Why Use Ozone

To improve water quality (disinfection) To improve swimmer comfort To reduce maintenance costs To reduce chemical costs To improve water clarity

How Ozone is Generated

Oxygen (O2)

Ultraviolet Light or

Corona Discharge

Some O2 molecules break apart

And reassemble with other O2 molecules to form ozone

+O2

O2 + O1

O1

=

= O3

O3

Ozone (O3)

UV ozone generators (185 nm wavelength):– .01% to .10% ozone concentration by weight (.10%

concentration = 10 PPM). Corona Discharge ozone generators:

– .5% to 6% ozone concentration by weight (6% concentration = 60,000 PPM).

What concentration means to ozone effectiveness– Minimum 10 times greater concentration of ozone in the

output gas from CD ozone generators.

– At the same percentage of mass transfer efficiency, a CD ozone generator will deliver more ozone to the water than UV (ozone concentration directly affects its ability to become soluble in water).

UV vs. CD Ozone Generation Methods

FEED GAS QUALITY– O2 CONCENTRATION (More 02 In = More 03 Out) – MOISTURE CONTENT (More Moisture = Less 03 )

Ozone Solubility The concentration of ozone gas is determined at a standard

temperature of 20 degrees C (68˚ F) and a standard pressure of 1 atmosphere.Temper-atureGas Phase Ozone Concentration (Percentage by Weight)0.001%UV(254 nm)0.1%UV(185 nm)1.0%CD1.5%CD2.0%CD3.0%CDEquilibrium Ozone Water Solubility (mg/L)5°C/41°F0.0070.747.3911.0914.7922.1825°C/77°F0.0040.353.535.297.0510.5830°C/86°F0.0030.272.704.045.398.09

Factors affecting the transfer of a gas into a liquid (importance of the venturi)

– Pressure - as pressure increases, more gas is forced into the liquid

– Temperature of the water/gas mixture - at lower temperatures, ozone gas is more easily absorbed. At higher temperatures, water tries to release the gas rather than absorb it

– Bubble size - as bubble size is reduced, the total bubble surface area increases, increasing the area for interaction between ozone and water

– Concentration of ozone, in percent by weight – Quantity of ozone, in grams per hour

Mass Transfer Basics

Oxidation Potential of OzoneOxidizing Agent Oxidizing P otential

Fluorine 3.06

Hydroxyl Free Radicals 2.80

Atomic Oxygen 2.42

Ozone 2.07

Permanaganate 1.67

Hypochlorous Acid 1.59

Chlorine 1.36

Molecular Oxygen 1.23

Bromine 1.09

Hypochlorite Ion 0.94

Ozone ChemistryUse with other oxidizers

Ozone & Bromine– Bromine regeneration design– Ozone as the primary oxidizer and secondary regeneration

system Ozone & Chlorine

– Ozone sidestream without stripping– Full flow and strip (greater than 25%)

Ozone, Chlorine & Sodium Bromide– Design exclusive to ClearWater Tech

Bromine / OzonePros and Cons

PROS– excellent synergy between

ozone and bromine– very little pH adjustment

required– easy to handle– very little contact time needed

(30 to 120 seconds in small to no contact tanks)

– good algicide– odor not as pungent as

chlorine

CONS– cannot be stabilized

– can be more expensive to operate

– a relatively weak oxidizer• cloudy water

• swimmer itch

• low ORP levels

When to use Ozone/Chlorine

• In medium and high bather load situations

• For outdoor pools

• In older pool designs with slow filtration rates

Chlorine / OzonePros and Cons

Chlorine Pros– strong oxidizer

– can be stabilized

– less expensive than bromine

Chlorine Cons– no synergy with ozone

– requires constant pH control

– more difficult (dangerous) to handle

Sizing Basics

Criteria

– Total gallonage– Circulation rate– Bather load– Location - indoor or outdoor– Filtration system– Surrounding area– Desired chemical reduction

Additional Suggestions

• Regular shock program

• Regular filter backwash program

• Other maintenance (brush, vacuum, etc.) on a regular basis.

APEX Series I

Commercial spas to 800 gallons, swim spas to 5,000 gallons or residential pools up to12,000 gallons.

1 gram per hour @ 60 SCFH on ambient air

120V/60Hz, 1.6 amps Air Cooled Venturi Injector Manifold

APEX Series IICommercial spas to 3,000 gallons or residential pools up to 20,000 gallons.

1.25 grams per hour @ 5 SCFH on dry air

90-260V/50/60Hz, 2.2-0.8 amp Air Cooled, Built-in air dryer,

External interlock circuit Venturi Injector Manifold Vacuum Break Ozone Activation InterlockCD10/AD

APEX Series IIICommercial spas to 5,000 gallons or residential pools up to 40,000 gallons

2.8 grams per hour @ 5 SCFH on dry air 120V/60 Hz, 2.6 amps Air Cooled, Built-in air dryer,

External interlock circuit Venturi Injector Manifold Vacuum Break Ozone Activation Interlock

M-15/AD

APEX Series IVResidential and semi-commercial pools up to 65,000 gallons.

4.5 grams per hour @ 5 SCFH on dry air 120V/60 Hz, 2.6 amps Air Cooled, Built-in air

dryer, External interlock circuit

Venturi Injector Manifold Vacuum Break Ozone Activation

Interlock CD15/AD

APEX Series V

5.6 grams per hour @ 10 SCFH on dry air

240V/60 Hz, 2 amps Air Cooled, External

interlock circuit Venturi Injector Manifold Ozone Activation Interlock Separate Air-Dryer

P2000

Cal Poly has been using ozone Cal Poly has been using ozone (200 grams) for over 6 years(200 grams) for over 6 years

Only high quality, industrial-strength, ozone-resistant materials are used

Proprietary designs using modular construction for efficient operation and easy maintenance

Solid-state control circuitry means systems operate reliably

Electrically efficient - low electrical cost per gram of ozone output

Simple but effective air cooled designs are easy to install and require minimum maintenance

ClearWater Tech Products

Municipal WaterZoos

Commercial Aquarium

Waste WaterAgriculture

Food ProcessingCommercial Pools

Cooling TowerBottled Water

PondsOdor Control

Residential PoolsSpas

ClearWater Tech Products

Water Cooled CD, Med Hz1% to 8% concentration

Air Cooled CDHigh Hz

1% to 6%

UV ozone185 nm.001% to .1%

0.1 1.0 10 130 750 1500 Ozone Output g/h