Immunology The Three Lines of Defense Vaccination Too Much or Too Little

Immunology

The Three Lines of DefenseVaccinationToo Much or Too Little

Bio 130 Human Biology

Eukaryotic Cells, Bacteria, and Viruses, our lions tigers and bears

Figure 9.2


Pathogens are disease causing organisms. The types are: Bacteria

Characteristics: Prokaryotic Single celled Use of variety of resources for growth and reproduction Produce toxins and enzymes that break down normal

homeostasis Infections:

Pneumonia, tonsillitis, tuberculosis, botulism, toxic shock syndrome, syphilis, Lyme disease, etc.


Pathogen: Viruses

Extremely small Living? Modes of entry Diseases: AIDS, hepatitis, encephalitis,

rabies, colds, flu, warts, chicken pox, some cancers


Pathogen: Prions

Infectious proteins Folding problems of normal brain proteins Resist cooking, freezing, drying Diseases: bovine spongiform encephalitis

(BSE), Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD)


Pathogens:

Fungi often cause disease by secreting enzymes that digest cells Candidiasis, athletes food,

Parasitic worms/protozoa cause disease by releasing toxins, feeding off blood, or competing with the host for food Giardia, vaginitis, Leishmaniasis


Disease Is Spread When a Pathogen Enters the Body Through Contact, Consumption, or an Animal Vector

Infectious Disease:

Example malaria

Malaria example


Infectious Diseases Remain Cause for Concern

New diseases are emerging, and some old diseases are reappearing


Determination of Health Risk

Transmissibility: how easily passed from person to person

Mode of transmission: respiratory, fecal–oral, body fluids

Virulence: how much damage caused by infection


Lymphatic System: Functions

Functions: Maintenance of blood volume in cardiovascular system Transport of fats and fat-soluble material from digestive

system Filtration of foreign material to defend against infection


Lymphatic System: Components

Components: Lymph: protein-containing fluid transported by lymphatic

vessels Lymph nodes: cleanse lymph by filtering out material Spleen: cleanses blood, removes dying red blood cells,

helps fight infection Thymus: secretes thymosin and thymopoietin to cause T

lymphocytes to mature Tonsils: protect throat


The Lymph system and circulation

Remember this.


The 3 lines of defense Of the Human Body…

Surface barriers to invasion (section 9.3) Physical

Skin, Resident bacteria, Chemical

Lysozymes

Non specific responses (Table 9.1)

Phagocytosis (Cells), Complement(Proteins), Inflammation, fever

Specific responses (section 9.5) Immunity

1st line of defence


Physical and Chemical Barriers

Sect 9.3 keeping pathogens out

Nonspecific Defense—Second Line of Defense

Table 9.1


The Inflammatory Response

Figure 9.7


Nonspecific Defenses: Second Line

Phagocytosis: by neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils

Inflammatory response: Signs: redness, warmth, swelling, pain Process: tissue damage leads to release of histamine,

blood vessels dilate, complement marks bacteria, phagocytic cells arrive and remove invading microorganisms


The Inflammatory Response

Figure 9.7

Nonspecific Defense—Second Line of Defense

Figure 9.6b


Lines of Defense: Second Line

Natural killer cells: lymphocytes Complement system: group of plasma

proteins Fever: increases host cell defenses and

metabolic activity


The immune Components of Blood (soluble proteins)

Interferon: Helps cells not yet infected by a virus, prevents spreading

Complement Set of 20 different proteins that bind to and attack

foreign substances and set off a series of reactions

Interferon, with its last dying breath an infected cell sends out a warning.

“Interferon”

Complement system


The Third Line of Defense has:

Specificity Memory

2 types Antibody mediated Cell mediated

Antibody Structure

Figure 9.11

Variableregions

Constantregions

Antigen

Antigen- binding

site

Heavy chain

Lightchain


The immune components of blood (cells) (Agranulocytes)

Macrophage (monocytes)

B cells (lymphocytes)

T cells (lymphocyte)

Engulf pathogens present antigens

present antigens, produce antibodies, memory and plasma

determine if immune response should occur


Definitions

Self- when a cell contains surface proteins that the immune system recognizes as belonging to the body

Nonself- markers from substances other than self that cause an immune response


Define: will go over look up

Antigen Pathogen Antibody Macrophage MHC APC


Immune specificity and memory

The body responds to a specific antigen It takes a long time for the body to find a B

cell that produces the specific antigen Memory cells enable the body to respond to

an antigen quicker the second time around


Two Types of Specific defense

Antibody-mediated immune responses Mostly against free antigen in body fluids Memory B cells transform into plasma cells and

produce antibodies that clear the antigen Cell-mediated immune responses

Where cells (cytotoxic T cell) destroy other cells (cancer)

Clonal Selection: helper, cytotoxic T cells

Make a cartoon on the board. Of an APC


APC

Antibodies are produced against specific antigens


The Immune System Mounts Antibody-Mediated Responses and Cell-Mediated Responses

Cytotoxic T cells mount a cell-mediated immune response to destroy antigen-bearing cells

Immunological memory allows for a more rapid response on subsequent exposure

Allergies are a result of immunological memory


Another picture of clonal selection


Too much immunity

Allergies

Rheumatoid Arthritis

systemic lupus

transplant rej.

The immune system over responds, mainly IgE

Antibodies to IgG deteriorates synovial membrane

Antibodies to DNA gives a whole host of responses

Body rejects what is needed yet is foreign materials


Too little response

AIDS

SCID

Anaphylaxis

T cells become infected with HIV

lack B and T cells at birth

a systemic release of basophils and their histamine


Vaccination

When the body is introduced to an antigen that will not cause disease Active immunity- you catch the disease and get

over it. Active artificial- your get vaccinated with a killed or part

of a pathogen. Passive immunity- mothers milk provides

resistance.



What do the cells of the immune response do?

B Cells T Cells Mast Cells Macrophage


A person has HIV tainted blood spilled on them, will they automatically get AIDS?


How Do Vaccines work?


Why don’t all tissue transplants work?


Define Clonal Selection


Xolair and IGE, Xolair will reduce the amount of IgE Define IgG and IgE Taking shots Doing this. The Allergy Cascade


Pathogens Are Disease-Causing Organisms

Certain bacteria produce toxins that cause disease



bacterial toxins beneficial bacteria antibiotics antibiotic resistance

Viruses can damage the host cell as they leave the cell after replication or when incorporated into the cell’s chromosomes



Protozoans cause disease by producing toxins and enzymes



Fungi often cause disease by secreting enzymes that digest cells

Parasitic worms cause disease by releasing toxins, feeding off blood, or competing with the host for food



Prions cause disease by causing normal proteins to become misfolded and form


Disease Is Spread When a Pathogen Enters the Body Through Contact, Consumption, or an Animal Vector

Infectious Disease

Examples of mondern-day Plagues

Genital warts

Genital herpes

Gonorrhea

Chlamydia

hepatitis

Influenza

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

Tuberculosis

Malaria

Lyme disease

hantavirus



New diseases are emerging, and some old diseases are reappearing



Epidemiologists track diseases


Biological Organisms and Products May Be Used As Biological Weapons

Anthrax is caused by a bacterium that forms resistant spores



Smallpox is caused by a highly contagious virus



Botulinum toxin is a potent poison


The CDC

Tracks diseases and epidemics Tries to prevent disease and epidemics

Pandemics


Story Time

Hunt for a vaccine against Cavities Saving and storing cord blood A possible cure for your cancer

Documents

Immunology The Three Lines of Defense Vaccination Too Much or Too Little