Imperialism in the 1800sChapter 14.1

Take a closer look.

How does imperialism affect people ?

New Imperialism

Through the “new imperialism,” Westerners sought to control vast territories.

Colonial export policies exploited native populations and opened up markets for European manufactured goods.

In the 1800s, European nations began a new push of imperialism–the extension of a nation’s power over other lands.

Asia and Africa were seen as a source of raw materials for industrial production and as a market for Europe’s manufactured goods.

“new imperialism” was not content to have trading posts and agreements, as the old imperialism was, but wanted direct control over territories.

There was a strong economic motive for Western nations to increase their search for colonies a"er 1880.

Europeans wanted direct control of the raw materials and markets it found in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Having colonies was a source of national prestige as we#.

The new imperialism was tied to racism and Social Darwinism.

To Social Darwinists, the imperialist European nations were simply exerting themselves in the stru$le for the fittest to survive.

Losing nations were racia#y inferior nations, these people argued erroneously.

“White Man’s Burden”

Others believed that the Western nations had a moral or religious duty to “civilize” Asian, African, and Latin American nations, which o"en meant to Christianize them.

What is the definition of racism?

Racism is the belief that race determines the basic traits and capabilities of the individual members of the race.

Takeover in Southeast Asia

By 1900, almost a# of Southeast Asia was under Western rule.

Great Britain led the way in imperial colonialism.

In 1819, Great Britain founded a colony on a sma# island ca#ed Singapore (“city of the lion”).

Singapore soon became a major port for traffic to and (om China.

France and Vietnam

France had interests in Vietnam and was alarmed by British expansion into Southeast Asia.

The French government decided in 1857 to force the Vietnamese to accept French protection.

In 1884, the French made the Vietnamese Empire into a French protectorate–a political unit that depends on another government for its protection.

Thailand

In the final quarter of the nineteenth century, both Britain and France tried to make Thailand into a colony.

Two remarkable rulers prevented the takeover–King Mongkut (memorialized inThe King and I) and his son King Chulalongkorn.

Both promoted (iendly relations with the West and Western learning without a takeover.

USA and imperialism

The United States naval forces under Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish in Manila Bay in the Philippines.

President Wi#iam McKinley believed it was his moral duty to civilize other parts of the world.

The Philippines would serve the United States’s interest in securing a jumping-off point for trade with China.

Filipino objections

Emilio Aguinaldo, the leader of an independence movement.

His guerri#a forces fought against the Spanish and the United States, who defeated the guerri#as.

Why did imperialism change (om having trade relations with territories to governing and administering

territories ?

European nations needed to guarantee control so other European nations would not move in on their territories; governing gave a tighter economic hold

on the areas under European control.

Southeast Asia

The chief goal of the Western powers in their colonies was to exploit the natural resources and open up markets for Western manufactured goods.

Indirect rule a#owed local rulers and political elites to use their authority in cooperation with the goals of the Western parent country.

This approach was the preferred route because it made ruling easier and less costly.

Direct rule new officials (om the mother country were put in charge of taxes, law and order, and other governmental matters.

Was used when a colony resisted the takeover.

Western powers o"en justified their conquests by arguing they brought civilization and development.

Colonial powers did not want their colonists to develop their own industries.

Colonial rule did bring benefits to Southeast Asia: It began a modern economic system & improved in(astructure.

Initial resistance to colonial rule came (om the ruling classes among the subject peoples.

Sometimes resistance to Western rule took the form of peasant revolts.

Early resistance movements were overcome by Western powers.

a new kind of resistance based on the force of nationalism emerged....

Resistance

These new leaders were part of a new urban middle class–merchants, clerks, students, and professionals

They had been educated in Western schools, spoke Western languages, and knew Western customs.

The first resistance movements organized to protect religious traditions and economic interests.

Why is the demand for national independence a natural outgrowth of having been educated in Western schools?

The idea of national democracies is a strong part of the modern Western heritage. The resistance leaders were promoting the ideals they had learned in the West.