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IMMUNE SYSTEMIMMUNE SYSTEM
Chapter 21Chapter 21
COMPONENTSCOMPONENTS
INNATE IMMUNITYINNATE IMMUNITY
Innate DefensesInnate Defenses
Surface BarriersSurface Barriers– SkinSkin– Mucous membranesMucous membranes
Innate DefensesInnate Defenses
Chemical BarriersChemical Barriers– MucusMucus– LysozymesLysozymes
SalivaSaliva Lacrimal fluidLacrimal fluid
– High acidityHigh acidity Gastric juicesGastric juices UrineUrine Vaginal secretionsVaginal secretions
– SebumSebum
Innate DefensesInnate Defenses Cellular Cellular
DefensesDefenses– Phagocytic cellsPhagocytic cells
Macrophages or Macrophages or MonocytesMonocytes
– Free (alveolar)Free (alveolar)– Fixed (Kupffer)Fixed (Kupffer)
NeutrophilsNeutrophils Dendritic cellsDendritic cells
Phagocytic Phagocytic MobilizationMobilization
Alarm callAlarm call VasodilationVasodilation Increased Increased
permeability permeability LeukocytosisLeukocytosis MarginationMargination DiapedesisDiapedesis ChemotaxisChemotaxis
Phagocytic MechanismPhagocytic Mechanism
AdherenceAdherence IngestionIngestion
– PhagosomePhagosome DigestionDigestion
– LysosomeLysosome– PhagolysosomePhagolysosome
ResolutionResolution
Innate DefensesInnate Defenses
Cellular DefensesCellular Defenses– PhagocytesPhagocytes– Inflammatory CellsInflammatory Cells
Mast CellsMast Cells BasophilsBasophils Eosinophils?Eosinophils?
– Natural Killer CellsNatural Killer Cells
Chemical DefensesChemical Defenses
Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response
Anti-microbial AgentsAnti-microbial Agents
InterferonsInterferons
Anti-microbial AgentsAnti-microbial Agents
InterferonsInterferons
ComplementComplement
PyrogensPyrogens
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Adaptive ImmunityAdaptive Immunity
SpecificSpecific
SystemicSystemic
MemoryMemory
Adaptive DefensesAdaptive Defenses
Antigens = “self” versus “non-self”Antigens = “self” versus “non-self” Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
– MHC IMHC I– MHC IIMHC II
Adaptive DefensesAdaptive Defenses
Adaptive DefensesAdaptive Defenses
Antibody-Mediated Antibody-Mediated ImmunityImmunity
Also known as “humoral immunity”Also known as “humoral immunity”
Involves B lymphocytesInvolves B lymphocytes
DIRECTLY recognizes antigenDIRECTLY recognizes antigen
B lymphocytes undergo clonal B lymphocytes undergo clonal expansionexpansion
Clonal Expansion of B Clonal Expansion of B CellsCells
Primary and Secondary Primary and Secondary Humoral ResponsesHumoral Responses
Antibody StructureAntibody Structure
Antibody TypesAntibody Types
Antibody TypesAntibody Types
Antibody FunctionAntibody Function
Active and PassiveActive and PassiveHumoral ImmunityHumoral Immunity
Cell-Mediated Cell-Mediated ImmunityImmunity
Involves T lymphocytesInvolves T lymphocytes Cannot recognize antigen directlyCannot recognize antigen directly Antigen must be presented by Antigen must be presented by
APCAPC T lymphocytes are more diverse:T lymphocytes are more diverse:
Helper T cellsHelper T cells Cytotoxic T cellsCytotoxic T cells Suppressor T cellsSuppressor T cells Memory T cellsMemory T cells
T-Cell EducationT-Cell Education
Cell-Mediated Cell-Mediated ImmunityImmunity
Stimulation of TStimulation of TCC cells cells
Cell-Mediated Cell-Mediated ImmunityImmunity
Stimulation of TStimulation of THH cells cells
Co-StimulationCo-Stimulation
Function of TFunction of TCC cells cells
Function of TFunction of TCC cells cells
Clonal Expansion ofClonal Expansion ofT CellsT Cells
Summary of Components Summary of Components of Adaptive Immunityof Adaptive Immunity
Summary of Components Summary of Components of Adaptive Immunityof Adaptive Immunity
Homeostatic Homeostatic ImbalancesImbalances
Organ transplant and tissue rejectionOrgan transplant and tissue rejection– AutograftAutograft– IsograftIsograft– AllograftAllograft– XenograftXenograft
ImmunodeficiencyImmunodeficiency– Severe combined immunodeficiency Severe combined immunodeficiency
syndrome (SCID)syndrome (SCID)– Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS)(AIDS)– Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Homeostatic Homeostatic ImbalancesImbalances
Autoimmune diseasesAutoimmune diseases– Multiple sclerosisMultiple sclerosis– Grave’s diseaseGrave’s disease– Type I diabetesType I diabetes– Systemic lupusSystemic lupus– Myasthenia gravisMyasthenia gravis– GlomerulonephritisGlomerulonephritis– Rheumatoid arthritisRheumatoid arthritis
Homeostatic Homeostatic ImbalancesImbalances
HypersensitivitiesHypersensitivities– Immediate (Type Immediate (Type
I)I)
– Subacute Subacute Cytotoxic (Types Cytotoxic (Types
II)II) Immune-complex Immune-complex
(Type III)(Type III)
– Delayed (Type IV)Delayed (Type IV)
END CHAPTER 21END CHAPTER 21