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17.09.2015 1 Immunterapi mot kreft Else Marit Inderberg Suso Seksjon for Celleterapi OUSRadiumhospitalet NITO 170915 Introduction What is immunotherapy? Targets Immune responses against cancer Cancer therapy Vaccines Antibodies Adoptive Cell Therapy Combination therapies Summary Outline Department of Cellular Therapy

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Page 1: Immunterapi mot kreft

17.09.2015

1

Immunterapi mot kreft

Else Marit Inderberg SusoSeksjon for CelleterapiOUS‐Radiumhospitalet

NITO 170915

IntroductionWhat is immunotherapy?TargetsImmune responses against cancer

Cancer therapyVaccinesAntibodiesAdoptive Cell TherapyCombination therapies

Summary

Outline

Department of Cellular Therapy

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• Drugs designed to interfere with specific molecules necessary for tumor growth and progression. 

• Traditional chemotherapies usually kill rapidly dividing cells in the body by interfering with cell division. 

• Aim:  fight cancer cells with more precision and potentially fewer side effects

• Immunotherapy is excellent targeted therapy: ‐ very specific‐ the immune system has memory

Cancer therapy

Department of Cellular Therapy

• Cancer is uncontrolled growth of the cells in the human body

• Ability of cancer cells to migrate from the original site and spread to distant sites

Genetic damage

Normal cell

Cancer cells

What is cancer?

Department of Cellular Therapy

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Immunotherapy

Therapeutic vaccines designed to stimulate the patients’ T cells. Need time to work.

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies target specific cell surface antigens, such as transmembrane receptors or extracellular growth factors (e.g. trastuzumab/Herceptin)

Cellular therapy redirecting patients’ T cells to target a particular type of cancer cell by introducing a specific receptor

Department of Cellular Therapy

Al‐Shibli 2008, Clin Cancer Res

T‐cell infiltration in tumour microenvironment

Department of Cellular Therapy

Importance of T‐Cell Infiltration for Survival

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Strausberg ,Genome Biology 2005 6:211, modified from Schreiber

Tumour and Immune System Interaction:Immunoediting

Active immunotherapyCancer vaccines

Peptide vaccinesDendritic cell vaccines

Passive immunotherapyAntibodiesAdoptive cell therapy

Tumour infiltrating lymphocyte therapyRedirected T cells

Different immunotherapies

Department of Cellular Therapy

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Active Immunotherapy: Cancer Vaccines

• ACT treatments increase T‐cell activation, but can also induce severe toxicity

• Cancer vaccines can specifically activate T cells with less adverse events

• Can be used in an adjuvant setting (after surgery if relapse is  expected)

Department of Cellular Therapy

Telomerase Peptide Vaccine in Stage IV Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer

Brunsvig, Kyte et al 2011 Clin Cancer Res

• Phase I/II vaccination trial with long peptide from telomerase (hTERT, GV1001)

• Immune response correlated with significantly increased survival

Department of Cellular Therapy

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Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine 2011 to Ralph Steinman

"Ralph M. Steinman ‐ Photo Gallery". Nobelprize.org. 1 Dec 2011

O’Hagan and Valiante 2003, Nat Rev Drug Discov

Dendritic cell vaccination

Department of Cellular Therapy

0 200 400 600 8000

50

100 DC-TSCStandard

Days

Pro

gre

ssio

n f

ree

surv

ival

A

p=0.0052

7 patients treated with TSC mRNA‐transfected DCs compared to 11 matched controls

Vik‐Mo, Langmoen et al.

Phase I/II Study of DC Vaccine with TumourStem Cell mRNA in Glioblastoma Patients

Vik‐Mo, Langmoen et al, 2013

Department of Cellular Therapy

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Advantages‐ Survival benefit compared to standard therapy‐ Applicable in broad patient population (depending on target)

Challenges‐ Loss of target antigen‐ HLA downregulation (tumour escape)‐ Normally do not cure patients with very advanced disease

Cancer vaccines

Department of Cellular Therapy

Department of Cellular Therapy

Monoclonal antibodies

Redman et al, Mol Immunol 2015

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Immunomodulating Antibodies: PD‐1

Activated T cellDeactivated T cell

M. Guha, The Pharmaceutical Journal Nov 2014

Advantages‐ Effective in a patient subpopulation‐ Feasible in large population

Challenges‐ Severe adverse events (e.g. low blood counts, heart problems, hepatitis, bleeding) 

‐ Obtaining clinical responses in large number of patients‐ Loss of target antigen

Antibodies

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• ACT uses T cell‐based cytotoxic responses to attack cancer cells

• T cells with natural or genetically engineered reactivity to a patient's cancer are generated in vitro and given back to the patient

Adoptive Cell Transfer (ACT)

Department of Cellular Therapy

Adoptive Cell Transfer (ACT)

Humphries et al 2013

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Sadelain, JCI, 2015

CAR targeting CD19 in chemotherapy resistant leukemia

Else Marit I Suso

Hilde Almåsba

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Chimaeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) transfer

Advantages‐ Clinical responses in patients failing all other therapy‐ Not dependent on HLA expression

Challenges‐ Limited target antigens‐ On‐target toxicity‐ Tumour lysis syndrome

Department of Cellular Therapy

TCR based therapy

Offringa, Science 2006

EndogenousT cell receptor

Isolation of autologous peripheral T cells

Cancer patient

T cell receptor gene transfer

Clonal expansio of genetically modified T cells

Lymphodepletion, Cytokine therapy,vaccination

Tumour regression

Infusion of engineered T cells

Tumour‐specific T cell receptor

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Department of Cellular Therapy

TCR targeting mutated protein in colorectal cancer

• Goal to be in the clinic with TCR therapy within 2 years

• Patient group: Patients with recurrent TGFβRIImut positive cancer and prophylactic use in patients with inherited risk of developing HNPCC

In vivo colorectal cancer model

Department of Cellular Therapy

0 20 40 600

50

100

150

Mart-1 TCR

TGFRII TCR

p=0.0035

Days

% s

urv

iva

l

Specific treatment Control

% S

urvi

val

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Side effects of targeted cellular therapy

Advantages‐ Clinical responses in patients failing all other therapy‐ Can target large variety of tumour antigens

Challenges‐ Target antigen safety‐ Off‐target toxicity (cross‐reactivity)‐ HLA class I downregulation (tumour escape)

T‐cell Receptor  (TCR) Transfer

Department of Cellular Therapy

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Department of Cellular Therapy

Summary

• Immunotherapy has had dramatic clinical benefit in patients with incurable disease

• Cancer vaccines can be effective, but in early stage cancer or after surgery 

• Potent therapy can also give side‐effects or unwanted effects and must be well tested

AcknowledgementsDept. of Cellular TherapyGunnar KvalheimSébastien Wälchli Marit MyhreHilde AlmåsbakIris BigalkeGjertrud SkorstadKari LislerudAnne FåneGrete BerntsenAnne Merete TryggestadStein Sæbøe‐LarssenJon Amund KyteKirsti HønnåshagenMarianne LundbyMerete DjupedalMarianne Sand DyrhaugAnne Brunsvig

Section for Clinical Cancer ResearchSteinar AamdalPaal BrunsvigTormod GurenSvein Dueland

University Hospital RostockMichael Linnebacher 

University of OsloOddmund BakkeNadia Mensali

Inven2Anders Holm

Section for ImmunologyGustav GaudernackSissel TrachselAnne Marie Rasmussen