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WHITE PAPER
For many organizations, the purchase of additional storage hardware each year shows no sign of slowing. The user and depart-
mental need for more information and data appears insatiable,
so many IT organizations are forced to continually add more
storage. Regulatory requirements are also changing how and
why data is being retained, as organizations are required to
store more information for much longer periods. However,
this approach of constant storage spending is running up
against real-world budget restrictions, not to mention the
impact that data growth is having on response times and
application performance.
Research bears this fact out. In a recent survey of Oracle User
Group members, nearly 40% of the respondents indicate that
reducing costs is their primary reason behind implementing
tiered storage. But even with the right storage and compression
capabilities, deciding which data should reside where, and when
to migrate data from one tier to another, remains a serious chal-
lenge. That’s why forward-looking IT organizations are adopting
advanced strategies for managing data growth with innovative
database technologies that automate compression and storage
tiering while improving database performance.
Oracle Database 12c provides a rich feature set and database
options that optimize database storage to reduce continuous
demand and work together to help you implement an informa-
tion lifecycle management (ILM) solution in order to comply
with increasing data storage demands and new regulatory
requirements for data retention and protection.
This white paper provides details on the key features that are
used to optimize database storage for Oracle workloads and
can be used to implement an Oracle Database ILM solution.
ORACLE DATABASE 12C STORAGE OPTIMIZATION TECHNOLOGY Database storage optimization is a critical activity for nearly
every organization. The traditional approach of simply adding
more disk storage is becoming increasingly difficult to justify,
and cost is no longer the only issue. With Oracle Database
12c Storage Optimization, IT departments can manage the
impact of data growth with a unique set of technologies that
used together provide an effective approach to information
lifecycle management.
Improve Performance and Lower Costs with Oracle Database 12c Storage Optimization
COSTSPERFORMANCE
Data Partitioning Partitioning enables tiered storage, which allows data to
be saved to the most cost-effective storage for better
resource utilization.
n Oracle Partitioning option The use of Oracle Partitioning option enables large database
tables and indexes to be subdivided into smaller objects
that can be managed at a finer level of granularity to improve
data access performance.
Database Compression Technologies for all Data Types Oracle is a pioneer in database compression technology. More
than a decade ago, Oracle introduced Basic Table Compres-
sion, which compresses data at the block level, allowing you to
store up to 4x or more data per block using direct path opera-
tions. Today, Oracle Database 12c provides a comprehensive
set of compression capabilities across all types of data without
changes to your application to help customers improve query
performance while reducing storage costs.
n Advanced Row Compression Advanced Row Compression, a feature of Oracle Advanced
Compression, uses a unique compression algorithm specifi-
cally designed to work with OLTP applications that allows
for normal, conventional path operations to be compressed
without the limitations of direct path operations. It minimizes
the overhead of write operations on compressed data,
making it suitable for transactional and data warehouse
environments, extending the benefits of compression to
all application workloads. The benefits of Advanced Row
Compression go beyond disk storage cost savings. One
significant advantage is the ability to read compressed blocks
directly, in memory, without uncompressing the blocks.
This helps improve performance due to the reduction in I/O,
and the reduction in system calls related to the I/O opera-
tions. Further, the buffer cache becomes more efficient by
storing more data without having to add memory. Using the
Advanced Row Compression feature can provide a 2x to 4x
reduction in storage across all environments.
n Hybrid Columnar Compression Hybrid Columnar Compression is an approach Oracle devel-
oped for organizing data within a block. Unlike other orga-
nization methods that are either row or column based, this
new technology utilizes both row and column approaches for
organizing data. In this way, performance issues from using a
columnar organizational approach only is mitigated, while the
compression benefits of columnar storage are gained. With
IMPROVE PERFORMANCE AND LOWER COSTS WITH ORACLE DATABASE 12C STORAGE OPTIMIZATION 2
average storage savings of 10x, IT managers can dramatically
reduce and often eliminate the need to purchase additional
storage for several years. Hybrid Columnar Compression is
supported on the Oracle Exadata Database Machine, which
is designed for extreme performance. It is also supported on
Oracle Axiom and ZFS Storage Appliance (ZFSSA), helping to
further differentiate Oracle Engineered Systems.
Automatic Compression and Storage Tiering Oracle Advanced Compression incorporates a number of new
features that work together to optimize database storage. When
the use of the Heat Map feature, which collects data usage
information at the row and segment level, is combined with
the Automatic Data Optimization (ADO) feature, administrators
can create and apply ILM policies. This is based on the usage
patterns of their users’ data, and enables automatic compres-
sion and storage tiering. It also reduces storage costs and
improves application performance.
Heat Map Heat Map gives you a detailed view of how your data is being
accessed, and how access patterns are changing over time.
Automatic Data Optimization Automatic Data Optimization allows organizations to create poli-
cies for data compression and data movement and to implement
tiering of compression and storage. Oracle Database periodically
evaluates ADO policies, and uses the information collected by
Heat Map to determine which policies to execute.
SEEING IS BELIEVING!
Telling you how much you can save is one thing, but showing you your actual compression ratios, using your own data, is better. Oracle Database 12c users can take advantage of the Compression Advisor package that is bundled with the Oracle Database download to help make the business case for deploying Oracle Advanced Compression. This tool provides an estimate of the compression ratio and actual results that can be realized with Oracle Advanced Compression. The estimate is based on the analysis of a sample of data you provide to show the results you may obtain once you implement the Advanced Row Compression feature in your environment. See the Oracle Database documentation for more information about how to use the Compression Advisor.
Oracle Database Information Lifecycle Management Solution Oracle Database 12c Storage Optimization technologies address
the critical business problem of information lifecycle management.
The need for consistent management of information throughout
its useful life enables a business to utilize information more effec-
tively and helps meet compliance demands. Using a combination
of Advanced Data Optimization, Heat Map, Hybrid Columnar
Compression, and Advanced Compression and Partitioning
options, organizations can implement an automated, consistent,
and documented ILM approach for Oracle Database environments.
At the core of an Oracle Database ILM solution is the ability to
define multiple data classes and tiers of storage, and assign
different portions of data to different tiers based on the desired
cost, performance, and security for each portion. The key steps
in deploying an ILM solution using Oracle Database 12c include:n Define data classes or types of datan Create logical tiersn Define the data lifecycle
The first step to building an Oracle Database ILM solution is
to define the data classes or types of data that need lifecycle
management. To really understand your data you must analyze it
to determine which objects are associated with which applica-
tions, where those objects are physically located (what is the
class of storage), if the objects have been compressed, and the
granularity of the object (table vs. partitioned).
IMPROVE PERFORMANCE AND LOWER COSTS WITH ORACLE DATABASE 12C STORAGE OPTIMIZATION 3
Next, create logical storage tiers by identifying and creating
various storage tiers from expensive higher-performance storage
or high-capacity, lower-cost storage.
Finally, define the data lifecycle by describing how data migrates
across logical storage tiers over its lifetime. A lifecycle definition
may include one or more lifecycle stages that select a logical
storage tier based on data attributes such as compression, read-
only, or retention for data residing in that lifecycle stage.
PROVEN APPROACHES FOR ORACLE STORAGE OPTIMIZATION
There are a number of usage models that can result in improved
storage optimization using Oracle Database 12c. The most preva-
lent examples are included here.
By using Oracle Partitioning, more active data partitions can
be placed on faster, higher-performance storage where less
active and historic data can be placed on lower-cost storage.
Data compression can also be applied as desired on a partition-
by-partition basis—in both OLTP and data warehousing
applications. In this scenario, the business can meet all of its
performance, reliability, and security requirements, but at a
significantly lower cost than in a configuration where all data
is located on tier-one storage.
8 FIGURE 1: ORACLE DATABASE ILM SOLUTION
Figure 1 illustrates an Oracle Data-base ILM solution in which all the Oracle Database 12c Storage Optimi-zation features work together. In this example, Heat Map is tracking data access patterns, while ADO policies control compression and storage tier hierarchy. Table partitions are compressed with policies that are set for “compress for query” and “compress for archive,” with addi-tional policies for “tier to low cost” and “tier to archive.” Once set, ADO policies drive automatic compression and storage tiering as data access patterns are tracked in Heat Map, delivering an end-to-end Oracle ILM solution.
With OLTP applications, Advanced Row Compression is best
suited for the most active tables and partitions to ensure that
newly added or updated data will continue to be compressed as
data manipulation language (DML) operations are performed.
When using Oracle Exadata Database Machine or with Oracle
ZFS Storage Appliance or Axiom Storage, a combination of
Advanced Row Compression, Hybrid Columnar ”Warehouse”
Compression (also referred to as ”Query” Compression), or
Hybrid Columnar ”Archive” Compression can be utilized on a
partition-by-partition basis depending on how frequently the
data within the partition is accessed or manipulated.
Hybrid Columnar Warehouse Compression should be used with
tables and partitions that either aren’t being modified or are
being lightly modified. Hybrid Columnar Warehouse Compres-
sion is intended for query applications, but can tolerate data that
may be lightly updated using conventional DML operations such
as INSERT and UPDATE (with a reduced compression ratio on the
updated data). Hybrid Columnar “Archive” Compression is meant
for archive data that is read-only data and infrequently accessed.
The main purpose of “Archive” compression is to achieve very
high compression rates to reduce storage consumption.
Together these features provide a storage optimization solu-
tion that reduces storage costs, improves query performance
and automates the management of the data life cycle in Oracle
databases.
IMPROVE PERFORMANCE AND LOWER COSTS WITH ORACLE DATABASE 12C STORAGE OPTIMIZATION 4
For more information, visitwww.oracle.com/database12c
SOLUTION BENEFITS
SIMPLIFY ADMINISTRATION
One of the challenges with tiered storage architectures is the
need for subjective assumptions about how your data is used
rather than real knowledge. Heat Map changes that. ADO allows
you to use real usage information to create and enforce policies
about compression levels and storage tier movement. Once poli-
cies are in place and enforced, less administration is required and
focus can be on new projects for the business.
SAVE COSTSThe ability to reduce new storage expenditures for a poten-
tially multiyear period is a huge benefit. Many users of Oracle
Advanced Compression, for example, were able to reduce their
Oracle Database storage footprint by 50%. This adds up to signifi-
cant savings from mitigating new storage purchases, and poten-
tially decommissioning now unnecessary storage already in place
to save on maintenance contracts and other operating costs. In
addition, storage tiering can allow the organization to better align
storage costs with the performance needs of the data. Infre-
quently accessed data can be tiered to less costly storage and
expensive high performance storage can dedicated to the most
volatile and frequently accessed data.
IMPROVE PERFORMANCEOracle Database 12c Storage Optimization features can provide
tremendous performance benefits to a wide variety of applica tions
by improving manageability, performance, and availability. Oracle
Partitioning allows tables and indexes to be broken apart and
stored separately which greatly improves the flexibility of managing
very large tables and indexes. When combined with Oracle
Advanced Compression you can get even faster query perfor-
mance due to improved disk scan rates and I/O reductions. Oracle
Advanced Row Compression reduces the performance impact of
DML operations, plus Oracle operates directly on the compressed
format, which allows more data to be stored in memory and
reduces disk I/Os. For example, CSX Corporation improved batch
job completion time by 30% and improved its query performance
by 20%. This is clearly a benefit for the entire organization. At Land
O’Lakes, general ledger queries were completed 14x faster.
SUMMARYAs the growth of data and the storage infrastructure required to
host it continues unabated and at continually increasing costs,
organizations have found that developing a cost-effective approach
to database compression and storage tiering is essential.
Information lifecycle management solutions should enable
organizations to understand how their data is accessed overtime,
and manage data compression and storage tiering accordingly.
However, most ILM solutions for databases lack two key capa-
bilities: automatic classification of data, and automatic data
compression and movement across storage tiers.
Absent an ILM strategy, organizations face exploding storage
hardware costs and increasing complexity that will actually work
against the development of new IT solutions and the effective use
of those already deployed. Simply put, both the scale and growth
of data become overwhelming.
Oracle Database 12c provides an ideal platform for implementing
information lifecycle management.
Oracle Database 12c Storage Optimization features offer a
comprehensive set of ILM technologies that work together to
bring lasting value and true business benefit.