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Immigration and Reform Period 4: 1800-1848
Immigration • Work with a partner to
complete immigration analysis
American Nativism • Blamed immigrants
for urban crime, political corruption, drunkenness, unemployment, etc…
The Second Great Awakening • Context:
transcendentalists, individualism, simplicity, Walden, Thoreau, ‘self-reliance’
• In contrast w/ Market Revolution, immigration, economic growth and crisis, Manifest Destiny, etc…
Second Great Awakening• 1820s and 30s• Increase in Baptists and
Methodists • Elite New England revival
(began at Yale) • Backwoods frontier revival
▫ Significant for women and black Americans
▫ Revival meetings that lasted months
The Second Great Awakening • Rev. Charles Grandison Finney
▫ 100,000 conversions in one winter
▫ Sought an affluent audience • Upstate New York • ‘burned over district’• American church members
doubled from 1800-1830• Joseph Smith and Mormonism
▫ Book of Mormon ▫ Brigham Young & Polygamy ▫ Utah
• Utopian communities searching for ‘perfection’ of mankind.
Utopian Societies • Shakers—infusion of the
spirit and trances• Robert Owen—New
Harmony• Brook Farm—
Massachusetts —Transcendentalists
• Oneida Community ▫ John Humphrey Noyes ▫ “Perfectionists” ▫ Vermont—arrested for
practicing ‘free love’ and ‘complex marriage’
▫ Fled to NY and started Oneida
Reform Movements—Education • Education—Horace Mann
▫ Public education—elementary
▫ Only 300 secondary schools in the country
▫ Mostly religious colleges/universities
▫ State funded universities in the south and west
Reform Movements—Temperance • Temperance
▫ Most widespread of reform movements
▫ 1810—14,000 distilleries producing more than 25 million gallons of alcohol per year
▫ American Temperance Union—1833
▫ Origin of various laws regarding alcohol sales (blue laws)
Reform Movements—Prisons & Asylums • Public institutions for
criminals, mentally ill, and orphans
• Development of penitentiaries
• Dorothea Dix—changing social attitudes toward mental illness
Reform Movements—Women’s Rights
• Harriet Beecher—A Treatise on Domestic Economy
• (Cult of Domesticity—Separate Spheres)
• Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony
• Seneca Falls Convention--1848
What’s missing from this list?