Imperialism Documents

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Advanced P acement U.S. History 1

Lesson 36

Handout 37 (page 2)

Part

Use the following excerpt from President McKinley s War Message to Congress and the Teller

Resolution of Congress as resources in answering the questions at the end.

Name,

Date

. . . The forcible intervention of the United States as a neutral to stop the

war. according to the large dictates of humanity and following many his-

torical precedents where neighboring states have interfered to check the

hopeless sacrifices of life by internecine conflicts beyond their borders. is

Justlftable on rational grounds. It involves, however. a hostlle constraint

upon both the parties to the contest. as well as to enforce a truce as to

guide the eventual settlement.

The grounds for such intervention may be briefly stimmartzed as follows:

First. In the cause of humanity and to put an end to the barbarities.

bloodshed. starvation, and horrible miseries now existing there, and which

the parties to the conflict are either unable or unwi1l1ng to stop or mitigate.

It is no answer to say this is aU in another countIy. belonging to another

nation, and is therefore none of our business. It is specially our duty. for

it is right at our door.

Second. We owe it to our citizens in Cuba to afford them that protection

and indemnity for life and property which no government there can or will

afford, and to that end to tenninate the condItions that deprive them oflegal

protection.

Third. The right to intervene may be Justlfted by the vety serious inJuty to

the commerce. trade. and business of our people and by the wanton

destruction of property and devastation of the island.

Fourth. and which Is of the utmost importance. The present condition of

affairs in Cuba Is a constant menace to our peace and entails upon this

Government an enonnous expense. With such a conflict waged for years

in an island so near us and with which our people have such trade and

business relations; when the lives and liberty of our citizens are in constant

danger and their property destroyed and themselves I11ined; where our

trading vessels are l1able to seizure and are seized at our very door by war

ships of a foreign nation; the exped1t1ons of ftl1bustertng that we are pow-

erless to prevent altogether. and the irritating questions and entanglements


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Advanced Placement U.S. History 1

Lesson 36

Handout 37 (page 3)

Name,

Date

The Independence of Cuba

April 20, 1898 U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. XXX, p. 738

,

April 11, McKinley sent his message to Congress recommending interven-

tion in Cuba. The Joint Resolution of April 20 authorized the use of the

army and the navy to effect Cuban independence; the formal declaration

of war followed April 25. The most important of the resolutions of April 20

was the fourth, known as the Tellet Amendment.

Joint resolution for the recognition of the independence of the people of

Cuba, demanding that the Government of Spain relinquish its authority and

government in the Island of Cuba, and to withdraw its land and naval forces

from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing the President of the United

States to use the land and naval forces of the United States to cany these

resolutions into effect.

Whereas the abhorrent conditions which have existed for more than three

years in the Island of Cuba, so near our own borders, have shocked the

moral sense of the people of the United States, have been a disgrace to

Christian c1v1Uzation, culminating, as they have, in the destruction of a

United States battle ship, with two hundred and sixty-six of its officers and

crew, while on a friendly visit in the harbor of Havana, and can not longer

be endured, as has been set forth by then President of the United States

in his message to Congress of April eleventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-

eight, upon which the action of Congress was invited: Therefore,

ResolVed

First. That the people of the Island of Cuba are, and of right ought

to be, free and independent.

Second. That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the

Government of the United States does hereby demand, that the Government

of Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the Island of

Cuba and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters.

Third. That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is, directed

and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the United states,

and to call into the actual selVice of the United states the m1l1t1aof the

several States, to such extent as may be necessary to cany these r~solutions

into effect.

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ADaerieashoUld .e~

.tJie ~ l~) .

AlbertJ. BMridge (18-1937)

:.:

~~s v~

Ia'the

pamsh-Americaa~~~I

1898

.

.

left if~ '.iD~edStatesIa ~ ~'~

'l.

:

'.' . . . ..,7,-.,

~

h.__J.~~.wul ~~~..-:.- ..

,UIOO.1IP-~1I. . '. .'.,'... . .:..~:/

~ coJonJesPuerto Rico. Guam. 'imd~ ~

... IsIaDds.Some Americans, boWD IS ~

~ Were disturbed

by

'the kIe8of

~.;

.~ ~ ooIoDJeo.illhO

~

r8ti8edbYthe~iDF=bf'. a

ne-wte 1he 1'hJIippme' . . Joc8ted

across the

=

Ocean from tIie United StateS; Were

the- 81 lOcusor

_

~

__ .

ment,which

1nteDsi edn1899when .'

. nation.

. aIists,ledbyEmJIioAaufnaIdo, 'Ia guentD8

warfareagainstU.S.sofdienInthe .

9ne or-theleadingopponentsofthe anti.~

1stmovementwas

Albert

J.~, authorofthe

foDowfngiewpointElectedbythe stateof Indiana

to the U.S.Senatein1899at theage of36,

~

toured the PbJJippinesustprior to taldngofBce,iDd

o,yuin favoroCtheirann~ the United States.On Jan~ 9, 1900,he the Senate In ~

()Ortof the foDowingproposition: BeIoloed . . .that

the Philippine Islana5 are territoI)' belonging to the

United States; that it Is the intention oCthe-Uni~

States to retain them as such ud to establish and

maintain such governmental control throughout the

archipe ago as the situation may demand.-

Are the reasons for retaining the Philippines pri-

masily economic, moral. or both, accordbig to Bev-

eridge? Does racial prejudice provide the fOundation

for his arguments? Beveridge Is considered one of

the most Progressive senators of his era. What does

this say about progressiviSm?

addreSSthe Senate at this time because Senators

the blunder once mide'wouId be irretrfevabIe.:1It

proves . mIItab. to hOld It, the eiior can be correct-

~

wbea we WIlL'Evel) other progressive iI8tIoi1

-=~~:~~.Our~'~

henceforth must be' with'AsIa.1\e pacile ISOUt

ocean.MoreInd

~

Europewillmanu&cbm'the

most it needs,' secUre' &om Its colonies the most It

~ Where shaDwe turDforc:onsumersofour

surplus?~y answenthequestfoD.ChInaIs

our natural customer. She Is nearer to us than aD

En~ Germany,'orRussia,the commerdalpow-

ers of the piesent and the fUtuie. 'Ihey

have mOved

nearer toChina~ securmg~nt baseson her

borden. The PbiHppines give 'us a base at the door of

aUthe East.

' . .

LInes of navi~ from our ports to the Orlent

and Australia; fiOm the [pl JPOSedCen~~:

Isthmian Canal to Asia; fiOm aUOriental ports to

Australia. converge at and separate &omthe Philip-

pines. 'Ihey. are a self-supporting. dividend-payliig

Beet, pert 1uently anchOred at a spot selectec bythe

strategy of ProvIdence, conuDandingthe Pad&c.And

the Pacmc is the ocean of the commereeof the

future. Most future wars wiDbe conflictsfor com-

merce.The power that ~es the Padflc, thereCore,s

the ~r that rules tHewodd.And.withthe Philip-

pines, that power is and wiD fome&: be the Ameriam

Republic.... .

'lhe Philippines command the commerda1 situa-

tion of the entire East. Can America best trade with

China from San Francisco or New York?From San

Francisco, of coune. But If'San Francisco were clos-


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eEriJ.I~i9JO. ':~I:~ .

06 Ptwt

II: The~

~ oo1onIesPuerto 1Uco,Guam.and ,the~

pne Islands.~ Ame~. bownas~tmperI':

&lists. were dIstUJbed

by

the ideaof their s

Iuo.'~..~ ~~ co1onfeS ,1Iid the.

~~

. ~~ treaty. ~

.

was n.ti8ed bYthe Senate In February 1899 bY'~' It

one-wte magIn:.The I'hiJippIne 1sIandt. located

across the P8dBc Ocean from

-b

United StateS~ were

the central ~of AmerIcananti.fm~ senti..

ment, which Inteosi8ed In 1899 when FiJ PinOnation..

aJists.edbyEmIlioA2uina1do.n~ in

guemna

warfare~ U.S.ordiersin thePliilippmes.

One of the leading opponents ofthe anti-im~riaI-

ist movement was Albert J. Beveridge. author of the

followingviewpoint. Elected

~

the state of Indiana

to the U.S. Senate in 1899 at the 'ageof36. Beveridge

toured the Philippines just prior to taJcingoffice. and

was 'in favor of tLeir annexation by the United States.

On January 9. 1900, he addressed the Senate in s1Ip-

port of the following proposition: soloed

. ..

that

the Philippine isJanCJSare territol}' belonging to the

United States: that it is the intention of the Uni~

States to retain them as such and to establish and

maintain such governmental control throughout the

archipelago as the situation may demand.

Are the reasons for retaining the Philippines pri-

marily economic, moral, or both, according to Bev-

eridge? Does racial prejudice provide the foundation

for his arguments? Beveridge is considered one of

the most Progressive senators of his era. What does

this say about progressiviSm?

I

address the Senate at this time because Senators

and Members of the House on both sides ha~

. ask~ that I giveto Congressand the countrymy

observations in the Philippines and the far East, and

the conclusions which those observations compel;

and because of hurtful resolutions introduced and

I

I

I

i

I

the blunderoncemade'woW

.

d ~ irretrievable. 'If it ,I

I

'

'~

amIstabtobOldt,theerrorc8nbeconect-'

~

when,~ wiD.'Evesr other progressive DatioD '

stands'ready to I1IIieveUs.

: ~

.

'.'

: ~.

I

: But to ho1dIt wiDbe no Inistake. Our arResttride

henceforth lI)ust ~. with .~The pacile is OUr .I

ocean. More imd m~ Europe wI11manufacture'the

\

ost It needs. secure' from its c:01oJ)leshe most it

consumes. Where shaJlwe turn for consumen ofour I

surplus? ~hy aiuwers the question. China is i

our natural customer. She is nearer to us than to

England, Germany, 'or Russia, the commercial pow-

ers of the present and the future. They have mOved

nearer to China},y securing permanent bases on her

borders. The Philippines give us a base at the doorof

all the East.

' , '

Unes of navigation from our ~rts to the Orient

and Australia; from the (p~_Cen~ American]

Isthmian Canal to Asia; from all Oriental ports to

Australia, converge at and separate from the Philip-

pines. They are a self-supporting. dMdend-~g

fleet, permanently anchored at a spot selected by the

strategy ofProvidence.commandIDg the Padfic. And

the Padfic is the ocean of the commerce of the

future. Most future wars will be conflicts for com-

merce. Tbe power that rules the Pad6c, theret'Ote. ~

the power tliat rules the world. And, with the PJuUp.:

pines. that power is and will forever be the American

Republic.... . .

The Philippines command the comme.rcial situa-

tion of the entire East. Can America best trade with

China from San Francisco or New York? From San

Francisco, of course. But if San Francisco were clos-

er to China than New York is to Pittsburgh,what

then? And Manila is.nearer Hongkong than Habana

,[Havana]is toWashington. And yet American states-

men plan to surrender this commercial throne ofthe

Orient where Providence and our soldiers'lives have


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richerthan aDNewEn~d exc~of ~aine

Manila,as 8 rt of can and excbaD '~'.. JDthe

time of

me :DfNI

Jivin

.

far

.

ge-~L

Beholdthe exbaustIess~ ~~, It Is

as If 8 ha1f dozen of our States. were 'set ~dOWD

between Oceaoia[islands of the' South PaCUic14nd

the Orient, and those States tbeinSe1veS bDdMl-

oped and UDSpOIIedof their primitiveWe81th: ad

resources.. . . '.' '

Nothing is so natural as trade with one's neighbors.

The PhiliPPines make us the nearest neighbors

of aD

the

East.-Nothingismorenatural than to tradewith

those you knO\Y.This is the philosophy

of aU

adver-

tising. The Philippines bring us permanently face' to

face with the most, souglit-for customers of the

world. National prestige, national P.ropinquity, these

and commerclaf activity are the elements of com-

mercial success, The Philippines give the Brst; the

character of the American peo~le supply the last. It

is a providential conjunction of all the elements of

trade. ofduty.andofpower,

If we are

wiDingto goto

war rather than let England have a few ~t of frOzen

Alaska, which affordS no market and commands

none. what should we not do rather than let

EnJdand. Germany. Russia, or Japan have all the

PhiTippines?And no man on the spot can fail to see

that lliis would be their fate if we retired. , , ,

The Character of the People'

It willbe hard for Americans who have not studied

them to underStand the people. They are a bar-

barous race. modified by three centuries of contact

with a decadent race.'The Filipino is the South Sea

Malay.put through a process of three hundred years

of superstition in religion. dishonest)' in dealing. dis-

. order in habits of incfustIy.and cruelty. caprice. and

r

~ 101'

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I

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I

I

i

I

I

I

I

I

,

I

I

i

I

I

I

:i

hl..:., towaId the Orient, n geogz phynd

~0

deve

'.;.;. . __~_ ,.:.::.0: 1

, -r.menls IIIIKICnecessmy our commen;ll

empire overtbe P8d6c. And In thit ocean'we'had nO

commercial. aava1. or miIitaJy base. ~o-dq we haVe

oneofthethreegi'eatocea~ns ofthe

~.'

locatedat the most~iIt couunerdal.DaVal.

andmilitary'pointsnthe

~

seas,withinhadof

India. shoUlderto shoulder with auna. richer in:its

own resources than any equal body of land on the

entire globe. and peopled bYa raceWbichc:M1Jzation

demanCkshall be improved.

ShaD

we abandon it?

That man little boWS the common people of the

Republic, little understands the instinCts of our race, .

who thinks we wiDnot hold it fast and hold it forev-

er, administeringju$t government by simplestmeth-

ods.We may bicleup devices to shm our burden and

lessen our opportunity; they wiDavail.us nothing but

delay.We may tangle conditions by applyingaCade-

mic arrangements of self-government to a crude sit-

uation; their failure will drive us to our duty in the

end.

The military situation, past, present. and prospec-

tive. is no reason.for abandonment Our ~gn

has been as perfect as poss ble with the force at

hand. We have been d~ first. by a failure to

comprehend the immensity of our acquisi~OD;and.

second. by insufficient force;' and. third. by' our

efforts for~, , . . . '

This war is like all other wars. It needs to be On-

ishedbefore it is ~ I am preparecfto vote

either to make our work thorouidi or even now to

abandon it. A lasting peace can 6e secured only by

overwhelming forces in ceaseless actionuntil univer-

sal and absolutely6na1defeat is inflictedon the

enemy.Tohalt before every anned force.everyguer-

rilla band. opposing us is dispersed or exterminated


6/17

108 'tiff 11:

Iut

~

solved and settled; DOtvexed and Involved. It ISto

~bsh the supre~ of the

~

1\epub)1c'

overthe Pad6c

~ ~ut theEaStill

~

eDd

oflime. .. ' ... .'

It

has been cIwged that our condUct.ofthe._

has been crueLSenaton. it bas been the reverse. I

haw been in .our

~ and seen. the' F1Iipino

wounded ~ carefuJly.tenderly cared for as~

own.

Withinour Jines~

may'pIowand lOWand

~

and go about the 'affairs ofpeace with absolute Iibei-

ty. ADd yet all this kindDeSswas misunderstood. or

rather not understood. Senators must remember

that we are not dealing with Americans or Euro-

peans. We are dealing with Orientals. We are dealing

with Orientals who are Malays.We are dealing witI1

MalaysnstructedinS~ methods.Theyniistake

kinchiess for weakness, forbearance for fear. It could

not be otherwise unless you could erase hundreds of

years of savagery, other hundreds of years of orien-

talism, and still other hundreds of years of Spanish

character and custom.

Our mistake has not been cruelty; it has been

kindness.. .

'

The news that 60,000 American soldiers have

crossed the Pacific; that. if necessary. the American

Congress will make it 100,000 or 200,000 men; that,

at any cost, we will establish peace and govern the

islands, will do more to end the war than the soldiers

th~mselves. But the report that we even discuss the

withdrawal of a single soldier at the present time and

that we even debate. the possibility of not adminis-

tering government throughout the archipelago our-

selves will be misunderstood and misrepresented

and will blow into a flame once more the fires our

soldiers' blood has almost quenched.

:, War Opponents Betray Soldiers

i\eluctan.tly and only from a sense of duty am I

with American assaults on our Government at home.

The Filipinosdo. not un~rstand free ~ aDd

therefore our tolerance of Ame.rican uHuIts on the

American PresIdent and the.AmeriCanCovei1uDeDt

means to them that our PresIdent is in the

~

or he ~DOt pern11t~ appe8 S.o them(~

treasonablecriticism.It is believedand stated~

Luzon,Panay.andCebu that the F'~ haveoDI.r

to fight. harass. retreat, break up into SmaDparties. i ..

neceswy. as~ey are doing now.but byanymeans

hold outuntil the nextPresidentialelection.andour

forceswillbewithdrawn. . ,

All this has aided the enemy more'th8n climate.

arms,' and battle. Senators. I have heard these

reportsmyself;I havetalkedwith the ~le; I have

seen our man2led boys.in

~

hospltil and tleld; I

have stood on the fiPng line and belield our dead sol-

diers, their faces turned to the pitiless southern sky.

and in sorrow rather than anger I say to those whose

voices in America have cheered. those mis~ded

natives on to shoot our soldiers down. that the blood

of those dead and wounded boys of ours is on their

hands. and the flood of all the years can never wash

that stain away.In sorrowrather than anger I say .

these words, for I earnestly believe that our brothers

mew notwhat theydid.

.

. .'

Filipinos and SeH-Government

But, Senators, it would be better to abandon this

combined garden and Gibraltar of the Pacific. and

count our blood and treasure already spent a prof-

itable loss, than to apply any academic arrangement

of self-government to these children. They lU'enot

capable of self-government. How could they be?

They are not of a self-governing race. They are Ori-

entals, Malays, instructed by Spaniards in the latter's

worst estate.

They mow nothing ofpractical government except

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instructionand all the elements of the progre~o

.

man. Self-government is no base and ,common

thinS. to be bestowed on the merely audacious. It is

the degree which crowns the 2r8du8te ofliberty, n~

the nameoflibe~s infant cTass,who haveDOt,~

mastered the alpliabet of freedom. Savage bloOd.

oriental blood, Mal&.)'blood, Spanish exampl~

these the elements of self-gcwemment? . ..~: J

We must act on the situation as it exists,not as we

would wish it. I have talked with hundreds of these

people. getting their views as to the practical work-

ings of self-government. The great majority simply

do not understand any partici~on in any govern-

ment whatever. The most enlightened among them

declare that self-government Willsucceed because

the employers of ~r Willcompel their employees

to vote as their employer willS and that this will

insure intelligent voting. I was assured that we could

depend upon good men always being in office

because the offiCialswho constitute the government

will nominate their successors, choose those among

the people who will do the voting, and determine

how and where elections will be held.

'

The most ardent advocate of self-government that

I met wasanxiousthat I should knowthat such a gov-

ernment would be tranquil because, as he said, if

anyone criticised it, the government would shoot the

offender. A few of them have a sort of verbal under-

stanclingof the democratictheol}', but the above are

the examples of the ideas of the practical workingsof

self-government entertained by the aristocracy, the

rich planters and traders, and heavy employers of

labor, the men who would run the government.

An Indolent People

Example for decades will be necessary to instruct

Am8rIcon Emrnre: Debau over t1iePhlllppma 109 .

1

'Isspenl They are 1i cechildren playing at men's wodc.'

.No one need fear their competition with our labor.

No reward could beguile, no C)rcecompel.these

I

hildren of indolen

.

ce to,leave.;their trfAil\(1ives or I

the fierceand fervidindusbjrofhigh-wrougbtAmer-

,

tea.The

very

rewJSeis the fact. 0IIe ~

problem

is the necessarytabor to develop theSe isI8n~

build the roadS,open the mines, dear the wilder-

ness, drain the swam~, dredge the harbors. 1he

natives will not supply it. A lingeringprejudic:e

against the Chinesemay prevent us from letting

diem supplyit.Ultimately,Whenthe real truth ofthe

climate and humanconditionSis'known, it isbarely

possible that our tabor will go there. Even now

youngmenwiththe rightmora[tiber 'anda littlecap-

ital can makefortunesthere asplanters. . . .

, .

The Declaration of Independence

The. Declaration of Independence does not forbid

us to do our part in the regeneration of the world. If

it did, the Declaration would be wrong, just as the

Articles of Confederation, drafted by the vel}' same

men who signed the Declaration, was found to be

wrong. The Declaration has ,no application to the

present situation. It was written by self-governing

men for self-governing men.

It was written by men who, for a century and a

half, had been experimenting in self-government on

this continent, and whose ancestors for hundreds of

years before had been gradually developing toward

that high and holy estate. The Declaration applies

only to people capable of self-government. How dare

any man prostitute this expression of the very elect

of self-governing peoples to a race of Malay children

of barbarism, schooled.m Spanish methods, and

ideas? And you, who say the Declaration applies to


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no Part n: The Prol

Ens 1895 1920 i' ',,-' i

consent of the governed. The word consent' itself

rec gnizeSother forms. for ~consent means the

understanding of the thing to which the .~r' I:s

given; and there are ~Ie in the world who ~, not

understand any form of government. And the sense

in, which ~consent is Used,in the Declaration Is

broader than mere understanding; for .CODSent ',in

, the Declaration means participation in the pem-

ment .consented.. to. And yet these people Who are

n~t capable' of consenting to any form of govern-

ment muSt be governed.

And so the Declaration contemplates all forms of

government which secure the fundamental rights of

life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Self-

government, when that will best secure these ends,

as in the case of people capable of self-government;

other appr:opriate forms when people are not capa-

ble of self-government. And so the authors of the

Declaration themselves governed the Indian without

his consent; the inhabitants of Louisiana without

their Consent; and ever since the sons of the makers

.of the PeclaJ'ation have been governing not by theo-

ry, but by practice, after the fashionof our governing

race, now by one form, now by another, but always

for the purpose of securing the great eternal ends of

life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, not in the

savage, but in the civilized meaning ofthose terms-

life according to orderly methods of civilized society;

liberty re~ated by law; pursuit of happiness limited

by the purs~it of happiness by every other man. . . .

I

Expansion ~d the Constitution

Senators in opposition are estopped from denying

our constitutional power to govern the Philippines as

circumstances may demand, for suchpower is admit-

marchofthe flag,.for the oceans, too,are ours.. . .

., ,

No; the oceans are not limitations of the power

which the Constitution expressly gives Congress to

govern aU territory the nation may acquire.111e

Constitution declares that ,.Con~ ihaI1 have

power to dispose of and make aDneedful iuJes and

regulations respecting the territoI)' belonging to the

United States. Not the Northwest Territory onIy;

not Louisiana or Florida only; not territory on ,this

continent only,but any territory anywhere belonging

to the nation. The founders of the nation were not

provincial. Theirs was the geography of the world. ,

They were soldiers as wen as landSmen. and they

knew that where our ships should go our f agmight

follow.They had the logic of p 'OgJ'ess,and they laiew

that the Republic they were planting must, in obedi-

ence to the laws of our expanding race, necessarily

develop into the greater Republic which the wodd

beholds today, and into the still mightier Republic

which the world will finally acknowledge as the

arbiter, under God, of the destinies of mankind.And

so our fathers wrote into the Constitution these

words of ~, of expansion, of empire, if youwill,

unlimited by geography or climate or by anything

but the vitalityand possibilities of the American pe0-

ple: Congress shall have power to dispose,of and '

make all needful rules and regulations respecting the

territory belonging to'the United States.

The power to govern all territory the nation may

acquire would have been in Congress if the language

affirming that power had not been written in the

Constitution. For not all powers of the NationalGov-

ernment are expressed. Its principal powers are

implied. The written Constitution is but the indexof

the living Constitution. Had this not been true, the


9/17

icy ofour countyeven;deeper even than &Dr queS-

tion of coDStitutiopalpower~It is eIeme~t8I.It is

rada1. Cod bas not been pfeparing

~~ ~n~-

speaking'andTeutonicpeoplesror a thousand

~

fOrnothingbut vainand idleself-con~p~ and

self-admiration. No He bas made US the master

organizers of the .worldto establish ~m where

chaos reigns. He bas ~n us the spirit of progress to

ovenvhelm the forces of reaction throUghout the

earth. He bas made us adepts in government that'.we

may administer government among saVage and

senile peoples. Were it not for such a force as this the

world woUld rela~ into barbarism and night. And

of all our race He has marked the American people

as His chosen nation to 6nally lead in the regenera-

tion of the world. This isthe divine mission of Amer-

ica, and it holds for us all the profit, all the glol}',all

the happiness possible to man.We are trustees of the

world's progress, guardians of its righteous peace.

The judgment of the Master is upon us: Ye have

been faithful over a few things; I .willmake you ruler

over many things.

What shall history say of us? Shall it say that we

renounced that holy trust, left the savage to his base

condition, the .wilderness to the reign of waste,

deserted duty, abandoned glory, forgot our sordid

profit even, because we feared our strength and read

the charter of our powers with the doubter's eye and

the quibbler's mind? Shall it say that, called by

events to captain and command the proudest, ablest,

purest race of history in history's noblest work. we

declined that great commission? Our fathers would

not have had it so. No They founded no paralytic

government, incapable of the simplest acts of

administration. They planted no sluggard people,

passive while ~e world's work calls them. They

established no reactionary nation. They unfurled no

,

retreating flag.

,

of the CODstructingnd redeeming natio~ of the'.

, earth; and that to stand aside while events nWcbon

isa surrenderofoUrinterests,a be~ ofOUr~

as blind as it is base..Craven indeed is the heart that

fears to perform a work so olden and soDoble;'that

daresnotwina tJ.oryso immortal.

. ,

,

Doyou tell me that it willcostus money?When

did Americans ever measure duty by finanCialstan-

dards? Do you tell me of the tremendous toil

required to overcome the vast dif6culties of our task?

w6at miSthtywork for the world. for humanity, even

for ourselves. has ever been done with ease? Even

our bread must we eat by the sweatof our faces.Why

are we charged with power such as no people ever

knew,ifwe are not to use it in a work such as no pe0-

ple ever wrou~t? Who will dispute the divinemean-

ing of the [Biblical}fable of the talents?

Do you remind me of the precious blood that must

be shed, the lives that must be given, the broken

hearts of loved ones for their slain? And this is

indeed a heavier price than all combined. And yet as

a nation every historic duty we have done, every

achievement we have accomplished.,has been by the

sacrifice of our noblest sons. Every holymemory that

glorifies the flag is of those heroes who have died

that its onward march miSthtnot be stayed. It is the

nation's dearest lives yielded for the flag that makes

it dear to us; it is the nation's most precious blood

poured out for it that makes it precious to us. That

flag is woven of heroism and grief, of the bravery of

men and women's tears, of righteousness and battle,

of sacrifice and anguish, of triumph and oflory.It is

these which make our flag a holy thing. Who would

tear from that sacred banner the glorious legends of

a single battle where it has waved on land or sea?

What son of a soldier of the flag whose father fell

beneath it on any field wouJd surrender that proud

record for the heraldry of a king? In the cauSeof civ-


10/17

112

PartII: the prog

EN 1~~920 r .

the solemn responsib~tit s ~ sacred..

~

in its

deepest meaning. p~ts upon us: And .so. Senators,

with reverent hearts. where dWellsthe fear of God,

theAmericaDIe, movero~ to.~ futUleof

their hope and the doingof Hiswolk... :

Senato~ adopt the resolutionoft'ered,that peace

mayquiddycomeand~ we~

~

our saving.

~er.dfng. and upliftingwork.-AdoPtit, and this

blOodshedWiDcease when these deIwfed cbJIdrenof

our islandsleam that this is the final word of the rep-

resentatives of the American ~Ie in Congress

assembled. Re~ it, and the world, bistol)', and the

American 'people wiIIlcnow where to forever fix the

awful respOnsibility for the consequences that will

surely followsuch &ilure to do our mimifestduty.How

dare we delay when our soldiers' blood is flowing?

VIEWPOINT B

America Should Not Rule

the Philippines (1900)

Joseph Henry Crooker (1850-1931)

The American Anti-Imperialist League was found-

ed in 1898 to protest the U.S. acquisition of Spanish

colonies following the Spanish-American War. A

central area ofconcern was the Philippines, a former

Spanish colony ten thousand, miles from California

with a popUlation of seven million people. In 1899

the neWlyannexed American colony became the site

of a prolonged miliwy struggle between' American

soldiers stationed there and nationalist rebels, which

intensified the domestic controversy over American

imperialism~,The league pressed its case against col-

onizing the Philippines through meetings, speeches,

,and pamphlets. Tbe following viewpoint is taken

catesare sonumerousandsopro~nt. ; .

It is this: A~rful ~D, rep~b tiV~ pJ

~-

iJization. bas the right, for the ~ :~,.~f

humanity,o ~ conqtre.r.ubju~. ~~ ~~

governfee~leapd backWardaces8ndpeop~ ~~

out reference to theirwishesor~. '. ., ~' '~ .

This is preached from pulpits as the gospe.;~

Christ. It is proclaimedin executivedoCuInep~,.as

Americanstatesmansbip.It isdefen~ in

~

halls as the beginning of a more glorious cbapt~ ~

human history. It is boastfuIly ~ed ,rOm

~

platformas the firstgreat,act inthe regene~D of

mankind. It is publisned in innl;Jmera6leeditorials,

redwith criesfor bloodandhotwithlustforgold,as

thecallofGodtotheAmericaneople.

.'

But howcame these men to boW so clearlythe

mind of the Alinighty?Wasthe cant of piety ever

more infamouslyused? Wasselfishnessever more

wantonly arrayed in the vestments of sanctity? Is

this the modem chivalryof the strong to the weak?

Then let us surrender all our fair ideals and admit

that might alone makes right.'Is this the duty

ot

great nations to small peoples?Then moralityis a

fiction.Is this the gospelofJesus?Then let us repu-,

diate the Colden Rule. Is tbls the crowning lesson of I

America to the world? Then let us renounce our

democracy.

A Hateful Doctrine

This doctrine is the maxim of bigotry. The end

justifies the means, reshaped by the ambition of

reckless politicians and enforced by the greed of self-

ish specUlators.,It is infinitely worse than' the policy

of the old ecclesiastics, for they bad in view the sal-

vation of others, while the advocates of this seek the

subjugation of others. The colonial motive, now stir- \

ring among us, is not love for others. Tbe mask istoo,


11/17

r not theu~ wayofcivilizati~n,ut thebackward

r - descent to barbarism.. '. .

. If this be Duty, let us recite no more the Master's

(Jesus] creed oflove. If thisbe Destiny, let us pro-

claim nomore the rights of men. Iftbis 6e Patriotism,

let us sing no more America. We must rewrite the

.Star Spangled Banner.,,: '.and make. its theme the

praise of conquest and colonization. We must erase

the motto, E Pluribus Unum. and inscribe instead:

One nation in authority over J 18DY~le. Wemust

tear up the Declaration of Indepimaence and put in

its plaCe A Summai}' of the Duties of Colonists to

'Their Master. But tIiis is political atheism.

Something more than the welfare of distant pe0-

ples isat staICe.We condemn this teaching and policy,

not simplyto securejustice for the brown man,but to

insure justice and freedom for ourselves. The motive

of our protest is more than friendship for him: it is

devotion toprinciples of liberty that are the necessary

conditions of universal human progress. The feelings

of sympathyandjustice ought to rule us in these rela-

tions. But every advocate of our present national pol-

.

icy outrages these sentiments wh.ene.ver he makes his

defense. His words ring false. And yet, the heart of

the matter lies far deeper. The true glory of America

is imperiled. 'The happiness of our descendants is

assailed. 'The mission of America as the representa-

tive and guardian of Uberty is in question. The per-

,-.. petuity of free institutions hangs in the balance.

. Our National Shame

We cannot worship this golden calf and go un-

scourged. We cannot violate the principles of our

government and enjoy the blessings of those princi-

ples. We cannot deny freedom across the ocean and

maintain it at home. This Nation cannot endure with

part of its people citizens and part colonists.'The flag

.

~ ~mpb:r:Debateooerthe Philiwfna .113

fact that ,Luge numbers of our people still caD this

national ain'61tion

Cor

conquest aDd

~

a form

esaIted~; But we are surely

~

the

speDof a ~lnt1uence; AfalseAmerf~I IIII has

c8ptivatedOurreasonandcorru~ oUr'~:

Ma

y

this

hypn

otic

1ethiuJar.ndUCed

by

the .:.h r....

but d' bauble or-imperialism:

~~

away;

~

these fellowcitizens become

~

true Americans.free to labor for the liberty of an

men and intent on helpingthe lowlyof all lands to

independence.

.

This Nation cannot endu.re with part of

.

its people. citizens and part colonists.

.

. , ,

It is time that all Americancitizens should look

more carefully into the Conditions'and tendencies

which constitute what may well be called, The

Menace to America. Let mediscussbriefly certain

phases of what rises ominouslybefore us as the

Philippine problem. It is a problem of vast impor-

tance, and yet it has not been treated as fullyas its

great magnitude and inherent difficulties deserve.

One of the alarmingindicationsof the hour is the

popular unwillingnessto admit that these newpoli-

cies present anyseriousproblem.There seems to be

no general recognitionthat anythingstrangeor dan-

gerous is happening.Thosewho raise a cryofwarn-

ing are denounced as pessimists;those who enter

criticism are branded as traitors.We are told in a

jaunty manner tohavefaithin theAmericanpeople.

This blind trust in destiny makes the triumph of

the demagogue easy.This indifference to political


12/17

114

.

Part lIi the PI

and them. It is not likelythatIf left to themselves

.anyt

~

n half sOSeriouswouldhave ocCuned. It Is

peri. clear' that some other attitude tOwards

those ds besidesthat of doinination.whfchtbis

Nation most wifoitunately took,:wouldhave.pre-

vented these reSUlts.

. : . ' , . . ..'

Andweare not~

at the end. Recurring outl)reab

a~ us as intrUden,bypeopledesiroUsof inde-

pendence,

.

\ViIItindou~tedlY pioduce m~ distress

and disorder in the next ten years (if our present DOl.

icy Is maintained) than would have reSulted tlom

native incapacity. Moreover, there are no facts in evi-

dence that warrant the assertion that anarchy would

have followed bad we left them more to themselves.

This is wholly an unfounded assumption. It would

certainly have been well,to have waited and given

them a chance before interfering. That we did not

wait, that we did not give them a cnance, isproof pas-

.itive that our national policy was not shaped by con-

siderations of humanity or a reasonabledesire to ben-

efit them, but bya spirit ofselfishaggrandizement. . . .

Whose Financial Gain?

It is pitiful that our people, and especially the

common people, should be so carried away by wild

and baseless dreams of the commercial advantage of

these Islands. It is bad enouJdl to sacrifice patriotism

upon the altar of Mammon; but it is clear that in this

case the sacrifice will be made without securing any

benefit, even from Mammon.

. The annual expense our Nation will incur by the

military and nav3l establishment in the Philippines

will be at least $100,000,000. This the taxpayer of

America must pay. On the other hand the trade prof-

its from these Islands-from the vel)' nature of the

case-will go directly into the pockets of millionaire

oWn~Ie, and a still larger store for speculators to

be used in corrupting ~erican, politicsl .

hat sE~..siOD?

A passionate demand for expansion has taken

~-

session ofthe American 1p)~naJion. It iscontended,

We must come out of our little comer and take our

place60the worl~e of the Datfons. '

But what has been the real expansionof our

Nationforover a centwyP It basbeen two-fold.(1)

The extension of our free institutionswestward

acrossthe continentto the Paci6ccoast;(2)the~- i

erful influenceofour republicanprbiciplesthrou2h- I

out the world.Our politicalidealShavemodifiedthe I

sentimentsofgreat nations;our peoplehaveflowed

over contiguoU$erritories and elaDted there the I

same civic, social, religioUs and e


13/17

'0 , :.-.

r

a mere subject' and say to him when he lands in San

Francisco that: he i,s an aJien? 'Then that flag will

becomethe objectof theworld'sderision

If it does not symbolize American institutions in

their fuJness wherever it floats, then our stany ban-

ner becomes false to America and oppressive to

those who may fear its authority, but do not sbareits

freedom. Disgrace and ~ will not come from tak-

ing the flag down, but rather from keeping it where

it loses all that our statesmen. prophets anQ soldiers

have put into it. The only way to keep Old Glory'

from becoming a falsehood is to give an under it die

liberty that it represents. Nowhere must it remain

simply to represent' a power to be dreaded. but

eve1jWhere it must symbolize rights and privileges

shared by all.

Among the many bad things bound up with this

unfortunate business none is worse than the degra-

dation of America, sure to followin more ways than

one, if we persist in the course that we are now fol-

lowing.No stronger or sadder proof of the unwise '

and harmftilcharacter of this policyis needed than I

the fact that its defenders are led so quickly to part

company with sober argument ~d truthful state-

ment and rush into virulent abuse and deceptive

sophistries. Who would have believed two years ago

that any sane man would have appealed to Washing-

ton in support of a policy so abhorrent to the Father

of his Country? What ignoble unveracity in twisting

his words into the approval of foreign conquest Who

would have thought it possible that scholars and

statesmen would so soon become mere jugglers with

words, pretending that our previous territorial

expansion furnishes analogy and warrant for a colo-

Socf4lll8ua of 1MProl

. .

Era 115.

llUUrftdfon. BostoD:UttIe, Browo, 1960.

Riclwd H. ~~

~~ IIII898: 1M ~for

NatIontIlF~.

NeWYcilk:,~,1970.

StuartC~ Miller,

~

~.:

n.AmerfctJn

ConquiIt of 1M

l'IdlJppIna,

1899 1903.

NewHaveD,CT:Y.Ie

UniversityPress.1982.. .,:-

~ ,

Thomas G. Patenioo, eel, Ar/vrfQm Impmallma tmd Antf lmpe

rlallIm.

NewYork:Crowe~~9' 3: ;, ' '

James

C. TbomasJr., Peter \Y.Stau ey.and Jolm Curtis Peny.

SDatiment4l1mpmalUu. New York:Harper at Row. 1981.

~'-. .~

~ :'I


14/17

~}.:..:~'~~~r.:~~>:~

':. _~. . -' . ~ . _. . . -v-

~'{ 'M;J9 ,.

\

~.

B

,~-.-L' 1-

'I

1

~~~; \:f:;~:~~~C,.::,>~eo~~ :~. .' r--,,-\ ~tS. '.,

..,.~..~q-~~.-,.,tw.~, ' '0 . ..

..;~'t~1.~i~?;i~~~ ~'.,~~~ ~Y'S~ .-\a.~~' Lt .

tt~,::,: ,,,,,,~~. , . ,., .L..

0

\

.~...l '~__.1...L.

)

.

,

mt3:.:.'f.'~: ::~ ,.n~~~~... \1c -.~ '- ~\'1. ~2-c..aeq8

~':' . .

THIRTYYEARSAFTER

,~. :~- ~ .

;ti.....

A PROTEST AGAINST HAWAIIAN ANNEXATIO:\

:',

BY GEORGEB.')IERRILL

;..;..

~:.'~

.>

~.

TNrim'

ma1Ier

of tII.

OVERLAi\1)

..Ide. Likeoldcloth..tbeyha\'e

adtheir

IC')I i1ft8L~

_. fa

1IIU o 1861J,po day,art woraoutand,houldbe discarded.

,...J. ar&IcIepoa.SaWailaalftl. 'I'bethoalJataor ..bich Waablngtonnd

_..101I 81 fonaei MIl cIo8ed.with

.

the fatben of the Republicbave beenbeld

...'1IoarIa1a of rIIetorIc,.,

~::.r:--oD

In n nnee by tbe American people, do

,: ofopfD1oDI8a' Sa OIIlbt aot,tbe7think.appl7to the elrcumstance~

}. . . to''''''...' of tbIa ftIIIIbllc. The or oar d a7.~L the7do, ~evertheleu. ,

',c .' '.. f.t etboIoIIcaI.fUsa, Th18epllbbc...thelegitimaten~101t1-

~.:;,:,~,~ &IatwrICer1iIUevea,n.. cal ollprinr 0' 'hoeewboca~etotblsco~-

:,:~__'I8Wed'to ; ,'ne u~ tlnen'ruldedaadlutlpted bythepr~ncl-

,-..' . r...~.}to.;...fat8n of Uae .pleathahllmeure bornwitbequal right$,

.. ~ 10par&ofa urn. ud that 1I0peopl.,bould be go\ emed83...e

_ _.

_d_._~t.f'l8t8nd:eo-.IIc'&ba' U tlaeyagree tobegoveraed.

,'i'::r~~~ '~.I' Ulltilthe.atablilbmeD'of theso-called

~

,:~~


15/17

PARTIV:

Impsrfallma

cmd War

194

195 PltJlformof AnH-I~

LtItIgW.1899

Congress be promptly convened to announce to the

Filipinosour purposeto concedeto them

the independence

for which they have 80 long fought and which of right is

thein.

The United States have always protested against the

doctrine.of intemationallaw which permits the subjugation

J

of the weak by the strong. A self-governingstate cannot

accept sovereignty over an unwilling people. The United

States cannot act upon the ancient beresythat migbt makes

righL .

Imperialists assume that with the destruction of self.

government in the Philippines by American bands, aU

opposition bere will cease. This is a grievouserror. Much

as we abbor the war of criminal aggression in the

Philippines, greatly as we regret that the blood of the

Filipinos is on American bands, we more deeply resent

the betrayal of American institutions at bome. The real

firing line is not in the suburbs of Manila. The foe is of

our own household. The attempt of 1861 W8I to divide

the country. That of 1899 is to desuoy its fundamental

principles and noblest ideals.

Whether the ruthless slaughter of the Filipinos shan

end next month or next year is but an incident in a contest

that must go on until the declaration of independence

and the constitution of the United States are rescued from

the hands of their betrayers. Those who dispute about

standards of value while the republic is undermined will

be listened to as little as those who would wrangle about

the

sman

economiesof the householdwhilethe house is

on tire. Tbe uaining of a.great people for a century. the

aspiration for liberty of a vast immigration are forces that

will hurl aside those who in the delirium of conquest leek

to destroy the character. of our institutions.

We deny that the obligation of aUcitizens to support

their government in times of grave national peril applies 0

to the present situation. If an adminisUation may with

impunity ignore the issues upon which it was chosen,

deliberately create a condition of war anywhere on. the

face of the globe. debauch the civil service for spoils

to promote the adventure. organize a trutlHuppressing

DOCUMENT 5

PLATFORM OF THE AMERICAN

ANTx.IMPERIALIST LEAGUE.

OCTOBER7. 1899

Annexationof the Phflfppfnu and accompanying01-

anI 01 an Imperial d8ItIny f.Der.Sopular In the

Uniled SCtM.In 1899, bu among the mariyAmeri-

ca who had

muglolng.about

them. therswere

.orne

who CDnScomnnced ,hat

ooenetII expanllonWell

II

fatal departure

from long-lltlndfngAmericanprind-

la. They formed

f1Grloaa

antl-lmperlolUtledguu.

IInd mtlny old retOrt/am became leadfngmemben.

The. leagUel.to'nlng In II coalitionknown at the.

AmerlccmAntI-Imperlolfll League. met at Chicago

In 1899,and

adopted ,he latform

gfoen

here.

We hold that the policy known as imperialism is hostile to

liberty and tends toward militarism. an evil from which it

has been our glory to be free. We regret that it has become

necessary in the land of Washington and Lincoln to

reaffirm that all men, of whatever race or color. are

entitled to life. liberty. and the pursuit of happiness, We

maintain that governments derive their just powers from

the consent of the governed. We insist that the subjugation

of any people is criminal aggression and o~n disloyalty

to the distinctive principles of our government

We earnestly condemn the .poJicy of the present

national adminisuation in the Philippines. It seeks to

extinguish the spirit of 1776 in those islands.We deplore

the sacrifice of our soldiers and sailors. whose bravery

deserv~ admiration even in an unjust war. We denounce

the slaughter of the Fitipinos as a needless horror. We

protes~ against the extension of American sovereignty by

Spanish methods.

We demand the immediate cessation of the war against

.


16/17

A PLEA FOR THE ANNEXATiON

. . ;.~.~.' ,...

OF HAWAII

BY HOXOR.\BLEFR.-\XK1.. COOMBS

~

() question 01 greater 1m. 110DroeDoctrine; aDdthulc iI'that tIn

.

lit

.

_ ,. port baa lor maDI r ears cutom alannt all the 1I'Orldnit.,. dIM

-:.: been considered'by tbe' anythinghappensOlltot the uual order ot

'.~ American people than afaln,. .' , '

~

-'~. . that ot the annexation Let \ISdhl1litb trQtl:.~ TheaUexaUlln

'._ . ' I ot Hawaii, It iuquarely ofHa...iI..ould be Olltot the ' of alone

, before the COU1I1r1andMuledpollcr, Let us take HawaHbecause I

, the action,oftbeSenate \l'edesireocro greatu a utloa aDdhe

nt tbe Vec:emberlession _ill outliJ\4 ,a lalaDtlIcome.-ithill the horizonofOuram-

IlOlIeyorthil go\ ernmenL Thereshouldbe bltioll. Weare told that this polle, .'OIIld

no doubting or a,.oiding tbe issue, no lead liSinto untold dblcu)tiu hi TIe.. of

apologeticactionwitb assurance of future tbe presentItRale In~ba. The alllS'

a\ oidance,DOUltification uponthe ground to this Isthat It lDustbeUlUlDedtbat the

,. presentemergen~'. ' roltedStates.-illbeeqcal,totheereat oc.

Tbt discussionof this matter, both for c&sionsof the future:

and against 8l1nexatlon, Illustrates the Yr, Schan's objectionto the acquisition

temperof the older .tatesmen of the coun. ofHa...il QDhe cro1tDdhat if...ould Id~

t1)', Tosustain th~ assertion, let us take usmoreterritol1 to del.1IdHeIDIto betb.

twonotable instances. Firat. the Honorable re\'fr&eof the acceptedidn that it ..ovid'

l 'arlSchurz,Inan artiet. publlsbedIna July better euble OJto prolt ..hat...e have.

numberof Harprr Ur,Uy, 0ppolet anllex- It lIIustbelookeduponas . plece of \'&II-

ation,holdingas a priDcipalreason, that It tap pllnd for d.felllive and otfeuive

~'ontra\'enel..tbe traditional pollcr of tbe .vlare. Thetimellluc COlD..hea . Aat

republic. TheIfCond wtance iI that of nI\'1 will patrol tbe Padac. ucI Hanli

lIo'1orableOM\\ Foster, ..ho in. ledure mustlIford IIIstren,u, Eu,laDdlutronr

I'efore the ~ational Geograpblc Society illthePacificbecausesht011111Olt&'ODf.

;'u\'oredannexation for lpecillc reasou; but DidGreat BritainahrlU from the acqulai-.

.'lIardsbilDllelfby aaying, ...-\1. role 1 do tioDof this \'IIaable outpOlt1riththe fur

notbelle 'ein the extensionof oarterritory that It ould riv, her 1D0teenUorr to

l.e)'ondour present ocean IimitL Tbi, defend Doe,~lbra1tar rtn laer a, UJIo

liI~t qualiftcation we.kena an othel'\\;se easinesaonthiJ acco1lD\~Doe8Rusia, 111

>trongar~ment madeinfavorof tb. par-

her

endenorto estelldllerdomtDioaouth

tieular Instance, but which OlGAapply to fro~ Siberls 'fear IU(la~ 0.

allother Instances, when In tbe falneu of th,' contral7, thtH , nJ art


17/17

.

21-1 . O ERLA~D )IO:\ THl.Y

i .

::.:i...iiY.~bU'. U di/ '.reJft'8ies In tb, beenillJpirtdbythegrt'a~, .nts inthC'i ','

~:Jf_ , -to: la.lstabliflltcl. pm'Dmeat ill of the::~.wtUa ~ a nc J i .nI I& ea ci o f re be lU oII . l IOn .

~htrJllOlliKaltll'and ft1lm Would e cho to for Ihe roited States, tbere mu 't lOt';\

. - - , . - : ll ll ll ou la lr .'. C:odM,.. the que.n. middlegro:od. .-\1a receptiongl\'t'n I,~'

~ oriJitr a nlnnof 'IrenJ:\b the l'nlon LeagueClubat &n franrj~,,,.

'i~t~ _..dall, oC )luo, and lWiltral H&n'Uon n .peaking of. Hawaii

r ..Jaii i~.ntcla.woalei muler our laidhecouM... norealOn\\'h~this St' I\ '-

'~'\,i~:.~.ea..J4If t~moN.: dl1fttllltthan III emment '~oWd IIOtIICCJulretltl.to t.h..

~y

.

.:...~t.:

.

...aa.,~: 4;~~~;:: ;: ' ;' ;' , . . 1I1ancIJ,.. ,hfnth,ey'were teJU ered \1$\\ 'nh

: : :~:,~;o::fAa;~i6JiC6OB';Io: tht .allD,xalion 10much I Nd will. . In that. Ampledeel ra-

(~t~:, ;;?Of.Hn:d.~b:r./allepdbs

laeaaaeemiDellt .1IOD tbt matdl 'td tbougbt ofone

oC

th..

:.~ ,.( ~:;avthorftlha\

&Iae:~clbllat lc fnl lDfl le t eleamt ftatesmtn chl l eouDtry has ha.1. I t

; :: ;-I~;i ;; ,~ot&lw'~I1IcloM'IauioraIl I1.. . If thif contains t il t JrerDIof a great pol ic :~ '(or

'.~~~ ;.I;l ...:~~ wnlaOald

.

moq. a few decrftt. far,. , _-\Jnerica.)JOI'tcoDMma1lvehan the utter-

tIatr,Jntt.'fo.i;fn~fKtlthe l aitedSIa&el aneeof Bismarc:k,t II yetluffielentforour

'etDIiaaeI;illah'irltl1of:c11mate, it dlllllie preIIeJItcoDd.ltioDnd future de\'elopn...nt.

f a:Io. II' tJ~:RIch , wb11 . rear iaC ID Whll. GeDtral Har ri son may DOtha, '~ in -

.~YhM t It'pHpJulqollrDortlaem 'tended aD\' pneral appUeatloD of. hi, r...

Mi idar1':wotlc l~pIup Into aD 0Pl* lt . marka , y.i t iler must warrant us iDukin :

~o\.11~~rCOllill;th rcmloibma~: dwellm near the territory u timeslnd eircumltane.s l 'l~c:

~~~r~~~.of.PkridI.. Th,Io.. moralebb ItID'8U)'meb. ,Theco~lT8ti\ 'ed~trln..

~'1~; i' Of .&.~ I IDOI~at tr lb lat abl e I~ cu.. ot IUSOCfUobowidrepubhc, founded In our

: 'V ' imatJt l.arII l. .A111eriean8 . d..eD Ibere tradi tion, isoppoaecl to a dut iny of pro-

-

;/' aruot bIIect8IfbJl&..JloraIlt)' IDollepart JI'eIII.and the tature growth oCthll ~(11t

. ';~Of.Aiaeiica.1aaa.1aIati ,alaDdUdu. in an- coanlrJ riI aurel:; bunt the ceremeDta of

.

Z'otUt~. AUlliworll cri'er..the eral bar- anI tradltioDbat Neb for aUlimeto

ton-

':,;:,lIIrlllrfa.cou&e4lonr thai &lieChriaIan fine eirilization within particWar lines,

'

j

:?

cbDd,~,.aDd~,,~f theirmoralIl1ls .

Iaa recut contro\'el'8)' ,th Englud. it

, .' - Ot ~IIt.AmericaDeopleare. ... aaWbt 'e wereseekiug

10

expand

'. ',~ &IIa; mat..be ,&rated~,Io.ro.. 'Ironpl' tile Yonrotdoc:trine. The best ans\\'erto

. >:;'radatubia WIibr lull &he-ir&IIu upheld .this i8f01llldIun honeat confessioll (It th..

. ,; bJprfde:-

ambIdoa.~:,;Qo1I'eTer,

bey..ol ' facUbal it II necell&l) ' to expand it in

.

.

~:'~: }

.

\

.

' ~Jha :,~.to.'_,COD

.

lIIlIIItion. In' order toprt5en'~It. .I.t Islik~the III. oC

I

~,,~f 3Ulljfll'W~ot ,~toar, ~ the. nadY. I 11I11011,It _ill.die,,,'hell It cease. to

, .{.:;, ;. .: .s5'~:otJfariB 'dWiDdledtrom on. .ro It allllt.keep'pacewiththe ne..ob-

.

; ~::>(~;aid;~,1IaoaIaacI.to,~~1 lipdolll contbailallymposedponit:..We

Y :;:':;'.~'; ':,a4:Ifr.tbeIr;~'''',dtCa1.1a u ~ otherDltiOJIIreuiac out Inall c iree-

,.;:,~~:~~~~,Uclieeriile; .~'~.-JIfOPJ. will dOIllotIpplantiDr1dth their

.

.own.cl li~-

. ; >-

.::: i_th The

wa\': Tbe world. 10 far 81we kllOw.b\o- JlIland. ha\'t bwt-nIIf(1, . ..1to\' AIIWrieau .

j :an inthe EMt. and the natural cour. .. of the go\ '1 rnmeDtf,\ 'Uc~: i. ii :\ u AIDericaD:

' l' ,:enta ' led ch' il izat ioll to the WM. It iMtitut ion, and t lwnr 1#1\(I:Ji i I ,Ieftollbe

('rll~~1 tbe Atlantic. pt'opled the colollieil. tradition of tlw 113#t.1(>kttop 118apan.

~

..aled:Ita bound mountainsand deterU. The actiou of the 'j.rworatatw. of, the

II

I \ \' hh

a mighty tride cameilltotJ\eSac. l'nittldSlatN InIUMt r.:tilt ft\'OJatioll1A

i1\f:nto\'aller. Finally it exteneled north th. 1,lalIdIiculmlaatlDf hitbe o\'trthrow.ot

'andlOuth,until today,aloDgthe.I'nelftefa. the CJa~n tll tll lt n thor lt l: , .& 1&

bo:1n1 .f rom Brit ilh l 'o lumbla to ) fu le .. the' \ \'U a re\ 'Glat fon. aK l1:~eDI i li a

Anglo-Saxon cODquero... teach tbe co ,rD- Ira\' . justifted it, 111.l'1:i:teI~tat today

mentof

their

fathe

If Ih. splril.ot ad- iIImponsible f.:,rIt aIIIl~l :31dIfWD.lb.

\'('lIturewhiehItnled the eoloniesandIheD 'l'tfJlOlllibilil)',

. , '

l 'all(lrnia is still a part of lhe American . Sofar,Ihe.DoIeprt:u.:tnt hatbtea able

cbur.lcter. il mllil be moderatelyIndulged. to cope 1Iithtile ' .fa: .c->ndldou.COllie-

As a matter of hlston', Californiawould' queat uponmoilniOa. Yto\11011', ore

ne\'lfrha\'ebecomea part ot Ibe rDlon If . 'e tosubjectIt toth. hOfth bI8utDcaby

t he bold p ioneers ~d foll om the pol le )' o f .. hleb I t Is 11IJ' I'OUDdH.Ue ,U &b worJa .

tli. go\ trnment and JOme cra'..n ac:ruple

of

looks and won