IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM1872—19121872—1912

BELL RINGER #111) What is imperialism?

2) How did the U.S. become an imperial power?

PAGE 393

IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM• ***imperialism – the

economic and political dominance of a strong nation over other weaker nations.***

• Reasons for U.S. imperialism:– thirst for new economic

markets– belief in the cultural

superiority of the Anglo-Saxon culture

– desire for military strength

IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM

NEW MARKETSNEW MARKETS• Americans felt that the

nation had to develop new markets to keep the economy strong.

• “We are raising more than we can consume … we must find new markets for our produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our labor.”– Albert J. BeveridgeAMERICAN FOREIGN TRADEAMERICAN FOREIGN TRADE

1870-19141870-1914

U.S. FOREIGN INVESTMENTSU.S. FOREIGN INVESTMENTS1869-19081869-1908

SUPERIORITYSUPERIORITY• Social Darwinists argued

that nations competed with each other politically, economically, and militarily, and that only the strongest would survive.

• ***The idea of Anglo-Saxonism argued that English-speaking nations had superior character, ideas, and systems of government.***

• A new Manifest Destiny?

WHITE MAN’S BURDENWHITE MAN’S BURDEN

MILITARY STRENGTHMILITARY STRENGTH• In the late 1800s international

crises in the Samoa Islands, Chile, and Venezuela convinced the U.S. to build a modern navy.

• ***Supporters argued that if the U.S. did not build up its navy, it would be shut out of foreign markets.***

• The U.S would have to build more navy ships, naval bases in oversea markets, and coaling stations to supply fuel for ships.

MILITARY STRATEGICMILITARY STRATEGICINTERESTSINTERESTS

JAPANJAPAN• In 1853, a naval expedition led

by Commodore Matthew C. Perry entered Tokyo Bay.

• The Japanese had never seen steamships and were very impressed.

• Perry’s arrival forced Japan to make internal changes to compete against modern technology and weapons.

• In 1854, the Japanese signed the Treaty of Kanagawa opening trade with the U.S.

CommodoreCommodoreMatthew C. PerryMatthew C. Perry

TREATY OF KANAGAWA – 1854TREATY OF KANAGAWA – 1854

ALASKAALASKA• Alaska was purchased

from Russia for 7.2 million dollars (2 cents per acre) in 1867.– Seward’s Folly– Seward’s Icebox

• It was twice the size of Texas.

• Alaska remained a territory until it became a state in 1959 (49th state). William H. SewardWilliam H. Seward

Secretary of StateSecretary of State

ALASKAN PURCHASEALASKAN PURCHASE

SEWARD’S ICEBOXSEWARD’S ICEBOX

SEWARD’S FOLLYSEWARD’S FOLLY

• When asked what his greatest achievement in office was, William H. Seward responded:– “The purchase of

Alaska, but it will take the people of the United States a generation before they realize it.”

HAWAIIHAWAII• Hawaii had become a U.S.

protectorate in 1849.• Disputes over the price of

sugar led to an uprising against Queen Liliuokalini in 1893.

• ***The Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown by a group of planters supported by the U.S. marines.***

• Hawaii was annexed by the U.S. in 1898, but remained a territory until 1959 (50th state).

Queen LiliuokaliniQueen Liliuokalini

CROSSROADS OF THE PACIFICCROSSROADS OF THE PACIFIC

HAWAIIAN ANNEXATION HAWAIIAN ANNEXATION CEREMONY—1898CEREMONY—1898

BELL RINGER #121) In 1898 more than 200 Americans died when

the battleship U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor. This event prompted the beginning of the –

F Mexican-American War

G Civil War

H Spanish-American War

J Russo-Japanese War

2) What were the pros and cons of annexing the Philippines? What did annexation eventually lead to? PAGE 404

CUBACUBA• Cuba was one of Spain’s oldest colonies and

had one of the world’s wealthiest sugarcane markets.

• After an unsuccessful rebellion in 1878, Cubans began planning for a new revolt in 1895.

• The Republic of Cuba was established in September of 1895 and Cuban rebels engaged in a guerilla war.

• Many Cubans suffered from Spanish atrocities and hoped the U.S. would intervene in the war.

• ***American support for the rebels in Cuba was fueled by yellow journalism.***

SPANISH ATROCITIESSPANISH ATROCITIES

YELLOW JOURNALISMYELLOW JOURNALISM• ***yellow journalism – type of

sensational, biased, and often false reporting for the sake of attracting readers.***

• William Randolph Hearst from the New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World both used yellow journalism to describe Spanish atrocities against Cubans.

• This led many Americans to support the Cuban rebels fighting for independence.

Joseph PulitzerJoseph PulitzerJoseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph William Randolph HearstHearst

William Randolph William Randolph HearstHearst

YELLOW JOURNALISMYELLOW JOURNALISM

U.S.S. MAINEU.S.S. MAINE EXPLODES EXPLODES• The U.S.S. Maine had been

sent to Havana harbor by President McKinley, to protect American interests in Cuba.

• February 15, 1898 the Maine explodes.

• March 28, 1898, a naval court concluded that a mine had destroyed the Maine.

• Many Americans immediately blamed the Spanish.

• “Remember the Maine and to hell with Spain!”

EXPLOSION OF THE EXPLOSION OF THE MAINEMAINE

WRECKAGEWRECKAGE

REMEMBER THEREMEMBER THE MAINE MAINE

Funeral for Funeral for MaineMaine victims in Havana victims in HavanaFuneral for Funeral for MaineMaine victims in Havana victims in Havana

YELLOW JOURNALISMYELLOW JOURNALISM

DE LOME LETTERDE LOME LETTER• Enrique Dupuy de Lôme was

the Spanish ambassador to the U.S.

• February 1898 the New York Journal printed a private letter written by de Lôme describing President McKinley:– “weak and catering to the rabble

… a low politician who desires to leave a door open to himself and to stand well with the jingos of his party." .”

• The letter outraged many Americans and Ambassador de Lôme resigned, but before the fury could die down, the Maine exploded.

Enrique Dupuy de LômeEnrique Dupuy de LômeSpanish AmbassadorSpanish Ambassador

SPANISH-AMERICAN WARSPANISH-AMERICAN WAR• After the explosion of the

Maine, President McKinley felt pressure from all sides to declare war.

• In April of 1898, McKinley sent Spain a proposal that eventually led to war.– Declared Cuba independent– Demanded Spain withdraw

from Cuba

• April 23, 1898 the Spanish declared war on the U.S. William McKinleyWilliam McKinley

2525thth President President

THE PHILIPPINESTHE PHILIPPINES• The Philippines were a Spanish

colony and the U.S. was determined not to let Spain get any reinforcements from the Pacific.

• Led by Commodore George Dewey the U.S. quickly seized the Philippine capital of Manila by outgunning Spanish warships.

• The U.S. also seized the island of Guam, another Spanish possession in the Pacific.

• Spain was easily defeated in the Pacific, but new tensions grew between the U.S. and the Philippines.CommodoreCommodore

George DeweyGeorge Dewey

BATTLE FOR MANILA BAYBATTLE FOR MANILA BAY

DEWEY CAPTURES MANILADEWEY CAPTURES MANILA

WAR IN THE PHILIPPINESWAR IN THE PHILIPPINES

WAR IN CUBAWAR IN CUBA• U.S. forces wanted to drive

the Spanish fleet out of Santiago Harbor.

• In July 1898 American troops forced the Spanish navy to flee with key victories at El Caney and San Juan Heights.

• Spanish resistance in Cuba ended after the U.S. navy sank or beached every Spanish vessel attempting to escape Santiago.

• A cease-fire was signed in August 1898.

WAR IN CUBAWAR IN CUBA

CASUALTIES OF WARCASUALTIES OF WAR

Spanish-American War Deaths

10%

35%

55%

Spain - 16,600

Cuba - 10,700

U.S. - 3,000

CASUALTIES OF WARCASUALTIES OF WAR

Spanish-American War Deaths

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

Spain U.S.

Military Deaths

Diseased

Total Deaths

TREATY OF PARIS TREATY OF PARIS 18981898• War began – April 23, 1898• Cease-fire – August 12, 1898• Treaty of Paris – December 10, 1898

– ***Cuba became an independent country, and the U.S. acquired Puerto Rico and Guam and agreed to pay Spain $20 million for the Philippines.****

• The U.S. became an imperial power.

EMILIO AGUINALDOEMILIO AGUINALDO• Emilio Aguinaldo was a

Filipino revolutionary leader who led an unsuccessful revolt against the Spanish in 1896.

• He allied with American forces during the Spanish-American War.

• Aguinaldo was against U.S. annexation calling it, “violent and aggressive seizure.”

• He fought against U.S. forces, following annexation, but was captured and forced to surrender in 1902.

PHILIPPINE—AMERICAN WARPHILIPPINE—AMERICAN WAR• In February 1899 the Philippines

led by Emilio Aguinaldo went to war with the U.S.

• Thousands of Filipinos died of starvation and disease, but the U.S. was able to reduce hostilities by reforming education, transportation, and health care.

• Aguinaldo was eventually captured in March 1901 and he accepted American control of the islands.

• In 1946, the United States granted independence to the Philippines.June 12, 1898June 12, 1898

Independence DayIndependence Day

AGUINALDO SURRENDERSAGUINALDO SURRENDERS

PUERTO RICOPUERTO RICO• Puerto Rico became an

“unincorporated territory” in 1898.

• Puerto Ricans were made citizens of the U.S. in 1917.

• Puerto Ricans elect theirown legislators & governor to enforce local laws.

• Puerto Ricans cannot vote in U.S. presidential elections.

CUBAN INDEPENDENCECUBAN INDEPENDENCE• After the war, Cuba was granted its independence,

but the U.S. had to ensure that Cuba would remain tied to the U.S.

• The U.S. added the Platt Amendment to the Cuban Constitution and specified the following:

1. Cuba could not enter any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence.

2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent government.

3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.

4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

• ***The Platt Amendment effectively made Cuba into an American protectorate until it was repealed in 1934.***

BELL RINGER #13• USS Maine sinks.

• Spanish-American War begins.

• United States acquires Puerto Rico and Guam

1) The events above took place in what year?

F 1865

G 1898

H 1914

J 1929

2) What was the purpose of the Open Door policy? PAGE 410-411

THEODORE ROOSEVELTTHEODORE ROOSEVELTSECRETARY OF THE NAVYSECRETARY OF THE NAVY

• Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.

• Imperialist and American nationalist.

• Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the, “backbone of a chocolate éclair.”

• Resigns his position to fight with Rough Riders in Cuba.

THEODORE ROOSEVELTTHEODORE ROOSEVELTROUGH RIDERROUGH RIDER

• The “Rough Riders” were a volunteer cavalry unit from the American West.– cowboys, miners, law

officers

• Theodore Roosevelt was second in command of the “Rough Riders.”

• Roosevelt and his men assisted in the capture of San Juan Hill.

ROUGH RIDERSROUGH RIDERS

THEODORE ROOSEVELTTHEODORE ROOSEVELT2626THTH PRESIDENT PRESIDENT

• Governor of New York 1898• Vice President 1900-1901• President 1901-1908• Roosevelt brought to the

presidency an energy and enthusiasm rarely seen before.– Youngest president (42)–former

boxer, wrestler, cowboy, hunter• Insisted that displaying

American power to the world would make nations think twice about going to war.

• ***“Speak softly and carry a big stick.”***

BIG STICK POLICYBIG STICK POLICY

CHINACHINA• In 1894 war erupted

between China and Japan over Korea.

• Japan’s easy victory over China showed outside nations that China was much weaker than anyone had thought.

• Many nations began leasing territories in China:

– Japan, Russia, Germany, France, Britain.

• The U.S. was concerned because they believed in an Open Door policy.

LEASEHOLDS IN CHINALEASEHOLDS IN CHINA

OPEN DOOR POLICYOPEN DOOR POLICY• ***Open Door policy – policy

that allowed each foreign nation in China to trade freely.***

• John Hay sent notes to all countries with leaseholds in China asking them not to discriminate against other nations wanting to do business in China.

• The Open Door policy ensured that all nations had access to China’s market and guaranteed that China would NOT be taken

over by any one foreign power.John HayJohn HaySecretary of StateSecretary of State

OPEN DOOR POLICYOPEN DOOR POLICY

BOXER REBELLIONBOXER REBELLION• While foreign countries fought

for control of China, secret Chinese societies organized to push foreigners out.

• ***The Boxer Rebellion was an attempt by Chinese revolutionaries to remove foreign influence from China in 1900.***

• The Boxers invaded foreign embassies, killed more than 200 foreigners, and took others prisoner.

• An international force ended the rebellion in August of 1900.

THE BOXERSTHE BOXERS

THEODORE ROOSEVELTTHEODORE ROOSEVELTNOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNERNOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNER

• Roosevelt helped negotiate peace between Japan and Russia in 1905.

• At a peace conference in Portsmouth, NH, Roosevelt:– convinced the Russians to recognize

Japan’s territorial gains.– persuaded the Japanese to stop

fighting and to seek no further territory.

• For his efforts in ending the war, Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.

NOBEL PEACE PRIZE FOR TEDDYNOBEL PEACE PRIZE FOR TEDDY

GREAT WHITE FLEETGREAT WHITE FLEET• “Speak softly and carry a big

stick.”• Roosevelt believed in a strong

global military presence and by displaying American power to the world, nations would think twice about fighting, thus promoting global peace.

• ***In 1907 he sent the new U.S. Navy on a voyage around the world to showcase the nation’s military might.***

• The new U.S. Navy consisted of 16 battleships known as the “Great White Fleet.”

GREAT WHITE FLEETGREAT WHITE FLEET

GREAT WHITE FLEETGREAT WHITE FLEET

BIG STICK POLICYBIG STICK POLICY

PANAMA CANALPANAMA CANAL• The Panama Canal is a ship

canal in Panama that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

• ***The U.S. gained control of the land needed to build the Panama canal by encouraging and supporting Panamanian independence.***

• It was built between 1904 and 1914.

• A ship traveling from New York to San Francisco only travels 5,900 miles via the canal rather than the 14,000 miles around Cape Horn.

BUILDING THE PANAMA CANALBUILDING THE PANAMA CANAL

BUILDING THE PANAMA CANALBUILDING THE PANAMA CANAL

PANAMA CANALPANAMA CANAL

PANAMA CANALPANAMA CANAL

ROOSEVELT COROLLARYROOSEVELT COROLLARY• In an address to

Congress in 1904, President Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

• ***The U.S. would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability in the Western Hemisphere.***

ROOSEVELT COROLLARYROOSEVELT COROLLARY

MEXICAN REVOLUTIONMEXICAN REVOLUTION• After 30 years of being

dictator, Porfiro Diaz is replaced with Francisco Madero in 1910.

• Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.

• Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, and Emiliano Zapata, fought against Huerta.

• The U.S. got involved by occupying Veracruz and forcing Huerta to flee the country.

Emiliano Zapata Pancho Villa

Francisco Madero

Venustiano Carranza

Porfiro Diaz

U.S. INTERVENTIONSU.S. INTERVENTIONSIN LATIN AMERICA: 1898—1920IN LATIN AMERICA: 1898—1920