Implementing Fiber Optic Based Communication

Implementing Fiber Optic Communication

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The growth and implementation of world information technology are

growing fast; this situation currently influences the system of Indonesian

communication technology. By doing the operation of Palapa satellite and Fiber

Optic System Communication in Indonesia as a sign that here the technologies are

up to date in telecommunication environment. Nevertheless, fiber optic will give

the new possibilities in network telecommunication.

Fiber optic is one of the transmission media that can canalize information

with high capacity and high reliability. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-

optic communication, which permits transmission over longer distances and at

higher data rates than other forms of communications. Fibers are used instead of

metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss, and they are immune

to electromagnetic interference. Optical fibers are also used to form sensors, and

in a variety of other applications.

This telecommunication system, truly are researched a long time ago, so

that way our research take this problem. What are the barriers, superiorities and

weaknesses of fiber optic when used in system telecommunication will be

explained here.

1.2 Problem Formulation

In this paper we can get the problem that will be formulated inside the

explanation later, they are:

1. What are the history of fiber optic and its superiority and weakness?

2. What are the components of fiber optic communication and its kinds?

3. What are the ways to perform network communication using fiber optic?


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1.3 Purpose

Our purposes in creating this paper are:

1. To give the new way for performing network communication that is fiber

optic.

2. Informs the history of fiber optic and its excess and weakness.

3. To give the content or component of fiber optic communication itself.

1.4 Benefit

We can get some benefit for explaining this paper, some of them are:

1. Makes connection of network more fast and reliable.

2. Knows the components of fiber optic communication.

3. Knows the superiority of fiber optic than other media transmission.

1.5 Problem Boundaries

In this paper we just explain about history of fiber optic, its component,

kinds of fiber optic and the superiority and weakness than other media

transmission.

1.6 Writing Systematic

This is the complete writing systematic:

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter explains about background, problem formulation, purpose

benefit, problem boundaries and writing systematic in creating ISAS.

CHAPTER II CONTENT

This chapter explains about the content of ISAS.

CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS

This chapter explains about data analysis the superiority and weakness of

fiber optic with other media transmission.

CHAPTER 4 CLOSING

This chapter explains about conclusion and suggestion.

BIBLIOGRAPHY


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1.7 Time Schedule

Table 1.1 Time Schedule

No Activities June 2008

1 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 7 7 8

1

Looking of data

2

Making abstraction and

pre face

3

Make chapter I – IV

4

Make Closing

6

Making Slide Show

7

Monitoring


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CHAPTER 2

CONTENT

1. Fiber Optic

1.1. What is Fiber Optic?

An optical fiber (or fiber) is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along

its length. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communication, which

permits transmission over longer distances and at higher data rates than other

forms of communications. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals

travel along them with less loss, and they are immune to electromagnetic

interference. Optical fibers are also used to form sensors, and in a variety of other

applications

So, fiber optic is as fiber with small size as like as human hair and made of

pure glass, then is made so far away as a cable. Finally, the form of fiber optic

appears as like bellow.

2.1 Picture of Fiber Optic

1.2. History of fiber Optic

Fiber optic is a small discoveries of human, when guiding of light by

refraction, the principle that makes fiber optics possible, was first demonstrated

by Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet in Paris in the 1840s, with Irish inventor

John Tyndall offering public displays using water-fountains ten years later.

Practical applications, such as close internal illumination during dentistry,

appeared early in the twentieth century.


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In 1952, physicist Narinder Singh Kapany leads experiment in discovery

fiber optic. This research is accorded study Tyndall. Other developments, when in

the middle of twentieth century, the researchers are focused in wrapping the fiber

or we know as jacket that used to transmit picture, by main tool called

gastroscope in physician sector. Fiber optic semi-flexible gastroscope is firstly

introduced by Brazilian Hirschowitz, C, Wilbur Peters, and Lawrence E. Curtiss -

Researcher in University of Michigan - in 1956. In developing phase of

gastroscope, Curtis produces first fiber glass-clad that is better fiber optic than

previous product.

The first using of fiber optic in Indonesia started from using simple packet

radio network 1200bps. And other person uses this technology called walkie

talkie especially in Bandung and Jakarta which is supported by BPPT (IPTEK-

NET), UI, LAPAN & ITB, started in 1992. In a short time, there has the good

growing of network which has professional mechanism and engaging satellite

tools and fiber optic in rapidity 2Mbps.

2. Components of Fiber Optic System Communication

System information is created in more than one component; inside that

absolutely we find combinations of component that related each other. This

relation or interrelation is important for continuing of transfer information; finally

we call it as a communication system.

Communication system usually has five main component, such as

transmitter, receiver, media it self, kinds of information that brought via media,

and repeater. Process communication in fiber optic also has a same process as like

other communication system. Here is, five main components of fiber optic

communication system.

2.1 Light Carrier Information

It is the main source for making fiber optic communication system. The

light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information

with high rapidity and high bandwidth capability. The light with high rapidity is

protected from many problems because they can go anywhere with a long

distance. All that benefit you can get when using this fiber optic.


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2.2 Optical Transmitter

Optical transmitter is a component that has function to send light signals to

the carrier media. Inside this component has process converting electromagnetic

signal to the light signal, then light signal do the correspondence in your data. The

using of optical transmitter is very close with media fiber optic. Moreover, optical

transmitter is supported with lenses which focused the light to its media of fiber

optic.

2.2 Optical Transmitter

Source of the light usually used is Light Emitting Diode (LED) or Solid

State Laser Diode (SSLD). Source of light using LED is smaller consummates

energy than Laser, but as the consequence, the light that crossed by LED cannot go

through long distance as like laser’s.

2.3 Fiber Optic Cable

This is the main component of fiber optic in this system; Optical fiber

consists of a core, cladding, and a protective outer coating, which guides light

along the core by total internal reflection. The core and the lower-refractive-index

cladding are typically made of high-quality silica glass, though they can both be

made of plastic as well. An optical fiber can break if bent too sharply. Due to the

microscopic precision required to align the fiber cores, connecting two optical

fibers, whether done by fusion splicing or mechanical splicing, requires special

skills and interconnection technology.


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2.3 Picture Fiber Optic Cable

No one could have foreseen the Internet or digital cable when people first

began experimenting with and utilizing fiber optics technology, but without fiber

optics cables, advancements like the Internet, pay-per-view movies and

breakthroughs in medical imaging may never have been possible. Fiber optic

cables provide a host of benefits to the average consumer that many may not even

realize.

2.4 Optical receiver

Optical receiver has a duty that is catching all lights that sent by optical

transmitter. After the light is accepted from media fiber optic, so this signal will be

decoded to signals digital that is the sent information. Photo detector converts light

into electricity through the photoelectric effect. Metal-semiconductor-metal

(MSM) photo detectors are also used due to their suitability for circuit integration

in regenerators and wavelength-division multiplexers. After it was decoded, digital

electric signal will be sent to the processing system as like television, computer,

telephone, and other digital tools.

2.3 Optical Receiver


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2.5 Optical Regenerator

Optical regenerator is not really used when fiber optic communication in a

small range or distance, it can become the main component in long distances over

1 km. Optical regenerator used to reinforce a low signal and it is located in the

middle of fiber optic. Optical generator consists of fiber optic that is layered with

special material to strengthen light laser.

2.3 Optical Regenerator

3. Kinds of Fiber Optic

3.1 Multimode Fiber

Fiber with large (greater than 10 μm) core diameter may be analyzed by

geometric optics. From the electromagnetic analysis this fiber is called multimode

fiber. This fiber provides multiple paths for light rays to pass through the cable.

Because light rays are unaffected by large distance or environment, the signals do

not attenuate or suffer from EMI or other interferences. This makes multimode

cables extremely safe and prevents outsiders from eavesdropping on an ongoing

transmission.

The resulting curved paths reduce multi-path dispersion because high

angle rays pass more through the lower-index periphery of the core, rather than

the high-index center. The index profile is chosen to minimize the difference in

axial propagation speeds of the various rays in the fiber. This ideal index profile is

very close to a parabolic relationship between the index and the distance from the

axis.


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2.4 Picture of Multimode fiber

3.2 Single Mode Fiber

Fiber with a core diameter less than about ten times the wavelength of the

propagating light cannot be modeled using geometric optics. Instead, it must be

analyzed as an electromagnetic structure, by solution of Maxwell's equations as

reduced to the electromagnetic wave equation. The electromagnetic analysis may

also be required to understand behaviors such as speckle that occur when coherent

light propagates in multi-mode fiber. As an optical waveguide, the fiber supports

one or more confined transverse modes by which light can propagate along the

fiber. Fiber supporting only one mode is called single-mode or mono-mode fiber.

The most common type of single-mode fiber has a core diameter of 8 to 10

μm and is designed for use in the near infrared. The mode structure depends on

the wavelength of the light used, so that this fiber actually supports a small

number of additional modes at visible wavelengths. Multi-mode fiber, by

comparison, is manufactured with core diameters as small as 50 micrometers and

as large as hundreds of micrometers.

2.5 Picture of Single Mode fiber


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CHAPTER III

ANALISYS

3.1 Comparison with Electrical Transmission

Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit

telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals. Due to

much lower attenuation and interference, optical fiber has large advantages over

existing copper wire in long-distance and high-demand applications.

Optical fiber is generally chosen for systems requiring higher bandwidth

or spanning longer distances than electrical cabling can accommodate. The main

benefits of fiber are its exceptionally low loss, allowing long distances between

amplifiers or repeaters; and its inherently high data-carrying capacity, such that

thousands of electrical links would be required to replace a single high bandwidth

fiber.

3.2 Superiorities of Fiber Optic

In certain situations fiber may be used even for short distance or low

bandwidth applications, due to other important features:

1. Immunity to electromagnetic interference, including nuclear

electromagnetic pulses (although fiber can be damaged by alpha and beta

radiation).

2. High electrical resistance, making it safe to use near high-voltage

equipment or between areas with different earth potentials.

3. No sparks, important in flammable or explosive gas environ ments.

4. Not electromagnetically radiating, and difficult to tap without disrupting

the signal, important in high-security environments.

5. Much smaller cable size — important where pathway is limited, such as

networking an existing building, where smaller channels can be drilled.

6. Can accommodate big information volume with transmission gigabit plus

range, better security system and economizing place.

7. Besides, level of security of high fiber optics, peaceful from radio signal

interference influence, motor, and also cables residing in vicinity.


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3.3 The Weaknesses of Fiber Optic

As good as possible the superiority has also the weakness as well, here

some of the weakness about fiber optic.

1. Can lose signal caused by physics and material trouble.

2. More difficult to be coupled with ordinary conventional cable.

3. The price which enough expensive in comparison with technological

copper cable.

4. Enough level of investment which needed levying of human resource

which expert inside.

5. Level of difficulty of implementation and deployment enough fiber

optics are high.

6. Cumbersome to install, because fibers are damaged if they are bent

sharply.


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CHAPTER IV

CLOSING

4.1 Conclusion

After explaining about fiber optic communication above, we can get some

of the conclusion for making sharpness in understanding the content and all about

our problem formulation. Here, one of them:

1. Fiber optics was first demonstrated by Daniel Colladon and Jacques

Babinet in Paris in the 1840s, with Irish inventor John Tyndall. Then,

the first using of fiber optic in Indonesia started from using simple

packet radio network 1200bps in which is supported by BPPT

(IPTEK-NET), UI, LAPAN & ITB, started in 1992.

2. Some of the superiorities are immunity to electromagnetic

interference, high electrical resistance, much smaller cable size, not

electromagnetically radiating, and many more.

3. Some of the weaknesses are can lose signal, more difficult to be

coupled with ordinary conventional cable, price which enough

expensive, cumbersome to install, human resource which expert inside

are a few.

4. The components of fiber optic communication are light carrier

information, optical transmitter, fiber optic cable, optical receiver, and

optical regenerator.

5. Optical fiber is used by telecommunications companies which are over

existing copper wire in long-distance and high-demand applications to

transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable

television signals.

4.2 Suggestion

Here we suggest when using long–distance communication the best

chosen is fiber optic, is more better then coaxial cable for preventing ceresin.

Then on the next arrangement of paper we suggest explain more detail of process

transmitting data, so finally all of transaction that we send are clearly explained.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

[ 1 ] http://www.Fiber-optic_communication.htm [ 3 juni 2008 ]

[ 2 ] http://www. back_lamin.html. [ 3 juni 2008]

[ 3 ] http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber Optic .phpv[ 4 juni 2008 ]

[ 4 ] http://www.ilmukomputer.com/fiber optic.php [ 5 juni 2008 ]

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber

http://www.ilmukomputer.com/fiber%20optic.php

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Implementing Fiber Optic Based Communication