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Increased communication Copper wire stretched across nation Encoded messages Samuel B. Morse
Telegraph Increased communication Copper wire stretched across nation Encoded messages Samuel B. Morse
Increased communication Live speech over wire Alexander Graham Bell
Telephone Increased communication Live speech over wire Alexander Graham Bell
Increased the amount of time a factory could run
Increased daylight time through artificial means
Thomas Edison
Light Bulb Increased the amount of time a factory
could run Increased daylight time through artificial
means Thomas Edison
Enabled buildings to have more than two floors
Taller buildings in cities Moved people up to higher floors
Elevator Enabled buildings to have more than two
floors Taller buildings in cities Moved people up to higher floors
Enabled buildings to have more than two floors
Taller buildings in cities Bessemer Process enabled this to be
produced in large quantities
Steel Beams Enabled buildings to have more than two
floors Taller buildings in cities Bessemer Process enabled this to be
produced in large quantities
Increased communication Increased rate at which letters and
documents could be written and exchanged Christopher Sholes
Typewriter Increased communication Increased rate at which letters and
documents could be written and exchanged Christopher Sholes
European Immigrants came through this location for processing
Ellis Island European Immigrants came through this
location for processing
Asian Immigrants came through this location for processing
Angel Island Asian Immigrants came through this
location for processing
Different cultures come together and create a new American culture
Melting Pot Different cultures come together and create
a new American culture
Presence of many different cultures in one society
Tossed Salad Theory
Cultural Pluralism Presence of many different cultures in one
society Tossed Salad Theory
Location where immigrants from a certain country live together in a city
Maintain native language and practices
Ethnic Ghetto Location where immigrants from a certain
country live together in a city Maintain native language and practices
Opposed to further immigration For home born natives
Nativism Opposed to further immigration For home born natives
Political party Opposed to further immigration For home born natives
Know-Nothings Political party Opposed to further immigration For home born natives
America’s first discrimination law Prohibited Chinese immigrants from legally
coming to US Only allowed educated and merchants in
Chinese Exclusion Act America’s first discrimination law Prohibited Chinese immigrants from legally
coming to US Only allowed educated and merchants in
Apartments of the poor Large families or multiple families lived in
one room apartments Unsanitary Unsafe Shaped like a dumb bell
Tenements Apartments of the poor Large families or multiple families lived in
one room apartments Unsanitary Unsafe Shaped like a dumb bell
Makeshift factory In small apartment or unused buildings Poorly lit Poorly ventilated Unsafe Hired poor workers Long hours for little pay
Sweatshops Makeshift factory In small apartment or unused buildings Poorly lit Poorly ventilated Unsafe Hired poor workers Long hours for little pay
Leader of the Social Gospel Movements Established the Settlement House
Movement Hull House
“The Mother of Social Work”
Jane Addams Leader of the Social Gospel Movements Established the Settlement House
Movement Hull House
“The Mother of Social Work”
Wrote: How the Other Half Lives Exposed terrible living and working conditions of
the immigrants
Jacob Riis Wrote: How the Other Half Lives
Exposed terrible living and working conditions of the immigrants
Movement Christian Duty to help the poor
Social Gospel Movement Christian Duty to help the poor
Transportation that enabled the rich to move out of the city
Electric Trolleys Transportation that enabled the rich to
move out of the city
Saloons Dance halls Cabarets Amusement parks Vaudeville shows Moving picture industry Spectator sports Planned parks: Frederick Olmstead
Gilded Age Entertainment Saloons Dance halls Cabarets Amusement parks Vaudeville shows Moving picture industry Spectator sports Planned parks: Frederick Olmstead
Process that could make steel quicker and more efficiently
Enabled builders to build skyscrapers
Bessemer Process Process that could make steel quicker and
more efficiently Enabled builders to build skyscrapers
Robber Baron Steel industry Used vertical integration to control steel
industry Buy out suppliers
Created a monopoly Gospel of Wealth
Responsibility of the wealthy to help others
Andrew Carnegie Robber Baron Steel industry Used vertical integration to control steel
industry Buy out suppliers
Created a monopoly Gospel of Wealth
Responsibility of the wealthy to help others
Drilled for oil in western Pennsylvania 1st oil fields
Edwin L. Drake Drilled for oil in western Pennsylvania 1st oil fields
Robber Baron Standard Oil Nation’s 1st Trust
Trust: companies unite to destroy competition
John D. Rockefeller Robber Baron Standard Oil Nation’s 1st Trust
Trust: companies unite to destroy competition
Companies buy out business in the same industry
Horizontal Integration Companies buy out business in the same
industry
Companies buy out suppliers of their industry so they control the market from raw material to finished product
Vertical Integration Companies buy out suppliers of their
industry so they control the market from raw material to finished product
Robber Baron Railroad Industry
Cornelius Vanderbilt Robber Baron Railroad Industry
Robber Baron Finance Capitalist
Bankers who exerted economic influence through companies stocks and bonds
J.P. Morgan Robber Baron Finance Capitalist
Bankers who exerted economic influence through companies stocks and bonds
Robber Baron Electricity Created AC (Alternating Current) Westinghouse Electric Company
George Westinghouse Robber Baron Electricity Created AC (Alternating Current) Westinghouse Electric Company
Directors of one company could serve as director for another company
Enabled them to control industries
Interlocking Directorates Directors of one company could serve as
director for another company Enabled them to control industries
Introduced by Herbert Spencer Survival of the Fittest applied to business
and economics Justified the rich being extremely rich
Social Darwinism Introduced by Herbert Spencer Survival of the Fittest applied to business
and economics Justified the rich being extremely rich
Introduced American Dream No matter how poor, an individual could
“pull themselves up by their bootstraps” and become rich
Wrote books about poor children growing up to be rich
Horatio Alger Introduced American Dream No matter how poor, an individual could
“pull themselves up by their bootstraps” and become rich
Wrote books about poor children growing up to be rich
Name of period of early industrialization Early 1900s Mark Twain gave name because the era
glittered on the outside and was corrupt on the inside
Gilded Age Name of period of early industrialization Early 1900s Mark Twain gave name because the era
glittered on the outside and was corrupt on the inside
Low wages Hazardous work conditions Long hours Child labor Women working
Causes of Labor Unions Low wages Hazardous work conditions Long hours Child labor Women working
Organizations of workers formed to protect the interests of its members
Labor Unions Organizations of workers formed to protect
the interests of its members
Labor unions open to skilled workers who practiced a specific craft
Craft Unions Labor unions open to skilled workers who
practiced a specific craft
Labor unions open to less skilled workers
Trade Union Labor unions open to less skilled workers
Labor Union Leader: Terence Powderly Wanted to organize all men and women
into a single union Reform
Equal pay for equal work Eight hour day End child labor
Knights of Labor Labor Union Leader: Terence Powderly Wanted to organize all men and women
into a single union Reform
Equal pay for equal work Eight hour day End child labor
Labor Union Leader: Samuel Gompers Focused on wages, work hours and work
conditions Used
Strikes Boycotts Collective bargaining and mediation Arbitration
AFL: American Federation of Labor Labor Union Leader: Samuel Gompers Focused on wages, work hours and work
conditions Used
Strikes Boycotts Collective bargaining and mediation Arbitration
Labor Union Organized by railroad workers: skilled and
unskilled Eugene Debs: leader
IWW: Industrial Workers of the World
Labor Union Organized by railroad workers: skilled and
unskilled Eugene Debs: leader
Employee signs promising not to join a union
Yellow Dog Contract Employee signs promising not to join a
union
Replacement workers
Scabs Replacement workers
Lists of workers who employers would refuse to hire because they were active Union members
blacklists Lists of workers who employers would
refuse to hire because they were active Union members
Yellow-dog contracts Blacklists Lockouts Scabs Injunctions
Methods Owners used to prevent Unions and strikes
Yellow-dog contracts Blacklists Lockouts Scabs Injunctions
Railroad Strike Workers upset by wage cuts
Became violent Rutherford B. Hayes sent in troops to stop
Great Strike of 1877 Railroad Strike
Workers upset by wage cuts
Became violent Rutherford B. Hayes sent in troops to stop
Turning point Strike Riot broke out and a bomb killed seven
officers
Haymarket Riot Turning point Strike Riot broke out and a bomb killed seven
officers
Strike Steel workers at Carnegie Steel Carnegie sent out private police force
(Pinkertons) to put down strike Violence broke out
Homestead Strike Strike Steel workers at Carnegie Steel Carnegie sent out private police force
(Pinkertons) to put down strike Violence broke out
Strike Railroad car industry Plant closed Company town still charged same rate for
rent and food Owners got an injunction against union Federal government sent out troops
Pullman Strike Strike Railroad car industry Plant closed Company town still charged same rate for
rent and food Owners got an injunction against union Federal government sent out troops
President Grant’s Administration Scandal in which internal revenue
collectors tried to skim money off taxes collected for whiskey
Whiskey Ring Scandal President Grant’s Administration Scandal in which internal revenue
collectors tried to skim money off taxes collected for whiskey
President Grant’s Administration Scandal in which government officials and
stockholders in the Union Pacific railroad set up a dummy company to skim money off land grants
Credit Mobilier Scandal President Grant’s Administration Scandal in which government officials and
stockholders in the Union Pacific railroad set up a dummy company to skim money off land grants
Passed as a result of Garfield’s assassination by an office seeker
Established the civil service exam for appointment to any official position
Got rid of the spoils system
Pendleton Civil Service Act Passed as a result of Garfield’s
assassination by an office seeker Established the civil service exam for
appointment to any official position Got rid of the spoils system
Unofficial entity meant to keep a certain party or group in power
Used graft, corruption and bribery Headed by a boss
Political Machine Unofficial entity meant to keep a certain
party or group in power Used graft, corruption and bribery Headed by a boss
Political Machine Boss Ran New York’s Tammany Hall
Boss William Tweed Political Machine Boss Ran New York’s Tammany Hall
Muckraker Exposed the political corruption of the
political machine Went after “Boss” Tweed
Thomas Nast Muckraker Exposed the political corruption of the
political machine Went after “Boss” Tweed
Republicans who turned against their party and voted for Cleveland in the Election of 1884
Against patronage
Mugwumps Republicans who turned against their party
and voted for Cleveland in the Election of 1884
Against patronage
Created the Interstate Commerce Commission
Regulated railroad rates The Grange pushed for this law
Interstate Commerce Act Created the Interstate Commerce
Commission Regulated railroad rates The Grange pushed for this law
Made monopolies illegal Ensured fair competition
Sherman Antitrust Act Made monopolies illegal Ensured fair competition
1st time Sherman Antitrust Act used to break-up a monopoly
Could not break-up monopolies in manufacturing
US v. EC Knight 1st time Sherman Antitrust Act used to
break-up a monopoly Could not break-up monopolies in
manufacturing
Australian ballot Individuals cast vote in secret
Secret Ballot Australian ballot Individuals cast vote in secret
People have the power to remove corrupt officials
Recall People have the power to remove corrupt
officials
People elect candidate by popular vote
Referendum People elect candidate by popular vote
People can force a vote on an issue onto a ballot
Initiative People can force a vote on an issue onto a
ballot
Third party negotiations in a labor dispute
Arbitration Third party negotiations in a labor dispute