublethal effects, 303 kerosene
combustion characteristics, 727
heat value, 712 ketones, 395
chemical oxidation, 513 kidney, 231
damage, 244, 250 tumors, 275 toxicity, 245 copper, 298 elimination of toxins, 234 metal toxicity, 264
kiln dust pozzolanic materials, 655 stabilization, 645
kiln seals, 753 kilns, 743
cement, 408 kinetic energy, 103 kinetics, 121,572 knockout drums, 460
knowing endangerment, 48 known carcinogen, 858
labeling, 338, 391 drums, 339
laboratory, 412, 413 laboratory animals:
toxicological data, 250 laboratory column studies: in
situ bioremediation, 60 I Laboratory Cone Index, 677 laboratory packs: waste
compatibility in storage, 417
laboratory samples: waste minimization, 388
laboratory screening: biological systems, 632
laboratory studies: biological treatment, 632
laboratory tests, II Lackawanna Refuse Site,
1023, 1928 risk assessment, 878
lacquer thinner, 407 lactic dehydrogenase: effect of
copper, 299 lag phase: cell growth, 571 lagoon-sealing techniques, 991 lagoons, 786
release of contaminants, 142
laminar flame burners, 741 land ban, 45 land disposal, 52, 785, 786
costs, 365 facilities, 407, 411 prohibitions, 45 stabilization, 643
Land Ethic, 28 land farming, 411, 615, 786 land treatment, 615
applicable wastes, 620 ecotoxicology, 305 enclosures, 618 mathematical models, 619 slurry phase treatment, 610 waste migration pathways,
617 land use, 841
activity patterns, 850 landfill, 787
% waste handled, 16 failure, 823 gas collection, 800 linear performance, 801 liquids in, 45 operation, 825
release of contaminants, 142
requirements, 46 landfill leachate
contaminants, 143 generation, 141 release, 145
landfilling versus stabilization, 644
Langmuir model: non-linear adsorption, 189
Laplace equation, 172, 173 large quantity generators, 16 larval life stages, 298 latency period, 245 latent heat, III lateral drainage layer: landfill
liners, 799 law of conservation of mass,
115 law
environmental, 35 state and local laws, 41
laws and regulations, 28 LDSO,257
ecotoxicology, 289 leachant, 667 leachate, 145, 667
collection systems, 792 biological treatment, 590 clay liners, 809 landfills, 793
leaching of soluble chemicals, 846
leaching test, 146, 667 leaching
land treatment, 620 stabilization, 642
lead, 64, 396 accumulation in bone, 233 adsorption by zeolites, 811 anemia, 247 concentration in soil, 182 early exposures, 4 EPA 33/50 program, 360 excretion in bile, 234 health effects, 250 land treatment, 618 landfill leachate, 144 priority metals, 761 removal in clay liners, 811 stabilization, 645, 655 stabilization agents, 652 TCLP,51 toxic effects, 257 toxicity, 293, 296, 297 toxicity criteria, 304 toxicity in children, 245,
260
lead carbonate: precipitation in natural waters, 192
lead level in blood, 249 lead oxide, 719 lead shot, 306 leak detection system, 48 leak detection
landfills, 794 storage tanks, 755
leaking drums: storage areas, 339
leaking tanks: cleanup programs, 23
leaks, 142, 391 source of waste, 20
leather and leather g~ds . industry: generatIon In
NJ and PA. 18 legal aspects of waste
management, 25 legal practice, 25 lenders: audits, 346 lethal dose, 246 lethality, 870 leukemia: effect of benzene,
251 leukopenia: arsenic toxicity,
242 level control, 772 LEXIS, 41 liability, 343
audits, 344 cradle-to-grave, 44 incentive for pollution
prevention, 360 insurance, 49 joint and several liability,
39 strict liability, 39 Superfund, 59 system, 54 TSD facility, 416
liability definition audit, 319 life cycle analysis, 376 life style, 853 life-cycle, 291 life-cycle tests: toxicity, 291 lifestyle carcinog~nesis•. 282 lifestyle factors: lImitations,
253 lifestyle-associated sources,
284
stabili,...... 689<~
lime sludge: cltlli limestone: seismil
908 ,. limitations: risk·.
864 limiting reactant. lindane.90 ,"
acewnulatic:JlFl 233
dermal absorpl physicocbemill
parametenl TCLP, 51 lethal dose, 11
line source. 13$ linear extrapOlali
toxicity III linear non-thresI:
858 linear sorption 11 linearized muhi
279 linearized multi
risk asSCSl liner systems. 9
landfills, 79:l linseed oil: COl
characteri lipid solubility
pharmac< 230
lipids: pharmlll lipophilic com
accumulatic 233
dermal absc pharmacoki
liquefaction. 5 liquid chlorilll liquid feed tal liquid film, 4.1 liquid injecti<J
725.731 liquid mass tr
450 liquid organic liquid partitic liquid-liquid
steam 5
liquids in lar liquids releal listed waste, lifetime cancer risk, 284, 838 lists of hazaJlifts: clay liners, 808
49,70ligand: mobility enhancement, lithium: catil198 liver cancer:lighting, 391, 423
274lime, 655, 695
lead carbonate: precipitation in natural waters, 192
lead level in blood, 249 lead oxide, 719 lead shot, 306 leak detection system, 48 leak detection
landfills, 794 storage tanks, 755
leaking drums: storage areas, 339
leaking tanks: cleanup programs, 23
leaks, 142, 391 source of waste, 20
leather and leather goods industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18
legal aspects of waste management, 25
legal practice, 25 lenders: audits, 346 lethal dose, 246 lethality, 870 leukemia: effect of benzene,
251 leukopenia: arsenic toxicity,
242 level control, 772 LEXIS,41 liability, 343
audits, 344 cradle-to-grave, 44 incentive for pollution
prevention, 360 insurance, 49 joint and several liability,
39 strict liability, 39 Superfund, 59 system, 54 TSD facility, 416
liability definition audit, 319 life cycle analysis, 376 life style, 853 life-cycle, 291 life-cycle tests: toxicity, 291 lifestyle carcinogenesis, 282 lifestyle factors: limitations,
253 lifestyle-associated sources,
284 lifetime cancer risk, 284, 838 lifts: clay liners, 808 ligand: mobility enhancement,
198 lighting, 391, 423 lime, 655, 695
stabilization, 645, 656, 662, 689
lime sludge: classification, 15 limestone: seismic velocition,
908 limitations: risk assessment,
864 limiting reactant, 119 lindane, 90
accumulation in fat cells, 233
dermal absorption, 232 physicochemical
parameters, 292 TCLP,51 lethal dose, 247
line source, 135 linear extrapolation: use of
toxicity model, 281 linear non-threshold model,
858 linear sorption models, 187 linearized multi-stage model,
279 linearized multistage model:
risk assessment, 860 liner systems, 989
landfills, 792 linseed oil: combustion
characteristics, 727 lipid solubility:
pharmacokinetics, 230
lipids: pharmacokinetics, 229 lipophilic compounds
accumulation in fat cells, 233
dermal absorption, 232 pharmacokinetics, 230
liquefaction, 557 liquid chlorine, 508 liquid feed tanks, 772 liquid film, 449 liquid injection incinerator,
725, 736 liquid mass transfer coefficient,
450 liquid organics recovery, 409 liquid partition coefficient, 466 liquid-liquid equilibrium:
steam stripping, 492 liquids in landfills, 45, 47 liquids release test, 669 listed waste, 49 lists of hazardous wastes, 12,
49, 70 lithium: cation exchange, 191 liver cancer: known causes,
274
INDEX 1125
liver damage, 244 : dose-effect, 248
liver enzymes, 254 liver swelling: arsenic toxicity,
242 liver tumors, 275 liver
copper, 298 copper accumulation, 297 damage by carbon
tetrachloride, 257 detoxification site, 233 elimination of toxins, 234 repair capacity, 246 toxicity, 245 toxicity tests, 256
livestock, 845 LNAPL,168 LOAEL: uncertainty factor,
260 local acceptance, 58 local citizens, 867 local community, 359
role insiting, 435 local effects: toxicity, 245 local laws, 41 local override of facilities, 436 local toxic effects, 246 location specific ARARs, 58 lofting: plume diffusion
pattern, 205 log-normal distribution, 247,
258 logit model: use of toxicity
model,281 lognormal: distribution, 874 Long-Evans: LDso for dioxin,
255 long-term bioassays, 288 long-term effectiveness, 57 long-term effectiveness: use
in selecting alternatives, 1022
long-term exposures: risk assessment, 844
long-term impact: waste management, 9
long-term toxicity testing, 254 long-term toxicity tests, 291 looping: plume diffusion
pattern, 205 loss prevention, 392 Love Canal
drain tile, 993 history, 5 pump & treat system, 993 surface water control, 967
low temperature soil de-volatilizers, 780
1126 INDEX
low-density polyethylene: management chart: use in use in risk assessment, Merck, Sharp & Dohme, 386 geomembranes, 804 audits, 326 880 mercuric chloride: use as
low-dose extrapolation, 278 management strategies: maximum contaminant level inhibitor, 630 low-dose testing, 275 pollution prevention, 361 goals, 61 mercuric ions: accumulation in low-intensity burner, 742 management strategy: United maximum ground level blood plasma, 233 low-temperature soil treatment, States, 24 concentrations, 209 mercury
997 management support: audits, maximum likelihood accumulation in kidneys, lower explosive limit, 725, 729 319 polynomial, 280 233 lowest achievable emission mandatory siting criteria, 430 maximum possible allergic reactions, 242
rate, 64 manganese: essential element, concentration test, 672 early exposures, 4 lowest observed adverse effect 295 maximum specific growth rate, early history, 5
level, 258 lowest observed effect level,
258, 291 lubricating oils, 391, 407
classification, 15 lumber and wood products
industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18
lung cancer, 244, 268, 282 known causes, 274
lung damage, 56 lung fibrosis, 244
toxicity, 245
m-delphene, 90 machine parts, 391 machinery, except electrical
industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18
macroencapsulation: stabilization, 647
macronutrients, 567 magnesium: cation exchange
capacity, 191 magnesium: stabilization, 655 magnetometer, 912 maintenance, 392, 423
remedial alternatives, 1021 preventive, 392 procedures, 364, 391 records, 364, 381
malathion, 30 I lethal dose, 247
malignancy, 267 malignant tumors, 264 mammalian cell cultures:
toxicity tests, 256 toxicity tests, 276
mammalian species, 284, 305 inhalation, 232
mammalian toxicology, 285, 870
mammals, 305 management: role in pollution
prevention, 387 management audit, 318, 345
stabilization, 655 manifest, 16, 364, 416
role in audits, 330, 334 manifest system, 44, 52, 66, 70 manifestation, 238 manifestations of toxic effects,
242 Mantel-Bryan model, 279 manufacturing plants:
contaminated sites, 9 manufacturing sources, 20 market sport value, 287 marking storage tanks, 391 mass balance, 102
air stripping, 448, 455 procedure, 116
mass loading rate, 451 mass transfer: steam stripping,
497 massive bedrock: resistivity,
906 material balance, 364
steam stripping, 492 material safety data sheets,
344, 364, 381 material substitution, 391 materials handling, 392
at TSDFs, 420 materials of construction
storage tanks, 755 supercritieal water
oxidation, 529 steam stripping, 506
materials storage: process modifications, 386
materials-handling: emmissions, 140
mathematical models atmospheric dispersion, 211 risk assessment, 852
maximally exposed individual, 860
maximum achievable control technology, 63
maximum concentration limit guidelines: use in risk assessment, 880
maximum concentration limits:
573 maximum substrate
concentration, 580 maximum tolerated dose, 255,
274,275 McCabe-Thiele diagram, 499 mean cell residence time-see
solids retention time mean values, 876 measurement ability: impact
on policy, 8 measurement end point, 287 measuring performance: audits,
321 mechanical atomizer, 739 mechanical dispersion:
contaminant transport, 163
mechanical ram, 747 mechanism of toxic action,
242 mechanisms
toxic action, 238, 263, 862, 871
stabilization, 646 mechanistic models, 278 median lethal dose, 247, 373 medical surveillance program,
61 medium sand: retention
capacity for fuels, 186 MEK, 395, 398 melanosis: arsenic toxicity,
242 membrane filtration: use in
metal recovery, 408 membrane fouling, 543 membrane lipids: effects of
temperature, 565 membrane processes, 530 membrane rejection, 539 membranes: ultrafiltration, 536 membranous tissue:
pharmacokinetics, 229 memorable: risk, 866 mental development, 247 mercaptans: chemical
oxidation, 506
EPA 33/50 program, 360 excretion in bile, 234 impact on kidney, 264 landfill leachate, 144 priority metals, 761 stabilization agents, 652 TCLP,51 toxicity, 296, 297
mergers audits, 319 property audits, 351
mesocosms, 289 meta-xylene, 86 metabolic activation, 268 metabolic activity disruption,
297 metabolic detoxification, 237 metabolic rates, 235 metabolic steps, 556 metabolic transformation, 235 metabolic transformation:
effect on toxic action, 234
metabolism, 557 metabolism studies, 871 metabolism: toxicity tests, 256 metabolites: effect on toxic
action, 234 metal carbonates: stabilization,
650 metal detoxification, 293 metal emissions, 777 metal finishers, 373 metal hydroxides: solubility,
192 metal painting, 390 metal plating, 386
waste compatibility in storage, 417
metal precipitation: aqueous waste treatment, 409
metal scrap: recycling, 396 metal toxicity, 296 metal-finishing: waste
compatibility in storage, 417
metallic oxides: incineration, 743
su 889
methox subl TCLP.
methyl c
methyl com
727. If' com~ heat-.~
methYI;j... care , combu ':
727 .~
methyl butyl! combusll characii:ll 727
methyl chlorlll combustiOl1
727 steam strip
methyl cyclol combul charactl 727
methyl ether combu! characl 727
methyl ether charac1
methyl ethyl charac'
-------- -- -- --
Merck, Sharp & Dohme, 386 mercuric chloride: use as
inhibitor, 630 mercuric ions: accumulation in
blood plasma, 233 mercury
accumulation in kidneys, 233
allergic reactions, 242 early exposures, 4 early history, 5 EPA 33/50 program, 360 excretion in bile, 234 impact on kidney, 264 landfill leachate, 144 priority metals, 761 stabilization agents, 652 TCLP,51 toxicity, 296, 297
mergers audits, 319 property audits, 351
mesocosms, 289 meta-xylene, 86 metabolic activation, 268 metabolic activity disruption,
297 metabolic detoxification, 237 metabolic rates, 235 metabolic steps, 556 metabolic transformation, 235 metabolic transformation:
effect on toxic action, 234
metabolism, 557 metabolism studies, 871 metabolism: toxicity tests, 256 metabolites: effect on toxic
action, 234 metal carbonates: stabilization,
650 metal detoxification, 293 metal emissions, 777 metal finishers, 373 metal hydroxides: solubility,
192 metal painting, 390 metal plating, 386
waste compatibility in storage, 417
metal precipitation: aqueous waste treatment, 409
metal scrap: recycling, 396 metal toxicity, 296 metal-finishing: waste
compatibility in storage, 417
metallic oxides: incineration, 743
metalloenzymes, 297 metallothionen, 293 metals emissions: incineration,
709 metals recovery, 408 metals
combustion, 719 incineration, 778 stabilization agents, 652
metaphoric rocks: seismic velocition, 908
metastasis; 267 metastasize: cancer, 264 methane, 82, 713
combustion characteristics, 727
combustion constant, 714 methane monooxygenase, 562 methanol, 98, 398 methanotrophs, 562 method of LeBas, 97 methodology
acceptable daily intake, 260 subsurface investigation,
889 methoxychior, 90, 301
sublethal effects, 303 TCLP,51
methyl acetate: combustion characteristics, 727
methyl alcohol combustion characteristics,
727 combustion constant, 714 heat value, 712
methyl bromide carcinogenic class, 271 combustion characteristics,
727 methyl butyl ketone:
combustion characteristics, 727
methyl chloride combustion characteristics,
727 steam stripping, 487
methyl cyclohexane: combustion characteristics, 727
methyl ether ketone: combustion characteristics, 727
methyl ether: combustion characteristics, 727
methyl ethyl ether: combustion characteristics, 727
INDEX 1127
methyl ethyl ketone, 395, 398 EPA 33/50 program, 360 indicator chemical, 878 supercritical fluid oxidation,
529 TCLP,51
methyl formate: combustion characteristics, 727
methyl isobutyl ketone EPA 33/50 program, 360 landfill leachate, 145
methyl isocyanate, 56 methyl mercury, 5
half-life, 236 toxicity, 245
methyl methane sulphonate: reaction with DNA, 268
methyl propyl ketone: combustion characteristics, 727
methyl-2-pentanone: indicator chemical, 878
methyl-hexane, 83 methylcholanthrene:
carcinogenic class, 271 methylene chloride, 395
landfill leachate, 145 pharmacokinetic modeling,
237 steam stripping, 487
methylmercury: uptake by fish-eating birds, 306
Michaelis-Menten kinetics, 280
microbes isolation, 631 microbial communities, 555,
616 microbial concentrations, 580 microbial density, 604 microbial growth, 588 microbiology, 555 microcosms, 288 microeconomic analysis, 365 microencapsulation, 647 micronutrients, 569 microorganisms: toxicity tests,
256 Midland, Michigan, 406 migration
contaminant, 846 vertical barriers, 967
migration of contaminants: remediation example, 1007
migration pathway: remediation example, 1006
1128 INDEX
Millington and Quirk relationship, 464
Minamata Bay: mercury poisoning, 5
mineral processing industry: biological slurries, 607
mineral spirits No. 10: combustion characteristics, 727
mineralization, 555 minimum substrate
concentration, 579 minimum technology
requirements, 46 Minnesota: arsenic poisoning,
8 minnow: sublethal effects, 303 mirex: sublethal effects, 303 miscarriages: PCBs, 5 Missouri
large generators, 21 small quantity generators,
21 sources, 22 Times Beach, 7
mist eliminators: air pollution control, 767
mistrust: role in public opposition, 434
mites: land treatment, 616 mitochondrion: toxic action,
239 mixed function oxidases, 293 mixed liquor: biological
treatment, 585, 586 mixed soil, 986 mixer design: biological
slurries, 607 mixers: storage tanks, 755 mixing of hazardous wastes,
392,417 mixing
biodegradation, 569 biological slurries, 607 cutoff walls, 981 pre-treatment at TSDF, 419
mixtures of toxins: risk assessment, 864
mobile incineration systems, 778
mobility, 844 fate of contaminants, 181,
196 stabilization, 641
modeling: risk assessment, 852 models: linear sorption, 187 models: pharmacokinetic, 237 models: toxicity, 278
modulus of elasticity: geomembranes, 803
Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria as, 824
moisture biodegradation, 565 moisture content, 675
stabilization tests, 675 moisture: clay liners, 808 molal volumes, 97 molar ideal gas law constant,
106 molecular charge: sorbent
properties, 187 molecular diffusion
contaminant transport, 166 leakage, 145
molecular size: sorbent properties, 187
molecular structure biodegradeability, 558
effect on adsorption, 480 molecular weight cutoff:
ultrafiltration, 544 molecular weight: effect on
adsorption, 480 mollusca: metal toxicity, 297 molozonide: chemical
oxidation, 513 molten ash, 743 molten salt process, 706 momentum: atmospheric
transport, 201, 202 monitoring, 54
at TSDFs, 422, 424 data, 852 housekeeping programs,
391 landfills, 826 remedial alternatives, 1021,
1025 monitoring wells, 180, 931
installation, 934, 936 nested, 934 PVC, 932 report, 952 rock, 934 screened interval, 952 site investigation, 913 stainless steel, 933 Teflon, 933
monitors carbon dioxide, 775 emission, 773 oxygen, 775
Monod equation, 573, 580 Monod kinetics, 578 Montana: in situ
bioremediation, 602
Monte Carlo methods: risk assessment, 872
montmorillonite, 657 cation exchange capacity,
191 Moolgavkar-Knudson model,
280 moral action, 27 morbidity, 253 morphology, 296 mortality, 246
toxicological end point, 287 most probable exposed
population, 860 most probable land use: use
in remedial objectives, 1010
motor amperage, 777 motor oils, 17 motor vehicle accident, 838 mouse experiment, 275 mucous membrane irritant, 56 mucous membrane:
pharmacokinetics, 229 mucous present: absorption,
232 multi-state model: use of
toxicity model, 281 multiple exposures:
accumulation, 238 mudstones: remediation
example, 1004 MUltiple Extraction Procedure,
673 multiple toxicological effects:
acceptable daily intake, 259
multiple-hearth incinerator, 744, 747
multistage model, 279 municipal waste: early laws, 7 muscle: copper, 298 mushrooms: natural
carcinogens, 283 mustards: carcinogenesis, 271 mutagenic effects:
classification of toxins, 244
mutagenicity, 276 toxicity tests, 256
mutated oncogene, 266 mutation, 283, 562 mutation in bacteria, 268 mutation: toxic action, 239
n-butane, 82, 83 N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 396
n_methylnitrosourea: neurol0§i"carcinogenic class, 271 neurotox~' .....
neutral' •n_methylnitrosourethane: carcinogenic class, 271
n-pentane, 82 aq,::~\-' neutroft:
naphtha, 395 914 ,.' naphtha: heat value, 712 N-knef. naphthalene: combustion large .
characteristics, 727
naled: sublethal effects, 303
P~~liC~'naphthalene: combustion Slung •......... constant, 714
naphthalene: reverse osmosis, Ne:as~~534 . naphthylamine dyes: bladder small .New York: .•.••21 "', National Ambient Air Quality large g '.
Standards, 62 small q ': I National Contingency Plan, 58
cancer, 273
21 .
national inventory, 67 Niagara Falts~ National Library of Medicine, Canal.~
261 Niagara GaUiaIi6 ·u,national plans, 65
National Pollutant Discharge Niagara Schnilf Elimination System, 61 Canal,6~
national primary drinking nickel, 92 .';j water standards, 61 nickel-bearing
National Priorities List, 54, 55, elec~ 878, 963 nickel
National Priority Lists: allergic rell/; contaminated sites, 23 carcinogene
National regulations, 69 carcinogero National Society of concentratil
Professional Engineers: effect of el Code of Ethics, 29 232
national standards, 62 EPA 33/50 natural carcinogens, 283 land treatn: natural gas, 713 landfill lea natural pesticides, 283 removal in Natural Resources Defense stabilizatio
Council, 839 toxicity eri natural selection, 562 use of Rf[ natural: risk, 866 nicotine:letha nausea: arsenic toxicity, 242 NIMBY sync:necrosis, 246 nislrOsamide! needs assessment, 425 . class, 2 negative pressure: incineration, nitrates
753 electron II negligence, 38 stabilizatil nekton, 870 nitric acidneoplasms, 264 electrodianeoprene: geomembranes, 804 stabilizatiNernst equation, 510 nitrification:nerve damage, 238
nitrobenzemNetherlands, 66, 69, 71, 72, combusti
613 727biological treatment, 606 TCLP,5cleanup programs, 72 toxicity,neuroactive insecticides, 30 I
n-methylnitrosourea: carcinogenic class, 271
n-methylnitrosourethane: carcinogenic class, 271
n-pentane, 82 naled: sublethal effects, 303 naphtha, 395 naphtha: heat value, 712 naphthalene: combustion
characteristics, 727 naphthalene: combustion
constant, 714 naphthalene: reverse osmosis,
534 naphthylamine dyes: bladder
cancer, 273 National Ambient Air Quality
Standards, 62 National Contingency Plan, 58 national inventory, 67 National Library of Medicine,
261 national plans, 65 National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System, 61 national primary drinking
water standards, 61 National Priorities List, 54, 55,
878,963 National Priority Lists:
contaminated sites, 23 National regulations, 69 National Society of
Professional Engineers: Code of Ethics, 29
national standards, 62 natural carcinogens, 283 natural gas, 713 natural pesticides, 283 Natural Resources Defense
Council, 839 natural selection, 562 natural: risk, 866 nausea: arsenic toxicity, 242 necrosis, 246 needs assessment, 425 negative pressure: incineration,
753 negligence, 38 nekton, 870 neoplasms, 264 neoprene: geomembranes, 804 Nernst equation, 510 nerve damage, 238 Netherlands, 66, 69, 71, 72,
613 biological treatment, 606 cleanup programs, 72
neuroactive insecticides, 30I
neurological damage, 244 neurotoxicity, 244 neutralization, 394
aqueous waste treatment, 410
neutron: borehole geophysics, 914
New Jersey large generators, 21 public input to siting, 432 siting criteria, 430 waste generation, 17
New Source Review, 63 New York: Love Canal, 6
small quantity generators, 21
large generators, 21 small quantity generators,
21 Niagara Falls, New York: Love
Canal,6 Niagara Gazette: Love Canal,
6 Niagara School District: Love
Canal, 6 nickel,92 nickel-bearing waste:
electrodialysis, 538 nickel
allergic reactions, 242 carcinogenesis, 274 carcinogenic class, 271 concentration in soil, 182 effect of exposure route,
232 EPA 33/50 program, 360 land treatment, 618 landfill leachate, 144 removal in clay liners, 81 I stabilization, 645 toxicity criteria, 304 use of RID, 264
nicotine:lethal dose, 247 NIMBY syndrome, 434 nistrosamides: carcinogenic
class, 271 nitrates
electron acceptor, 564 stabilization agents, 652
nitric acid electrodialysis, 532 stabilization agents, 652
nitrification: effect on pH, 567 nitrobenzene
combustion characteristics, 727
TCLP,51 toxicity, 300
INDEX 1129
nitroethane: combustion characteristics, 727
nitrogen compounds: biodegradeability, 559
nitrogen dioxide, 63, 128 nitrogen oxides, 718 nitrogen
combustion constant, 714 nutrient requirements, 567
nitromethane: combustion characteristics, 727
nitrosamines, 89 carcinogenic class, 271
nitroso-ureas: carcinogenic class, 271
nitrosopiperidine: carcinogenic class, 271
no action alternative Lackawanna Refuse Site,
878 risk assessment, 852
no observed adverse effect level, 258
no observed effect level, 258, 291
no-flow boundaries: finite difference method, 176
no. 6 fuel oil: retention capacity of various soil types, 186
noble metal, 730 non-aqueous phase liquid, 170,
173,465,465,595 contaminant transport, 167
non-carcinogenic risk, 862 calculations, 263
non-carcinogens, 257, 858 non-contact cooling water,
387, 394 non-degradation policies: risk
assessment, 852 non-flammable gas:
combatibility in storage, 418
non-genotoxic carcinogens, 279, 284
non-ideal sorption, 189 non-lethal stress, 291 non-point sources, 294 non-polar compounds
accumulation in fat cells, 233
pharmacokinetics, 230 non-polar molecules:
biotransformation, 234 Non-Random Two Liquid
model,492 non-slagging incinerators, 745
1130 INDEX
overhead decan'organic solvents: mobility nonane: combustion Occupational Safety and operating permit stripping,enhancement, 196characteristics, 727 Health Act, 60 incineration, 709 overland flow, ] organic vapor analyzer, 926, nonaqueous phase liquid, 168, Occupational Safety and air, 64 overt symptomc941594 Health Administration, operating procedures: process toxicologiorganically modified clay, 659, nonattainment, 62 284 modifications, 385 288660nongenotoxic carcinogens, 860 occurrence: toxicological end operating records, 381 owners, 59landfill liners, 796, 812, 821nonreacting system: mass point, 288 operating temperature, 744 oxidation reduc
stabilization, 657balance, 117 octane: combustion operating variables, 365 510organics: clay liners, 809 nonvolatile organics, 89 characteristics, 727 operation oxidation staleSorganism response, 868 normal distribution, 874 octanol-water partition landfills, 825 oxidation-reduc
not memorable: risk, 866 coefficient, 98, 230, 292 remedial alternatives, 1021 biomarkers, 292 microbial, 5}notes: audits, 340 sorption, 188 operational monitoring, 420 Organization for Economic
contaminaJll,Notice of Deficiency, 442 octet rule, 81 operator data logs, 364 Co-operation and fate ofco~notification, 49 odors: landfills, 798 operators, 59 Development-see
oxidation .'I'nozzle-see atomizer OECD guidelines, 254 opposition to facilities, 361, OECD incineraticJ9,.nozzle: liquid injection off-site facilities, 406 434 Organization for Economic supercriticaf
incinerator, 738 off-site waste, 16 optical microscopy: use in Cooperation and oxidizers: stabi!nuclear power plant: risk off-specification products: stabilization, 678 Development, 68 652
assessment, 866 waste classification, 13 optimization; 366 Organization of African Unity, oxidizing atmo nucleus: toxic action, 239 Office of Management and optimum: clay liners, 808 73 oxygen analysi nuisance, 37 Budget, 49 order of a reaction, 122 organization: management oxygen correc1number of species: Ohm's law, 537 organ transplantations, 267 audits, 345 incinerati
toxicological end point, oil & grease organ weights: dose-effect, 248 organochloride pesticide: oxygen deman288 biological treatment, 611 organic acids: stabilization accumulation in fat cells, treatmenl
numerical methods: finite degradation rates, 611 agents, 652 233 oxygen exch81difference, 175 stabilization agents, 652 organic aqueous wastes: organochlorine compounds, cyanide,
numerical siting criteria, 431 oil re-refining, 407 classification, 15 301 oxygen requirlnutrient cycling, 868 oil recovery, 407 organic carbon concentration: relative toxicities, 302 oxygen uptakenutrient dynamics: oil spill contingency plans: use in treatment organochlorines, 301 oxygen utiliza
toxicological end point, role in audits, 330 selection, 583 effect on birds, 306 oxygen288 oil-water emulsions: separation organic carbon partition organohalogen exposure: effect chemical 0
nutrient requirements, 568 by ultrafiltration, 537 coefficient, 99, 187 on reproduction, 305 combustiOl nutrients: effect on oils: classification, 15 organic carbon partition organophilic clay, 650 flue gas 811
biodegradation, 567 Old Forge, PA: risk coefficient-see also stabilization, 649, 657 in situ biOI nylon, 720 assessment, 878 Appendix A organophosphate pesticides: oxygenated cnylon polymer: biodegradation, on-site audit, 327, 331 organic chemical industry: effect on birds, 306 supercri
559 on-site facilities, 16, 407 waste generation, 18 organophosphates, 301 oxidati< on-site waste, 16 organic chemistry, 81 inhibition of cholinesterase oyster: relati' on-site workers: risk organic compounds enzymes, 293 .. ozone, 63, 5(o & M costs, 1029 assessment, 849 properties in supercritical organophosphorous peslIcldes: chemical E
o-Aminoazotoluene: oncogene, 283, 266 fluids, 523 toxic effects, 242, 244 513carcinogenic class, 271 mutated, 266 transport through organophosphorus compounds ozone/UV: d
o-Chlorotoluene: supercritical role in carcinogenesis, 266 geomembranes, 816 dermal absorption, 232 509fluid oxidation, 529 oncogenic progression, 267 organic content of the soil: soil relative toxicities, 302 ozonide: che
0-Toluidine: carcinogenic Onda correlations, 450 vapor extraction, 463 organophosphorus pesticides, 513class, 271 example, 452 organic liquids recovery, 409
90o-Xylene: supercritical fluid one-in-a-million risk, 277, 865 organic liquids: classification, orientation: audits, 331oxidation, 529 risk assessment, 866 15 p-dichlorobcorifice, 772 oats cell carcinoma, 268 Ontario, 434 organic material: sorption, 185 p-wastes, 13orthophosphate: nutrient objectives open buring, 706 organic nitrogen compounds: packaging, : requirements, 567remediation, 1007 open system, 102 supercritical fluid packed andOSHA,851site characterization, 893 operability: remedial oxidation, 529 OSHA 1910.120: audits, 334 partic'
site investigation, 894 alternatives, 1026 organic permeants: clay liners, packed tOWEosmotic pressure, 539 siting, 431 operation and maintenance: 809 biologicscell membrane, 567 observational approach, 965 remedial alternatives, organic polymer: stabilization packing chsosteoporosis, 244 obstacles to pollution 1024 agents, 652 451osteosarcoma, 274 prevention, 375 operating activities: disruption organic sludges/solids: PAH compcoutdoor activities: risk occupational carcinogenesis, by audit, 330 classification, 15 treatnassessment, 850 283 operating manuals, 364 organic solvent, 363, 386
organic solvents: mobility enhancement, 196
organic vapor analyzer, 926, 941
organically modified clay, 659, 660
landfill liners, 796, 812, 821 stabilization, 657
organics: clay liners, 809 organism response, 868
biomarkers, 292 Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development-see OECD
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 68
Organization of African Unity, 73
organization: management audits, 345
organochloride pesticide: accumulation in fat cells, 233
organochlorine compounds, 301
relative toxicities, 302 organochlorines, 301
effect on birds, 306 organohalogen exposure: effect
on reproduction, 305 organophilic clay, 650
stabilization, 649, 657 organophosphate pesticides:
effect on birds, 306 organophosphates, 301
inhibition of cholinesterase enzymes, 293
organophosphorous pesticides: toxic effects, 242, 244
organophosphorus compounds dermal absorption, 232 relative toxicities, 302
organophosphorus pesticides, 90
orientation: audits, 331 orifice, 772 orthophosphate: nutrient
requirements, 567 OSHA, 851 OSHA 1910.120: audits, 334 osmotic pressure, 539
cell membrane, 567 osteoporosis, 244 osteosarcoma, 274 outdoor activities: risk
assessment, 850
overhead decanter: steam stripping, 488
overland flow, 147 overt symptomology:
toxicological end point, 288
owners, 59 oxidation reduction potential,
510 oxidation states, 193 oxidation-reduction reactions
microbial, 558 contaminant transport, 167 fate of contaminants, 192
oxidation incineration, 749 supercritical fluid, 521
oxidizers: stabilization agents, 652
oxidizing atmosphere, 751 oxygen analysis, 775 oxygen correction:
incineration, 775 oxygen demand: in situ
treatment, 599 oxygen exchange: impact of
cyanide, 242 oxygen requirements, 563 oxygen uptake, 633 oxygen utilization, 563 oxygen
chemical oxidation, 509 combustion constant, 714 flue gas analysis, 778 in situ bioremediation, 596
oxygenated compounds: supercritical fluid oxidation, 529
oyster: relative toxicities, 302 ozone, 63, 507
chemical oxidation, 509, 513
ozone/UV: chemical oxidation, 509
ozonide: chemical oxidation, 513
p-dichlorobenzene, 90 P-wastes, 13 packaging, 359, 376 packed and tray columns:
particulate removal, 761 packed towers, 447, 765
biological treatment, 589 packing characteristics: table,
451 PAH compounds: biological
treatment, 606
INDEX 1131
PAHs biological treatment, 590 biological slurries, 605, 608 biological treatment, 611 in situ bioremediation, 602 slurry phase treatment, 610
paint filter test, 669 paint manufacture: source of
waste, 20 paint sludges: waste
compatibility in storage, 417
paint stripping liquid waste: degradation by peroxide, 517
paints, 390 pall ring, 451 palladium: combustion catylist,
730 pallets, 391 panels: use in toxicology, 254 paper and allied products
industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18
paper mills: save ails, 358 Paracelsus, 225 paraffin: stabilization, 663 paraffin oil: combustion
characteristics, 727 paraldehyde: combustion
characteristics, 727 paraoxon
ACLE inhibitor, 242 biotransformation end
product, 235 paraquat: toxicity, 245 parathion, 91, 301
biotransformed to a toxin, 235
dermal absorption, 232 sublethal effects, 303 lethal dose, 247
Part B permit, 440 participation by employees,
392 particle density: flue gas, 761 particle size distribution, 676
stabilization tests, 675 particles: inhalation, 232 particulate capture, 751 particulate emissions, 140,777
atmospheric transport, 200 incinerator, 751
particulate matter, 63 emissions, 138
particulate removal, 769 air pollution, 761
particulates, 709, 710, 741 partition coefficients, 98
I
1132 INDEX
soil vapor extraction, 464 partitioning to sediments, 845 partitioning
fate of contaminants, 183 land treatment, 620
Pasquill chart, 203, 206 passive containment: vertical
barriers, 968 passive contaminant control,
965 pathologic properties:
toxicological profiles, 263
pathological changes, 254 pathological findings, 254 pathway, 844
use in problem definition, 1006
use in remediation objectives, 1007
pathways for contamination, 965
PB-PK models, 237 PCB 1234: supercritical fluid
oxidation, 529 PCB 1254: supercritical fluid
oxidation, 529 PCBs, 61, 89, 90, 338, 339,
778 human exposures via milk,
5 GIS, 946 relative carcinogenic
potencies, 272 89,778 accumulation in fat cells,
233 biodegradation, 630 biodegradeability, 559 history,S multistage model of
toxicity, 280 permit requirement, 442 remediation example, 1005 stabilization agents, 645,
652 supercritical fluid oxidation,
529 toxicity due to structure,
242 waste classification, 13
PCBs-see polychlorinated biphenyls
PCE: dehalogenation, 565 peanut butter, 284, 838
risk assessment, 866 peer review: use in toxicology,
254
peer-reviewed toxicological information, 261
penalties: civil, 321 Pennsylvania
permit schedule, 442 waste generation, 17
pentachlorobenzene: toxicity, 300
pentachlorophenol biodegradeability, 558 biological slurries, 608 biological treatment, 590 degradation by peroxide,
516 in situ bioremediation, 602 land treatment, 615 TCLP,51 waste classification, 12
pentane combustion characteristics,
727 combustion constant, 714
peptide links: enzymes, 557 perception gap, 867 perception
public, 10 risk, 866 role in public opposition,
434 perch
copper, 298 sublethal effects, 303
perched water table, 933 perchloroethylene, 395
landfill leachate, 145 performance
remedial alternatives, 1025 use in developing
alternatives, 1016 performance standards
incineration, 709, 710 perfused organs: toxicity tests,
256 perfusion, 231
impact on toxicity, 233 peripheral nervous system, 246 permanence: remedial
alternatives, 1023 permeability, 231
gases, 815 solvents, 816 stabilization tests, 675 use in stabilization, 684 water, 816
permeable treatment beds, 997 permeameter: cutoff walls, 980 permethrin: sublethal effects,
303
permit application, 364, 441, 442
permit requirements: remedial alternatives, 1021
permits, 364 NPDES, 61 use in audits, 326, 333, 349
permitting, 46, 66, 440 public participation, 439
persistence in the environment, 844
persistent chemicals, 559 persistent compounds, 558
biodegradation, 630 personnel: audit, 324 pesticide containers:
classification, 15 Pesticide Residues, 261 pestic ides, 89
accumulation in fat cells, 233
manufacture, 56 natural, 283 remediation example, 1005 waste compatibility in
storage, 417 petroleum and refining
industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18
petroleum products biodegradation, 593 phase distribution, 593
petroleum refining sludges: slurry phase treatment, 610
petroleum refining: waste classification, 12
petroleum sludges: degradation rates, 611
petroleum-based materials, 391 pH control, 772 pH monitoring, 343 pH: effect on biodegradation,
566 phagocytosis, 231 pharmaceutical manufacture:
waste generation, 20 pharmacokinetic data:
toxicological profiles, 263
pharmacokinetic modeling, 236, 284
pharmacokinetics, 235 pharmacological action, 246 pharmacological research, 254 phase diagram, 152, 523 phase equilibrium, 104 phase partitioning: mobility
enhancement, 198
physiological:phase rule, 104, 105 toxins, 2,phase separation: steam
phytotoxicity,stripping, 492 pica behavior, phase-equilibria, 489 pickle liquor, phenanthrene: biological
electrodialytreatment, 609 waste class: phenobarbital: promotion of waste com]liver tumors, 267
storage,phenol, 85, 395 .. piezometer, 9:adsorption by organophI1lc
aquifier moclays, 658 biomarker for benzene, 235 piezometer ne carcinogenesis, 272 piezometric at chemical oxidation, 509 monitori
degradation by ozone, 515 pigments, 388 dermal absorption, 232 pile driver, 9~
landfill leachate, 145 pilot studies: anaerobic treatment, 591 extraCU( chemical oxidation, 506 pilot-scale tel mobility enhancement, 197 systems stabilization agents, 652 pinfish: suble
phenolics: waste compatibility pinholes: cia: in storage, 417 piping: soil ,
phenoxy acid herbi~ides, 301 469 phenylphenol: carcinogenesIs, pitot tubes, i
275 pits, 786 Philippines, 70 planimetrics philosophy: ethics, 26 inform phosphorus plankton: re
incineration, 744 302 nutrient requirements, 567 planning, 8S
photoautotrophic: emergen( microorganisms, 556 audits, 3:
photographic dyes, 393 site inve! photographic film processors: waste mi
small quantity generators, planning fo: 21 planningp~
photosynthesis inhibition, 305 plant operal phreatic zone, 161 plasma glu( phthalate, 87 plastic cOlli phthalate esters, 89 973, physical characteristics of plastic conI
waste, 416 plastic: rec physical chemical pro~erties plasticizer:
see also AppendIX plating, 92 A plating bat
physical separation: electrod pretreatment for plating wabiological, 585 minimt
physical-chemical properties, platinum
91, 869 allergicrisk assessment, 844 combul
physico-chemical processes, plausibilit
447 plebiscite:physiological effects,. 291
plug flowphysiological properties, 868 plug flowphysiological threshold: plume, l'acceptable daily intake,
atIDOSl258
phase rule, 104, 105 phase separation: steam
stripping, 492 phase-equilibria, 489 phenanthrene: biological
treatment, 609 phenobarbital: promotion of
liver tumors, 267 phenol, 85, 395
adsorption by organophilic clays, 658
biomarker for benzene, 235 carcinogenesis, 272 chemical oxidation, 509 degradation by ozone, 515 dermal absorption, 232 landfill leachate, 145 anaerobic treatment, 591 chemical oxidation, 506 mobility enhancement, 197 stabilization agents, 652
phenolics: waste compatibility in storage, 417
phenoxy acid herbicides, 301 phenylphenol: carcinogenesis,
275 Philippines, 70 philosophy: ethics, 26 phosphorus
incineration, 744 nutrient requirements, 567
photoautotrophic: microorganisms, 556
photographic dyes, 393 photographic film processors:
small quantity generators, 21
photosynthesis inhibition, 305 phreatic zone, 161 phthalate, 87 phthalate esters, 89 physical characteristics of
waste, 416 physical chemical properties
see also Appendix A
physical separation: pretreatment for biological, 585
physical-chemical properties, 91,869
risk assessment, 844 physico-chemical processes,
447 physiological effects, 291 physiological properties, 868 physiological threshold:
acceptable daily intake, 258
physiological: classification of toxins, 243
phytotoxicity, 305 pica behavior, 852 pickle liquor, 19, 388, 407
electrodialysis, 532 waste classification, 12 waste compatibility in
storage, 417 piezometer, 930, 932
aquifier monitoring, 933 piezometer nest, 934 piezometric surface: aquifier
monitoring, 933 pigments, 388 pile driver, 984 pilot studies: soil vapor
extraction, 470 pilot-scale testing: biological
systems, 632 pinfish: sublethal effects, 303 pinholes: clay liners, 813 piping: soil vapor extraction,
469 pitot tubes, 772, 777 pits, 786 planimetrics: geographic
information systems, 944 plankton: relative toxicities,
302 planning, 891
emergency, 423 audits, 320 site investigation, 892 waste minimization, 362
planning for TSDF needs, 425 planning production, 392 plant operations: audits, 318 plasma glucose, 298 plastic concrete cut-off walls,
973, 984 plastic containers, 417 plastic: recycling, 396 plasticizer: PCBs, 5 plating, 92, 390 plating bath, 386
electrodialysis, 530 plating waste, 92
minimization, 386 platinum
allergic reactions, 242 combustion catylist, 730
plausibility: limitations, 253 plebiscites: use in siting, 439 plug flow, 582, 585 plug flow reactor, 123 plume, 170
atmospheric transport, 200
INDEX 1133
contaminant transport, 164, 165
data presentation, 945 delineation, 939
plume rise: atmospheric transport, 200-202
plutonium: carcinogenesis, 274 pocket penetrometer, 677
stabilization tests, 675 point estimates, 872, 876 point mutation, 266, 276
role in cancer, 269 point mutation in DNA, 270 point source, 135
contaminant transport, 163 polar compounds:
pharmacokinetics, 230 polar molecules, 231 polar substances:
pharmacokinetics, 230 polarity: effect on adsorption,
480 Polaroid Corporation, 393 policies and procedures:
management audits, 345 policy making, 839 policy manuals: use in audits,
326 political art, 436 political aspects of waste
management, 25 pollen: allergies, 242 pollution indices: toxicological
end point, 288 pollution prevention, 355, 357
assessment, 362 economic incentives, 358 legal incentives, 359 strategies, 361
Pollution Prevention Act: United States, 359
polyaromatic hydrocarbons, 86, 89
human exposures via milk, 5
polychlorinated biphenyls, 60, 90, 272
polychlorinated biphenyls-see PCBs
polychlorinated dibenzofurans: birth defects, 5
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 299
carcinogenesis, 269 carcinogenic class. 271 toxic effects, 244
polycyclic aromatics, 96 biodegradeability, 558 biological treatment, 609
1134 INDEX
polycyclic aromatics-see also PAHs
polyester elastomer: geomembranes, 804
polyethylene, 720 heat value, 712 incineration, 752 stabilization, 663
polymeric materials: biodegradation, 559
polymerization: liquid injection incineration, 738
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: cancer 268 '
polypropylene: stabilization, 663
polystyrene, 396 biodegradation, 559
polyurethane (foamed): heat value, 712
polyvinyl alcohol, 537 polyvinyl chloride
geomembranes, 804 monitoring wells, 932
ponds, 786 population, 286
affected, 841 most probable exposed 860 sensitive, 844, 864 ' exposed, 845
population dynamics: ecological risk, 868
porosity, 153 primary, 935 retardation factor, 199 secondary, 935
porosity of soils: in situ vitrifiation, 665
porous media: heterogeneity, 168
portland cement reactions, 653 stabilization, 645
possible carcinogen, 858 post-closure care, 826
international, 72 postnatal development, 245 potassium dichromate:
stabilization agents, 652 potassium permanganate
chemical oxidation, 509 stabilization agents, 652
potassium: cation exchange capacity, 191
potency, 276 potential carcinogens, 275 potential energy, 103
potential human carcinogens, 274
potentially exposed populations: risk assessment, 849
potentially responsible parties, 54, 59
potentiometric surface: aquifier monitoring, 933
powder coating technology, 390
powdered carbon-activated sludge system, 586
powdered chemicals, 390 power generation: incineration
758 ' pozzolan-based: stabilization
agents, 652 pozzolan: stabilization, 645,
655 pre-application conference
443 ' pre-shipment waste analysis,
414,416 pre-term birth, 250 pre-testing of refractories, 743 pre-treatment at TSDF, 420 pre-visit questionnaire, 325
audits, 325 precipitation, 965
aqueous waste treatment of metals, 409
contaminant transport, 167 fate of contaminants, 180,
183, 191 land treatment, 617 landfills, 798 stabilization, 649 use in metal recovery, 408
precognitive development in children: lead toxicity 257 '
pre~ognitive development Impact of toxicity, 260 toxicity, 245
predation, 305 predator prey relationships
868 ' predators, 285 predictive capacity:
ecotoxicology, 285 pregnancy: exposure to lead,
250 preheating, 736 premanufacture notification 60 preparation of waste: at '
TSDFs, 416 present worth analysis, 367
remedial alternatives, 1029
pressure atomizer, 739 pressure controllers, 772 pressure drop: air stripping,
457 pressure transmitters, 772 pressure
control in incineration, 772 hydraulic head, 155
pressuremeter test, 924 pretreatment
biological slurries, 604 biological treatment, 603 incineration, 755
prevalence of toxic compounds, 8
prevalence studies: toxicity, 252
preventative maintenance, 392 prevention of significant
deterioration, 64 primacy, 40 primary combustion, 741 primary controls: remedial
alternatives, 101 primary manufacturers: waste
generation, 20 primary metals industry:
generation in NJ and PA 18 '
primary producers, 286 p~mary productivity, 285 pnmary utilizers, 561 Principal Organic Hazardous
Constituents, 709, 710 permit requirements, 444
printi~g and publishing Industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18
printing industry, 386, 388 printing ink manufacture:
source of waste, 21 prior exposure: impact on
toxicity, 246 priority pollutants, 61 priority pollutants-see also
App. A private-party sites: cleanup
programs, 23 privilege: attorney-client, 323 probability density functions,
873 probability distributions 872
risk assessment, 874 ' probability-see also risk probability-see also
stochastic probability: rare events, 864 probable carcinogen, 858
probit model: use of toxicity, f(, ., ~281 propertY trIIlIlJIJproblem solving: site
property tnMIIremediation, 1002 c~Pprocedure-driven checklist:
audit protocol, 329 propertY""'" procedures, laboratory, 12 propy~=
site investigation, 899 propyl a1coIIIIl
procedures to prevent hazards: c~ in permits, 441 propylene dilJIi
process chemistry, 365 process flow diagrams, 364 com"cbanillllll! process information, 441
727'H~ in pennits, 441 propyleneOllil
process modifications, 385 charlillll process sensors: incineration, propylellO .'~l@
753 combulliali process variables: incineration, 727
773 combulliclll product changes, 356 prospective. product design, 359 prostate: dollfi product elimination, 365 prostrate c. product life cycle, 25, 376 protective me: product spills: in situ manage
bioremediation, 592 proteCtive II1II production, 392 toxic~ production methods, 365 proteins, 55& production of phenols: protocols: au
classification, 15 protooncogel production of waste, 20 protoplasm, : production records, 364 protoporphyJ production schedules, 364 protozoa: 181 productive capability: PRPs, 59
toxicological end point, psoralens: n: 287 283
productivity, 305 psysiochemi toxicological end point, 288 public aceq
products of incomplete object combustion: pennit public aW8I requirement, 442 history, •
professional development: public expe Code of Ethics, 30 public hea\l
professional duties: Code of publicintol
Ethics, 30 Public Law public mistprogression, 283
progression of cancer, 265, public opiD public opp267 public part promoters, 279
siting CIcarcinogenic, 864 public perlpromoting agents, 275
promotion of cancer, 265, 267 public perl public pre promotive mechanisms, 280
864propane, 82, 713 public rei combustion characteristics,
com727
public re'combustion constant, 714 public sta properties of supercritical
Caewater, 526
probit model: use of toxicity, 281
problem solving: site remediation, 1002
procedure-driven checklist: audit protocol, 329
procedures, laboratory, 12 site investigation, 899
procedures to prevent hazards: in permits, 441
process chemistry, 365 process flow diagrams, 364 process information, 441
in permits, 441 process modifications, 385 process sensors: incineration,
753 process variables: incineration,
773 product changes, 356 product design, 359 product elimination, 365 product life cycle, 25, 376 product spills: in situ
bioremediation, 592 production, 392 production methods, 365 production of phenols:
classification, 15 production of waste, 20 production records, 364 production schedules, 364 productive capability:
toxicological end point, 287
productivity, 305 toxicological end point, 288
products of incomplete combustion: permit requirement, 442
professional development: Code of Ethics, 30
professional duties: Code of Ethics, 30
progression, 283 progression of cancer, 265,
267 promoters, 279
carcinogenic, 864 promoting agents, 275 promotion of cancer, 265, 267 promotive mechanisms, 280 propane, 82, 713
combustion characteristics, 727
combustion constant, 714 properties of supercritical
water, 526
properties-see physical chemical properties
property transfer audits, 346 property transfer remediation:
cleanup programs, 23 property values: audits, 348 propyl acetate: combustion
characteristics, 727 propyl alcohol: combustion
characteristics, 727 propylene dichloride:
combustion characteristics, 727
propylene oxide: combustion characteristics, 727
propylene combustion characteristics,
727 combustion constant, 714
prospective cohort studies, 251 prostate: dose-effect, 248 prostrate cancer, 268 protective measures:
management audits, 345 protective mechanisms:
toxicity, 245 proteins, 558 protocols: audits, 327 protooncogene, 266 protoplasm, 558 protoporphyrin, 247 protozoa: land treatment, 616 PRPs,59 psoralens: natural carcinogens,
283 psysiochemical properties, 868 public acceptance: remedial
objectives, 1011 public awareness, 8
history, 4 public expectation, 29 public health protection, 860 public intolerance, 361 Public Law, 36 public mistrust, 435 public opinion, 10 public opposition, 434 public participation, 54, 434
siting criteria, 432 public perception, 7, 361 public perception of risk, 10 public press: risk assessment,
864 public relations: risk
communication, 867 public review, 443 public statements by engineers:
Code of Ethics, 30
INDEX 1135
public trust, 25, 434 public welfare: Code of Ethics,
29 public
acceptable risks, 865 role insiting, 435
Publicly Owned Treatment Works,61
puff, 135 pulmonary disease: effect of
exposure route, 232 pulmonary sensitizers, 261 pulmonary system, 853 pulverized coal, 741 pump and treat, 992
impact of desorption, 185 pumps: liquid incineration, 755 purge and trap technique, 88 purified water: electrodialysis,
530 pydrin: sublethal effects, 303 pyrene: biological treatment,
609 pyridine solvent, 393
combustion characteristics, 727
TCLP,51 pyrolysis, 711, 749 pyrometallurgy,408 pyrophoric wastes: incinerator,
758 pyrrolizidine alkaloids:
carcinogenic class, 271
quality assurance audits, 319 site investigation, 903
quality circles, 392 quality control plans: site
characterization, 894 site investigation, 903
quantal response, 289 quantification limits: risk
assessment, 864 quantitation limit, 50 quantitative risk assessment,
58, 839 quantitative structural-activity
relationships, 241 quaternary ammonium: use in
organophilic clays, 659 quench system, 741 quench zone, 743 questionnaire: audits, 325, 327
rabble arms, 747 Rachel Carson, 285
1136 INDEX
radiation: risk assessment, 866 radioactive materials:
stabilization agents, 652 radioactive: excluded from
hazardous, 2 radionuclide flux: impact on
cancer, 283 radionuclides, 284 radium-226: carcinogenesis,
274
receiving, 414 receiving areas, 416 receptor doses, 853 receptor populations, 870 receptors, 853
affinity with carcinogen, 272
risk assessment, 844 toxic action, 239 use in problem definition,
refinery wastes: recycling, 394 refinery: flares, 730 refractories, 743 refractory compounds, 558 refractory lining, 743 refractory selection, 743 refuse, 44 regeneration: carbon, 476 regenerative power of tissues,
246
Remedial Investigation, 54, 56, 888
Remedial Investigation Feasibility Studies, 55
remediation objectives, 964, 1007 observational approach, 965 passive control, 965 stabilization, 641, 644
remedy selection, 1001 radium: accumulation in bone,
233 rainout, 846 random variables, 873
correlation, 874 Raoult's law, 93
soil vapor extraction, 465 Raschig Rings, 450 rasching ring, 451 rate constant, 122, 123 rate limiting factor
biological treatment, 606 in situ bioremediation, 596
rate of biological degradation, 566
rate of degradation, 564 rate of heat release, 756 rate of reaction, 121 rate-limiting step: soil vapor
extraction, 463 rates of metabolism, 235 raw materials, 359, 363, 365
process modifications, 385 RCRA, 9, 43, 706
Amendments, 706 re-authorization, 359 amendments, 45, 706
RCRA-see Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
re-refining of oil, 407 reacting system: mass balance,
119 reaction rate constant, 121 reactions: combustion, 707 reactive, 49 reactive wastes, 50 reactivity: characteristics, 12 reactor, 123 reactor design: biodegradation,
569 Reagan administration, 55 reagent, 652 real estate: audits, 319 reasonable maximum exposure:
risk assessment, 861 reasonably prudent person, 38 recalcitrant compounds, 558
biodegradation, 630
1006 recirculation toxicity test, 290 record keeping, 420 record keeping requirements,
424 use in audits, 334
Record of Decision, 54, 58 Lackawanna Refuse Site,
878 recovery facilities, 406, 410 recovery of acid, 407 recreational quality, 287 recreational use scenario: risk
assessment, 850 recruitment, 868 rectifying section: steam
stripping, 488 recycle reactor, 125 recycling, 125, 355, 363
biological treatment, 585 effectiveness, 398
recycling facilities, 406 recycling of biomass, 570 recycling of metals:
electrodialysis, 530 recycling of solid waste: early
history, 8 red blood cell count, 298 redox potential: attenuation
processes, 193 redox: fate of contaminants,
192 reduction in toxicity, mobility,
and volume, 57 reduction of contamination:
remedial alternatives, 1024
reduction of particle size: biological treatment, 607
reduction of sorption by cosolvation, 196
reductive dechlorination: anaerobic treatment, 592
reductive dehalogenation, 564 reference dose, 258, 842, 862
probability distribution, 875 non-carcinogens, 859 uncertainty, 864
refineries, 396
regenerative VOC incineration, 735, 736
regional screening of sites, 426 registration, 66 regulations, 40
generators, 50 stabilization, 643 transporters, 50 U.S., 49 minimum technology, 46
regulatory compliance, 424 regulatory feasibility: remedial
alternatives, 1026 regulatory guidance: remedial
alternatives, 1032 regulatory "hammers", 359 regulatory initiatives, 8 regulatory requirements: use
in remedial objectives, 1008
regulatory signals: cancer, 265 regulatory structure, 9 regulatory systems:
international, 64 regulatory test: leaching tests,
668 relative ground level
concentration, 211 relative risks, 10 relative values: risk
assessment, 867 relaxation technique: finite
difference method, 176 release mechanism, 845 release to soils, 845 release to surface water, 845 releases to water, 140 relevant and appropriate
requirements-see ARARs
relevent requirements: use in remedial objectives, 1008
reliability: use in selecting alternatives, 1022, 1023
remedial action programs, 72 remedial alternatives: defining,
1019
remote mix area: cutoff walls, 980
remote process batch mixing: stabilization, 692
remote sensing, 905 renewal toxicity test, 290 repackaging of waste, 417 repair capacity: cells, 246 repair history, 392 report preparation: audits, 342 reporting requirements, 52
TSD facilities, 52 reports: use in audits, 334 reproduction, 868
effect of benzene, 251 reproductive effects, 870
classification of toxins, 245 reproductive performance:
toxicological end point, 288
reproductive potential, 291 requirements: use in remedial
objectives, 1008 residence times: supercritical
fluid oxidation, 522 residential use scenario: risk
assessment, 850 residual risk: use in selecting
alternatives, 1023 residuals management at TSD
facility, 414, 421 residue: stabilization, 641 resin covered glass, 720 resistance: borehole
geophysics, 914 resistivity: site characterization,
905 resolution: epidemiological
studies, 251 resource extraction, 3 Resources Conservation and
Recovery Act-see RCRA
respiration, 563, 853 respiratory tract: absorption,
232 respirometry, 633 respirometry studies, 560
retention retention retention
sl retrospec.iIlIl return to reuse, 355 reverse os
use in meIi6l reversible effellI reversible pnJlIII review and evlli
audit prijII Reynolds No.::.
correl_ riboflavin defic Right-To-Kno'fl risk, 837
background, cancer, 280 carcinogenil non-carcino uncertainty,
risk assessmer use in reRIC
1008, l( guidance, ~
Risk Assessm Superfw
risk calculatio risk character!
Lackawanl risk communi risk definitior risk managen risk perceptio
role in pul 434
risk sharing: opposit
risk simulati4 risk versus c
aItema risk-derived
Remedial Investigation, 54, 56, 888
Remedial Investigation Feasibility Studies, 55
remediation objectives, 964, 1007 observational approach, 965 passive control, 965 stabilization, 641, 644
remedy selection, 1001 remote mix area: cutoff walls,
980 remote process batch mixing:
stabilization, 692 remote sensing, 905 renewal toxicity test, 290 repackaging of waste, 417 repair capacity: cells, 246 repair history, 392 report preparation: audits, 342 reporting requirements, 52
TSD facilities, 52 reports: use in audits, 334 reproduction, 868
effect of benzene, 251 reproductive effects, 870
classification of toxins, 245 reproductive performance:
toxicological end point, 288
reproductive potential, 291 requirements: use in remedial
objectives, 1008 residence times: supercritical
fluid oxidation, 522 residential use scenario: risk
assessment, 850 residual risk: use in selecting
alternatives, 1023 residuals management at TSD
facility, 414, 421 residue: stabilization, 641 resin covered glass, 720 resistance: borehole
geophysics, 914 resistivity: site characterization,
905 resolution: epidemiological
studies, 251 resource extraction, 3 Resources Conservation and
Recovery Act-see RCRA
respiration, 563, 853 respiratory tract: absorption,
232 respirometry, 633 respirometry studies, 560
response: ecotoxicological, 869
response actions: remediation, 1013
retardation, 181, 247 fate and transport, 199 effect of distrubution
coefficient, 200 fate of contaminants, 180,
183 landfills, 797 liner effectiveness, 814 processes, 183
retardation of growth: dose-effect, 248
retention capacity of soils, 186 retention rate, 855 retention times: biological
slurries, 607 retrospective cohort study, 252 return to manufacturer, 393 reuse, 355 reverse osmosis, 532, 538
use in metal recovery, 408 reversible effects: toxicity, 245 reversible process, 108 review and evaluation list:
audit protocol, 329 Reynolds No.: use in Onda
correlations, 452 riboflavin deficiency, 243 Right-To-Know, 359 risk, 837
background, 863 cancer, 280 carcinogenic, 861 non-carcinogenic risk, 862 uncertainty, 863
risk assessment, 54, 837-885 use in remedial objectives,
1008, 1009 guidance, 861
Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, 840
risk calculation, 857 risk characterization, 860
Lackawanna refuse site, 880 risk communication, 867 risk definition audit, 319 risk management, 839 risk perception, 866
role in public opposition, 434
risk sharing: role in public opposition, 434
risk simulation, 877 risk versus cost: remedial
alternatives, 1028 risk-derived objective, 1010
INDEX 1137
risks, drinking water: remediation example, 1006
RITZ model: land treatment, 619
roasting: acid recovery, 407 rock, 181 rock coring equipment, 929 rock quality designator, 929 rock sampling, 929 rodon-222: carcinogenesis, 274 roll-off containers:
incineration, 756 Rollins Environmental
Services, 406 Roman Empire, 3 root causes, 345 rosin oil: combustion
characteristics, 727 rotary kiln, 408, 744 rotary kiln design, 752 rotary kiln incinerator, 746
particulate removal, 769 Dow Chemical, 406
rotating biological contactor, 588
rototiller: land treatment, 615 route of exposure: acceptable
daily intake, 259 Royal Hardage site, 1004 rubber and miscellaneous
products industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18
rubble: seismic velocition, 908 Rules of Practice: Code of
Ethics, 29 rules-see also regulations rules: ethical theories, 26 runoff, 142, 618
sabotage, 56 saccharin
carcinogenesis, 275 risk assessment, 865, 866
Safe Drinking Water Act, 61 safe levels of carcinogens, 284 safety factors
acceptable daily intake, 258,260
cutoff walls, 976 remedial alternatives, 1025 use in remedial objectives,
1010 safety considerations: remedial
alternatives, 1021 safety gear, 392
1138 INDEX
safety margin: incineration, unrealistic, 873 concentration in soil, 182 remedial alternatives, 1027 753 use in remedial objectives, essential element, 295 use in selecting alternatives,
safety measures: audits, 331 1010 oxidation states, 193 1022 safety of public: Code of schedule for review of permit, stabilization, 655 short-term toxicity tests, 288.
Ethics, 29 443 TCLP,51 289 safety: at TSDFs, 423 schedule landfill leachate, 144 shrimp salmonidea: metal toxicity, audits, 328 semi-permeable membrane, relative toxicities, 302
297 production, 392 530 sublethal effects, 303 salt content: effect in site characterization, 894 semibatch process, 116 signal substance: toxin
incineration, 744 site investigation, 900 semipermeable membrane, receptor, 239 salt scheduling, 392 530,532 Silent Spring, 4, 285
lethal dose, 247 schedule requirements: sensitive ecosystem, 870 silica, 232, 743 seismic velocition, 908 remedial alternatives, sensitive populations, 844 silicates
sample types, 897 1022 sensitive public facilities: risk pozzolanic materials, 655 sampling, 895 scope: site characterization, assessment, 850 stabilization, 645, 651 sampling and testing 893 sensitive species, 869 silt
procedures, 899 scored checklist: audit sensitive subpopulations, 864 cutoff walls, 979 sampling locations and
frequency, 897 sampling locations: site
characterization, 894 sampling platform, 769 sampling ports, 769 sampling
audits, 335 groundwater, 941 rock,929 soil,927 soil gas, 939
sand + gravel mixture: hydraulic conductivity, 160
sand pack: monitoring wells, 932
sand cutoff walls, 979 hydraulic conductivity, 160 retention capacity for fuels,
186 seismic velocition, 908 soil classification, 182 slope stability, 824
sandstone remediation example, 1004 seismic velocition, 908
sandy formations: in situ bioremediation,601
sanitary landfills, 796 SARA, 55, 261, 359 sarcomas, 264 saturated zone, 147 saturation temperature, 105 save-alls, 358 scaling method of siting, 429 scaling values, 429 Scandinavian countries, 70 scanning electron microscopy:
use in stabilization, 678 scenarios
protocol, 329 scrap metal, 396 screened interval: monitoring
wells, 932, 952 screening, 1019
factors, 843 constraints: facility siting,
437 risk assessment, 841 technologies, 1015 techniques, 426
screening of chemicals, 842 screening tests: biodegradation,
560 scrubbers, 770 sea water: seismic velocition,
908 seams: clay liners, 813 second law of thermodynamics,
108 second order reaction, 122 secondary combustion, 741 secondary combustion
chamber, 751 secondary exposures, 850 secondary manufacturers:
waste generation, 20 secondary substrate, 562 secondary utilizers, 561 security: at TSDFs, 421 sediment transport: landfills,
801 sediment: cutoff walls, 981 seepage quantity: flow nets,
174 seepage velocity, 152 seeps, 142 segregating waste, 364, 387,
392 seismic velocities, 908 selection of remedy, 1001 selenium
sensitivity analysis, 852 risk assessment, 873
sensitivity between individuals: acceptable daily intake, 258
sensitivity differences: species toxicity, 255
sensitizers, 261 separation of chemicals, 391 separation: fuel blending, 408 sequence of a toxic response,
239 sequencing batch reactor, 590 Sequential Leach Test, 673 set time, 678 Seveso, Italy, 7 sevin, 301 sewer map, 388 sex
factor in toxicity, 252 impact on toxicity, 246
sexual maturation impact of toxicity, 260 toxicity, 245
shaft work, 104 shale: seismic velocition, 908 sheepshead minnow
sublethal effects, 303 acute toxicity test, 290
sheet pile cut-off walls, 973 Shelby tube samplers, 927 shelf life: source of waste, 389 Sherwood and Holloway
equation, 450 shock loading, 569 shock: anaphylactic, 242 short circuiting
in situ bioremediation, 601 soil vapor extraction, 461
short-term costs, 9 short-term effects, 242 short-term effectiveness, 57
soil classification, 182 hydraulic conductivity, 160
silty clay: hydraulic conductivity, 160
silver priority metals, 761 stabilization, 655 TCLP,51 toxicity criteria, 304
simulation: Monte Carlo methods, 873
single point resistance: borehole geophysics, 914
site background, 894 site characterization, 890, 903
sources, 892 site cleanup, 72
incineration, 780 site development costs, 1029 site investigation, 851 site layouts: use in audits, 326 site plan fully integrated, 412 site remediation
complexities, 1002 objectives, 964 problem definition, 890
site screening methods, 428 site selection, 426
landfills, 791 site-screening methods, 429 sites: risk assessment, 864 siting criteria, 428, 430, 436 siting new facilities, 840 siting objectives, 431 siting process: trade-offs, 433 siting: public participation, 434 size class structure:
toxicological end point, 287
skin area exposed: probability distribution, 874
skin cancer, 267
f slope of
253, slope
823 sludge
reten sludge
reco sludge ,
minimizing, biological'"
sludges from .. operatiOll8 15
slug: contaminl 163
slurry trench C1I
vertical bam slurry wall, 97: slurry walls-s
walls slurry-phase bi
treatrneD1 slurry-phase til
605 degradation
small quantity 21,52
smectite: catia capacity,
smokers, 282 smoking
factor in to risk assesS( risk percep role in prol
snail darter, 2 social aspect!
manage soda ash, 764
nI 1
remedial alternatives, 1027 I 1 use in selecting alternatives, 1022
short-term toxicity tests, 288,
I 289 shrimp
relative toxicities, 302 sublethal effects, 303
signal substance: toxin receptor, 239
Silent Spring, 4, 285 silica, 232, 743 silicates
pozzolanic materials, 655 stabilization, 645, 651
silt cutoff walls, 979 soil classification, 182 hydraulic conductivity, 160
silty clay: hydraulic conductivity, 160
silver priority metals, 761 stabilization, 655 TCLP,51 toxicity criteria, 304
simulation: Monte Carlo methods, 873
single point resistance: borehole geophysics, 914
site background, 894 site characterization, 890, 903
sources, 892 site cleanup, 72
incineration, 780 site development costs, 1029 site investigation, 851 site layouts: use in audits, 326 site plan fully integrated, 412 site remediation
complexities, 1002 objectives, 964 problem definition, 890
site screening methods, 428 site selection, 426
landfills, 791 site-screening methods, 429 sites: risk assessment, 864 siting criteria, 428, 430, 436 siting new facilities, 840 siting objectives, 431 siting process: trade-offs, 433 siting: public participation, 434 size class structure:
toxicological end point, 287
skin area exposed: probability distribution, 874
skin cancer, 267
known causes, 274 skin soil loading: probability
distribution, 874 skin surface area, 855, 873 skin: repair capacity, 246 slag, 743
pozzolanic materials, 655 slagging incinerators, 745 slop oil, 396
classification, 15 land treatment, 620
slope factor, 278, 842, 859, 872, 875
probability distribution, 874 for carcinogens, 858 uncertainty, 864
slope factor-see also carcinogen potency factor
slope of dose-response curve, 258
slope stability: landfill liners, 823
sludge age-see solids retention time
sludge leaching: use in metal recovery, 408
sludge minimizing production, 576 biological treatment, 603
sludges from painting operations: classification, 15
slug: contaminant transport, 163
slurry trench cutoff wall vertical barriers, 967, 969
slurry wall, 973 slurry walls-see also cutoff
walls slurry-phase biological
treatment, 582 slurry-phase treatment, 603,
605 /degradation rates, 609
small quantity generator, 16, 21,52
smectite: cation exchange capacity, 191
smokers, 282 smoking
factor in toxicity, 252 risk assessment, 866 risk perception, II role in progression, 268
snail darter, 28 social aspects of waste
management, 25 soda ash, 764
INDEX 1139
air pollution, 762 sodium arsenite: lethal dose,
247 sodium borohydride: chemical
reduction, 509 sodium chloride: lethal dose,
247 sodium fluoride: lethal dose,
247 sodium hydroxide: air
pollution, 762 sodium hypochlorate:
stabilization agents, 652 sodium montmorillonite:
monitoring wells, 932 sodium selenite: ecotoxicity,
290 sodium
cation exchange, 191 waste compatibility in
storage, 417 soil, 149, 181
biological slurries, 605, 607 biological treatment, 603 water partition, 592 chemical oxidation, 506 in situ bioremediation, 594 low temperature
incineration, 780 soil aeration-see soil vapor
extraction soil bulk density: probability
distribution, 874 soil cap: remediation example,
1004 Soil Conservation Service, 139 soil contaminated with spilled
solvents: classification, 15
soil contamination: risk assessment, 863
soil exposure, 861 soil gas surveys, 939 soil heaping, 629
application to PARs, 629 soil ingestion rate: probability
distribution, 874 soil injested, 855 soil mantle, 182 soil moisture content: soil
vapor extraction, 463 soil on skin: probability
distribution, 874 soil particle size, 139
biological slurries, 605 soil pathways: risk assessment,
846 soil pH: land treatment, 618
1140 INDEX
role in audits, 330 soil properties: land treatment, use in steam stripping, 503 source reduction, 355 spill residues: waste 620 solubility product, 92 grants, 360
classification, 13soil resistivity, 906, 907 solubilization of toxic sources and types, 17 spill response: role in audits.soil sampling, 927 substances: combatibility sources of information
330soil sorptive capacity: land in storage, 418 site characterization, 892 spillage and runoff at TSDFs, treatment, 617 soluble silicates: stabilization, use in problem definition,
421soil vapor extraction, 460 657 1007 spills, 142 soil venting-see soil vapor solute flux: landfill liners, 820 sources of waste, 20
contaminated sites, 22 extraction solute phase: in situ Southern Africa, 66, 69, 71, 72 source of waste, 20soil washing, 996 bioremediation, 592 sovereign immunity, 39
split-barrel sampler, 927 soil water partition coefficient, solutes: contaminant transport, spacing extraction wells, 473 spontaneous potential: 98 162 Spain, 66, 71
borehole geophysics, 914 soil, contaminated: biological solution: transport through spalling, 743, 772
sport fish, 845 slurries, 613 geomembranes, 814 sparging: in situ Sprague Dawley: LDso for soil-bentonite backfill: cutoff solvent based painting, 390 bioremediation,
dioxin, 255 walls, 976 solvent distillation: packaged 597 spray dryer, 760, 762 soil-bentonite cut-off walls, units, 395 spatial arrangement of 274spray rinsing, 386 972-983 solvent extraction, 527 compound: effect on statisticalspray roaster: acid recovery, soil-mixed walls, 986 solvent extraction technique, toxicity, 240
407 s soil-waste interactions: cutoff 89 spatial distribution, 841 statisticalspreadsheets: risk assessment, walls, 979 solvent flux: ultrafiltration, 542 spatial distribution of toxicity,873soil-waste mixture: remediation solvent recovery, 394,407 contaminants, 844 Statute Law,'sprinklers, 417 example, 1004 solvent recycling, 394 spawning inhibition, 298 statutes of ' stability class: ground level solar energy: atmospheric solvent stripping: use in metal special receptacles, 388
concentration, 211 steady flow, 11 dispersion, 203 recovery, 408 special waste, 68 steady-state. )Jstabilitysolid stem auger, 915 solvent: contaminant transport, species: surrogates in toxin steady-state eqatmospheric, 203 Solid Waste Act of 1965, 44 162 tests, 255 biologic.cutoff walls, 978 solid waste solvents, 101, 386, 388, 391, species characteristics: risk steady-state pi'geotextiles, 807 defined, 2, 45 394 assessment, 864 steam spargen of slurry trenches, 973 biological treatment, 582, fuel blending, 408 species differences: inhalation, 755stabilization, 641, 642 614 halogenated, 49 232 steam tables, effectiveness, 660solid waste feed: incineration, incineration, 730 species diversity, 868 steam tablesstable system, 104756 land treatment, 620 absorbed dose, 232 Appendstack gas, 775 solid waste management units, spent, 49 toxicological end point, 288 steel industry, oxygen correction, 775 47 somatic cell, 244, 283 species dominance: PennsylvaJstack gas temperature: solid waste storage: songbirds: land ethic, 28 toxicological end point, waste clasi atmospheric dispersion, incineration, 756 sonic sensors, 772 288 steel manufa.:211solidification-see also soot, 743 species of concern, 871 source of'stack height stabilization sorbate, 10I species sensitivity: acceptable waste corr atmospheric dispersion, 211solidification, 641, 642 sorbent, 10I daily intake, 259 storage,atmospheric transport, 20 I solids concentration, 604 sorbent properties, 187 specific discharge, 151 stem cell, 261stacks: incineration, 768 biological slurries, 607 sorption, 101, 187, 189~ 476, specific entropy, 108 stepped-doW!stainless steel: monitoring solids retention time, 585 847 specific gravity, 676 steriochemistwells, 933 biodegradation, 570 contaminant transport, 167 stabilization tests, 675 enzymes,standard electrode potentials: calculation, 576 fate of contaminants, 180, specific growth rate, 572, 577 stochastic mltable, 511 solids, dissolved: effect on 183, 184 specific heat, 109, 110 assessnstandard heat of formation,biodegradation, 567 non-ideal conditions, 189 specific yield: aquifer, 161 stochastic ml114biological treatment, 603 organic content on soils, spent carbon regeneration, 476 stone, clay, I standard heat of reaction, 114 supercritical water 187 spent halogenated solvents, 49 industrstandard industrial oxidation, 529 sorption by organophilic spent material: source of NJ andclassification, 18solubilities of metal clays, 659 waste, 20 storage contlstandard of performance:hydroxides, 192 source-pathway-receptor spent oil, 396 storage facHremediation objectives, solubility-see also Appendix analysis: development of spent pickle liquor: storage systc1012A alternatives, 1014 electrodialysis, 532 755standard parameters: risk solubility, 91, 100 sorption of organics, 183 spent solvent, 391 storage, 827 assessment, 855 effect on adsorption, 480 source spill potential, 423 areas, 39 standard penetration test, 919 effect on biodegradation, risk assessment, 844 spill prevention, 52, 338, 347, at TSDF!standard state, 113 559 use in problem definition, 392 audits, 3:standards, 256 in supercritical water, 526 1006 audits, 334
role in audits, 330 spill residues: waste
classification, 13 spill response: role in audits,
330 spillage and runoff at TSDFs,
421 spills, 142
contaminated sites, 22 source of waste, 20
split-barrel sampler, 927 spontaneous potential:
borehole geophysics, 914 sport fish, 845 Sprague Dawley: LDso for
dioxin, 255 spray dryer, 760, 762 spray rinsing, 386 spray roaster: acid recovery,
407 spreadsheets: risk assessment,
873 sprinklers, 417 stability class: ground level
concentration, 211 stability
atmospheric, 203 cutoff walls, 978 geotextiles, 807 of slurry trenches, 973
stabilization, 641, 642 effectiveness, 660
stable system, 104 stack gas, 775
oxygen correction, 775 stack gas temperature:
atmospheric dispersion, 211
stack height atmospheric dispersion, 211 atmospheric transport, 201
stacks: incineration, 768 stainless steel: monitoring
wells, 933 standard electrode potentials:
table, 511 standard heat of formation,
114 standard heat of reaction, 114 standard industrial
classification, 18 standard of performance:
remediation objectives, 1012
standard parameters: risk assessment, 855
standard penetration test, 919 standard state, 113 standards, 256
drinking water, 61 standards-see also regulations starches and enzymes removal:
ultrafiltration, 537 state concurrence, 58 state laws, 41 state planning for TSDF needs,
425 state properties, 104 state role in siting, 436 state Superfund programs, 23 static piles, 624 static toxicity test, 290 stationary phase: cell growth,
571 statistical limitations:
carcinogenicity testing, 274
statistical resolution: animal studies, 254
statistical uncertainty, 284 toxicity, 258
Statute Law, 36 statutes of limitations, 39 steady flow, 172 steady-state, 116 steady-state equations:
biological treatment, 575 steady-state process, 117 steam spargers: storage tanks,
755 steam tables, 107 steam tables-see also
Appendix C steel industry, 388
Pennsylvania, 18 waste classification, 12
steel manufacture source of waste, 21 waste compatibility in
storage, 417 stem cell, 266 stepped-down exclusion, 428 steriochemistry, 82
enzymes, 557 stochastic methods: risk
assessment, 872 stochastic models, 873 stone, clay, glass, and concrete
industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18
storage containers, 338 storage facilities, 52, 786 storage systems: incineration,
755 storage, 827
areas, 391 at TSDFs, 415, 416 audits, 336
INDEX 1141
contaminated sites, 9 deficiencies, 338 impact on toxicity, 233 pharmacokinetics, 228 release of contaminants,
142 remedial alternatives, 1021 remedial alternative, 1022
storativity: aquifer, 161, 173 stormwater runoff: remediation
example, 1005 stratified sampling: audits, 335 stream flow, 147 strength: stabilization tests,
675 stress: release of stored
substance, 233 stressor response, 289 strict liability, 39, 65 stripping-see air stripping stripping-see steam stripping stripping factor, 449, 455 stripping: use in solvent
recovery, 407 structural affinity, 285 structural contour, 954 structure of compound: effect
on toxicity, 240 structures: atmospheric
dispersion, 212 sub-acute effects: toxicological
profiles, 263 sub-chronic exposure, 237
uncertainty factor, 260 sub-lethal responses, 289 sub-populations: risk
assessment, 849 subacute exposure, 237 subcellular effects, 286 subchronic risks, 861 subgrade: landfills, 800 subsidence: in situ vitrification,
665 substrate, 556 substrate concentration, 573
biological treatment, 578 substrate synthesis, 585 subsurface characterization,
887-890, 926, 957 subsurface environment:
contaminant fate, 181 suction head: vadose zone, 161 suitability: use in developing
alternatives, 1015 suitability of waste, 416 sulfate: conjugating agent, 234
electron acceptor, 564 stabilization agents, 652
sulfide ores: toxicity, 252
torts, 37 total di
bi total by total by
inc' total pc
co toxaphene,
1142 INDEX
textiles production: waste sulfide: chemical oxidation, surveillance, 423 technical assistance programs, generation, 20
509 susceptibility: acceptable daily 374 thallium: priority metals, 761
sulfur intake, 258 technical illiteracy, 27 thawing: stabilization, 667 combustion, 716 suspected sites, 23 technology-based standards: The Imperative ofcombustion constant, 714 suspended growth systems, use in remedial Responsibility, 27incineration, 744 585, 586 objectives, 1011 theorem of corresponding
stabilization, 663 suspended growth treatment, technology: use in remedial states, 524 compounds, 559 586 objectives, 1008 I thermal incinerator, 731sulfur dioxide, 63 Swan Hills, Alberta, 439 Teflon: monitoring wells, 933 thermal relief vent, 753 chemical reduction, 509 Sweden, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71 telescoping method well thermal stability: geotextiles, combustion constant, 714 cleanup programs, 72 installation, 937 807removal, 762, 770 swelling bentonite: cutoff temik, 301 thermocouple, 772 sulfuric acid: classification, 15 walls, 980 temperature-activity thermodynamic properties-
sulphonates: biodegradeability, swimming, 851 coefficient, 566 see also App. C 559 symptoms of intoxication, 245 temperature thermodynamic properties, 104
Sun Oil Company: in situ synergism, 246, 578 . atmospheric dispersion, 212 thermodynamics, 102 bioremediation, 594 synergism in toxicity, 282 biodegradation, 565 steam stripping, 491 sunfish synergism borehole geophysics, 914 thermoplastic: stabilization
copper, 298 carcinogenic, 282 control in incineration, 771 agents, 652, 663 sublethal effects, 303 risk assessment, 864 tensile strength: thin wall samplers, 927, 928
sunlight: atmospheric synergistic effects, 299 geomembranes, three "Ts" of combustion, 706, dispersion, 203 synthesis: microbial, 557 803 750supercritical fluids, 521 synthetic lube oils, 391 b' ..,ocmiAliJTenth Amendment, 43 three-compartment cell: supercritical water oxidation, synthetic organics: teratagenic effects, 302 electrodialysis, 532 ;~~SiJ 528 biodegradability, 558 toxic, 49,,1teratogenicity, 245 threshold, 277, 278, 858 Supenund, 9, 25, 54 synthetic pesticides, 301 terrain conductivity: site biological treatment, 579 toxic action, 1:
Supeifund Exposure Syracuse Research Center, 261 characteristics, 910 non-carcinogens, 257 toxic dose, 2M Assessment Manual, 840 system boundary, 102 toxic effects, ~terrestrial ecosystems, 288 threshold concentration: Supenund law, 23 systemic effects, 246 terrestrial toxicology, 305 biological inhibition, 578 toxic endpoint Supenund process, 55 systemic poisoning, 244, 246 ecotoxicolotest pits: site investigations, threshold limit value, 257 Supenund Program: risk systemic toxins, 233 toxic equivale 939 time for investigation:
assessment, 878 test procedures, 899 contaminated sites, 23 toxic gas gen
Superfund Public Health combatiitesticular damage: toxic effect, Times Beach: history, 7 Evaluation Manual, 840 T-cells, 267 418248 tin, 396 Superrund site: vertical table saltlethal dose, 247 toxic inhibitic testing, 11 tissue affinity: impact on barriers, 973 Taiwan, 66, 71 biologicaltoxicity, 256 toxicity, 233 former TSDFs, 425 PCBs, 5 testing procedures tissue concentrations: toxic responSi
Supenund: remediation, 963 tank bottoms: land treatment, 232site characterization, 894 toxicological end point, superheated steam, 127 620 Toxic Substal site investigation, 898 288superheated vapor, 105 tank farm, 413
tetrachlorobenzene: toxicity, tissue cultures: toxicity tests, 60,778Supreme Court, 43 tanks: permit requirements, Toxic Use 8I256300sunace aerators: biological 441 Reductitetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin tissue residues, 293 slurries, 607 tar or asphalt heat value, 712 toxicity, 50 tissue-gas partition: inhalation, see dioxin sunace features: atmospheric tar residues: classification, 15 leaching p231tetrachloroethenedispersion, 212 target dose, 229, 853 biodegradlTitle III: audits, 334 anaerobic treatment, 592sunace impoundments, 827 target for toxic action, 245 characterilTNT-contaminated sediments: biodegradation, 564sunace topography, 845 target organ dose-respccomposting, 626 landfill leachate, 145 sunace water control, 967 classification of toxin, 245 extrapolatitobacco smoke, 284 landfills, 801 impact on toxicity, 233 tetrachloroethylene, 128
TOC: landtillieachate, 145 uncertain~ sunace water toxic action, 263 EPA 33/50 program, 360
tolerance distribution models, toxicity assel release, 845 target species, 301 indicator chemical, 878 ecological278runoff, 147 taxes: feedstock, 54 steam stripping, 487 Lackaw8IItolerance mechanisms, 296 fate and transport, 140 TCDD: physicochemical TCLP,51
toluene, 85, 388, 395, 707, toxicity char use in potable water, 146 parameters, 292 tetrachloromethane: landfill toxicity data710,725sunactants TCE,838 leachate, 145
combustion characteristics, toxicity data biological slurries, 605 dehalogenation, 565 textile industry, 537 toxicity scor 727in situ bioremediation, 596 TCE epoxide, 562 textile mill products industry: toxicity test! reuse printing, 388 surrogate chemicals, 841 TCLP test, 388 generation in NJ and PA,
biodegradation, 594 toxicity thre surrogate species, 255 team: audit, 324 18
q
textiles production: waste IS, generation, 20
thallium: priority metals, 761 thawing: stabilization, 667 The Imperative of Responsibility, 27 theorem of corresponding
states, 524 Ithermal incinerator, 731 3
thermal relief vent, 753 thermal stability: geotextiles,
807 thermocouple, 772 thermodynamic properties
see also App. C thermodynamic properties, 104
12 thermodynamics, 102 steam stripping, 491
thermoplastic: stabilization '1 agents, 652, 663
thin wall samplers, 927, 928 three "Ts" of combustion, 706,
750 three-compartment cell:
electrodialysis, 532 threshold, 277, 278, 858
biological treatment, 579 non-carcinogens, 257
threshold concentration: biological inhibition, 578
threshold limit value, 257 time for investigation:
contaminated sites, 23 Times Beach: history, 7 tin, 396 tissue affinity: impact on
toxicity, 233 tissue concentrations:
toxicological end point, 288
tissue cultures: toxicity tests, 256
tissue residues, 293 tissue-gas partition: inhalation,
231 Title III: audits, 334 TNT-contaminated sediments:
composting, 626 tobacco smoke, 284 TOC: landfill leachate, 145 tolerance distribution models,
278 tolerance mechanisms, 296 toluene, 85, 388, 395, 707,
710,725 combustion characteristics,
727 reuse printing, 388 biodegradation, 594
combustion constant, 714 EPA 33/50 program, 360 heat value, 712 indicator chemical, 878 in situ bioremediation, 602 incineration, 756 landfill leachate, 145 steam stripping, 487 toxicity, 300
topographical features: atmospheric dispersion, 212
topography: atmospheric dispersion, 212
torts, 37 total dissolved solids: effect on
biodegradation, 567 total hydraulic head, 155 total hydrocarbons:
incineration, 776 total petroleum hydrocarbon:
composting, 626 toxaphene, 90, 301
biomagnification, 293 TCLP,51
toxic, 49 toxic action, 226 toxic dose, 248 toxic effects, 238 toxic endpoint, 859
ecotoxicology, 287 toxic equivalency factors, 272 toxic gas generation:
combatibility in storage, 418
toxic inhibition, 578 biological treatment, 577
toxic response: exposure. route, 232
Toxic Substances Control Act, 60,778
Toxic Use and Waste Reduction Program, 393
toxicity, 50 leaching procedure, 50 biodegradation, 560 characteristics, 12 dose-response, 246 extrapolation, 864 uncertainty, 226
toxicity assessment, 857 ecological, 870 Lackawanna refuse site, 880
toxicity characteristic, 13 toxicity data- see App. B toxicity data, 858 toxicity scores, 842 toxicity tests, 291, 305 toxicity threshold, 237
INDEX 1143
toxicokinetics, 236 toxicological data, 250 toxicological database, 226,
280 toxicological effects, 247 toxicological end point, 247 toxicological information
sources, 261 toxicological information:
adequacy of toxicology data, 256
toxicological profiles, 261 toxicological testing:
guidelines, 254 toxicology, 225
aquatic, 870 definition, 225 mammalian, 870
Toxnet, 261 TP (silvex): TCLP, 51 trace metal poisoning, 306 trace metal toxicity, 295 trace nutrients, 569 tracking wastes, 44 trade associations, 373 tradeoffs
facility siting, 433 use in selecting alternatives,
1023 Tragedy of the Commons, 28 training, 52, 338, 364, 392
at TSDFs, 423 audits, 325 health and safety, 61 in permits, 441 management audits, 345
training programs: audits, 334 training requirements, 347 tranquilizers, 231 trans, 84 trans-l,2-diftuorobutene, 84 transconjugants, 591 transfer rate constant, K La,
450 transfer stations: waste
generation, 18 transformation of
contaminants, 846 transformation
pharmacokinetics, 228 toxicity models, 280
transformer coolant: PCBs, 5 transient, 116 transient flow, 172 translocation: role in
carcinogenesis, 266 transmissivity, 160
aquifer, 173
,
l
1144 INDEX
in situ bioremediation, 601 transport, 846 transport medium, 845 transport processes: activated
carbon, 479 transport through liners, 819 transportable incinerator, 779 transport
: cell wall, 557 landfill liners, 821 release of contaminants,
142 transportation
international, 70, 73 remedial alternatives, 1021
transportation distances, 433 transportation equipment
industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18
transportation services industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18
transporters, 50, 59, 66 liability of TSDF, 416
traveling: risk assessment, 866 tray columns: air pollution,
765 treat or contain: remedial
alternatives, 1024 treatability, 844
parameters, 416 biodegradation, 560, 568 remedial alternatives, 1022 testing in biological
systems, 632 tests, 694
treatment at TSDFs, 420 treatment facilities, 52, 406,
408 contaminated sites, 9
treatment sludges: waste generation, 18
treatment storage and disposal facilities, 405
treatment: bulk liquids, 1004 source of waste, 20
trench stability: cutoff walls, 973
trenches: in situ bioremediation, 595
trespass, 37 trespasser scenario: risk
assessment, 850 tri-o-cresyl phosphate:
irreversible nerve damage, 238
tri-pack, 451 trial bum, 709, 773, 777
triaxial permeability test, 686 use in stabilization, 685
triaxial tests: cutoff walls, 980 tricalcium silicate:
stabilization, 653 trichlorobenzene: toxicity, 300 trichloroethane: EPA 33/50
program, 360 trichloroethane: landfill
leachate, 145 sorption by organophilic
clays, 659 sorption or glacial fill, 189
trichloroethylene, 117, 126, 395
biodegradation, 562, 565, 631
degradation by ozone, 516 EPA 33/50 program, 360 in situ bioremediation, 598 indicator chemical, 878 landfill leachate, 145 pharmacokinetic modeling,
237 soil vapor extraction, 470 steam stripping, 487 TCLP,51 volatilization from soil, 467
trichlorophenol adsorption by organophilic
clays, 658 TCLP,51
trickling filter, 582, 588 triethylene melamine:
carcinogenic class, 271 trinitrotoluene: toxicity, 300 trout, 288
copper, 298 sublethal effects, 303
truck decontamination, 416 truck unloading, 412, 416 truck waiting area, 412,413 trust: risk perception, II TSD audits, 346 TSD facilities
cleanup programs, 23 incident prevention, 416
tumor induction, 274 classification of toxins, 244
tumors, 264, 275 turbine mixers: biological
slurries, 607 turbine oils: classification, 15 turbulence, 741
atmospheric transport, 202 turnover, 391 turpentine, 395
combustion characteristics, 727
heat value, 712 two-dimensional flow, 157 two-film theory, 449 types of wastes generated: NJ
and PA, 19
U-wastes, 13 U.S. Congress, 7, 55 U.S. Constitution, 43
interstate commerce, 17 U.S. Department of
Agriculture, 139 U.S. FDA, 865 U.S. National Academy
of Sciences: risk assessment, 839
U.S. Statutes at Large, 37 UK, 66, 71 ultimate oxygen demand, 560 ultrafiltration, 535, 542 ultrafiltration membranes, 536 ultraviolet light stability:
geotextiles, 807 uncertainty
acceptable daily intake, 258, 260
adequacy of toxicology data, 256
carcinogenicity testing, 274 remedial objectives, lOll risk assessment, 857, 867,
873 site remediation, 965
uncertainty factors: acceptable daily intake, 258
unconfined aquifer, 147 unconfined compressive
strength: use in stabilization, 678
unconsolidated material, 159 uncontrolled releases, 135, 141 uncontrolled sites, 72 underground storage tanks, 48
audits, 326 property audits, 349
undetectable: risk, 866 unfair: risk, 866 unfamiliar: risk, 866 uniform: distribution, 874 Union Carbide, 29 unit cancer risk estimate, 280 United Kingdom, 65, 68, 70
Poisonous Waste Act, 8 remediation, 998 storage limitation, 50 waste classification, 12
United Nations Environment Program, 2, 70, 73
United States Code, 36 United States: waste
generation, 16 universal gas constant, 94,
106, 122 universal precepts: ethical
theories, 27 Universal Quasi Chemical
model,492 unknown consequence: risk
perception, II unsaturated aliphatics:
biodegradation, 559 unsaturated zone, 147, 161 unsteady flow, 172 upflow expanded beds, 476 upgradient vertical barrier, 970 upper bound estimate: risk
assessment, 861 uptake dose, 229 uranium workers: lung cancer,
273 uranium: impact on kidney,
264 urban storm runoff, 294 USA, 66, 71 utilitarianism, 27 utility requirements: remedial
alternatives, 1021 utilizers, 561 UV/peroxide: chemical
oxidation, 509
vacuum distillation, 395 vacuum distillation system,
397 vacuum extraction-see soil
vapor extraction vacuum gauges, 772 vacuum monitoring wells: soil
vapor extraction, 469 vacuum stripper, 490 vacuum stripper discharges:
waste classification, 12 vadose zone, 161
contaminant migration, 939 in situ bioremediation, 603 monitoring, 941 soil vapor extraction, 461 volatilization, 195
value judgments, 867 facility siting, 433
value judgments in siting, 433 value systems, 27 van der Waal's Forces, 101
activated carbon, 479 sorption in soils, 184 stabilization, 649
van't Hoff equati vane shear test, 9 vapor extraction 1
vapor partition co soil vapor extr
vapor pressure, 9: vapor pressure-:
Appendix) vapor-liquid part
coefficient, variability: risk ~
863 vadose zone: mo vectors: landfills, velocity head, IS venturi scrubber, verification checl
protocol, 3: verification parar vertebrata: metal vertical barriers, Vesilind, A.A., 2
.veterinary pathol toxicology,
vibrating beam c 973,984,9
VI at needle, 678 Vi 'lnam, 305 vinyl,720 vinyl chloride, 8·
biodegradatiol carcinogenesii carcinogenic I combustion cl
727 dehalogenatio landfill leacm liver cancer, : stearn strippifi TCLP,51 toxicity, 281
vinyl chloride w cancer, 27:
vinyl ether: corn charaeterisl
violent polymeri combatibili 418
VIP model: land 619
viscosity liquid inciner. supercritical I
visual systems, I j vitrification, 664
VOC incineratol VOCs see volat
compound void ratio, 153
NJ
60
36
274 I 7,
ble
[i41 48
~80 ro
, Int
United States Code, 36 United States: waste
generation, 16 universal gas constant, 94,
106, 122 universal precepts: ethical
theories, 27 Universal Quasi Chemical
model,492 unknown consequence: risk
perception, II unsaturated aliphatics:
biodegradation, 559 unsaturated zone, 147, 161 unsteady flow, 172 upflow expanded beds, 476 upgradient vertical barrier, 970 upper bound estimate: risk
assessment, 861 uptake dose, 229 uranium workers: lung cancer,
273 uranium: impact on kidney,
264 urban storm runoff, 294 USA, 66, 71 utilitarianism, 27 utility requirements: remedial
alternatives, 1021 utilizers, 561 UV/peroxide: chemical
oxidation, 509
vacuum distillation, 395 vacuum distillation system,
397 vacuum extraction-see soil
vapor extraction vacuum gauges, 772 vacuum monitoring wells: soil
vapor extraction, 469 vacuum stripper, 490 vacuum stripper discharges:
waste classification, 12 vadose zone, 161
contaminant migration, 939 in situ bioremediation, 603 monitoring, 941 soil vapor extraction, 461 volatilization, 195
value judgments, 867 facility siting, 433
value judgments in siting, 433 value systems, 27 van der Waal's Forces, 101
activated carbon, 479 sorption in soils, 184 stabilization, 649
van't Hoff equation, 539 vane shear test, 921 vapor extraction wells, 460 vapor partition coefficient, 466
soil vapor extraction, 465 vapor pressure, 92, 136 vapor pressure-see also
Appendix A vapor-liquid partition
coefficient, 99 variability: risk assessment,
863 vadose zone: monitoring, 939 vectors: landfills, 798 velocity head, 155 venturi scrubber, 764 verification checklist: audit
protocol, 329 verification parameters, 416 vertebrata: metal toxicity, 297 vertical barriers, 967 Vesilind, A.A., 28 veterinary pathology: use in
toxicology, 254 vibrating beam cut-off walls,
973, 984, 986 VI at needle, 678 VI tnam, 305 vinyl,720 vinyl chloride, 844
biodegradation, 565 carcinogenesis, 274 carcinogenic potencies, 281 combustion characteristics,
727 dehalogenation, 565 landfill leachate, 145 liver cancer, 268 steam stripping, 487 TCLP,51 toxicity, 281
vinyl chloride workers: liver cancer, 273
vinyl ether: combustion characteristics, 727
violent polymerization: combatibility in storage, 418
VIP model: land treatment, 619
viscosity liquid incineration, 737 supercritical fluids, 525
visual systems, 859 -I vitrification, 664
VOC incinerator, 730, 731 VOCs see volatile organic
compounds void ratio, 153
INDEX 1145
volatile air emissions, 137 volatile organic compounds,
63,88 air stripping, 447 incinerator emmissions, 729 soil vapor extraction, 460
volatilization, 585, 846 biological slurries, 607, 608 fate and transport, 136 fate of contaminants, 180,
195 transport through
geomembranes, 814 volume reduction, 385 volume source, 135 voluntary: risk, 866
wake effects: atmospheric dispersion, 213
warning signs, 423 washings of chemical reactors:
classification, 15 washout: biological treatment,
586 waste analysis, 414
incineration, 709 waste analysis plan, 343 waste analysis records: role in
audits, 330 waste characteristics: in
permits, 441 waste classification: storage
areas, 339 waste compatibility, 789 waste contractor audit, 319 waste degradation, 557 waste exchange, 356, 398 waste fuel analysis, 720 waste heat boiler, 753, 759 waste management plan, 436
economic incentives, 358 waste minimization, 355, 357
audit, 319, 362 definition, 356 history, 357 legal incentives, 359 strategies, 361
waste minimization audit, 319, 362
waste oil, 407 fuel blending, 408
waste preparation, 412 waste profile form, 415 waste properties: incineration,
737 waste receiving, 414, 416 waste reduction, 355 waste releases, 359
1146 INDEX
waste sand: classification, 15 waste segregation, 392 waste site
risk assessment, 865 waste solvents recovery, 408 waste storage: at TSDFs, 416 waste stream prioritization,
374 waste suitability, 416 waste survey, 363 waste: defined, 2 wastewater: hazardous, 16 water, 707 water bodies: atmospheric
dispersion, 212 water content: cutoff walls,
978 water gas (variable):
combustion characteristics, 727
water ingested, 855 water level measurement, 924,
925 water quality criteria, 302
use in risk assessment, 880 water splitting, 543 water table, 161
monitoring wells, 932 perched, 933
water-reactive waste: fire prevention, 417
water recycling, 394 seismic velocition, 908 transport through
geomembranes, 816 Waxman, Henry A., 56 weathered surface material:
seismic velocition, 908 Weber No.: use in Onda
correlations, 453 Weibull model: use of toxicity
model, 281 weigh belt scales, 772 weigh scale, 412, 413 weight of evidence, 859 weight of organ: dose-effect,
248 welfare of public: Code of
Ethics, 29 well construction, 931 well installation, 936 well points, 993
well spacing: soil vapor extraction, 473
WESTLAW,41 wet electrostatic precipitator,
764 wet gas scrubbers, 394 wet scrubber, 764, 775, 776
particulate removal, 761 wet/dry durability:
stabilization, 688 stabilization test, 675
wetting and drying: cutoff walls, 982
wetting contactors: acid gas removal, 762
wetting: stabilization, 667 wildflowers: land ethic, 28 Wilke-Chang method, 97 wind currents, 846 wind erosion: fate of transport,
139 wind speed, 846
ground level concentration, 211
wind: atmospheric transport, 208
windrows, 624 wine: risk assessment, 866 Wisconsin: land ethic, 28 wood bark: heat value, 712 wood chemical treatment
facility in, 780 wood preservation industry:
waste classification, 12 wood preservatives: in situ
bioremediation, 602 wood preserving wastes:
biological slurries, 608 wood preserving: waste
classification, 12 wood products: land treatment,
615 wood sawdust: heat value, 712 wood-preserving wastes:
biological treatment, 590 work, 103, 104, 109 work flow diagrams, 364 work plan: site investigation,
893 work product: privilege, 323 worker safety, 60
remedial alternatives, 1027 worker scenario: risk
assessment, 850
working papers: audits, 341 workplace exposure:
toxicological data, 250 World Health Organization,
275 environmental health
criteria, 261 worst-case assessment, 863 worst-case conditions, 872 worst-case estimate: risk
assessment, 861 worst-case risks, 851 worst-case scenario, 867
use in remedial objectives, 1010
x-ray diffractometry: use in stabilization, 678
risk assessment, 866 xenobiotic molecule: effect on
toxicity, 240 xenobiotics, 299 xeroderma pigmentosa, 266 xylene, 395, 398,710
combustion characteristics, 727
combustion constant, 714 EPA 33/50 program, 360 indicator chemical, 878
yeast: toxicity tests, 276 yes/no checklist: audit
protocol, 329 yes/no guide: audit protocol,
329 yield/production: toxicological
end point, 287, 288
zeolite: landfill liners, 796, 811, 821
zero order reaction, 122 zero tolerance, 342 Zimpro PACT process, 586 zinc
essential element, 295 land treatment, 618 stabilization, 655 toxicity, 297 toxicity criteria, 304
zoning, 851
,{'i'.' ••,-·,'
.. , ~