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17.09.2015
1
Immunterapi mot kreft
Else Marit Inderberg SusoSeksjon for CelleterapiOUS‐Radiumhospitalet
NITO 170915
IntroductionWhat is immunotherapy?TargetsImmune responses against cancer
Cancer therapyVaccinesAntibodiesAdoptive Cell TherapyCombination therapies
Summary
Outline
Department of Cellular Therapy
17.09.2015
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• Drugs designed to interfere with specific molecules necessary for tumor growth and progression.
• Traditional chemotherapies usually kill rapidly dividing cells in the body by interfering with cell division.
• Aim: fight cancer cells with more precision and potentially fewer side effects
• Immunotherapy is excellent targeted therapy: ‐ very specific‐ the immune system has memory
Cancer therapy
Department of Cellular Therapy
• Cancer is uncontrolled growth of the cells in the human body
• Ability of cancer cells to migrate from the original site and spread to distant sites
Genetic damage
Normal cell
Cancer cells
What is cancer?
Department of Cellular Therapy
17.09.2015
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Immunotherapy
Therapeutic vaccines designed to stimulate the patients’ T cells. Need time to work.
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies target specific cell surface antigens, such as transmembrane receptors or extracellular growth factors (e.g. trastuzumab/Herceptin)
Cellular therapy redirecting patients’ T cells to target a particular type of cancer cell by introducing a specific receptor
Department of Cellular Therapy
Al‐Shibli 2008, Clin Cancer Res
T‐cell infiltration in tumour microenvironment
Department of Cellular Therapy
Importance of T‐Cell Infiltration for Survival
17.09.2015
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Strausberg ,Genome Biology 2005 6:211, modified from Schreiber
Tumour and Immune System Interaction:Immunoediting
Active immunotherapyCancer vaccines
Peptide vaccinesDendritic cell vaccines
Passive immunotherapyAntibodiesAdoptive cell therapy
Tumour infiltrating lymphocyte therapyRedirected T cells
Different immunotherapies
Department of Cellular Therapy
17.09.2015
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Active Immunotherapy: Cancer Vaccines
• ACT treatments increase T‐cell activation, but can also induce severe toxicity
• Cancer vaccines can specifically activate T cells with less adverse events
• Can be used in an adjuvant setting (after surgery if relapse is expected)
Department of Cellular Therapy
Telomerase Peptide Vaccine in Stage IV Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer
Brunsvig, Kyte et al 2011 Clin Cancer Res
• Phase I/II vaccination trial with long peptide from telomerase (hTERT, GV1001)
• Immune response correlated with significantly increased survival
Department of Cellular Therapy
17.09.2015
6
Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine 2011 to Ralph Steinman
"Ralph M. Steinman ‐ Photo Gallery". Nobelprize.org. 1 Dec 2011
O’Hagan and Valiante 2003, Nat Rev Drug Discov
Dendritic cell vaccination
Department of Cellular Therapy
0 200 400 600 8000
50
100 DC-TSCStandard
Days
Pro
gre
ssio
n f
ree
surv
ival
A
p=0.0052
7 patients treated with TSC mRNA‐transfected DCs compared to 11 matched controls
Vik‐Mo, Langmoen et al.
Phase I/II Study of DC Vaccine with TumourStem Cell mRNA in Glioblastoma Patients
Vik‐Mo, Langmoen et al, 2013
Department of Cellular Therapy
17.09.2015
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Advantages‐ Survival benefit compared to standard therapy‐ Applicable in broad patient population (depending on target)
Challenges‐ Loss of target antigen‐ HLA downregulation (tumour escape)‐ Normally do not cure patients with very advanced disease
Cancer vaccines
Department of Cellular Therapy
Department of Cellular Therapy
Monoclonal antibodies
Redman et al, Mol Immunol 2015
17.09.2015
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Immunomodulating Antibodies: PD‐1
Activated T cellDeactivated T cell
M. Guha, The Pharmaceutical Journal Nov 2014
Advantages‐ Effective in a patient subpopulation‐ Feasible in large population
Challenges‐ Severe adverse events (e.g. low blood counts, heart problems, hepatitis, bleeding)
‐ Obtaining clinical responses in large number of patients‐ Loss of target antigen
Antibodies
17.09.2015
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• ACT uses T cell‐based cytotoxic responses to attack cancer cells
• T cells with natural or genetically engineered reactivity to a patient's cancer are generated in vitro and given back to the patient
Adoptive Cell Transfer (ACT)
Department of Cellular Therapy
Adoptive Cell Transfer (ACT)
Humphries et al 2013
17.09.2015
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Sadelain, JCI, 2015
CAR targeting CD19 in chemotherapy resistant leukemia
Else Marit I Suso
Hilde Almåsba
17.09.2015
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Chimaeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) transfer
Advantages‐ Clinical responses in patients failing all other therapy‐ Not dependent on HLA expression
Challenges‐ Limited target antigens‐ On‐target toxicity‐ Tumour lysis syndrome
Department of Cellular Therapy
TCR based therapy
Offringa, Science 2006
EndogenousT cell receptor
Isolation of autologous peripheral T cells
Cancer patient
T cell receptor gene transfer
Clonal expansio of genetically modified T cells
Lymphodepletion, Cytokine therapy,vaccination
Tumour regression
Infusion of engineered T cells
Tumour‐specific T cell receptor
17.09.2015
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Department of Cellular Therapy
TCR targeting mutated protein in colorectal cancer
• Goal to be in the clinic with TCR therapy within 2 years
• Patient group: Patients with recurrent TGFβRIImut positive cancer and prophylactic use in patients with inherited risk of developing HNPCC
In vivo colorectal cancer model
Department of Cellular Therapy
0 20 40 600
50
100
150
Mart-1 TCR
TGFRII TCR
p=0.0035
Days
% s
urv
iva
l
Specific treatment Control
% S
urvi
val
17.09.2015
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Side effects of targeted cellular therapy
Advantages‐ Clinical responses in patients failing all other therapy‐ Can target large variety of tumour antigens
Challenges‐ Target antigen safety‐ Off‐target toxicity (cross‐reactivity)‐ HLA class I downregulation (tumour escape)
T‐cell Receptor (TCR) Transfer
Department of Cellular Therapy
17.09.2015
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Department of Cellular Therapy
Summary
• Immunotherapy has had dramatic clinical benefit in patients with incurable disease
• Cancer vaccines can be effective, but in early stage cancer or after surgery
• Potent therapy can also give side‐effects or unwanted effects and must be well tested
AcknowledgementsDept. of Cellular TherapyGunnar KvalheimSébastien Wälchli Marit MyhreHilde AlmåsbakIris BigalkeGjertrud SkorstadKari LislerudAnne FåneGrete BerntsenAnne Merete TryggestadStein Sæbøe‐LarssenJon Amund KyteKirsti HønnåshagenMarianne LundbyMerete DjupedalMarianne Sand DyrhaugAnne Brunsvig
Section for Clinical Cancer ResearchSteinar AamdalPaal BrunsvigTormod GurenSvein Dueland
University Hospital RostockMichael Linnebacher
University of OsloOddmund BakkeNadia Mensali
Inven2Anders Holm
Section for ImmunologyGustav GaudernackSissel TrachselAnne Marie Rasmussen