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Imran MehmoodMBA [email protected]
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ON
Roll No. 1798
M.Sc. Statistics Session 2000-2002
1
Department Of Statistics Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan
RESEARCH TEAM
COURSE INSTRUCTOR:
PROF. DR. G R PASHA
Dean Faculty Of Science & Agriculture
Chairman Department of statistics
B.Z. UNIVERSITY MULTAN
RESEARCH ADVISOR:
PROF. DR. ZAFAR MAHMUD
SUBBIMMTTED: BY
SHAMS ULLAH (BAIG)
ROLL#1798
DAPARTEMENT OF STATISTICS
B.Z. UNIVERSITY MULTAN
2
DEDICATED TO MY PARENTS
AND TEACHERS
WHO
ARE PRAYING FOR OUR SUCCESS
3
We are thankful to God, who has given us a chance to complete our gigantic
task. We do not say that it is perfect but we tried our best to complete this
work. We cannot forget our holy prophet (PBUH)
We are very thankful to our respected course instructor PROF. DR. G.R
PASHA & Supervisor PROF. DR. ZAFAR MAHMUD who furnished us
with such an excellent opportunity to have practical insight in this valuable
course of survey and research methods
Pioneer Researcher
4
Practical learning is an essential part of our
education and it is the specialty that distinct the
Department of statistics from others. To have depth
understanding of the concepts, only theoretical
knowledge does not provide a concrete base. Survey
and Research Methods is an optional course of MSc
statistics and through this research report we have
learned a lot practically.
The knowledge I acquire through this experience
will be long lasting. Since we ourselves explored the
field of work and analyzed different factors and
variables.
We hope that our report is up to the standard.
5
Pioneer researcher
TABLE OF CONTENT:CONTENTS:
PREFACE
MAJOR AREA OF STUDY
CHAPTER#1 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
MAJOUR AREA OF STUDY
CHAPTER#2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
PROBLEM STATEMENT
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
RESEARCH DESIGN
DATA COLLECTION
PROBLEMS IN DATA COLLECTION
QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT
SAMPLING
6
SAMPLE METHODOLOGY
SAMPLING FRAME
TYPES OF PROBABLITY SAMPLING
SAMPLE DESIGN
PRE TESTING
FIELD WORK
DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER#2 FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
LIMITATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATION
7
CHAPTER#1
8
INTRODUCTION
Semester system education is a pattern of change in education system. It assesses
student’s ability many times and keep students mind strictly into study.
In this education system syllabus is diveded in to relatively short parts and each
part is compulsory to pass. There is no concept of selective studies among the students
for examination. This system runs under strict rules and regulations in this way there is
very less chance of wastage of students time.
Students get more knowledge because these courses consist of enough credit hours.
Usually it has been seen that under this system students are habitually hard working.
Each semester consists of three examinations preliminary examination; mid term
examination and final term with all these examinations there is also separate marks for
presentation in classroom and behavior of student
Under this system it is also practiced that this system improves students analytical
approach and this way they can be useful member of society, students have given many
opportunities to presentations in front of teachers and class fellows so in this way
students confidence, personality and communication skills are also developed.
In our country this system grows rapidly particularly in graduate and master level
Education and it is expect that near future it implement in primary, middle and
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Secondary level
Multan has always remained a center of educational excellent. Hazrat Bahauddin
Zakariya(1172 AD-1262AD), a Muslim religious scholar and saint, established a school
of higher learning in theology in Multan; where scholars from all over the world came for
studies and research. Thus the university of Multan was established in 1975by an act of
punjab legislative assembly. To pay homage to the Great saint, the name was changed
from Multan University to Bahauddin Zakariya University in 1979.The Baha ud din
Zakariya University is a general university, providing instructions in both arts and
science subjects.
Baha ud dine zakariya university, changed its rules and regulations with the
changing trends in educational system. It Implements the semester system first time in
management sciences and computer sciences departments The result was astonishing the
university continues this tradition and implement Semester system in M.com department.
Then further step has been taken and implement this system in English and Education
department. Now the university is going to implement the semester system in remaining
departments.
STUDENTS
We will investigate the following among the students.
10
FINANCIAL POSITION
We will check the acceptability of semester system from the financial point
of view. We will ask from the students about the affordability of semester
system whether it is expensive or not.
HARD WORKING
We will investigate whether semester system develops the habit of hard
working among the students. Because semester system require daily and
consistent study.
PUNCTUALITY
Punctuality is the key factor in every field of five. We will investigate that at
what extend semester develops this habit in students.
CONDIFIDENCE
Confidence develops the personality of a person. This confidence is required
everywhere, we will ask from the students about the developments of
confidence.
COMMUNICATION SKILL
11
This modern age where the distance has smart and people have get together.
Communication skills is required this communication skill is being
developed in semester systemic not
REGULARITY
For a student regularity is very important. In time presence in the classroom,
a handing the lecture regularity, are all ingredients of all successful students,
so we will ask about this.
DISCIPLINE
A disciplined man can develop the society, we will investigate that whether
semester system make the students habit as in following the rules and
regulations.
12
Chapter - 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
13
IS SEMESTER SYSTEM
ACCEPTABLE
IN THE STUDENTS OF
BAHAUDDIN
ZAKARIYA UNIVERSITY
MULTAN?
14
To check the acceptability of semester system among
the students.
To suggest the straegies for the implementatio on semester
system in Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan.
To check the main advantages and disadvantages of semester
system.
To check the main advantages and disadvantages of annual
system.
15
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is the arrangement of conditions of collection and analysis
of data that aims to combine their relevance to the research purpose with economy
in procedure.
The research design constitutes the blue print for the collections,
measurements and analysis of data. It aids the researcher in the collection of data,
using his limited resources by posing crucial choices.
Research design is a plan, structure and strategies of investigation concerned so
as to obtain answer to research questions and control the variance, the plan is the
overall scheme of programme of research. The research design includes the
methods to be used to gather and analyze the data. In other words, strategy implies
how the research objectives will be achieved and how the researcher encountered
in the research will be looked.
DATA COLLECTION
16
This report based on primary data i.e. information are directly taken from
students of B.Z. University Multan. For this purpose I developed questionnaire.
I had conducted personal interviews; the advantages of these personal
interviews are as follows.
It leads towards high participation. Moreover in personal interview the
interviewee can carry with additional questions. The props and visual aids can also
enhance the vision of knowledge of interview. The interview has more control
over the personal interview than other interrogation that can be secured it for
exceeds in volume and quality of the information received than with other
methods. Respondents motivation is heavily in the hands of the interview studies
of reaction to a number of surveys indicate that respondent can be motivated to
participate in personal interviews.
Problems In Data Collection:
During the course of survey we faced a lot of problems. We live in a male
oriented society that is why we had several social problems in conducting the
survey. Most of female are non-cooperative. Due to lack of time it was hard to
extract correct information out of them. That is why it took much longer than it
should have.
DATA COLLECTION TOOLS:
The instruments that are employed to collect new facts or to explore new
fields are called tolls. So in our survey to achieve our objectives we have used
17
some research tools. The use of particular research tool depends upon the type of
research proposal.
Questionnaire
First of all we formed our questionnaire. The word questionnaire refers to a
device for getting answers to questions by using a form. To get information to
achieve our objectives we met the people personally and collect the required
information by using open ended and closed ended form.
Measurement
Measurement is used to know the attitude of people towards specific
problems. Attitude of people can be measured through following ways
Surveys Interviews Questionnaire
I have used questionnaire technique in my report to obtain data. These are
two types of questions.
1.Open End Questions:
The question that possess some problem and asks the respondent to answer
in her own words.
2.Fixed Alternative Questions:
The questions in which the respondent is given specific limited alternative
responses and asked to choose the closest to her own viewpoint.
Designing the Questionnaire
The questionnaire may be described as the keystone of any survey. The
basic problem is not so much what questions to ask, but what is the best way to
ask them. The problem is to design questions that mean the same thing, a single
thing, a defined thing and the intended thing, to everyone. As a general rule,
18
questions should be short and precise; lengthy questions tend merely to confuse
the respondent. The interviewers should be instructed as to whether they may
depart from the form of the question as written on the schedule or not. Usually, the
question has been carefully considered and the final form is probably the best
possible whereas the interviewer's alternative may lead to erroneous interpretation
of its meaning so should be discouraged. Only questions, which the respondent
can answer from knowledge or experience, should be asked.
All the questions asked must be so phrased that the respondent can answer
them intelligently. This implies that the respondent must understand what is being
asked. Every question, which relates to the respondent's actions in the past, must
be most carefully considered, because the average person's memory is so
unreliable.
Sample Methodology:
A sample was selected on a Performa, which contain seventeen questions
about the topic “implementation of semester system in B.Z. University Multan”.
Given to hundred different students out of which “60” are master level students,
“30” are graduate level and “10” are M. Phil level.
SAMPLING:
19
Sampling is a statistical technique, which is defined as a procedure of
selecting a part from the aggregated of material in the belief that the selected part
will represent the characteristics of the totality of the individuals.
The information obtained from such a part is used to make some inferences about
the totality of material.
There are two main techniques of sampling.
Non-probability sampling
Probability sampling
1. NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
A sampling technique in which units of the sample are selected on the basis
of personal judgment or convenience.
2. PROBABILITY SAMPLING
A sampling technique in which every member of the population will have a
known non-zero probability of selection. There are further types of probability
sampling.
TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING:
Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Multistage Sampling
Cluster sampling
20
Simple Random Sampling
Emphasis has been given to the need of ensuring that all samples should be
random. To ensure random selection, various methods of selection of units from
the population have been devised. The simplest is to number all the population
units and then to draw, in lottery fashion, counters bearing the corresponding
numbers of the selected numbers determining the choice of sampling units. This
method is known as simple random sampling, in which every unit in the
population has an equal chance of selection and each possible sample of the same
size has an equal probability of being selected. This method is suitable where the
population is relatively small and where the sampling frame is complete.
A simple random sample is defined as a sample taken in such a way that every
member of population have an equal chance of being selected to achieve this every
item in the population must be numbered in ordered.
For our purpose we take a sample of size n = 100. The sampling units were
selected in the sample from each department using simple random sampling
technique.
The other techniques can be used in different types of studies according to the
different conditions of these studies.
The Sampling Frame
Before the sample can be drawn, the units of the population under
consideration must be defined. A sampling frame is a complete list or a map that
21
contains all the sampling units in the population. The requirements of a reasonably
good frame are that the frame should:
1. Not contain inaccurate sampling units,
2. Be complete and exhaustive, i.e. should contain all units and should
cover whole of the population,
3. Be free from errors of omission and duplication of sampling units.
4. Be as up-to-date as possible at the time of use.
For one reason or other, most of the frames used for sample surveys do not meet
these entire requirements.
Sampling frame for this study is a compete list of the students of all the
departments of B.Z.U. Multan on December 2002 was taken.
SAMPLE DESIGN
In statistical work the purpose of sampling is to obtain information about the
nature and characteristics of the population from which the sample is drawn. A
sample statistic is no more than an estimate of the corresponding population
parameter. The extent to which the sample statistic may differ from the parameter
based on a complete count or census is measured by the sampling error. The
statisticians are concerned with the precision of the sample statistic and modern
sampling theory enables them to measure the precision or reliability of the
statistic. While the relative size of the sample as compared with the population
22
from which it is drawn is quite irrelevant, sampling theory shows that by
increasing the sample size it is possible to increase the precision of the result.
The majority of sample surveys are, however, quite expensive
undertakings. To increase the sample size to the extent required to achieve any
substantial gain in precision would entail heavy additional expenditure.
Furthermore, it would mean more interviews, more schedules to edit, more data to
process and more resources to put in. Thus, the interval of time between the survey
and the production of its results would be increased. Since one of the objects of
sampling is to save time and money, merely increasing the sample size to improve
the accuracy would be a self-defeating policy. For such reasons statisticians in
recent times have devoted much effort to devising methods whereby the precision
of sample results may be improved. Using specially constructed samples can do
this, but underlying all these sample designs, as they are known, is the basic
principle of random sampling. However complex the sample design may be, the
selection of the sample units must ultimately be made in accordance with some
random process. The designing of samples is a specialized branch of statistics; the
design appropriate to one survey may be quite unsuited to another.
PRE TESTING:
The next step after the development of the questionnaire was to make a pre-test
with my questionnaire to check whether there were any problems with the questionnaire.
Pre-test is mainly done:
To check the validity of research.
23
To check the validity of sample size.
To check the validity of questionnaire.
To determine any further problem.
After my pre-test with the students of Bahaud-din Zakriya University
Multan, no major problems were identified except that my respondents felt a bit
hesitation in answering a few questions which were later refined for the
convenience of the respondents such that they still provided me with the
information I required.
FIELD WORK:
In my next step, I did my fieldwork to get my questionnaire’s filled from
my respondents. For this purpose, I visited different departments of Bahaud-din
Zakriya University Multan. For saving a lot of my time, I requested my
respondents to give me time in the hostel after their study time. In this way, I got
my questionnaires filled.
DATA ANALYSIS:
After getting my questionnaires filled the next step was of data analysis.
For this purpose, I calculated percentages, used Microsoft Excel to draw graphs.
The graphical representation of the questions is given on next pages.
24
25
Chapter – 4
CONCLUSIONS
AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
LIMITATIONS:
The following are the limitations; I faced during my research study.
26
TIME:
As you know that in M.Sc Statistics part II, the time is very limited,
students also have burdens of other subjects, so the same time limitation was there
with me due to which I had to ignore a lot of things.
COST:
Being students though I contributed as much as I could, but with more
financial resources I could expand the scope of my research.
SAMPLE SIZE:
My sample size was only of 100 students, this was not quite enough for a University, this
could be increased but due to above limitations it was a bit difficult for me.
Semester
system is best way to educate the students after conducting the research we
concluded that semester has some drawbacks. One of them is that it is very
27
expensive, as we know majority of the students of this region belong to middle
class families. So they cannot pay heavy dues of semester system. Secondly,
students should not be drop in third and fourth semesters.
Semester system is recommended highly in physics and chemistry
departments. But it is necessary that the credit hours should be increased.
Over all this system is highly recommended by student’s weather by any
level (graduates, masters, M Phil). Student’s wants to get knowledge, in annual
system due to limited courses are being studied so students pass their time in
wandering here and there. So to utilize the time effectively Semester System is
excellent.
28
According to our survey, it is highly recommended that semester system
should be implemented gradually in B.Z.U. Multan. It will be difficult for the
university to implement the semester system at once. University should firstly
check the results and views of the students of the departments in which the
semester system was implemented last year. According to the survey, as 82% of
the students have the opinion that the semester system is not acceptable due to
expenses so to reduce the elements of expenses the university should take such
actions.
Examination should be conducted by the outsiders and also marked by
them so that teacher’s monopoly reduced.
The course outline should be designed in such a way that the cramming
habit of the students can be eliminated.
Teachers should behave in a proper manner with the students in the
semester system.
29
According to the survey 34% students describe the suitability about semester system is Splits course of study in to two or more parts per year, 55% students describe the suitability about semester system is asses students ability more times while 10% students use the any other option.
30
Students interste in semester system
Table:4.2
Graduate level
Master level
M Phil level
Total Graduate level%
Master level%
M Phil level%
Interested 17 42 6 65 56.67 70 60Not interested
9 15 2 26 30 25 20
No opinion 4 3 2 9 13.33 5 20
Percentage of opinions with respect to educational level
GRAPH
it is found that 65% students are interested, 26% are not interested and 9% have no opinion about semester system.
31
General opinions of students about semester system
TABLE:4.5
Graduate level
Master level
M Phil level
TotalGraduate
level%Master level%
M Phil level%
Easy 8 36 8 52 26.67 60 80Difficult 16 15 2 33 53.33 25 20Very difficult
6 9 0 15 20 15 0
Percentage opinions of students about semester system
GRAPH
32
Aboue graph show that 52% student say that semester system is easy33% say it is difficult,15% say very difficult.
General opinions of students that semester system improve Student personality
TABLE: 4.6 Graduate
levelMaster
levelM Phil level
TotalGraduate level
%Master level%
M Phil level%
Agree 18 36 4 58 60 60 40Disagree 8 14 4 26 26.67 23.33 40No opinion 4 10 2 16 13.33 16.67 20
percentage of students that semester system improveStudent personality
GRAPH
33
aboue graph show that58% student say that semester system imrove students personality, 26% are disagree and 16% have no opinion.
Semester system education helps to improve level of knowledge Of student
TABLE:4.7
Graduate level
Master level
M Phil level
TotalGraduate
level%Master level%
M Phil level%
Agree 22 39 7 68 73.33 65 70Disagree 6 16 2 24 20 26.67 20No opinion 2 5 1 8 6.67 8.33 10
Percentage opinions of respondents about semester system education helps to improve level of knowledgeOf student
GRAPH
34
aboue graph show that 68% student say that semester system imrove level of knowldge of students , 24% are disagree and 8% have no opinion.
Semester system education makes student punctual
TABLE: 4.8 Graduat
e levelMaster
levelM Phil level
TotalGraduate
level%Master level
%M Phil level%
Agree 20 39 7 66 66.67 65 70Disagree 6 16 2 24 20 26.67 20No opinion
4 5 1 10 13.33 8.33 10
Percentage opinions of respondents about semester system education makes student punctualGRAPH
35
aboue graph show that 79% student say that semester system makes student punctual , 11% are disagree and 10% have no opinion.
Character of student is also improved by semester
system education.
TABLE: 4.9 Graduate
levelMaster
levelM Phil level
TotalGraduate
level%Master level%
M Phil level%
Agree 14 26 3 43 46.67 43.33 30Disagree 10 18 5 33 33.33 30 50No opinion 6 16 2 24 20 26.67 20
36
Percentage opinions of respondents about Semester system improve character of student.GRAPH
aboue graph show that 43% student say that semester system improve students character , 33% are disagree and 24% have no opinion.
Semester system education develops confidence among the students.
Graduate level
Master level
M Phil level
Total Graduate level%
Master level%
M Phil level%
Agree 17 41 4 62 56.66666667
68.33333333
40
Disagree 18 13 1 22 60 21.66666667
10
No opinion
5 6 5 16 16.66666667
10 50
TABLE:4.10
37
Percentage opinions of respondents about Semester system
education develops confidence among the students.
GRAPH
aboue graph show that 62% student say that semester system develops confedence , 22% are disagree and 16% have no opinion.Semester system develops communication skills.
TABLE:4.11
Graduate level
Master level
M Phil level
Total Graduate level%
Master level%
M Phil level%
Easy 20 39 3 62 66.67 65 30
Difficult 7 13 2 22 23.33 21.67 20Very difficult 3 8 5
1610 13.33 50
38
A percentage opinion of respondents about Semester
system develops communication skills.
GRAPH
aboue graph show that 62% student say that semester system develops confedence , 22% are disagree and 16% have no opinion.
Semester system makes a student very careful in his attendance in the class.
TABLE: 4.12
Graduate level
Master level
M Phil level
Total Graduate level%
Master level%
M Phil level%
Easy 18 53 7 78 60 88.33 70Difficult 10 5 2 17 33.33 8.33 20Very difficult 2 2 1 5 6.67 3.33 10Semester system makes a student very careful in his attendance in the class.
39
GRAPH
aboue graph show that 78% student say that semester system makes a studentvery careful in his attendance in the class , 12% are disagree and 5% have no opinion.
40
The above-mentioned bar graph shows that 44 respondents say that semester system isMost suitable at graduate level, 69 respondents have opinion that semester system is most suitable at master level while, 45 say it is most suitable at M Phil.
41
It is found that that 71% respondents have opinion that semester system is good
step towards quality education while 29% say no.
42
It is found that that 71% respondents have opinion that semester system is better
than annual system examination to obtain good marks. While 31% say no.
43
It is found that that 71% respondents have opinion that semester system is better
than annual system examination to obtain good marks. While 31% say no.
44
45